BAsic_ELECIRONICS Untir 4 1 DIODES ¢ rn diode chen. : applicatons as voc tibier 5 nee bes De poses supply» claraper, clppe* > es, multiplies ett | 2 eves Mole aud applications a8 sagulotor., — Funnel diede and “Vo actor died. fad by eonbieing_ poche 5 — acceptoy inapuaities _aed_n-Aype SC having ST encey napsifics in veg close coded — _ h dwe oO - Cottrote —__ Forwprion OF _PEPLETION Reston 4 leon precept tor pepe - — eo tess | : —Doner lon Hele — L_ electron = — } Lee Gel ' \ 7 ~ Tunetton > prpe region has (4) holes a9 raaferity | _ chasge cassions and a lve a . mH egal ne, 2: a vegedively ehasged ace enor jews. oh Pined_B8giova hog (oy a a: res Anal an, equal ck Re os bwafaty hoy get _olenres iors. wotined eritively 4) clhasge Cosaie z ies es COAsiors fi each, ee uM ag acres function, y 0h _chasge Loles st Hopp vain into 1 segia,, pares ee wn x2aion t0_ p region SS ene ae ae a SD Difhised chase —castiens combine with thor _ a c frparke aud vnartinlite cackstor, _ Mfhains 0b hols leaves Uncovered (=) eon en on Fe aud lif stm, of elechous ieee (2) dowoy fort th tee rights “Thus there ig beh Cy hos on p AL aud raf Ct): chore on De Des sok up % pid. cicross tho fureton and an oa uterus) electic Held Et directa d icons eeBrasina Klhen a ph jusetion fy connectad acess ob eleehic _tupply "(podetial daffercerce) 2 pectin is Said 42 be wunde, biasing - _Feascren Biasinte.t > tve_tex terminal ef “a a Ae source oF lottery fs Creed 4o p-type aud -ve Pe tetiinal (8 tunaTed fo tye SC apn functionUp the applied foyoard potential neh fe wad it establishes ar elochie etd ae Awa, es freld las to potential hoster, Tacs wee qheotial at functor fy veclaced, Lea La pr losge cusecnd Starts flict Ngeioh too fon thes caaseak ts called frssurd casash Jesrval voltage applied te & pn jection Anal fuse . ex s rancels Ae potecstral Learier do caonstdte Kany Hoo th rset Paough Ht is called Lesard binsig, Aopsead vollage . O89 - choy Ge - - 22M foe Bo > Juicton ef hors Jes Yesistanee ( forsand yesistarl? Rp) to Plow of avant “pevense Blasi s > ene _Aeintnel ef dC Source © bethery is tovnecte) $2 dype And ve Aeiwnal tent dp p hy pe_ eb 2 pro juncher, _ Aye B unclion is_Sard tn be in veverse Liasigy =} eo _) ‘ Peplefing layer wy extereal Felh -— hepletior, fryer ite exdetual Fold. => prrendio! bassien #5 Arovgderne d: 2 _fanchion offers om high yestottuce Cealled Teverse rerisdarce , Ry) de quared [ovoSS a > hackeally, no cursed flows in. druid ds 5 we hab lend” ob vey ligh versstonee poh, le ewesenk Cie 4A) Moves became of sewity CAMeLg In _ferviennducton = )——Fomassd bias 3 ow yestslance pods = Pies Foverce bias —> Ligh reniclance pate —> “at _ Hence fn unerion (eryptal diode) is bed Ar Nei ication ef ac itp ide, a ° 4 N=D CHARACTER ICTICS . re ea = ——¢ AL so K : G)_Zern _exteaual Vo ego _ = _enxteinal ve Lage is nein he podetrot vot porch cussed ovo, Ciseuit wased ic reno at 0, _ (i) forward bag _ =>_pulewtal_Lesnier js ‘seducod » Afkor Beas _ Cite in enasond lesa tke eaiose in forward volfage. [Fe canted jaureates 104 slealy Grane, : OP) ach _es8ive “iene tiwa. ee | extennal vollage 8. used up tn omteenny | potetta bwaca, } pcb des dn do LY & - iS(v) wc enderual applied Vellige ereceds tt onfae ' basares Vol tege | PY junedon, believes couctoy . Fakes why pels dal ke Osi . harcore fy vo Hage aud Gay ig Means reverse. blag He potetsl Bossier (6 incaeased, “Le junchor, aeeistance becomes Very Wah and no “caszeut Lowes Yarugh dhe cinch buf a very fivall cursad Flees othe checeth Lotte veverse bing CEirosiy a3 soverse sobtotin cussed) + On confiprsous iucseasing severse Vellage , breakdown 06 junche dakes place. After Hos, deere is a surldon ube of sevetse arent Breakdown Vol tonge ee _ _ - his the yaverse volloge ot Wht pr junction bteakdenr witty gudde. vise i, vevertse cured. PN junction allows Small current do flare tn severe bas, Current fs Aue do moverent of win ority cassieas + [f reverse bfay ig wade Ligh, StF furreases abyuptly . the voltage ot whic iis plenerienrcr eceurs fs called breakdoon voltage. kunse voltage Te win, vo tage apphed dy PN functtr, dinde fe which tt sharty conduchion f Rnovn as Kunce voltage . Ge - bray S- oy“ W) tia bations —. : [lage _ bos _ D> volfage neve tran fence ed at de ewsad tgs. heat is pode tend Ne junction, — Junction bua : Bassey _ vol+ag& a © Rak Iwerce Vollage (Pv) = | i Tro wax value eb covesrse vollage eof a pos 5 jucction (or dicde) tan witiclanel voted 4 i —domsaging it { Galted ck Peak inverse vellage, 4 {DEAL DIODE - = tn > Haall lode acts fee a pesbeet cendut Pty zee vellage acm HO) tag ane | —biortd —and peste fosuledor (eotd, ze — cussevd taough iL) oho ib ts ‘Yeves ce aedr 2°10 Forecadd youAKe cussed = yetad et - —_ —_cled Fonaees _ Soe shyt 27s 7 veverse of Sisilely ‘Dione Restore _ - a 3 Ne diode is an ikeal “diode fc_nethas om . Londucby new an _fusakator oy Adel chiode of bets Nowy nna wall “suas dance (ast moro) wher donssad “pred and ib ig called 2 __ fenesand aaristauce. - > othe a bh Saxitanco > Cet F ifieate ) tila mouzsse bined — weverse arrigkurca, - Foncond vesiclance + Oh ghdic oy die fostoasd werglnce - She pete ppoittion offered by a dinde to he dicot — Cusatuf fie fA Food bias condition § brown as de favcorf ves{cdance » Lake th de village ACM diode dp de cursed 4 awivg ‘hou it. 7 de = Oh = =A = Ve Ob Re®) byron wr brood oe silane 1 _ehpesitienn abet? bs ' ies gd loos u brood bias taudr : seas tle ac doer d = robe of change fe do vesuftig change fe yeniglonte, _o Fete Capek daucee, re Vea Se. a : t Capacitance —Cnsead mo O1 Sowine, resi oxsts fy @ a / D ex ¢ qaase bias os hey Iennad _ D\0% . © jag offen weal nye OQiry. bor trina hy - oe ene cooniens’ cr tat TM junction, 4 “Ye dep ledion le will te ~ —— ibig a8 a fotalel plate copacitoa, yaa al Hi (cto bya ooops =H is alto EE ITT called space chasge capacitenrce.> G is due dp “he edorage of, eros, . ti ie “Voverse biared diode, i —1 +t + nt C= AE 5 GAL a ——— ws Depletion width, oe Ga) J roverse binge voltage Shy teller porbrmonce of diode, Gp mus be gall, _ a => Vsed_ in dasiguine, of Vatachs diode, Diffusion apactlerste DM fe alto called a5 the rage capacifauce. > (his due b grrage of trivvesihy Cassidy In A doroard biased dade =a poh e av= Cp fs ahaays grcaley hha, G (oe —_SOPPL lock pee DPPLY Clock angiouys) ——45 ater down — “hy es vellage fl + fal — 094-1 { it + av © sD Tea St _ -_ —— - Tes OF = Bemt EO - NM a 2b K SE EN _ ao Ua a ‘ 5 Sn. —p}+— ——+ ER poy — a1 : 2 3k@ = Piel Vy, Ve, Ve to-V,- Oo} -V,-(-S)=0 — Wi2 Ve Wy+Ve = Wea REASEAAT Ld Vo, ¥ Ip) , Dor, Vexvey——__ a ok WON 03y : —_ = 7 b Tea smb |Tp = 4 PL= Thr = use, p Iv _ oo Gi" fe osy Prd, A Sy, - ~ mer - tle, Gis conducting AAR 12-oFeILAy whe, he iz eft _ Gi coill be of p— becamse tye. Ode [AV O2N Cones Rect p= IAV-O3V = Inay Vicks which hor Ipwea cut ts voltage al Adin ow fashe = a | )9V-OAVHLZY We Dh — AM gy i . oayv f Ne QD ~1v Liscl lindo vill veut of F Sencod will wersein CNN Haneavsly: Boll, cad be ON Se’ oN, WO Vs BayK Vate alos cussed only in one is” ans \ Ps diseotion, MecKS cuasenf in renerce 7 ~ —— ® The Process ef comvesthag Ac vol lage equal ih Be _woltage Signal fs bier 0% xe cAificadiy, — VALE Wave RectpieR ie Jhalt voave sactteatien , whon 26 Sup, —2ppled od input _, oaly ve belt cack eppes,, 4 acece the lead tro negative olf cpche 6 ~———Suppremed, —— — 4 a — AC supply ie given soaugh a hasbeen, iP bronsforantr iy used 40 Step ape shepdiss 4 he redins supp voltage, : : 4 't algo roloter ho weetifier Ciscih fron pore, i Wes and Nas weducer aisk of ebechric sheik > Operation . ee During port Kve lalf cycle | Ane togu inal Af tue towed B aud diodt ip Loved biased It Woducls Celeced gut) and ussond Ct) Flevos thaeugh Ato lead goeictos hya pusiog negestive hall cycle rarit Band chiody dacs vel Cvoluct | tes * Ne vellage [ba cl oa 1 Aer inne & reverse biased . amet ne Cursed Hon ee PPC Aros Ri 5. Riss Hewes - Peak Inve faverse se_vollage oo “ oe _ wegedive ha eye, _diede & xeverse bad ee of wltage across chicds is Ply — Ne cosseuk flows ts, ough Ry oraly in one oby* cody across Ry is pulsating fn voture , “Le = _ pulsations in Op can be Yeroved wit. te help of Eller Chroust. g — Eflkien (1) - _ Padis aa de fowss_efp ty ac poser Up iy called sechfier effidonny ae Ne de poner %p_ ip. > Pre. _ See stp Poe —_ ler vellage Oppeasing “acres te “secondary of power —hawlrmce be Ve View Sin y a =H: 3 Greoard vex tance of! died —_—— R,- » load “yes fs danef= oh - te RL * Ged) = 4 = 6.406 RL een : - af tr ff af<< Re Nama = ONO = MOCK | at te 7 ¢ techfir Can convert fe | _. Ae save iv de pore» Rowning U yf —— lest jn Pech he, Cowal eo 3jn) Sage - — ~~. — cutpet V } “4 oe _ D —_— ~ eae Re —= — — etekFULL WAVE RectiF ices ! ull pare p whey ac suppl is_apphe . a bets half cycles JS Pphceb oF cfp, fe +ve os welt \ flees tusouetiie lead in sue a ~ve | ots. is aclievedl by using Aon caysted di odes, cod tied cusqeP altesuedively » _ : “Conde —tap fall eave Rechfer in sececaloay tinding AB Aapped ob cobs pert c. Dy uties th2 ac voltage ap pearina ae mss upper half eb S$ condery wincling fox : rechheotion + Dy wes huoer balf pf. secondary Zink : 7 windan4, TEOpearoton ~) woken OS $4 gly voltage Vir. opperrs. _& Secondary. 1oincking.- 7D. Busing. te olf cycle A he cogs, tye Aer fraoad bi pon, Hye _ ot Mk dB rdooks, i5_swilehed : Ocms¢ of provable. _ cob seeder i sO Dy -_ceuise biased — deez neh ee - CBr chad > bss’ Los trough He lead! “Yerigy E- Wo tee Gunes din” (fon piri) desive a” ob well as —ve balP tycle eb iwpub oe 5 — Postiead binned — Conde _ yolfang. _ _ > de pudph volloge (Vad 2tRe) is obbetind mors Rio _ pW - _D- Conducting _ “Bpper ball = vollage fe Va Dd, pa ets - _ Valfege meray iP tw wate of | wllage daveleyed Jy fewer Lal! af gecender | Seely ond he acne leeds me OM Ei ON QuerEyl WAVE BRIDAE RECTIEICR —Dparattios eign ae tupply is sipitdstin Vy. appeass aciots Actiinels AB = > Ausaing ve half cycle. 2 A —+ve _—kh==v br tal de rola > * ae me = dest a Si > A--ve = _ ee SS ee —_ or Dy dmaesd = endl —Prand Pa = Tee a ded conducSa shy as o st WK, § we ee wo Ley te flows Neapugh Byte sane din fi bolts half cyclers , pblained acenss FL! > tussent Aus “4 —) * W —_ — Dy et Pew donee, PlV= Dyed Dy = tee, pork inverse Ms accwss D2,d¥ is Um, ¥g = fonooad pantthon 4 _ kk a lead seristaree 2 ee Re es ee ee 7 —_ a Mead te Tustin but er foes oudtped = Toe Re { - — = Dav Ro iz Tay = fits _ _ 2 eT — i {Lm ajneds a ap ai Guede — — mo... [Lema te a i ” aL Lt Tonao ™ eran) Lm Y* Cx p-Re) OeSf ce Be ee ee oe S Die o/p vellege _ be Vie = Ty, Bu en ae = Tow RL > -~ = QI eR —__ _ aT . - = AV x Be ar(ve+ 0D) . = Vm _ Cie rt PO . ~ BE to lead! ~ 2-90 = Ne = 2Vna _. - SAT _. NOTE 7 “bo ee Alle teedGen, aee ee “Ripe Face Ko ace dhes Sp lee ratio of 868 vale ole at Cov sipped) th thee de compound &, e lachy: - Soaronst ay “ate wis value oh ae conperced chctoy | value of cle cous poue ot ba fchr whch decides elleclivenss of a | _ _xccAifes.s te vole ob teats eee oe dn dc Courpontid? Feo weve fhetve f te aectifier - oo Dems Jide Doe v L Senne vole Tos Valur Nalak. % ae Be Lax pOw ok bk! Th tea load of load ~ lead essen © gusset _cussut Lp 2 tek — Ripple Leb = Taw af rma” ~TatRiepre Facror, a reckGiee ep tos. Yate oh B65 val Pape (ov ipl) hte de cotspOuaed h* Shes caaptuste oa. Spgle —dachx spp ator = oes value ala a ee Vals. wot “ae aot “isa fachy which decides elbchivenss hs a ectifies « airs } I Heme wove fective fe the rectifier » Dens = Ide Be Tea _¥ by s Nalue 3 de Be_ corn pontid sy Valet ef biel jin lov 08 lowe _ Pace rae Ripple Liboy = Tae = J Pamct -19e, . re eee Se Tac®goofs . taf ve i ede = "te 7, oe tl Pingle focbs = JOS3Vo 1 = el othe “ of a half, wove ES 7g 2 ae bed ex cueds.. the - de. aopursy Who = 2% cowlains peter te de per converters of), Tana < Ton, Tyg. We &Lm - Viggo Incr =)(FINS | o-teee : 4c tompprad (5 Suall_ag — posed do de _eyporend a D.. leeg. wipes 3 be convexkeAs. veh ae ‘po de. CLIPPING —Cigeurre 2A ciscuit aed to change toe cape oh an tepob ___ Wave b plied A_Nermovir a Aten. Fi _— weld afta raul as we ston ee D_also called a _cHippet._ oY “lithe . — Dt tos thee abil dp vomove Kwek _v Vo biases __above_of bebo a ected bal, ___—_. => calealedD®S, conepudesa_, vodan. ofc a - (i) Posi Ave elippexs——-- ~~f » (out WA { 2 1 ! j " nt i dia Y al | Lrae be | ' A Q in a AWWA : " Ve ls Pp 5 D + : ' = Vi v \ | ) } ep cass The A eck } tve_lalf cycle clipped aff ; cutped } ¢ xeyesse biased and | i a ie Pe x Vy Rad L | a « >t a b x ia Vin (ve? Chipper. =ve tal? cycle of < Ae | = [4 tTE essio. planted Se ee (0.0 Ar | aed O18 Ve ‘Se peo Circe Lipp q Oe chipped _ used! dorconee aw “small pordion of | ve or -ve half cycle of | sigue) vollage is ee ————E—_— + © Biased tve ehippee_——— z abe > cede — [ iereues wit a tattouy ot Wolhay. 3 ee es fs —— mi i, Ne hal Ca 7 > Drede epee ts ale Vp >V, _ Behore supply voltage ries fo +Uuds, DSS toyer' gem Late diode cond urs pulse cys: __ Vy seduces + rere Celipped off) «Pel De cevenne Mo ay —Basd in sere, . tase y+ WG) Gebinadon Clppss used ft Yorosve a gmoll_ portion of ie on ellos a sal pation _eh —ve balf eqch Ah squall voltage _( (called a carhinotion chi dipper,us aol ho Pe fepese “ eo poad (We or ve) raved fn such a Woy bod it pushes at ably toe cs te Cole in Such a voaydtat fre —ve peat_of Aanal fille on xerw level A tiecanndescat ea ar pom TAee ‘al f cycle, D couduct beaut, eerinied pith, + Copocitor : A Sai peak A aqrol, slight SL, BD stopc wrclucton ond open eit - Cosged capocitoy a patlery lid adds tre | duricg tye belf cycle . tt\< “aa weather _elicda volt. excep yLasp ef dlistid) breakdoon — v, Bk vsuotly operctad io Or € Wo fc aos i a Dusing poration ct ofl vat bran 43 long 2s a busin put _valud pean pabed Beuss curred), — Fela ollage regulon. = NWoltage segulotine § a woasuro eee abil $e waidain a cornstard ofp voltage ; ever hon etter Vp voltage “oi lead currad Vaaies.. i Reverse Viads Connacted dp the cine. i : R,Veuk7 Variable Capa cidoy ‘ — : oe 3 : » \hs xc dirods i a weverse biased “fuse clint Ce , Leased on drausition ¢ rails, - Dh » axe loo Souiclance area of, Ms oT Cncentistion Of tmalesihy carriers. - nate fae +1OO eligi — ’ |) === f joer eae = = | ef il Depletins reqinn which is dipleled of moj ery Caasiers Perativity fies EA Rrench DN ju SS atop ele chic Y pplicd ded dott