1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Bay, some may pronounced it as Bae (pronounced as Ba-eh) is a second

municipality in the province of Laguna, Philippines. Bay is one of the oldest towns in

Laguna province, and is the province's first capital. Also bay is known for its famous

“Monay Bae.” It is situated 69 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of Manila. It is also located at

the east of Los Baños, west of Calauan, northeast of Santo Tomas and northwest

of Alaminos. The Patron of Bay is Saint Augustine of Hippo celebrating his Feast Day

during August 28. Laguna de Bay, the country's largest freshwater lake, is named after the

town. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 62,143 inhabitants. It has 44,161

hectares and a total of 15 barangays. Police station is one of the priority lists to build at the

municipality of Bay second to fire station and upon the approval of town mayor, the

Researchers acquired the opportunity to study the proposed project.

Building design and construction is the practice of creating structures and using

processes that are environmentally responsible and resource efficient throughout the life

cycle of a people, from selecting the site to design construction, operation, maintenance,

renovation, and finally, deconstruction.

Police station is a building which serves to accommodate police officers and the

other members of staff. These building often contain offices and accommodation for

personnel and vehicles along with locker room, temporary holding cells and

interview/interrogation rooms. These buildings have sought new and increasing design to

control and maximize the movement of the beneficiaries throughout the facility while
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permitting a high alert of direct security by the staff. Since there is no existing Police station

building in the municipality of Bay this led the Researchers to come up with the idea of

proposing a design of a Two-Storey Police Station Building.

Figure 1. Location of the current Bay Municipal Police Station

Figure 1 show the photo of Hon. Joaquin " Jun" Chipeco Jr. Bldg. where the current

Philippine National Police Office is located. The municipal of Bay does not have its own

Police Station building yet, they only have an office and small temporary holding cell.

Figure 2. Photo of Bay Municipal Police Station Office

The figure 2 shows that the space of their office and temporary holding cells is too

small. Lack of space causes discomfort for the policemen and detainees. With this concern,

the researcherss talked to the municipal engineer regarding the proposal of Police Station

Building. This would serve as a new and more convenient establishment for the policemen
 3

and detainees. The municipal engineer agreed to the idea of having a separate building for

the personnel to dwell in.

Figure 3. The Lot Plan for Construction of a Two-Storey Police Station Building at
Brgy. Dila, Bay, Laguna

Figure 4.The Site of the Two-Storey Police Station

So to achieve a safe, long lasting and economical design for the human occupancy the

structural design of the project will based on manual for design such as National Structural

Code of the Philippines.

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Theoretical Framework

Structural Analysis is a process to analyse a structural system in order to predict

the responses of the real structure under the excitation of expected loading and external

environment during the service life of the structure. This allows the calculation of the

forces and deformations of the various structural components. A well designed structure

will be able to resist all loadings besides the static loads design.

The basic methods of structural analysis are flexibility and stiffness methods. The

stiffness methods is also called displacement methods and equilibrium methods. Those

methods are applicable to all type of structures. The examples of such structures are

beams, arches, cables, plane trusses, space trusses, plane frames, grids and space frames.

Regardless of approach, the formulation is based on the same three fundamentals

relations, equilibrium, constitutive and compatibility.

The analysis of a structure is being done to know if the structure is still safe for

human occupancy and for some dangerous circumstances like earthquake and typhoons.

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Frame 1 Frame 2
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Frame 1 shows the independent variables. The Software and Materials to be used

are: ETABS 2016, AutoCAD 2015, Microsoft Excel, Book of NSCP 2015 volume 1, 7th

edition and Google sketchup. Frame 2 shows the proposed design of a Two-Storey Police

Station Building at Bay, Laguna as the dependent variable.

Objectives of the Study

Generally, the study designed a Two-Storey Police Station Building.

Specifically, it aims to attain:

1. To conduct dialog with the LGU and Chief of Police regarding the current situation

of the municipality in the need of police station building.

2. To determine the proper procedure and design in making the plan of the Police

Station building.

3. To determine the total estimated cost of Police Station building.

Significance of the Study

This study is conducted and designed in order to benefit the following:

Community

This study is conducted to fill the needs of the community for providing a facility

for their safety.

Students

This can be serve as a guide and as a reference prior their given subjects also it can

contribute some ideas and knowledge in enhancing designs of buildings.

Instructors
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This can serve as reference material in teaching particularly in terms of its method

of construction and design theories that the students may be able to apply in their own

research works.

Researchers

This study serves as additional reference and for their further studies.

Institution. As a caretaker for the study for future purposes.

Local Government Officials

This study can help local government officials to have a better job opportunities.

Scope and Limitation of the study

The Study entirely deals with the design of the Proposed Two-Storey Police Station

Building. The First floor of proposed Two-Storey Police Station Building Consists of

Administration where the Chief and staff office is, as well as Management Information

System and Planning and Research areas. It also includes female and male detention cell,

armoury, juvenile room, and investigation and interrogation room. Second floor consists

of conference room, quarters, radio room, and evidence room. The floor area is 108 square

meter having 12 meters by 9 meters as the dimensions per floor area.

Operational Definition of Terms

It discussed the meaning of a certain word that depends on how the researchers used

it in their project study.

AutoCAD 2015. It is a 2-D and 3-D computer-aided drafting software application used in

architecture, construction, and manufacturing to assist in the preparation of blueprints and

other engineering plans.

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ETABS 2016. A software used to design concrete beams, columns and walls in an

automated workflow as well as maintain full control of your designs by setting individual

design parameters.

Google Sketchup. It is 3D modelling software used to design the perspective view of the

structure.

Microsoft Excel. A software with spread sheet application used for the calculation of data

in estimating and designing the structure.

National Structural Code of the Philippines. A book containing codes for the minimum

requirements for building structure. Also, this code reflect the latest seismic design practice

for earthquake resistant structures. It served as a manual to achieve a high level of standard

in designing and installation of building structural system.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The literature review is a critical, analytical account of the existing research

on a particular topic. It based on the assumption that knowledge accumulates and

that the researcher learned from and build on what others have done . Through the

support of the collected data from books , manuals , unpublished thesis and to the

internet thesis will provide the baseline of information that supposedly gives a

clearer background to the brief overview of the researchers.

Architectural Design

Business Dictionary (2017), concept that focuses on the components or

elements of a structure or system and unifies them into a coherent and functional

whole, according to a particular approach in achieving the objectives under the

given constraints or limitations.

Investors.about.com (2014), concrete is reinforced to give it extra tensile

strength ,without reinforcement, many concrete buildings would not have been

possible. Reinforced concrete can encompass many types of structures and

components including slabs, walls, beams, columns, foundations, frames and more.

Answers.com (2015), buildings come in a wide amount of functions and have

been adopted throughout history for a wide number of factors from building materials

available, to a weather conditions , ground conditions , specific uses and aesthetic

reasons. Buildings serve several needs of society primarily as shelter from weather
 9

, security, living space, privacy, to store belongings, and to comfortably live and

work.

Conel, et al. (2015), the word architecture describes the overall work of

the building .Through, building styles have developed differently all over the world.

The shapes of the first building were determined by the construction techniques,

people knew at the time and also by the materials available to them. Architecture

often includes design or selection of furnishing and decorations, supervision of

construction work , and the examination, restoration, or remodeling of existing

buildings.

Pavius (2016) stated that it is a specification of an object, manifested

by some agent, intended to accomplish goals, in a particular environment using a set

primitive components, satisfying a set of requirements, subject to some constraints.

The study Proposed Design Of Two-Storey Police Station Building was related

to the information above because it has an architectural plan.

Auto Cad 2015

According to Gindis (2017), AutoCAD is a drafting and design software package

develop and marketed by Autodesk Inc. As of 2017, it has been around approximately 35

years – several lifetimes in the software industry. It has grown from modest beginnings to

an industry standard, often imitated, sometimes exceeded but never equaled. The basic

premise of its design and is the main reason for AutoCAD’s success. Anything you can

think of, you can draw quickly and easily. And for many years, AutoCAD remains a superb

2D electronic drafting board, replacing the pencil the pencil and paper for the entire
 10

generation of technical professionals. In the recent releases, its 3D capability finally

matured, and now AutoCAD is consideredis now considered an excellent visualization

tool, especially for architecture and interior design.

The software has a rather steep learning curve to become an expert but surprisingly

easy one to just get started. Most important, it is well worth learning. This is truly global

software that has been adopted by millions of architects, designers and engineers

worldwide. Over the years, Autodesk expanded this reach by introducing add-on packages

that customize AutoCAD for industry-specific tasks, such as electrical, civil, and

mechanical engineering. However, underneath all these add-ons is still plain AutoCAD.

This software remains hugely popular. Learn it well, as it is still one of the skills you can

add to your resume.

For Bill Fane (2016), AutoCAD remains the king of PC computer CAD hill by a

tall margin, making it one of the longest-lived computer programs ever. It’s conceivable

that the long-term future of CAD may belong to special-purpose, 3D-based software such

as the Autodesk inventor and Revit Programs, or to specialized market-specific variations

built on top of AutoCAD. At any rates, AUTOCAD’s DWG file format is the de facto

standard, and so AutoCAD will be where the CAD action is for the foreseeable future.

You may have heard that AutoCAD is complex, and therefore is difficult to learn

and use. Yes, the user interface includes about 1,300 icons. But it has been my observation

that the easier any software is to learn and use, the sooner you bump against its limitations.

A car with no accelerator, one forward gear, no steering, and no brakes would be easy to

use until you reach a hill, a curve, or a stop sign or you needed to backout of a parking

space.
 11

Mahajan (2014) stated that Auto Cad is CAD software for 2D and 3D design

and drafting, developed and sold by Autodesk, Ins. Initially released in late 1982,

Auto Cad was one of the first CAD programs to run on personal computers. Most

CAD software at the same time ran on graphics terminals connected to mainframe

computers or mini-computers.

As for A.K.C Mohammed (2017), the drawing of engineering components,

infrastructure design and analysis HVAC systems plays a major role in the most

engineering – Civil, Mechanical, System and Electrical engineering-fields. And to do this

while minimizing human errors, the use of a computer aided design application is

recommended. AutoCAD is one of the recommend design software applications because it

professionals in these niches with unique drafting tools that can be used to bring their

engineering ideas to life with the accuracy they require. So in this stead, AutoCAD serves

as software for designing mechanical component, analyzing electrical and piping system

and solving design issue that may arise.

According to Mr. Abishek Anand (2017), as a design engineer / draftsman,

AutoCAD is of utmost importance since your career will start with auto cad only. You will

have to draw the drawing first in AutoCAD as per designs provided to you by your seniors

and the accuracy of your drawings will the key in implementation of the design in drawings

at site. Even if you are a designer, in that case also, you will need to check the drawing

prepared by the draftsmen to ensure no error is there. If you know AutoCAD then it will

be a lot easier to check than manually checking each and every details.
 12

The information mention above serves as software to from wireframes models

by positioning 2D (planar) objects anywhere in 3D space.

The study Proposed Design of Two-Storey Police Station Building was related

to the information above because Auto Cad 2015 was used for the designing of plan,

architectural and structural plan.

ETABS 2016

Csiamerica.com (2019), ETABS provides an unequalled suite of tools for structural

engineers designing buildings, whether they are working on one-story industrial structures

or the tallest commercial high-rises. Immensely capable, yet easy-to-use, has been the

hallmark of ETABS since its introduction decades ago, and this latest release continues

that tradition by providing engineers with the technologically-advanced, yet intuitive,

software they require to be their most productive.

Prasanna Kumar (2018), ETABS is an engineering software product that caters to

multi-story building analysis and design. Modelling tools and templates, code-based load

prescriptions, analysis methods and solution techniques, all coordinate with the grid-like

geometry unique to this class of structure

Rushikesh (2018), ETABS is an engineering software product that caters to multi-

story building analysis and design. Modelling tools and templates, code-based load

prescriptions, analysis methods and solution techniques, all coordinate with the grid-like

geometry unique to this class of structure. Basic or advanced systems under static or

dynamic conditions may be evaluated using ETABS. For a sophisticated assessment of

seismic performance, modal and direct-integration time-history analyses may couple with
 13

P-Delta and Large Displacement effects. Nonlinear links and concentrated PMM or fibre

hinges may capture material nonlinearity under monotonic or hysteretic behaviour.

Intuitive and integrated features make applications of any complexity practical to

implement. Interoperability with a series of design and documentation platforms makes

ETABS a coordinated and productive tool for designs which range from simple 2D

frames to elaborate modern high-rises.

Civiltoday.com (2019), ETABS is the abbreviation of “Extended3D Analysis of

building System". ETABS is a product of Computers and Structures, Inc. which is

recognized globally as the pioneering leader in structural engineering analysis and design

software for structural and earthquake engineering. They have introduced ETABS with

the following paragraph.

The innovative and revolutionary new ETABS is the ultimate integrated software

package for the structural analysis and design of buildings. Incorporating 40 years of

continuous research and development, this latest ETABS offers unmatched 3D object

based modelling and visualization tools, blazingly fast linear and nonlinear analytical

power, sophisticated and comprehensive design capabilities for a wide-range of materials,

and insightful graphic displays, reports, and schematic drawings that allow users to

quickly and easily decipher and understand analysis and design results.

Civilax.com (2019), ETABS integrates every aspect of the engineering design

process. Creation of models has never been easier - intuitive drawing commands allow

for the rapid generation of floor and elevation framing. CAD drawings can be converted

directly into ETABS models or used as templates onto which ETABS objects may be
 14

overlaid. The state-of-the-art SAPFire 64-bit solver allows extremely large and complex

models to be rapidly analysed, and supports nonlinear modelling techniques such as

construction sequencing and time effects (e.g., creep and shrinkage). Design of steel and

concrete frames (with automated optimization), composite beams, composite columns,

steel joists, and concrete and masonry shear walls is included, as is the capacity check for

steel connections and base plates. Models may be realistically rendered, and all results

can be shown directly on the structure. Comprehensive and customizable reports are

available for all analysis and design output, and schematic construction drawings of

framing plans, schedules, details, and cross-sections may be generated for concrete and

steel structures.

ETABS provides an unequalled suite of tools for structural engineers designing

buildings, whether they are working on one-story industrial structures or the tallest

commercial high-rises. Immensely capable, yet easy-to-use, has been the hallmark of

ETABS since its introduction decades ago, and this latest release continues that tradition

by providing engineers with the technologically-advanced

The statement about ETABS is that this software is very useful in analysing and

designing the performance of proposed police station building and save much time and

very accurate in designing and estimating, then the ETABS results has been presented by

designing sample beams and frames of the police station building. Nearly more than 95%

of the Design Firms use ETABS. It can be used practically for all types of structures starting

from concrete, steel to aluminium, timber and even piping design. So that in this project

we can use the ETABS for the majority of computation of beams, columns, and etc.
 15

Microsoft Office Excel

Microsoft.com, “Microsoft Office Excel is a spread sheet program included in

the Microsoft Office suite of applications. Spread sheets present tables values arrange in a

rows and columns that can be manipulated mathematically using both basic and complex

arithmetic operations and functions. In additions to its standard spread sheet features ,Excel

also offers programming support via Microsoft visual basic for applications (VBA), the

ability to access data from external sources via Microsoft Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE),

and extensive graphing and charting capabilities”

Business dictionary.com, “Microsoft excel is a software developed and

manufactured by Microsoft corporation that allows users to organized, format and calculate

data with formulas using a spread sheet system broken up by rows and columns .Microsoft

Excel usually comes bundled with Microsoft office and is Compatible with other

applications offered in the suite of products. The first software program similar to Excel

was related in 1982 and was called Multiplan”

Microsoft office Excel is a very useful program in terms of calculations by first

evaluation of formulas .Because of this, the time that the researchers will spend for written

calculation will be lessen and it will help the study to finish on time. Microsoft Office Excel

automatically calculates the data from the inputted formulas .It is one of the software that

makes Civil engineers work easier specially in analyzing and designing a structure.

According to Geiger (2015), reported on a study finding that 78% of middle skilled

jobs required digital skilled like excel. Middle skilled jobs are fast growing jobs categories

that place more emphasis on skills than on a having a bachelor degree alone. This jobs
 16

required significant business understanding, but with the added emphasis on skills to

applied quantitative business intelligent to decision making. Some could argue that

business management position, but it is more appropriate management positions, but it is

more appropriate of an accelerated path for business graduate into management.

According to Brook (2016), the role of the estimator in main specialist contracting

has not changed, but the aspect of pricing and strategies and method have. In the early

1980’s, estimator began to embrace computer for the power of building complex price

models, with the facility to change inputs, with powerful results. In 1990’s, estimators were

sceptical about using historical data and costs plans as basis of a bid. Since the beginning

of this millennium, database systems and excel and spread sheets have completed as the

tools of choice of estimators – sometimes both systems are used. Bespoke computer-aided

estimating system for handling bill of quantities and excel spread sheet for cost plans, cash

flow and summary reports. We now se fewer estimating assistant in contractors’ offices

because estimators build the estimates themselves.

According to Afzali, S. H. (2015), Excel has been widely utilized in different

branches of civil engineering because of its easy accessibility and the user’s ability to solve

complex systems without much prior knowledge of the software. Huddleston utilized Excel

in branching pipe flow networking to piping system analysis. Since the December 2001

issue a Journal of Hydraulic Engineering was devoted to the topic of teaching hydraulic

design, several studies were conducted on the application of Excel in engineering

hydraulics in that year. Hegazy and Ersahin utilized Excel and VBA to develop an
 17

information system for subcontractor and small/medium-sized contractors. Weiss and

Gulliver displayed the use of Excel for analysing hydraulic design projects.

Costa, “Microsoft Office Excel is a spread sheet application developed by

Microsoft for Microsoft windows and Mas OS. It features calculation, graphing tools,

pivot tables and a macro programming language called Visual Basic Applications. It

has been a very widely applied spread sheet for Two platforms, especially since

version 5 in 1993, it has replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry standard for spread

sheets. Excels forms part of Microsoft Office”.

Campbel, “Microsoft Office Excel is a powerful analysis tool used by

almost all structural design engineers. Many if not most frame type structural design

problems can be solved by the provided Excel spread sheets. The software is free,

easy to port between machines, easy to pre- and post processes.

The Propose Design Of Two-Storey Police Station Building was related to the

above information because this study used Microsoft office excels for the computations of

data.

NSCP (National Structural Code of the Philippines), volume 1, 2015, 7th Edition)

The National Structural Code of the Philippines), volume 1, 2015, 7th Edition has

still maintained its complete technical substance, updated to the latest edition of applicable

reference code counterparts. Major changes are noted in the seismic loading computations,

which now take into consideration a near source factor for 2km and below, as well as to

adapt the latest fault maps provided by PHIVOLCS. For the wind load calculation, wind
 18

zone maps are replaced by wind contour maps specific to Philippines geography.

Landingin, Rodrigues and Varum, “The National Structural Code of the Philippines

(NSCP) has been the primary design code that provides guidance to civil and

structure since its first edition .

This updated structural code established minimum requirements for

structural system using prescriptive and performance based provisions. It is founded

on broad based principles that make possible the use of new materials and new

building design . Also, this code reflects the latest seismic design practice for

earthquake resistant structures .

Based on the information states, the Proposed Design of Two-Storey

Police Station Building was related to National Structural Code of the Philippines

2015 7th Edition because it is the basis for the determining the safety of structure

NSCP (National Structural Code of the Philippines). Volume 1, 2015, 7th Edition

Landingin, Rodrigues and varum, “The National Structure Code of the

Philippines (NSCP) has been the primary design code that provide guidance to a

civil and structural engineers on the design and evaluation of buildings, and any

other structure since its first edition.

The National Structure Code of the Philippines (NSCP) is a reference for

rules, regulation and proper formulation for the structures. In this way it serves as

a guide to secure the safety of the public. Formulas for computation are referred to

the code.
 19

Based on the information states above, the Proposed Design of Two-

Storey Police Station Building was related to National Structure Code of the

Philippines 2015 7th Edition because it is the basis for determining the safety of

structure.

National Building Code of the Philippines

According to Carlson, J. (2013), Transcript of PRESIDENTIAL DECREE (P.D)

NO. 1096 ADOPTING A NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

(NBCP) THEREBY REVISING REPUBLIC ACT NUMBERED SIXTY-FIVE

HUNDRED FORTY ONE (R.A. No. 6541) enlisted the important provisions regarding

the environment general building requirements.(a) All buildings or structures as well as

accessory facilities there to shall conform in all respect to the principles of the safe

construction and must be suited to the purposed foe which they are designed. (b)

Buildings or structure intended to be used for the manufacture and production of

any kind of article or product shall observe adequate environmental safeguards. (c)

Buildings or structure and all parts thereof as well as facilities found therein shall

be in safe, sanitary and good working condition.

It is developed and updated regularly by the ASEP and is approved by

the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), the national government

agency mandated to enforce structural standards in the Philippines. The codes derives

its mandate from the National Building Code of the Philippines, which was enacted

by congress in 1972, years after the Casiguran Earthquake destroyed the ruby Tower

in manila. It was later revised by former President Ferdinand Marcos in 1977 through
 20

Presidential Decree No. 1096, which allowed updating of structural standards without

a need for new legislation.

The literature above the general requirements for designing and constructing

a building under PRESIDENTIAL DECREE (P.D.) NO. 1096. Related to the study

for it will serves as a guide to have a safe, sanitary and good working condition for

the occupants. The code prescribes requirements which, if followed, ensure that

homes and buildings will not sustain major structural damage when an earthquake

strikes. In effects it protects home owners and building occupants.

According to Banerjee,R. (2015), a building code or building control is a

set of rules that specify the minimum standards for constructed objects such as

buildings and non-buildings structures. The main purposed of building cods are to

protect public health, safety and general welfare as they relate to the construction

and occupancy of buildings and structures.

Structural Design

Free dictionary .com (2017), structural design is the selection of materials

member type, size, and configuration to carry load s in a safe and serviceable fashion.

In general, structural design implies the engineering of stationary object s such as

buildings and bridges, or object that may be mobile but have a rigid shape such

as hulls and aircraft frames. Devices with parts planned to move with relation to

each other (linkages) are generally assigned to the area of mechanical design.

Farlex (2017), structural design involves at least five distinct phases of work

project requirements, materials, structural scheme, analysis, and design. For structures
 21

or materials a sixth phase , testing, should be included. These phases do not proceed

in a rigid progression, since different materials can be most effective in different

schemes, testing can result in changes to a design, and a final design is often

reached by starting with a rough estimated design, then looping through several

cycles of analysis and redesign.

Chiradeep Sen (2016) stated that design is the systematic and creative

application of scientific and mathematical principles to a practical end such as the

design, manufacture, and operation of efficient and economical structures, machines,

processes and system.

Sedki (2017), structural design is a sub-discipline of civil engineering in

which structural engineers are trained to understand , predict, and calculate the

stability, strength and rigidity to build structures for buildings and nonbuilding

structures, to develop designs and integrate their design with that of other designers,

and to supervise construction project on a site. They can also be involved in the

design of machinery, medical equipment, and vehicles where structural integrity

affects functioning and safety.

Martin (2017), structural engineering theory is based upon applied physical

laws and the empirical knowledge of the structural performance of different materials

and geometries. Structural engineering design utilizes a number of relatively simple

structural elements to build complex structural system.

The structural design mention above was needed for the designing of the

Proposed Design Two-Storey Police Station Building.

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Chapter III

RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents a description and methods of the Research Design, Data

Gathering Procedure, Design Procedure, Design Time Frame and Cost of Materials.

Study Design

The purpose of the study Proposed Design Two-Storey Police Station is to

determine the proper procedure in designing its structure and a profitable development

of a model or a system based on a thorough determination of the present situation

or system and the goals sought.

Development is a systematic use of scientific and technical knowledge to

meet specific objectives and requirements, and extension of the theoretical or practical

aspects of a concept, design, discovery or invention. The process of adding

improvements to a parcel of land, such as grading, subdivision, drainage, access,

roads and utilities.

Data Gathering Procedure

Data gathering is the first step on the research proposal. In coordination with local

officials, the letter is submitted to the town mayor to ask for permission to conduct

the study “Proposed Design of Two-Storey Police Station Building at Bay, Laguna”.

A primary survey is conducted to find basic information to be needed in the design.

Through ETABS analysis and resources the type of structure will designed.

Resources

Researchers wouldn’t be able to identify the data gathered without the following:

National Structural Code of the Philippines and National Building Code of the Philippines.
 23

Software

The AutoCAD 2015, ETABS 2016 and Sketchup are software that used to complete

the comply with the standards in designing the architectural and structural design of the

proposed two-storey police station building at Bay, Laguna.

Supplies and Materials

Table 1. Supplies and Materials

Supplies and Material Uses

AutoCAD 2015 Use for designing a plan.

Book of NCSP 2015 Use as a reference for manual design.

ETABS 2016 Use for computing loads and analyse

design considering the load.

Microsoft Excel Use as a Spreadsheet to compute the load

combinations.

Sketchup Use for 3D modelling and designing

Table 1. Discusses the supply and materials and its function used on the study such

as Book of NSCP 2015, AutoCAD2015, ETABS 2016, Microsoft Excel and Sketchup.

Tools and Equipment

Table 2. Tools and Equipment Used

Tools and Equipment Uses

Pencil Use to draw a design plan

Scale Use to measure length

Calculator Use for normal Computation

Paper Use for scratch

 24

Table 2. Discussed the tools and equipment’s, its function used on the study such

as pencils, scale, calculators and papers, specific for initial design planning.

Construction Procedures

 Data Gathering is the first step in designing a police station building,

coordination with local officials, survey to conduct basic information

and used of internet and books to gather necessary information.

 Designing of the Plan using AutoCAD2015 a series of planning is

made to create the specific data needed in the design.

Construction/Design Time Frame

Table 3: Design Time Frame

Design time frame

Weeks
Activities
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
AUTOCAD

ETABS Modelling of Structure

Identification of Design Criteria

Load Combination

Load Application

Analysis of Results

Member Design

Evaluation of Results
Table 3 above shows the design time frame needed in conducting the research

study. First two is AutoCAD and ETABS modelling of structure with three weeks in the

making. Next is identification of design criteria, load computation, load application,

 25

analysis of results and member design that will acquire one week each and lastly the

evaluation of results that will take two weeks.

Cost of Materials

The cost of materials needed for construction of the proposed project study as well

as other expenses are listed in the table. The estimated cost showing the quantity, unit,

materials, unit cost and total cost of all the components used in the “Proposed Design of

Two-Storey Police Station Building”. The Estimated total project cost of the structure was

Php.

1. Earthwork

The table shows the total estimated cost for earthwork. Excavation with unit of

cu.m and unit cost of Php. 350. Backfilling with unit of cu.m and unit cost of Php.

200. The Total cost for earthwork Php.

Table 4: Earthworks
Quantity Unit Material Unit cost Total
(Php) (Php)
Excavation

Backfilling

2. Concrete / Masonry Works

The table below shows the estimate cost for concrete and masonry works.

The materials used are Portland cement that cost Php. 259.00 per each bags, Sand

that cost Php. 1,435.00 in every cubic meter, and Gravel that cost Php. 1,310.00 in

every cubic meter. In terms of Concrete Hollow Blocks, 4” CHB cost Php. 10.00
 26

per piece and 6” CHB cost Php. 16.00 per piece. In Reinforced Steel Bar,

10mmx6m RSB will cost Php. 73.92, 20mmx6m RSB in Php. 295.92 and a

25mmx6m RSB with Php. 462.36 all in every pieces of purchase. The total

estimated cost for concrete and masonry works Php.

Table 5: Concrete / Masonry Works

Quantity Unit Material Unit Total Cost
Cost (Php)
(Php)
Bags Portland cement 259.00

cu. M Sand 1,435.00

cu. m Gravel 1,310.00

Pcs. 4” CHB 10.00

Pcs. 6” CHB 16.00

Pcs. 10mm x 6m RSB 73.92

Pcs. 20mm x 6m RSB 295.92

Pcs. 25mm x 6m RSB 462.36

3. Formworks

The table indicates the estimate cost for Formworks. The materials used are

2x3x10 and 2x4x10 Form Lumber that will cost 270 per pieces or 27 per feet.

Marine Plywood with sizes ½” x 4’ x 8’ cost Php. 656 per pieces. CWN 2” and

CWN 3” cost Php 65.00 and Php 65.00 in every kg. the total estimated cost for

formworks. Php.
 27

Table 6: Formworks
Quantity Unit Material Unit Cost Total Cost
(Php) (Php)
bd.ft 2x3x10 270.00

Coco Lumber

bd.ft 2x4x10 270.00

Coco Lumber

pcs Marine Plywood 656.00

(½” x 4’ x 8’)

pcs CWN 2” 65.00

pcs CWN 3” 65.00

4. Tile Works

The table summarize the estimate cost for tile works. The material used are

60 cm x 60 cm Floor Tiles with unit cost of Php. 160 per piece. Cement pase that

will cost Php. 65.00 in every bag. Tile Grout with unit cost of Php. 90 per bag. The

total estimated cost for tile works Php.

Table 6: Tile Works

Quantity Unit Material Unit Cost Total Cost
(php) (php)
Pcs 60 cm x 60 cm 160.00

Floor Tiles

Bags Cement Paste 65.00

Bags Tile Grout 90.00

 28

5. Doors and Windows

The table below shows the estimate cost for doors and windows. The naterials used

are Steel Castment Window with 3/6 THK Clear Glass with unit price of Php. 190.00 in

every square foot. ½” Mirror Window Trint with Frame that cost Php. 160.00 in every

square foot. Solid panel Door 0.9m x 2.10m that cost Php. 3,500.00 per set. PVC Door for

Php. 2,500.00 in every set, Door Jam that will cost Php. 1,800.00 per set. Door Knob with

unit cost of Php. 1,500.00 in every set. The total estimated cost for doors and windows

Php.

Table 7: Doors and Windows

Quantity Unit Material Unit Cost Total Cost

(php) (php)

Sq.ft Steel Castment Window 190.00

with 3/6 THK Clear Glass

Sq.ft 1/2” Mirror Window Tint 160.00

with Frame

Set 0.9m x 2.10m Solid Panel 3,500.00

Door

Set PVC Door 2,500.00

Set Door Jam 1,800.00

Set Door Knob 1,500.00

 29

Summary

Table below shows the summarized cost of materials. It includes Earthworks,

Concrete / Masonry Works, Formworks, Tile Works and Doors and Windows. The total

estimated cost for construction was Php.

Table 8: Scope of Work

Scope of Work Amount

Earthwork

Concrete/Masonry Works

Formworks

Tile Works

Doors and Windows

Total of Material Cost

 30

Chapter 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter discuss the project and physical description, the project development,

project schedule, design calculation, results and analysis.

Project Description

Table 9: Project Description

Physical Properties Concrete

Structure of the Project Two-Storey

Characteristics Made of Concrete and Steel

Uses Police Station

Product Design 216 sq. meter

Table above discuss the physical properties, structure of the project, characteristics,

uses and product design of the study.

Physical Description

The Two-Storey Police Station Building at Bay, Laguna having a total lot area of

108 square meter, with the dimension of 12 meters by 9 meters. The total elevation is 8.50

meters from the natural grade line to the apex of the roof.

The Column 1, Column 2, Column 3, and Column 4 have the same dimension 0.5

meters by 0.5 meters having 20mm diameter bars. The Footing Tie Beam 1, Footing Tie
 31

Beam 2, Girder 1, Girder 2, Girder 3, Girder 4, Roof beam 1, Roof Beam 2, and Roof Beam

3 has the dimensions of 0.4 meters by 0.25 meters using 20mm diameter bars. Footing 1

and Footing 2 has 1.2 meters by 1.2 meters dimensions. The stair length is 4 meters from

the ground floor to second floor. According to the structural plan, the researchers used 21

MPa in minimum compressive strength of concrete and 276 MPa in minimum yield

strength of reinforcing bars.

Project Development

Data gathering was the first step for the thesis proposal. The researchers conducted

an interview on the local officials at Bay, Laguna to know if the police station building was

necessary for the need of community. The researchers took one week to complete all

necessary information for the study. One week for the initial drawing of the plan.

Researchers acquired two weeks for the designing of architectural plan and structural plan

using AutoCAD 2015. Etabs 2016 Modelling of Structure was the next step for the project

development.

It also consumed two weeks for the researchers to create the structure using Etabs

2016. For the Identifications of Design Criteria, Load Computation, Load Application,

Analysis of Results and Member Design required one week each to put in order analyse

and perform it in Etabs. And for the last, evaluation of results acquired one week to further

understand the results of the study. It takes three (3) months for the researchers to finish

the project study from data gathering up to evaluation of results.

 32

Research Time Frame

Table 10: Research Time Frame

Research time frame

Weeks
Activities
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Data Gathering

Initial Drawing

Identification of Design Criteria

Load Combination

Load Application

Analysis of Results

Member Design

Evaluation of Results

Design Calculation

The aim of structural design analysis is to obtain a structure that will be able to

withstand all loads and deformations to which it is likely to be subjected throughout its

expected life with suitable margin of safety. The design, analyses, and calculation of an

offshore module structure to ensure the required safety and serviceability requirements

against different loads and load combination such as live load, dead load, wind load and

earthquake load by considering all phase such as transportation, installation, and normal
 33

operation is the main object of the thesis. The design calculation discussed how the

structure was analysed and calculated.

Dead Loads

The dead loads are calculated from the member sizes and estimated material

densities. All components of dead load shows above are treated as normal variables. Dead

loads are exerted in the vertical plane and the result of the weight of the permanent

components such as beams, floor slabs, column and wall. These components will produce

the same constant ‘dead’ load during the lifespan of the building.

Soil

Soil Allowable Bearing Stress 150.0 kPa

276 MPa 𝛽 1 = 0.85

414 MPa 𝛽 2 = 0.85

Concrete

Structural Members Compressive Strength f’c

Foundations 21.0 MPa

Columns 21.0 MPa

Beams 21.0 MPa

Slabs 21.0 MPa

Reinforcements of Steel
 34

Reinforcing Steel fy = 276 MPa (40,000 psi)

Structural Steel

Tensile Strength Fu = 400 MPa

Yield Strength Fy = 248 MPa

*Reinforcement balance ratio (m)

Temperature Bars (Pg)(NSCP)

276 MPa 𝜌g = 0.0020

414 MPa 𝜌g = 0.0018

Minimum reinforcement ratio (Art. 410.6.1 of NSCP 2010)

√𝑓′𝑐 1.4
Pmin = or 𝑓𝑦 (which is larger)
4𝑓𝑦

276 MPa Pmin = 0.005073

414 MPa Pmin = 0.003382

Live Loads

Live loads can be defined by any combination of forces, it lets you analysed a

structure subjected to a load caused by a set of forces, moving along a defined route.

Typically, they include people, furniture, and almost everything else that can be moved
 35

throughout a building. Live Loads are specified as the weight per unit area corresponding

to the use of the floor.

Office Use = 2.4 KPa (table 205-1)

Wind Loads

The structure and its components are to be designed to be with-stand the code

specified wind loads. In order for a structure to be sound and secure, the foundation, roof

and walls must be strong and wind resistant. When building a structure, it is important to

calculate wind load to ensure that the structure can withstand high winds, especially if the

building is located in an area known for inclement weather. The main wind force resisting

system of a building is a vital component. While wind load calculations can be difficult to

figure out because the wind is unpredictable, some standard calculations can give you a

good idea of what a building can withstand. If wind loading analysis is not done correctly

the resulting effects could include collapsed windows and doors, ripped off roofing and

more.

Zone 4

Basic Wind Load 270 kph (Figure 207 A.5-1)

Importance Factor 1 (Section 207-2)

Exposure Category C (Section 207 A.7.3)

Surface Roughness Category B (Section 207 A.7.2)

Wind Directionally Factor (Kd) 0.85 (Section 207 A.6)

 36

An importance factor, Iw, for the building or other structure shall be determined

from Table 207-3 based on building and structure categories listed in Table 103-1.

Seismic Criteria

Seismic load is one of the basic concepts of earthquake engineering which means

application of an earthquake-generated agitation to a building structure or its model. It

happens at contact surfaces of a structure either with the ground. The seismic loads on the

structure during an earthquake result from inertia forces which were created by ground

accelerations. Earthquake actions should be determined on the basis on the relevant

tectonic condition, and the historical seismological data.

Zone 4

Importance Factor (I) 1 (Essential Facilities)

Near Source Factor (NA) 1(>10km)

Near Source Factor (NV) 1(>15km)

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

Building Design Loads and Lateral Criteria

The gravity and lateral loads acting on the building need to be identified in order to

complete an analysis of Two-Storey Police Station Building. By determining the equivalent

stiffness for each moment frame in building. The lateral loads were recalculated. Finding

the stiffness of each frame allowed for the direct shear and torsional shear at each level to
 37

be calculated and for the loads to be distributed throughout the building according to

stiffness.

Load Distribution and Analysis

Load distribution is a key element in the design of a structural member. The design

of footings, foundation walls, slabs on grade, pile caps, grade beams, are all designed to

distribute a load. The design capability of soils is important for the structural engineer to

understand the engineering requirements required to distribute the structures load, down to

the surface of the earth.

All loads, eventually, have to reach the surface of the site, or the foundations

designed to support the load. The proper and economical distribution of the structural loads

is essential for the success of the structure and the basic goal of all structural engineers.

Distribute the load, if the foundation is big enough, the load can be large and aggressive.

If the foundation is too small or too fragile, the load will not be distributed and there will

be failure. This process allowed for a more accurate distribution of loads along with the

ability to study how the frames worked together to transfer the loads from the moment

frames to the foundations for the analysis, Microsoft Excel and ETABS 2016 were utilized

as a way to obtain a more thorough understanding of the distribution. The moment from

the analysis were used in conjunction with moments and forces found in the Etabs analysis

to verify beam, column and members throughout the building. The columns were chosen

because the entire columns carry twice the shear when the lateral loads are distributed

throughout the frame, therefore the interior column was bigger than the exterior column.

Design of Footing
 38

Reinforced concrete foundations, footings, transmit loads from a structure to the

supporting soil. Footings are designed based on the nature of the loading, properties of the

footing and the properties of the soil. The geometry of the foundation is selected so that

any minimum requirements based on soils are parameters are met. Traditionally the

geometry of a footing or a pile cap is selected using unfactored loads. The structural design

of the foundation is then completed using strength design in accordance with ACI 318. ACI

Committee 336 is in the process of developing a methodology for completing the entire

footing design using the strength design method. Footings are often subjected to lateral

loads or overturning moments, in addition to vertical loads. These types of loads are

typically seismic or wind loads. Lateral loads or overturning moments result in a non-

uniform soil bearing pressure under the footing, where the soil bearing pressure is larger

on one side of the footing than the other. Non-uniform soil bearing can also be caused by

a foundation pedestal not being located at the footing center of gravity. If the lateral loads

and overturning moments are small in proportion to the vertical loads, then the entire

bottom of the footing is in compression and a P/A ± M/S type of analysis is appropriate for

calculating the soil bearing pressures. Following are typical requirements. The calculated

bearing pressures need to be less than the allowable bearing pressures. Bearing pressures

are the pressures that the footing exerts on the supporting soil. Bearing pressures are

measured in units of force per unit area, such as pounds per square foot. The calculated

settlement of the footing, due to applied loads, needs to be less than the allowable

settlement. The footing needs to have sufficient capacity to resist sliding caused by any

horizontal loads .The footing needs to be sufficiently stable to resist overturning loads.
 39

Overturning loads are commonly caused by horizontal loads applied above the base of the

footing. Local conditions and Building code requirements.

In calculation, the derivation of the ultimate bearing capacity of a foundation is

based on soil constraints which include the soil strength, the shear strength and the weight

per unit mass. Other factors considered include the shape, size and depth.

Table 11: Footing Schedule

Direction No. of bars Spacing Bar Size

X- direction

Y- direction

The table shows the footing schedule of the building. The number of bars used is

# foot both horizontal and vertical direction with # mm diameter bar.

Figure below shows the footing section for the structure. It has a dimension of #

meters by # meters with # meters thickness. It has planted column of # meters in height.

There is # meters from the natural grade line to ground floor level.
 40

Figure #: Beam Details

This figure illustrates the typical beam details of second floor. It has a dimension

of # meters by # meters. It uses (spacing)

Beam Schedule

The table shows the steel reinforcement at the supports and midspan of each

beam. Roof Beam 1, Roof Beam 2, Girder 1, Girder 2, Footing Tie Beam 1 and Footing

Tie Beam 2 has the same dimension of # mm by # mm. rebar of 10 mm diameter. Roof

Beam has 2 bars at top and bottom with # mm diameter bar. Girder 1, from support 5 bars

at the top and 3 from the bottom, midspan has 2 bars at the top and bottom with # mm

diameter bar. Girder 2, from support 4 bars at the top and 2 bars at bottom, midspan has #

bars at the top and bottom with # mm diameter bar. Footing Tie Beam 1 has # bars at the

top and bottom from supports, # bars at top and bottom from midspan. Footing Tie Beam
 41

2 has # bars at the top, # bars at the bottom from support, 2 bars at the top and bottom

from midspan with bar size of @mm diameter.

Table 12: Beam Schedule

Beam
Steel Reinforcement
Dimension
Beam
At Supports Midspan Bar Size
Mark
B H Rebar
(mm) (mm) (mm) Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom

250 450 10 mm mm
RB-1
250 450 10 mm mm
RB-2
250 450 10 mm mm
RB-3
250 450 10 mm mm
G-1
250 450 10 mm mm
G-2
250 450 10 mm mm
G-3
250 450 10 mm mm
FTB-1
250 400 10 mm mm
FTB-2

Beam Spacing

The table below illustrates the computed spacing at each beam and the rebar used.

Rebar is a steel bar or mesh of steel wires used as a tension device in reinforced concrete

and reinforced masonry structures to strengthen and hold the concrete in tension. Rebar’s

surface is often patterned to form a better bond with the concrete. Stirrup is used for

binding reinforcement construction. It helps in creating a reinforcement cage and hold it

 42

in place. A structural section has typically longitudinal as well as transverse

reinforcement.

Table 13: Beam Spacing

Dimension
Beam Rebar Stirrups
B
Mark H

RB-1 250 400 10 mm

RB-2 250 400 10 mm

G-1 250 400 10 mm

G-2 250 400 10 mm

G-3 250 400 10 mm

FTB-1 250 400 10 mm

FTB-2 250 400 10 mm

FTB-3 250 400 10 mm

 43

Figure #: Column Details (1st floor to 2nd floor)

Figure shows the column details for first floor to second floor. The ties used were

(spacing).
 44

Figure #: Column Details (Basement Level to 1st floor)

Figure shows the column details for basement level to first floor. The ties used were

(spacing).
 45

Figure #: Column Details (Bottom of Footing to Basement Level)

Figure shows the column details from bottom of footing to basement floor level. The ties

used were (spacing).

Column Schedule
 46

Figure #: Column Schedule

Figure above shows the column schedule for the building. Column 1, Column 2, Column

3 has the same dimension of # meters by # meters. There are # bars at the horizontal and

vertical direction. The ties used were (SPACING).

 47

Figure #: Slab Details

Figure above illustrates the slab details of the structure. It is 100 mm thick. The

building has two type of slab as shown in the figure. It is one-way suspended floor slab

and two-way suspended floor slab.

Figure #: Slab Schedule

Figure illustrates the slab schedule for the structure. It is 100mm thick. The

building has two types of slab as shown in the figure. It is one-way suspended floor slab

and two- way suspended floor slab.

Structural Plan
 48

Figure #: Foundation Plan

Figure shows the foundation plan of the building. It has a dimension of 12 meters

by 9 meters. A total of 108 meters lot area and 216 square meter floor area. It shows

where the wall footing and footing tie beam located.

 49

Figure #: Roof Framing Plan

Figure above specifies the roof framing plan for the structure. It has 12 meters by

9 meters dimension. It shows that slab has two types: S1 for one-way suspended slab and

S2 for two-way suspended slab.

Architectural Plan
 50

Figure # Perspective View

Figure above displays the perspective view of the Proposed Design of Two-Storey

Police Station Building at Bay, Laguna. It is 9 meters high and a dimension of 12 meters

by 9 meters. 108 square meter lot area.

Figure #: Front Elevation

 51

Figure shows the front elevation of the Police Station Building. The first floor is

3.50 meters high from the natural grade line and from the second floor to roof is 3.0 meters

high after that the top of the roof beam has 2.00 meters elevation.

Figure #: Rear Elevation

Figure above illustrates the rear elevation of the structure. The first floor is 3.50

meters high from the natural grade line and from the second floor to roof is 3.0 meters high

after that the top of the roof beam has 2.00 meters elevation.
 52

Figure #: Right Side Elevation

Figure above illustrates the right-side elevation of the structure. The first floor is

3.50 meters high from the natural grade line and from the second floor to roof is 3.0 meters

high after that the top of the roof beam has 2.00 meters elevation.

Figure #: Left Side Elevation

 53

Figure above illustrates the left side elevation. The first floor is 3.50 meters high

from the natural grade line and from the second floor to roof is 3.0 meters high after that

the top of the roof beam has 2.00 meters elevation.

Figure #: Ground Floor Plan

Figure above shows ground floor plan of the building. It consists of Administration

office where the Chief office is located, as well as Management Information System and

Planning and Research areas. It also includes female and male detention cell, armory,

juvenile room, investigation and interrogation room. It has dimension of 12 meters by 9

meters.
 54

Figure # Second Floor Plan

Figure shows the second floor plan of the building consists of conference room, as

well as evidence room and quarters. It also includes the radio room and staff office. The

second floor has a dimension of 12 meters by 9 meters same as first floor.

55
56
 57

The table 14 illustrates the days allotted for the construction of police station

building. It starts at excavation with 2 days to accomplish. Rebar fabrication, formworks

and gravel bedding can be done simultaneously in 2 days each. Rebar installation with 3

days. Plumbing roughing in and electrical roughing in can accomplish within 2 days.

Concreting works with 3 days. Gravel bedding with 2 days and 3 days for masonry.

Rebar installation, formworks, rebar installation, plumbing roughing in, electrical

roughing in, concrete works and masonry has a four cycle for different works like for first

floor, second floor and roof slab. Roof works can be done with 2 days, carpentry and

ceiling works with 2 days, plastering works can be done within 2 days. Tile works can be

done simultaneously with painting works. Door installation, window installation,

plumbing installation and electrical installation can be done at the same time within 2

days. Without any problem with weather condition and continuous work, a total of 55

working days.
 58

Table 15: Manpower

Activities Manpower

Excavation Foreman, Laborer

Rebar Fabricaton Foreman, Laborer, Steelman

Formworks Carpenter, Laborer

Gravel Bedding Foreman, Laborer, Mason

Rebar Installation Foreman, Laborer, Steelman

Plumbing Roughing in Plumber

Electrical Roughing in Electrician

Concrete Works Foreman, Laborer, Mason

Backfilling Foreman, Laborer, Mason

MasonryWorks Foreman, Laborer, Mason

Roof Framing Works Welder, Steelman, Laborer, Mason

Carpentry and Ceiling Works Carpenter, Laborer, Foreman

Plastering Works Foreman, Laborer, Mason

Painting Works Mason, Painter, Laborer, Foreman

Installation Doors Welder, Carpenter, Laborer

Installation of Windows Welder, Laborer, Carpenter

Tile Works Tile Setter, Mason, Laborer

Installation of Plumbing Fixtures Plumber

Installation of Electrical Fixtures Electrician

 59

The table 15 shows the manpower needed for the construction of police station

building. For excavation, foreman and labourer. For rebar fabrication, foreman labourer

and steelman. For formworks, carpenter and labourer. Gravel bedding, foreman, labourer

and mason. Rebar installation, foreman, labourer and steelman. Plumber for plumbing

roughing in and electrician for electrical roughing in. for concrete works, backfilling and

masonry works, foreman, labourer and mason are needed. Welder, tinsmith and tile settle

are needed for the manpower as shown in the table 15.