Logic Exclusive OR Gate

The XOR Gate

• The XOR gate (sometimes EOR gate, or EXOR
gate and pronounced as Exclusive OR gate) is a
digital logic gate that gives a true (1/HIGH) output
when the number of true inputs is odd.

• An XOR gate implements an exclusive or; that is, a

true output results if one, and only one, of the
inputs to the gate is true. If both inputs are false
(0/LOW) or both are true, a false output results.

• XOR represents the inequality function, the output

is true if the inputs are not alike otherwise the
output is false. A way to remember XOR is "one or
the other but not both".
 The XOR Gate
• The symbol used to describe the Boolean
expression for an Exclusive-OR function
is a plus sign, ( + ) within a circle ( Ο ).

• This exclusive-OR symbol also represents

the mathematical “direct sum of sub-
objects” expression, with the resulting
symbol for an Exclusive-OR function
being given as: ( ).
 The XOR Gate
• An odd number of logic “1’s” on its inputs
gives a logic “1” at the output. These two
inputs can be at logic level “1” or at logic
level “0” giving us the Boolean expression
of: Q = (A B) = A.B + A.B
 The XOR Gate
• In other words the output of an Exclusive-OR
gate ONLY goes “HIGH” when its two input
terminals are at “DIFFERENT” logic levels with
respect to each other.

• The Exclusive-OR Gate function, or Ex-OR for

short, is achieved by combining standard
logic gates together to form more complex
gate functions that are used extensively in
building arithmetic logic circuits,
computational logic comparators and error
detection circuits.
• The two-input “Exclusive-OR” gate is basically a modulo two
adder, since it gives the sum of two binary numbers and as a
result are more complex in design than other basic types of
logic gate.
 Computational Logic
• Computational Logic is a wide
interdisciplinary field having its
theoretical and practical roots in
mathematics, computer science, logic,
and artificial intelligence. Its subfields
include:

– Mathematical logic
– Logic programming
– Artificial intelligence
 Mathematical Logic
• Set of mathematical disciplines (such
as Boolean algebra, predicate
calculus, and prepositional calculus)
employed in reducing the rules of
formal logic to the rules of algebra. Its
major objective is to eliminate
ambiguities caused by the use of
natural languages.
 Logic Programming
• Logic programming is a computer
programming paradigm in
which program statements express
facts and rules about problems within
a system of formal logic.
 Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science that
aims to create intelligent machines. It has become an essential
part of the technology industry.

• Research associated with artificial intelligence is highly

technical and specialized. The core problems of artificial
intelligence include programming computers for certain traits
such as:

– Knowledge
– Reasoning
– Problem solving
– Perception
– Learning
– Planning
– Ability to manipulate and move objects
 Knowledge Engineering
• Knowledge engineering is a core part of AI
research. Machines can often act and react
like humans only if they have abundant
information relating to the world.

• Artificial intelligence must have access to

objects, categories, properties and relations
between all of them to implement knowledge
engineering. Initiating common sense,
reasoning and problem-solving power in
machines is a difficult and tedious approach.
 Machine Learning
• Machine learning is another core part of AI.
Learning without any kind of supervision
requires an ability to identify patterns in
streams of inputs, whereas learning with
adequate supervision involves classification
and numerical regressions.

• Mathematical analysis of machine learning

algorithms and their performance is a well-
defined branch of theoretical computer
science often referred to as computational
learning theory.
 Machine Perception
• Machine perception deals with the
capability to use sensory inputs to
deduce the different aspects of the
world, while computer vision is the
power to analyze visual inputs with a
few sub-problems such as facial,
object and gesture recognition.
 Robotics
• Robotics is also a major field related to
AI. Robots require intelligence to
handle tasks such as object
manipulation and navigation, along
with sub-problems of localization,
motion planning and mapping.