TRANSFORMERS

Lineesh A S
Assistant Professor
Department of EEE
Trinity College of Engineering

(Department of EEE) LINEESH A S 1 / 21

Overview

1 Introduction
2 Principle of Operation
3 Two Winding Transformer
4 Characteristics of Transformer
5 Classification of Transformer
6 Comparison
7 Ideal Transformer
8 Cooling of Transformer
9 Dry Type Transformer
10 References

(Department of EEE) LINEESH A S 2 / 21

Introduction

Transformer
Electrical transformer is a static device which transforms electrical
energy from one circuit to another without change in frequency. Since
there is no rotating or moving part in a transformer, it is a static
device.
Transformer can increase or decrease the voltage with corresponding
decrease or increase in current.
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Introduction

Transformer
Basically a transformer consists of two inductive windings and a
laminated steel core.
The coils are insulated from each other as well as from the soft iron
or silicon steel core.

(Department of EEE) LINEESH A S 4 / 21

Principle of Operation

Transformer
Principle of operation of transformer is mutual induction between two
circuits linked by a common magnetic flux.
Transformer consists of two inductive coils which are electrically
separated but magnetically linked through a path of low reluctance.
The two coils possess high mutual inductance.
If one coil is connected to a source of alternating voltage, an
alternating flux is set up in the laminated core, most of which is
linked with the other coil in which it produces mutually-induced e.m.f.
di
(E = M ) according to Faradays Laws of Electromagnetic Induction.
dt
If the second coil circuit is closed, a current flows in it and so electric
energy is transferred from the first coil to the second coil.

(Department of EEE) LINEESH A S 5 / 21

Two Winding Transformer

Primary Winding
The first coil, in which electric energy is fed from the a.c. supply mains, is
called primary winding.

Secondary Winding
The second from which energy is drawn out or load is connected, is called
secondary winding.
(Department of EEE) LINEESH A S 6 / 21
Characteristics of Transformer

The following facts are to be noted:

+ It transfers electric power from one circuit to another.
+ There is no change in frequency when the power is transferred from
primary to secondary
+ The transformer action is governed by the laws of electromagnetic
induction.
+ The primary and secondary windings are electrically isolated.
+ The power is transferred from primary to secondary through magnetic
flux.
+ The transformer changes the voltage level

(Department of EEE) LINEESH A S 7 / 21

Classification of Transformer

Core Type
In core-type transformers, the windings surround a considerable part of the
core.

Shell Type
In shell-type transformers, the core surrounds a considerable portion of the
windings.
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Comparison
Core Type
1 The winding surround the
considerable portion of core
2 winding is placed on
two core limbs.
3 Concentric winding or
cylindrical Winding is used
4 One path of the magnetic
circuit
5 Used for large sized, low
voltage transformer
6 It has two limbs
(Department of EEE) LINEESH A S
Shell Type
The core surround the
considerable portion of winding
winding is placed on
mid arm
Sandwich or Disc winding
is used
Two path of the magnetic
circuit
Used for small size high
voltage transformer
It has three limbs
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Comparison
7 Less mechanical protection
to coil
8 Easy to repair
9 Transformer losses are more
10 Better natural cooling
Better mechanical protection
to coil
Not easy to repair
Transformer losses are more less
Natural Cooling is not that effective

(Department of EEE) LINEESH A S 10 / 21

Ideal Transformer
An ideal transformer consists of two purely inductive coils wound on a
loss-free core. It is not possible to design such a transformer in practice
but we will discuss about that before we start discussing about practical
transformer.
An ideal transformer has the following characteristics,
(a) No winding resistance
(b) No leakage flux i.e., the same flux links with both windings
(c) Core losses (Eddy current and hysteresis losses) are absent in the core.
(d) Infinite permeability of the core

Consider an ideal transformer whose secondary is open-circuited as shown

in Figure . When an alternating voltage V1 is applied to the primary, it
draws a small magnetizing current Im which lags behind the applied
voltage by 90◦ . This alternating current Im produces an alternating flux Φ
which is proportional and also in phase with it.
(Department of EEE) LINEESH A S 11 / 21
Ideal Transformer

The alternating flux Φ links with both the windings. It produces a self
induced e.m.f. E1 in the primary winding and mutually induced e.m.f. E2
in the secondary winding. The primary e.m.f. E1 and secondary e.m.f. E2
are inphase and they are antiphase with V1 . However, their magnitudes
depend upon the number of primary and secondary turns.

(Department of EEE) LINEESH A S 12 / 21

Cooling of Transformer
Oil-filled self-cooled
Small and medium size distribution transformers have assembled windings
and cores are mounted in a welded, oil-tight steel tank provided with steel
cover. After putting the core at its proper place, the tank is filled with
purified, high quality insulating oil. The oil serves to convey the heat from
the core and the windings to the case from where it is radiated out to the
surroundings.

(Department of EEE) LINEESH A S 13 / 21

Cooling of Transformer
oil-filled Water-cooled
Construction of very large self-cooled transformers is expensive, a more
economical form of construction for such large transformers is provided in
the oil-immersed, water-cooled type. As before, the windings and the core
are immersed in the oil, but there is mounted near the surface of oil, a
cooling coil through which cold water is kept circulating. The heat is
carried away by this water. The largest transformers such as those used
with high-voltage transmission lines, are constructed in this manner.

(Department of EEE) LINEESH A S 14 / 21

Cooling of Transformer

Air-blast type
For voltages below 25 KV, transformers can be built for cooling by means
of an air-blast. The transformer is not immersed in oil, but is housed in a
thin sheet-metal box open at both ends through which air is blown from
the bottom to the top by means of a fan or blower

(Department of EEE) LINEESH A S 15 / 21

Dry Type Transformer

, Dry type transformer never uses any insulating liquid. Its winding
with core are kept within a sealed tank that is pressurized with air.
, The dry type transformer does not require a liquid such as oil or
silicone or any other liquid to cool the electrical core and coils.
, Dry type transformers require minimum maintenance to offer many
years of reliable trouble free service.
, Dry type transformers provide a safe and reliable power source which
does not require fire proof vaults or the venting of toxic gasses.
, These important safety factors allow the installation of dry type
transformers inside buildings close to the load, which improves overall
system regulation and reduces costly secondary line losses.

(Department of EEE) LINEESH A S 16 / 21

Dry Type Transformer
Two types of Dry type transformer are (i)Cast Resin Dry Type Transformer
(CRT) and (ii) Vacuum pressure Impregnated Transformer (VPI).

Cast Resin Dry Type Transformer (CRT)

Cast resin dry type transformer (CRT) is used in the high moisture prone
areas. It is because of its primary and secondary windings are encapsulated
with epoxy resin. This encapsulation helps to prevent moisture to
penetrate to affect the winding material.

Vacuum pressure Impregnated Transformer (VPI)

This type of transformer is made with minimum flammable material as
insulation of windings. The windings of this transformer are made in foil or
strip in a continuous layer. But for higher voltages, the winding is made of
disks that are connected in series or parallel as per power rating with
respect to voltage level.

(Department of EEE) LINEESH A S 17 / 21

Dry Type Transformer

Advantages of Dry Type Transformer

+ Safe operation.
+ No fire hazard.
+ Less Maintenance.
+ pollution-free.
+ Easy installation.
+ Side clearance is less.
+ Environmentally friendly.
+ Excellent capacity to support overloads.
+ Excellent resistance to short circuit currents.
+ Low thermal and dielectric heating.
+ Suited for damp and contaminated areas.

(Department of EEE) LINEESH A S 18 / 21

Dry Type Transformer

Application of Dry Type Transformer

+ suitable for Chemical, oil and gas industry
+ Environmentally sensitive areas (e.g. water protection areas)
+ Fire-risk areas (e.g. forests)
+ Inner-city substations
+ Indoor and underground substations
+ Renewable generation (e.g. off-shore wind turbines)

(Department of EEE) LINEESH A S 19 / 21

References

P S Bimbhra, “ Electrical Machinary”, Khanna Publishers

J B Gupta, “Theory & Performance of Electrical Machines”, S K
Kataria & Sons
B L Theraja and A K Theraja, “A Text Book of Electrical
Technology”, Volume II
D P Kothari and I J Nagrath “Electric machines”, McGraw Hill
Langsdorf A S “Theory of AC machines”, McGraw Hill
Deshpande M V “Electric machines”, Prentice Hall India
Fitzgerald and Kingsly “Electrical machinery”, McGraw Hill

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 Thank You
THANK YOU
Thank You

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