Contents CHAPTER Vector Spaces 1 fh tetas 1 16. Soeie apd Dis Sa FA ‘CHAPTER Mates ae 1, The Space of Manone 2 ‘2. Lisear Equations 7 3B, Mulipcuon of Basics 18 ‘CHAPTER I Linear’ Mappings 4, The Resne ad ete of Linc Map 2 44. Compostion and lavee of Lincse Magpings 2 45. Goumeri Applications s CHAPTER IV [Linear Maps and Matrices 4) The Linear Map Associated witha Main {2 The Mati Assorted witha Lives Bap a 48. Buses, Musiees and Linear Map a ‘CHAPTER Vv Scalar Products amd Orthopoeality 6 41. Seale Protues: ss | Orthogonal bases, Pstive Definite Case & 4B. Appbeation to Linear Equations the Rack "® ‘conmEnTs: {4 Bilinear Map and Marices 15. Genera Orthegonal Bases 46 The Dual Spoce mal Seale Products 7 Quadeaic Fores Splveoe?: Theorem, CHAPTER VI Determinants 2. Exinence of Detemiases {11 Addioal Properties Deterinants 14 Gamers mle {8 Teangulasonof a Mavi by Coan Operaioas 16 Pemmaucions {7 Expansion Formule and Uniques of Determinaas (4 Iivene af woe 19. The Rusk ot Matric and Sabdeteradeans CHAPTER VIE Elgenvactors ond Eigenvalues HL Bgenvectrs and Bigsowalues 2. The Craceritie Polynomial 8. Eigenvalues and agentes of Symmeric Mice 54 Dingooalization os Symmetric Linea! Maps $5. The Hema Case CHAPTER Bx Polynomials and. Matrices 52.Polynomiale of Matrices and Linea Maps (CHAPTER x ‘Triangulation of Matrices and Linear Maps 41, Exioence of Tianguion 8. Dingonalration of Uniary Maps ur ne ur ur bs Be re 14 1s 156 136 12 1. VECTOR SPACES 6. Let A.A, be vecions in RY. Show thet the rt of all vectors B in RY sich that B ts pervenceslarto both A ara A, ts a subspace SOLUTION. See Exersie 7. 17. Generalize Exercve 6, and prove: Let Ay... A, be veetrs in RS. Let W be the set of vectors Bn R™ such that BA =O for every = luFe Show that W is subspace of ¥. SOLUTION. The debt fon oF the Uo product implies O-A,=0 for all thas 0 € W. fF, and, ein W. thea the propetes ofthe nner produc imply A(RAR)= ARAB 080-0 and 4, (c8)=0(8,-8)=0 for thas Wie» sabsmce of Re = Show thar the flowing ses of eleoenis iv RE form sxbspacrs. (a) The setofal (x.y) such that x= (0) The ser ofall (3.3) such har 2 y=0. (0) The set ofall (x9) such thas x4 SOLUTION. In each case let W be the sein questo. (a) Since 620, we have OcW. Clearly. 5, whenever (45 3)) (ts. )EW and CER. ty, and er, 209 (0) We nave 0-0=0, $0 GEW. IF (Hay) (Ha y)EW and CER, then (at a)-(ty, (nn) = op ed(—n)=0, s0 W ia subspace (6) Since OF4x0=0, ve have DEW. IF (x3): (resJeW ond eR then (tad a(n ean) =(si eta) eas 4ty.)=0 and ex esANSWERS TO EXERCISES 3 to isa subspace 9. Show thatthe following sets of eletens of R? form subspaces (a) The ser ofall (x |b) The set ofall (xy. enh Hat (el The set fal (x.¥.2) such that x SOLUTION, In each ase let W be the set (a) Wehave Oc W because 0+ 041 then Ate tty tate nO and ex tontes so W ia subspace. 90 EW. IF (4, (by Wenave D=0 and 2c and cir areal mamber, thee kamentn, Antu) S0W isa subspace (© hey, 07 043%0, 39 OW. IF (osr95} Gm sews ibes ATK ENE EMG +E) amd ex tey =r. s0W i a sutspace, 10. 1/1, W are subspaces ofa vector space V. show that UAW and U+W re audspaces SOLUTION, (i) Since O€U and OeW. ve have OeUow. It ta eV AW, then tveU $0 yr1.eU and vv, eW, hence ytvyeW. This 1,49, belongs to UW. Siialy, cy, belongs to and W. 16 9, UW. Consequently, UAW isasubspace of V- {Gi Since 0 belongs 10 U and WO belongs to UW. Ik abe U ew, then we can wite au, and B=u,+w., whore ueU and v6. Since U ard W are subspaces, we see that a+ B= (u, +) (9 +») ame ‘n= on +ev, belong to UW, 50 UW isa subspace of V Ll. Let K bec sebield of afield L. Stow that Lisa vector space over K. te Dortcale, Cand Rave vector spaces ove Q4 1. VECTOR SPACES SOLUTION W xand y bongo L hen since Lis 2 fed, ty isan ele inert of L, Moreover. if eK. thin ce so that exe L. The clemen: 0 of VS. is simply D, and in V8 Fue have —4-=(-}x, Al the ter x fons reverted a once 12. Ler K be the se ofall numbers which cat be wrinen 1 the form we DXE wherea, bare zion manters, Show tha K isa field SOLUTION, Cleany, 6 4 sunset oF he complex numbers, I «DV fd c+ d42 belong to Ky thon (65 VB) +(e4 40) =(o2 b)e(era2 wd (24:bV2).(e4dJ2) = (ar42hd) (ads be Since Qit field, we seat once tha is closed under ation and mul plication. For te ote propentes, rote that —a—#V2c K and that if arbY2=0. then a= #0; 50if arby2 #0, wehuve ab (asy2)'= he ME which belongs to K_ We simply mailed the numerator ané dominator by a=by2. Finally, 0=0+0/2 eA and 1=1+0V2 eK. 13. Let K be the set ofall numbers which can he water inthe form o-+bi wherea Bare wtlonal nunters, Show tha K tefl Fr Pe SOLUTION. Wess tat if +i and c+ bolons to K, then (asbas(erd)=lard)eleray (a bi) (e+ di} = (ae—bd) + (ad +e). at Q i fick, $0 A’ Is closed under atdition and mukiplication. Moreover, -a~ fie, andif a+ bi=0, then a=0=0; soit atbi 0, we getANSWERS TO EXERC! Liab, Bo ee a (e+biy hich belongs to: We multiplied the numerator and denorinatorby the Conjugate of aH, Finally, wehave O= 040i and I= 1+ Oi, 40 0and T belong to K- 1d. Lat © be a rational mumber >0, and let 4 be a real tuber suck that "Y =e, Show tha the set of al numbers which can be writen inthe form: as by whore bare ratenal munbers ita fd SOLUTION. Let K bethe setof numbers we reconsidering. IF is ratio fal then K=Q. Suppose that y is iatinal aed let at bye and usryeK, then (aris(e+n) u)+(e0r my (24 by): (eee) = (aut be) (are budy. Since is rational end Q i ld, we see hat Kis closed under aldtion and moliplisation Clearly, ~o—byeX. Suppose tha a4 by #0, Since 71S inatona, 2~ by #0,s0 weean dvige by a~B7, hence + «4 (ost = ria aa Ta Finally, O and 1 belong to K because = 0++OY and 1=1+-07. 1, §2 Bases 1, Show that the folowing vectors are nearly tndeperden: (over C or R). (2) (113) and (0.1.2) ©) (1,0) and (1.1) {6} (40) and (0,1,2) (@ (2,~1) and (10) {€} (m0) and (0.1) Gi (1,2) and (1,3) (9) (410), (nD. ard (O11) (A) (OLA). (0.2.1), and (1.5.3) SOLUTION. (2) fa and b are numbers such But a(L1)46(0.1-2)= 0, then we have1 VECTOR SPACES so a=da0. () 1 0(1.0) +2411) =0. then ard bao so a= b=0. COM a(-110}4 (0.12 no=0 avo 2-0 0, (Of o(2.-1)+ 410} 0, then fra+o=0 -a-0 so a=b=0. (oot a(R.0}+0(0, (91 a(.2)+0(1.3) = 0, then aro i204 3h =, “Tae secon equaicn minus twice the Fist inplies b= 0. So a=b= 0. so a=h=0.ANSWERS TO EXERCISES 7 Gt et 10) +b) Deel 0, ten ‘The second equstion mings the fist implies ¢=0, So a=b=e=0, A) (0.11) 46(0.2.N}+ 1.5.3 c= e42b45¢ then asbi%e-0 Subtracting the ihe equation fom the second, we se that a= b= = 2 Express the given vector X aso tar combination ofthe sven veciors A ‘B and find ihe coordinates of Xwithrespectto, B. 0) A= (11), B= (0.1) SOLUTION, (a} (11), 8. (b) (4.3), Keds ge. uD. TEASB. (2), x=3as28. 3. Find the coordinates ofthe vector X (a) X=(1.0.0) ACLU) ) X= (19), A= (01-1), B=(11.0} C= (1.0.2) (e) X=(0.01, ACLU. B=L10, C=(L.0.-1) SOLUTION. (@) (4.4). K=SAtHBHEEC, ©) (L0.), teAre. Ha) FadA-$a-3e, Ae Let (@.8) and (ed) be neo vectors inthe plane If a be=0, shove ‘hat they are tneary dependent I ad~be #0, show thai the? ore tinea Independen.8 1 VECTOR SPACES SOLUTION. () Suppor tat a ~ be =D. Ione of the vectors (.,b) 07 (6) is 0. then both vectors ae linearly dependent. Suppose bth vectors ats non-eio,dhen we my assune without loss of gensrality that #. ‘Wecontend oat a0 ane tat (ad)-L(.a)=0 (6) Indeed, if 20, then be=D; 20 b=O and (a,8)=0 which ea conta distor, Then (+) iste because b—aife= 0. Suppose that ad~Be #0. Then x(a,8}+ ylerd)=0 implies fe bed ‘Muiptyng the fis equation by and subtracting eimes the secont eq tion we ge (ad=be)r=(; 0 *=0, Hence «y= 0, and db'=O, and the condition ad=be#0 implies y=0, 9 (a2) and (cd) ae tnealy inde pendent 5. Consider the vector space of al functors ofa variable. Show thatthe fo Towing pais offrctcns are ieary independent Ghee (OEP Ce) tt fd) ot (e) ese? CD sing cost (@) sine () siogsin 2) cos 1.60838 SOLUTION, (a) Suppose that a-+b1=0. Putting ¢=0 and then 1 #1, Spefind = 0. (2) Leting 1=1 and then £=—1 inthe eauation ar+br = 0, we see that © Sames nO). (© Lating #0 and then 1=1 in the aqustion ce! 4br=0, we get pares (Let 10 andthen #1 inthe equation ate! +Be* £0. (O Let 1=0 and then ¢=/2 inthe egeaion acoss+9sins=0, () Le: 1/2 and thon ¢= inthe equation asin + bain 2 =O. (Let ¢= 116 ard then ¢= 0 inthe equation acos 1+ 00s 2ANSWERS TO FKERCISES ° 6. Consiter he vector space f functions defied for 1>0, Show that the fol loming prs of anctonsare inca bndependent ae (b) &ogt SOLUTION. (2) Seppose tha) at bft=0, Let ¢=1 and = 2 50 that a+b=0 and 2a-+0)2=0. We concludest once that a () Sunpose that ae'+blog 1=0. Puting 1=1, we Find a=0, s0 ne ee ‘hat b ust alo be D. 7. What are the coordinates ofthe faction 3sin 1+ 5008 so the basis {pin tcont)? At) with respect SOLUTION. (35) 8. Ler be she derivative dfét. Let $(0) be asin Bcercise 7. What are the coordina of f(t) wlth respect to the basis of Exercise 7? SOLUTION. (-5,3) because DY(!)=Seas4~Ssin Be het AywowA, be vectors in RY and assume that they are mutuals perpen Aicwar (ce. ony we of them are perpencular, and that mone of them is ‘qual t0 0. Provetha they arelinearl independent SOLUTION. Suppese tha: 64, 6,4, tu 44.A, =0. Then for cach wit Isisr wehwe DEA (GA PEAR AAA) EGA ARAL ATA AGAA, ah, But A 20, +A >Oand consequenty a =0, 10. Ler, w be elements of vecior spc en assume tat vO. If are linearly independent. show that there is a ruber a such at w SOLLITION. Iw is z¥0,1et a=0. Assume w #0; the, since the two estors vad w are treaty dependent there exit numbers ¢ am dd are not both zecostch thal cv tdw=0. Hence cv= dw. Since #0. We Imisthave d =D. Let a=—|), 38=[ } on(Zes 00 somo ava-(! °), anor a t8 3. im Exercise find A and. 1-1) 82)ANSWERS TO EXERCISES Bn 4. tn Bvorese 2, find °8 and 'B. aa(7! ®) souuTion, (7 S} 5. A, Bare exbivary mn maces show that (as ayaa! SOLUTION. The matrix A+B is also mon. Suppose A=(a,) and B= (b,)- ten the frenuy of (AB) is and the jens of “A and 'D are, respectively, «a, and #,, 10 we have the formule (As Dae. 6. 1) ts munber show that ‘ea)=ea. souurion. it aa(e,) and 4, =a, then by Uetwition we have (ca)=(v,): 0 eA =e(0,} (0, (2) sa square matrix then the cements a, arc ie dion demees. Ho dete dagonal ements ofA ant’ der? SOLUTION. The diagonal slomenis of A and 'A ste the sare becaut if Fe jyiben a, 8. find“ he Ae Eri 2 sousmon. aeay(® Jouve 9. Find Aha 8 nied 10, Show hat for any square matric A, she matrix AVA is symmetle. SOLUTION. AX"“4 1. MATRICES SOLUTION. A~(a,) Ben te denny and feat ofthe matin: AVA aes 4, and, +, tepocvely, 40 As!A is eymmets 1. Write down the rw vectors and colurn vectors ofthe mavices A, Bin Buercie | SOLUTION. Matrix A. 18trow =(1 2 3),and2%row =(-1 0 2). vscnn (3) sn -(°).str -() Mavi 8 Moy af 3 -)antton a 2 = ‘tesa (2) 2mm (2) Hoon (2) 12, Write down the row vectors and colunn vectors of the matrices 4, Bin Euerie? souurion. Mateie AL 15 row -) mame (2) coun) 24am =(2) 1 ),and2td ron =(0-3). 1Sstnn (7). 20s (!) Mateic B. 18 row = Il, §1 The Space of Matrices In this section we Ist £, be the moateix with all entries 0 exe cept the ij-entry, which is these matrices the elementary matrlees. 1 What i he dimension of the space of 2%? marices? Give a bass for this SOLUTION. The space of 22 matces has dimension 4, The maces a-(oo} & (0) O05} &- (1)ANSWERS TO EXERCISES is lealy form bass for the space of 22 mates. See Exerlse 2 2. What isthe dimension ofthe space of r9Xm mairces? Gite a bests jor thie space, SOLUTION. The space of mx matics ms dnersion rn. Te se ‘Sx [E,Juus i «basis fr the epace Mat(A). Indo if (e,) i an sen tis, then y (4) San, 0.8 generates Nat,.(K). The vectors of Sar linearly independent be case it then ( ‘3. What is the mension ofthe space of nn matrices ell of whose compo: ‘ents ereO excep possibly the diagonal components? jon of the space coasidered is n, an the set 7 4. What is the dimension ofthe space of nxn matrices whichare apper tian lar Leaf he Jone i8 bas for, Actual, S consol eementry tries hat ae unger tango. ,) ¢W. then16 MATRICES, and if Yeh, =O, thon womust Save 6, 2. Indo, when 4=1, we have nesters, namely, When f=? then wehave 4-1 veciors, namely. E.. F.y-—F,.. But (a1) 4(0— 214,41 = 2D, Sate’ We ean compte thecal p of Sin another way. I strc the dagna nen ftom 3 ne geal of theless abe he haga sym we have the sane mse ef ments eee low he gece we maitpy pom by 2 Fray adn the ora elerrents we see thal 2(p—n)+n=a", Now we solve for p. 5. What the dimension ofthe space of symametic 2%¢2 (Le. 2%2 mairces A such that AWA)? Exhibit bast fortis space SOLUTION. The space in question na dimension 3, anda bess fortis Co} %(0') 6. More eneraly wha & the dimension ofthe space of simmetrc nxn ma: trier? What ie boss forth space? SOLUTION. The dmersion ofthe space of symmetric mn maces i AMD” pass fr this spaces (E, 4.) U{E aan WEA is the carina of {6,6}, ton Ks also Be namber of ely per wan ular elementary matrices. Therefore, arguing asin xerese 4, we se tha (a1) 2 2b nan, rothat ken =