Nature of Inquiry 3.
Research is defined as a purposive, systematic
* Inquiry is defined as “seeking for truth,
information or knowledge”.
* Inquiry is a learning process that motivates you
to obtain knowledge or information about people,
things, places or events.
The process of inquiry begins with gathering
information and data through applying the various
human senses.
 Inquiry is an active learning process.
 In analyzing, varied thinking strategies are
used. (lower-order to higher-order thinking
skills)
 These are top-level thinking strategies that
are ought to perform in discovering and
understanding the object of inquiry.
 Inquiry is a problem-solving technique in
probing, investigating or asking questions to
find answers or solutions.
 In solving a problem, you tend to be like
scientists who are inclined to think logically
or systematically supported with evidences.
 Inquiry elevates our thinking powers.
Benefits of Inquiry-Based Learning
 Widens learners’ vocabulary.
 Increases social awareness and cultural
knowledge.
 Encourages higher-order thinking
strategies.
 Facilitates problem-solving acts.
Research
Research is a key to progress.
Various definitions of research:
1. Research is a careful, critical, disciplined inquiry,
varying in technique and method according to the
nature and conditions of the problem identified,
directed toward the clarification or resolution of a
problem. (Good, p.464)
2. Research is the process of gathering data or
information to solve a particular or specific
problem in a scientific manner. (Manuel and Medel,
p.5).
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and scientific process of gathering, analyzing,
classifying, organizing, interpreting and presenting
data for the solution of a problem, for prediction,
for intervention, for the discovery of truth, or the
expansion or verification of existing knowledge, all
for the preservation and improvement of the
quality of human life.
Purposes of Research
 Main Purpose: for the preservation and
improvement of the quality of human life.
 To satisfy man’s craving for more
understanding, to improve his judgment, to
add to his power, to reduce the burden of
work, to relieve suffering and to increase
satisfactions in multitudinous ways.
Specific Purposes and Goals of Research:
 To discover new facts about known
phenomena.
 To find answers to problems which are only
partially solved by existing methods and
information.
 Improve existing techniques and develop
new instruments or products.
 To provide basis for decision-making in
business, industry, education, government
and in any undertakings.
 To acquire a better and deeper
understanding about one phenomenon that
can be known and understood better by
research is why women are generally smaller
than men.
 To expand or verify existing knowledge.
Characteristics of Research
 Accurate– it must give correct or accurate
data.
 Objective and unbiased – must deal with
facts, not mere opinions.
 Timely – must work with topic that is fresh,
new and interesting to the present society.
 Relevant – must be instrumental in improving
society or in solving problems affecting the
lives of people in the society.
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  Clear and Concise – must succeed in
expressing its central point or discoveries
by using simple, direct, concise and correct
language.
 Systematic – must take place in an
organized or orderly manner.
 Original Work – data gathered from first
hand sources.
 Requires Courage - it requires courage
because the researcher oftentimes undergo
risks, hazards and social disapproval.
Types & Examples of Research
 Based on Application of Research Method
 Based on Purpose of the Research
 Based on Types of Data Needed
Based on Application of Research Method
 Pure (Basic) Research
– it deals with concepts or principles that
aims to increase one’s knowledge.
- the main motivation is to extend man’s
knowledge, not to create or invent things.
 Applied Research
– designed to solve practical problems of
the world.
- its goal is to improve human condition.
- used to find solutions to everyday
problems, current illnesses and develop
technologies.
Based on Purpose of the Research
 Descriptive Research (Statistical
Research)
– this type of research deals with
everything that can be counted and measured and
which has an impact on people or communities.
 Correlational Research
– shows relationship or connectedness of
two or more factors called variables that affect
the research.
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- it is only concerned in indicating the
existence of a relationship, not the causes and
ways of the development of such relationship.
 Experimental Research
– is an objective, systematic, controlled
investigation, for the purpose of predicting and
controlling phenomena and examining probability
and causality among selected variables.
- It best establishes cause-effect
relationship.
 Ethnographic Research
– refers to the investigation of a culture
through an in-depth study of the members of the
culture.
- involves the systematic collection,
description, and analysis of data for development
of theories of cultural behavior.
 Historical Research
– involves analysis of events that occurred in
the remote or recent past.
- it provides a comprehensive picture of
historical trends
- it can show patterns that occurred in the
past and over time which can help to see where we
came from and what kind of solutions we have used
in the past.
 Action Research
– studies on going practice of a school,
organization, community or institution for the
purpose of obtaining results that will bring
improvements in the system.
- involves the application of the steps of the
scientific method in the classroom problems.
- This is done on a very limited scope. The
population to be studied is not so big.
 Phenomenological Research
– concerned with the study of experience
from the perspective of the individual.
- the researcher attempts to understand
one or more individuals’ experiences of a
phenomenon by one or more individuals.
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  Explanatory research
This type of research elaborate or explains
not just the reasons behind the
relationships of two factors, but also the
ways by which such relationship exists
 Exploratory research
An exploratory research’s purpose is to find
out how reasonable or possible it is to
conduct a research study on a certain topic
Approaches to research
 Case study
This type of qualitative research usually
takes place in the field of social case,
nursing, psychology, rehabilitation center,
education etc.
 Content and discourse analysis
Is a method of qualitative research that
requires an analysis or examination of the
substance or content of the mode of
communication used by a person in
communicating.
 Grounded theory
It takes place when you discover a new
theory to underlie your study of the time of
data collection and analysis.
Are new and original information resulting
from your sensory experience
 Secondary data
Such data have already been written about
or reported on and are available for reading
purposes
 Scientific or positive approach
In which you discovered and measure
information as well as observe and control
variables in an impersonal manner
 Naturalistic Approach
In contrast to the scientific approach that
uses numbers to express data, the
naturalistic approach uses words
 Triangulation Approach
You are free to gather and analyze data
using multiple methods, allows you combine
or mix up research approaches.

Based on Types of Data Needed

 Qualitative Research
- requires non-numerical data, which means
that the research uses words rather than numbers
to express the results, the inquiry or investigation
about people’s thoughts, feelings, views regarding
the object of the study.

 Quantitative Research
-involves measurement of data; thus, it
presents research findings referring to the
number or frequency of something in numerical
forms (e.g. using percentages, fractions and other
statistical tools).

 Primary data
Are obtained through direct observation or
contact with people, objects, paintings, etc.
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