PRODUCTIVITY

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 Productivity
 Rate of production (photosynthesis) by autotrophs
 The process of production of energy in a particular
trophic level in a particular time within a fixed area
is productivity.
 Unit: kg/ha/year
Two types
1.Primary productivity
 Energy stored by autotrophs is primary productivity
 Gross Primary Productivity: Total rate of
photosynthesis
 GPP depends upon the chlorophyll contents.

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  Net primary Productivity: Rate of storage of
organic matter by producers per unit area per unit
time
NPP = GPP – loss of energy
2. Secondary productivity
 Rate of energy storage at consumer and
decomposer level
 Ecosystem is naturally balance entity that runs
according to some natural principles such as law of
thermodynamics and law of entropy (the transfer of
food energy from one to another organism leads to the
loss of energy as heat due to metabolic activities).
 NSP = GSP – loss of energy

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 PLANT COMMUNITY

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  Community: Group of species sharing same
resources and space with mutual interaction
 Synecology ?
General Characteristics of a plant community
a. Species diversity
 Species richness: total number of species
 Species evenness: relative number of individuals
of different species.
b. Dominance: dominant species
c. Growth form: stratification (herbs, shrubs, tree)
d. Tropic level and food chain
e. Succession

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 Quantitative characters
 Density
 Frequency
 Basal area and cover
 Productivity
 Species richness

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 Qualitative characters

 Phenology
 Physiognomy (Grassland, forest)
 Stratification (herb, shrub, climber, creepers)

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 ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION

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  Community structure is not static, it is dynamic
 Orderly process of community change which involves
replacement of one species by other, modification of
physical environment and ends with the formation of
stabilized community
 Succession first used by Hult (1885) and elaborated by
Clements, Tansley and Odum.
 Pioneer community: first organisms to colonized in bare
land.
 Seral community: community that replaces one another
 Climax community: community of final phase of succession
Type of succession
 Primary succession: starts form totally bare rock/not
previously occupied by any type of organisms
 Secondary succession: when existing community are
completely destroyed and succession starts form there.
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 Process of succession
1. Nudation
2. Invasion
a. Migration
b. Ecesis/Establishment
c. Aggregation
3. Co-action and competition : inter and intra-
specific competition
4. Reaction: serial community
5. Stabilization: determined by regional climate

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 Climax concept of ecological succession
1. Monoclimax therory: purposed by F.E. Clements
 Climatic climax- climate plays major role to
determine the climax community
2. Polyclimax theory: Purposed by A.G. Tansley
 Not only climate but also other factors like
ecaphic factors, moistures, topographic
factors etc. depending upon the local
environment.

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