Step 4 - to analyze the waves behavior in guided mediums and radiation

Individual work

Javier Barraza Vasquez

Group 28

1045675346

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2019 16-04
 Introduction

In introducing the document's usually described, and a brief explanation or summary thereof is
given. A reader to read the introduction should be able to get an idea about the content of the
text before reading itself. (4 to 10 lines).

Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What do you understand by transmission line? Mention some types.

It is any system of conductors, semiconductors, or the combination of both, that
can be used to transmit information, in the form of electrical or electromagnetic
energy between two points.
Transmission lines are generally classified as balanced or unbalanced. With
balanced two-wire lines, both conductors carry a current; One driver carries the
signal and the other is the return.
This type of transmission is called signal transmission and the other is the return.
This type of transmission is called differential or balanced signal transmission.
The signal that propagates along the cable is measured as the potential difference
between the two cables. The currents that flow in opposite directions over a
balanced pair of wires are called metallic circuit current.
The currents that flow in the same directions are called longitudinal currents. A
pair of balanced cables has the advantage that most noise interference (common
mode voltage) is induced equally in both cables, producing longitudinal currents
that cancel the loads.
Any cable pair can operate in the balanced mode as long as neither of the cables
is grounded. This includes the coaxial cable that has two central conductors and
a metal cover.
The metal cover is usually grounded to avoid static interference when penetrating
the center conductors. With an unbalanced transmission line, one cable is in the
ground potential, while the other cable is in the signal potential.
This type of transmission is called unbalanced signal transmission or simple
termination. With the transmission of an unbalanced signal, the ground wire can
also be the reference to other wires that carry signals.
2. What is a bounded transmission line?
3. Define the following electrical parameters of transmission lines:
a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .
The impedance of a transmission line is when the line results in losses,
that is, the less lost the better the transmission. The input impedance can
be expressed as:
𝑉(𝑧) 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 + Γ𝐿 𝑒 +𝑗𝛽𝑧 𝑍𝐿 − 𝑗𝑍0 tan(𝛽𝑧)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 (𝑧) = = 𝑍0 ( −𝑗𝛽𝑧 ) = 𝑍0
𝐼(𝑧) 𝑒 − Γ𝐿 𝑒 +𝑗𝛽𝑧 𝑍0 − 𝑗𝑍𝐿 tan(𝛽𝑧)

b. Stationary wave ratio 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅.

It is defined as the ratio between the maximum and minimum voltages of
the standing wave pattern in tension.
|𝑉(𝑧)|𝑚𝑎𝑥 1 + 𝜌𝐿
𝑅𝑂𝐸 = =
|𝑉(𝑧)|𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 − 𝜌𝐿

c. Physical length 𝐿 and electrical length 𝓁.

The electrical length is defined as the product between the wave phase constant
and the distance at which they are separated from the load:
2𝜋 𝑑
𝜃 = 𝛽 × 𝑑 = ( ) × 𝑑 = 2𝜋 ×
𝜆 𝜆

4. What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the propagation of waves?
The smith chart is a graphic tool used to relate a complex reflection coefficient
to a complex impedance. It is an ingenious graphic technique that virtually
avoids all operations with complex numbers.

Application exercises:

1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics:

Geometric parameters: 𝑎 = 0.35𝑚𝑚 𝑏 = 30𝑚𝑚 𝑡 = 38𝜇𝑚
Conductor properties: (conductivity) 𝜎𝑐 = 5.8𝑥107 𝑆𝑚/𝑚
Properties of the insulator: 𝜎𝑑 = 1𝑥10−16 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 𝜖𝑟 = 2.25 𝜇𝑟 = 1
Applied signal frequency: 𝑓 = 104 𝐾𝐻𝑧.

a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.

 1 1
𝛿𝑝 = = = 0.00020489 𝑚
√𝜋𝑓𝜎𝑐 𝜇0 √𝜋 × (104000)(5.8 × 107 )(1.257 × 10−6 )

𝑅𝐴𝐶 𝑎2 (0.00035)2
= 𝑎 = 0.00035
𝑅𝐷𝐶 𝑎 − 0.00035 −
2𝛿𝑝 2 [ − 1 + 𝑒 𝛿𝑝 ] 2(0.00020489)2 [ − 1 + 𝑒 (0.00020489) ]
𝛿𝑝 (0.00020489)

𝑅𝐴𝐶
= 1.6404
𝑅𝐷𝐶

1 1 𝑅𝐴𝐶 1
𝑅= ( 2× + )
𝜋𝜎𝑐 𝑎 𝑅𝐷𝐶 2𝑏𝑡

1 1 1
𝑅= 7
( 2
× 1.6404 + )
𝜋(5.8 × 10 ) (0.00035) 2(0.03)(0.000038)

𝑅 = 0.07426 𝑂ℎ𝑚⁄𝑚

2𝜋𝜎𝑑 2𝜋(1 × 10−16 )

𝐺= = = 1.4116 × 10−16 𝑆𝑚⁄𝑚
𝑏 0.03
ln (𝑎) ln ( )
0.00035

𝜇0 𝑏 1.257 × 10−6 0.03

𝐿= [1 + 2 ln ( )] = [1 + 2 ln ( )]
4𝜋 𝑎 4𝜋 0.00035

𝐿 = 9.904 × 10−7 𝐻⁄𝑚

2𝜋𝜀 2𝜋(1.99215 × 10−11 )

𝐶= = = 2.81218 × 10−11 𝐹⁄𝑚
𝑏 0.03
ln (
ln (𝑎) 0.00035)

b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters

𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍0 .

𝛾 = ±√(𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿)(𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶) = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽

𝛾
= ±√(0.07426) + (𝑗2𝜋(104000)(9.904 × 10−7 )) × (1.4116 × 10−16 ) + (𝑗2𝜋(104000)(2.81218 × 10−11 ))
 𝛾 = 0.0001975 + 𝑗0.003454

𝛼 = 0.0001975

𝛽 = 0.003454

𝑑𝑉 𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 (0.07426 + 𝑗2𝜋(104000)(9.904 × 10−7 ))

𝑍0 = =√ =√
𝑑𝐼 𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶 (1.4116 × 10−16 ) + 𝑗2𝜋(104000)(2.81218 × 10−11 )

𝑍0 = 187.973 − 𝑗10.7491 𝑂ℎ𝑚

c. Calculate the propagation velocity 𝑉𝑝 , the wavelength 𝜆 and the attenuation

𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 .
𝜔 2𝜋(104000)
𝑉𝑝 = = = 1.8918 × 108 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝛽 0.003454

2𝜋 2𝜋
𝜆= = = 1819.10 𝑚
𝛽 0.003454

𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝑚 = −8.68(0.0001975) = −0.0017143 𝑑𝐵/𝑚

2. A 𝑍0 = 50Ω lossless transmission line has a 𝑍𝐿 = 45 − 𝑗75Ω. If it is 28m long and the
wavelength is 104mm. Find and probe with the smith chart:
a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .

𝐿 28
𝓁= = = 269.23𝑚
𝜆 0.104

𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍0 𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋𝓁)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0
𝑍0 + 𝑗𝑍𝐿 𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋𝓁)

(45 − 𝑗75)Ω + 𝑗50Ω𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋269.23)

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 50Ω
50Ω + 𝑗(45 − 𝑗75)Ω𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋269.23)

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 13.232 + 17.595𝑖 Ω

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 22.015 ∡53.05°

 b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).

𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍0 (45 − 𝑗75)Ω − 50Ω

Γ= = = 0.3515 − 0.5119𝑖 = 0.621 ∡ − 55.52°
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍0 (45 − 𝑗75)Ω + 50Ω

𝜏 = 1 + Γ = 1.3515 − 0.5119i = 1.445 ∡ − 20.74°

c. VSWR.

1 + |Γ| 1 + |0.621|
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = = = 4.277
1 − |Γ| 1 − |0.621|

Conclusions

Conclusion 1:

Conclusion 2:

The conclusions should be written with their own words and should focus on the
concepts explored, learned, discovered and practiced in the development of the activity,
it is suggested to present a conclusion by topic, the result of learning obtained as
evidence of conceptual assimilation.

To obtain a good writing it is suggested to read the written several times, correcting
and adjusting the text until obtaining a clear and coherent postulate. Avoid superficiality
and simplicity.

Bibliography

Bibliography 1:

Examples of bibliography format:

Physical book.
Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the book. (pp. xx-xx). City, Country:
Editorial.

Chapter of a physical book.

Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the chapter or the entry. Title of the book
(pp. xx-xx). City, Country: Editorial.

Ebook.
Surname, A. (Year). Title of the book. (pp. xx-xx). Country: Editorial. Retrieved from
http: // ...

Chapter of an electronic book.

Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the chapter or the entry. Title of the book
(pp. xx-xx). City, Country: Editorial. Retrieved from http: // ...

Internet video.
Surname, N. (Year). Title of the video Video server [Video]. Retrieved from http: // ...