Hello friends, back with me anisah qonitah, number four, in this English class

This time I will explain about electrical distribution from the power plan to houses.

In this modern life, everything need an electricity, yes almost everything, like in our daily life, from wake
up to sleep again we need an electricity, for example we eat rice, rice cooked by rice cooker that need
electricity, we take a bath by water that pump by water pump that need electricity. So yes, electricity is
a crucial thing in our live.

But do you know friends, how the electricity come to our house?

First electricity is produced in a power plants or power generating station, by huge generator, the huge
generator is rotate and then produced the electricity, but how to rotate this huge generator?

It used different primer energy, that’s the power plant divide into some types, like a thermal power
station, nuclear power station, hydro power station, coal power station, gas power station, and solar
power station.

First, hydro power station, In Hydro-electric plants the energy of the falling water is utilized to drive the
turbine which in turn runs the generator to produce electricity

Advantages of Hydro Electric Power Station

 It requires no fuel, water is used for generation of electrical energy.

 It is neat and clean energy generation.
 Construction is simple, less maintenance is required.
 It helps in irrigation and flood control also.

Disadvantages Hydro Electric Power Station

 It involves high capital cost due to dam construction.

 Availability of water depends upon weather conditions.
 It requires high transmission cost as the plant is located in hilly areas.

A thermal power station or a coal fired thermal power plant is by far, the most conventional method of
generating electric power with reasonably high efficiency. It uses coal as the primary fuel to boil the
water available to superheated steam for driving the steam turbine. The steam turbine is then
mechanically coupled to an alternator rotor, the rotation of which results in the generation of electric
power.

In coal fired thermal power plant, steam is obtained in very high pressure inside the steam boiler
by burning the pulverized coal. This steam is then super heated in the super heater to extreme
high temperature. This super heated steam is then allowed to enter into the turbine, as the turbine
blades are rotated by the pressure of the steam.
The turbine is mechanically coupled with alternator in a way that its rotor will rotate with the
rotation of turbine blades. After entering into the turbine, the steam pressure suddenly falls
leading to corresponding increase in the steam volume. After having imparted energy into the
turbine rotors, the steam is made to pass out of the turbine blades into the steam condenser of
turbine. In the condenser, cold water at ambient temperature is circulated with the help of pump
which leads to the condensation of the low pressure wet steam.

Then this condensed water is further supplied to low pressure water heater where the low
pressure steam increases the temperature of this feed water, it is again heated in high pressure.
This outlines the basic working methodology of a thermal power plant.

Advantages of Thermal Power Plants

 Fuel used i.e coal is quite cheaper.

 Initial cost is less as compared to other generating stations.
 It requires less space as compared to hydro-electric power stations.

Disadvantages of Thermal Power Plants

 It pollutes atmosphere due to production of smoke and fumes.

 Running cost of the power plant is more than hydro electric plant.

Nuclear Power Station

The nuclear power generating stations are similar to the thermal stations in more ways than one.
However, the exception here is that, radioactive elements like uranium and thorium are used as
the primary fuel in place of coal. Also in a Nuclear station the furnace and the boiler are replaced
by the nuclear reactor and the heat exchanger tubes.
For the process of nuclear power generation, the radioactive fuels are made to undergo fission
reaction within the nuclear reactors. The fission reaction, propagates like a controlled chain
reaction and is accompanied by unprecedented amount of energy produced, which is manifested
in the form of heat. This heat is then transferred to the water present in the heat exchanger tubes.
As a result, super heated steam at very high temperature is produced. Once the process of steam
formation is accomplished, the remaining process is exactly similar to a thermal power plant, as
this steam will further drive the turbine blades to generate electricity.

Solar Energy System

It is a best alternative source for power generation. There are two ways, to generate electrical
energy from sunlight.

1. We can create electricity directly by using photovoltaic (PV) cell. The photovoltaic cell is made
up of silicon. Many cells are connected in series or parallel to make a solar panel.
2. We can produce heat (solar thermal) with the help of mirrors in the sunlight, and we use this
heat to convert water into steam. This high-temperature steam rotates the turbines.

Advantages of Solar Energy System

1. Transmission cost is zero for a stand-alone solar system.

2. Solar electricity generation system is environment-friendly.
 3. Maintenance cost is low.
4. It is an ideal source for remote locations that cannot link to the grid.

Disadvantages of Solar Energy System

1. Initial expenses are high.

2. Require large area for bulk production.
3. Solar electricity generation system is weather dependent.
4. Solar energy storage (battery) is costly.

Wind Energy System

Wind turbines are used to convert wind energy into electrical energy. Wind flows due to
temperature change in atmosphere. Wind turbines turn wind energy into kinetic energy. The
rotating kinetic energy rotates the induction generator, and that generator converts kinetic energy
into electrical energy.

Advantages of Wind Energy System

1. Wind energy is an unlimited, free and clean source of energy.

2. Operating cost is almost zero.
3. A wind electricity generating system can generate power in a remote location.

Disadvantage of Wind Energy System

1. It cannot produce the same amount of electricity for all time.

2. It needs a big open area.
3. It makes noise.
4. The construction process of a wind turbine is expensive.
 5. It gives lower electricity output.
6. It poses threats from flying birds.

Hydro Energy System

The power obtained from river or ocean water is called hydro power. Hydro power plants are
works based on the gravitational effects. Here we store water in a dam or reservoir. When we
allow falling the water, the movement of this water as it flows downstream towards the penstock
causes kinetic energy that rotates the turbines.

Advantages of Hydro Energy System

1. It can be used in the service instantly.

2. After this process, water can be used for irrigation and other purposes.
3. Dams are designed for an extended period and so it can contribute to the generation of
electrical energy for many years.
4. Running and maintenance costs are low.
5. No fuel transportation is required.

Disadvantages of Hydro Energy System

1. The initial cost of a hydel power plant is high.

2. Hydro power plants are located in the hilly area, and it is very far from the load. So, they require
long transmission line.
3. Construction of dams can flood towns and cities.
4. It is also weather dependent.

Coal Energy System

Thermal power plant produces electricity by burning coal in the boiler. Heat is used to convert
water into steam. This high pressure and high-temperature steam flowing into the turbine spins a
generator to produce electrical energy. After it passes through the turbine, the steam gets cooled
in a condenser and reuse in the boiler to generate steam again. Thermal power plant works
according to Rankine cycle.

Advantages of Coal Energy System

1. Coal is cheap.
2. It has less initial cost compared to renewable power plants.
3. It requires less space than a hydel plant.
4. We can construct a thermal power plant at any place because coal can be transport to the plant
irrespective of its location.
5. Construction and commissioning of thermal power plant take lesser time than a hydel plant.
Disadvantages of Coal Energy System

1. Coal is a non-renewable energy source.

2. Operating cost high and variable according to the price of fuel.
3. It pollutes the atmosphere due to smoke and fumes.
4. It requires huge quantity of water.

Nuclear Energy System

Working of nuclear power is almost same as a thermal power plant. In a thermal power plant,
coal is used in the boiler to produce heat. In a nuclear power plant, uranium is used in the nuclear
reactor to generate heat. In both power plants, heat energy gets converted into electrical energy.
1kg of uranium can produce energy same as the energy produced by burning of 4500 tonnes of
coal or 2000 tonnes of oil.

Advantages of Nuclear Energy System

1. It requires less space than a thermal power plant and a hydro power plant.
2. It can produce an unusually high amount of electrical energy from the single plant.
3. It does not emit CO2
4. A nuclear power plant needs a small quantity of fuel.

Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy System

1. It has high initial construction cost.

2. It has high operating and maintenance cost.
3. It has radioactive waste.
4. It has a high risk of radio-activity and explosion.

How is Electricity Generated?

Electricity is generated or produced by turning or rotation of turbines. These turbines can be rotated
by any means – coal, steam, nuclear energy, renewable energy such as solar energy etc. In most
power plants, turbines are rotated by the pressure of steam. This steam is created by boiling water
using burning coal in large boilers. The pressure of steam is such that is turns the turbines, which
in turn generates electricity.

Hydroelectricity uses the force of running water downstream a man-made water reservoir dam.
The great force of the running water turns the turbines. The motive is to turn the turbines by any
means.
Turbine to Generate Electricity

How is Electricity Transmitted?

After electricity is generated in power plant, it is time for transmission. This is done by using step-
up transformers that increases the voltage. This high voltage electricity is transmitted through a
network of electrically conductive wires of aluminum or copper. These lines are called high-
voltage transmission lines that can transmit electricity over long distances.
Electricity Transmission

How is Electricity Distributed?

Electricity is distributed via electric distribution substation. At the substation, the high voltage
electricity from the high-voltage transmission lines is passed through step-down transformers that
lower the voltage. The electricity is then transmitted to network of local electric distribution lines.
Before electricity enters a home, the voltage is again lowered using step-down transformers. In
most countries the voltage is 220 V AC or 110 V DC. In a home, electricity is distributed to
different outlets by network of wires through electrical wiring.
How electrical energy reaches the consumer?
Energy Delivery -- Getting Power from the Plant to Your Home

Generating energy and distributing it to hundreds of thousands of users is a complex process.

Energy is created in a variety of ways.

For example, CPS Energy uses a diverse menu of fuels, including coal, natural gas, nuclear
power and renewable energy, to provide reliable electrical service to its customers. Once this
energy is generated, it must be delivered through a sophisticated distribution system before it
reaches your home or business.

Step One:
Stepping Up the Voltage

Electricity is generated at 20,000 volts at a typical power plant, generating station or wind farm.
After electricity is generated, it first travels through a transformer that "steps up" or increases the
voltage to either 138,000 volts (138 KV) or 345,000 volts (345 KV) to allow it to travel more
efficiently over a long distance through large transmission lines carried by steel transmission
towers. CPS Energy maintains more than 1,400 miles of transmission lines and over 6,600
transmission towers.

Step Two:

Stepping Down from Transmission

to Distribution

Transmission lines carry ramped-up electricity to distribution substations located throughout our
1,566-square-mile service area.

Banks of transformers at more than 100 substations "step down" or decrease the electricity's
voltage to 34,500 volts (34.5 KV) or 13,800 volts (13.8 KV) so it can travel through smaller
distribution lines and make its way to specific residential and commercial districts throughout the
service area.

Step Three:

Heading for Home

More than 7,500 miles of distribution lines across Greater San Antonio branch out through
neighborhoods, sending the electricity through overhead or underground power lines.

The power lines connect to transformers located on "telephone" poles or underground near a
home or business. Transformers, more than 206,000 in our customer service area, reduce the
voltage of electricity again so it can be safely delivered into your home and business.

From transformers, electricity travels into buildings through wires called service drops. The
service drops connect to a meter box, which measures the amount of electricity being used by a
customer. The drops also connect to all of the wires that run inside a home or building's walls to
outlets and switches.

When an electrical device is plugged in, electricity flows from electrical wires in the wall
through a plug's metal prongs, which then carries power through the appliance cord to the motor
of the appliance. After powering the device, it then flows back through the appliance cord to the
outlet, out to the wires and into the grid again.

Since Mr Harvey is grumpy again and I love to get him riled up anyway, I will just give you the
most likely answer to your homework question.
  Residential - Homeowners
 Commercial - Businesses that have storefronts
 Industrial - Businesses that manufacture things
 Municipal - Things like street light, water plants, sewer plants, pumping stations etc.

The last, municipal, is likely not what whoever asked you wanted. It’s the first three. It’s also
possible that they lump commercial and industrial together as Business so then the answer would
be

 Residential
 Business
 Municipal