You are on page 1of 31

Chapter




 
   
   
       
  
      
     
    
 
  
  
 
     
        
       
        
          
    
 
 

  
  
 

   


 
 
   
 
    

   

 

  
 

 
   ­€‚ƒ„… †‡
         ­ €‚ ƒ „ …†‡        

  


   
      
     
  
 

  

   
  


 
GG  

G

 G G.

 G G.

 
   

 
LG

L   G.

      L.
   
   ­ €‚ƒ
„€ …‚ƒ† 
“In any lumped network, for any of its loops and at any time, 2
1 6
the algebraic sum of the branch voltages around the loop is
zero.”
5 7
8

  4 3

    G 


     
   


   
   

   
‡       
    ˆ               €‰ƒ
 

   


 


 

  
 



 
 



   



 


¥

  







 
 




nodes
b\ n 1 2 3 4
1 –1 0 0 0
2 0 –1 0 0
3 0 0 0 –1
 
 4 0 0 –1 1
5 0 1 –1 0
6 1 –1 0 0
7 0 1 0 1

­ 

€  ‚

€  ƒ

1 2 3 4

2
1 3

   


 


   ¥ 



 


¥„ 



 
 

nodes
b\ n 1 2 3 4
1 –1 0 0 0
2 0 –1 0 0
 
3 0 0 0 –1
4 0 0 –1 1
 

   1

   2

       
 
  
 


  
  

   - 
1    
   
2 -     
-   1

     
3 


-

   2
4
     -   
 
3
5

6    - 

   4

7       - 


  
 =– 
 =– 
 =– 
 =–
 =–
 =–
 =– ...(.)

   

    


 
 
=  if the              bus to reference bus and is
orientedinthesamedirection.
  

     


  

     
 
   ¥ ¥ 
 
  
nodes
t\n 1 2 3 4
1 –1 0 0 0
2 0 –1 0 0
 
3 0 0 –1 –1
4 0 0 –1 0

 

    
            
  
   
 
 
 
  

  
 
    
 
   

-         -                


-     -  =    
 
              
 
       -     - -        

    -  
   -

    
     

    
 
  
     
­     
       €        

    
‚ƒ
  
    
   
 „ 
      
  
   
  
 
   ¥    €
 ‚
 

1 L3
4
6 5 4
2 3

L2 L1
2

1 3

   


   basicloopandisorientedinthesamedirection.


= – ,ifthe   basicloopandisorientedintheopposite
direction.
= 0,ifthe  basicloop.
ThematrixfortheexampleofFig..0isgivenby

Loops
b\ l
L1 L 2 L3
1 0 1 0
2 1 –1 1
3 –1 0 –1
  4 –1 0 0
5 1 0 0
6 0 1 0
7 0 0 1

  


  
  ¥
 
      ¥ 
           

    


 ­ 


 
  € ‚ƒ

   „

 

   Loop ...(.…)
  

   
  
  

       
 

  

  
  




    -   

   -- 

-
    


   

   
 

 

   


   

 

   



        
       ¥ 
         
 
 

Open loops Basic loops


b/ l L 4 L5 L6 L7 L1 L2 L3
1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
2 0 1 0 0 1 –1 1
3 0 0 1 0 –1 0 –1

   4 0 0 0 1 –1 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
6 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

       

 

  


 
 

 
  

 


    
  
   
     
     
   
   
    
  


    
  

     
          
  
 

  

 

   

  
 
  
        
       
        
      
 
 
   
     
    

   
V1
+ –
i1 L1
M
L2
+ i2 –
V2

  

   

+ 
 
  
 
 

+  
 
­   €
 
 COMPUTER TECHNIQUES AND MODELS IN POWER SYSTEMS

andaretheselfinductancesofthetwocoilsand 
  
    
 =+
 =+ ...(.6)
Itisimportanttonotethat(.6)doesnotdependontheconnectivitybetweenthetwocoils
andiswrittentakingintoaccountonlytheindividualelementcurrentsandvoltages.Wecancall
thetwocoilsasprimitiveelementsandtogethertheyformaprimitivenetwork.

 

   

jsk

p E q
– +
ik vsk
+ Vk –

 Geer prmtve eemet.

       


   
 
   
 
  
 

 
 
    
 

    
 
      
       ­
 €   
 €s    ‚
 ‚ 
   ƒ
     „
  ƒ   3

 
  

   
 … ƒ 
NETWORK TOPOLOGY 
E
ik – +
ek

+ vk –

 Impedce form of the prmtve eemet.

 +    
      

  
   

  
   
 

 
   
 

   
 


  
 
   
  
     

   
       
    
 
 

 

 



  

     
 
 
 
 
    

 




  

 06 

 0  0   


3  .7 –

  ­       


       €    
         ‚
ƒ„
…   ¥
…  

  
 
 
…  

   
  
 


 

    



†
   
 

 

  

‡ ‡  
 ˆ‡  
‡   
 COMPUTER TECHNIQUES AND MODELS IN POWER SYSTEMS

   
   
     

jk

p E q
ik yk

+ vk –

 Admttce form of the prmtve eemet.

 
 
     
 
  
  
     
 
 ­
       €
   
 ‚

 
 ƒ

  
 „
 …   
-  ­  † ƒ‚­ † † 
   
   † ƒ‚­ -   †ƒƒ † † 
 † † † † -  „‚

2.6 SINGULAR TRANSFORMATIONS


        ‡ 
 ˆ ‰
    ˆ     ‡         
   

2.6.1 Bus Admittance and Bus Impedance Matrix


     ‡

    
        
Š   ‡          
          
 

    


 

 


    

 

 


  =      

  =     


     

    
    
 
 
  
       
     

­  
 

 €  ‚     
 
 
   ƒ
   


  




 
 „
      
ƒ 
  

   ‚    
ƒ  
  ‚    …†‡
 …†‡ …† 
 ‚   

  



„  



 
 


 ‚  

 
 ˆ …† 
 ­ 

 ¥   
    ‰

    ‰

 

 

Š





  
 



 







 
 

  

3
3 4

2 5

1 1 2
4
   

              
    
 
    
  
   
  
  

  

  
  
  
  
  

  ­  


­ €‚
­ƒ     „
 
­ 

 €    
­

-   
  -  
    - 
 -  

 
 - 
    
 

        


       
        
       

      

          

-       


-    -   
 


 
-  

 
   
-    -   

     -  
 

    

-    



     -     


    -  

       


 


        

       

    
­  €‚ƒ„ƒ… † ‡ 
 ˆ 
 ˆ 
 ˆ 
 ˆ 
 ˆ 

‰   Š‹      ŒƒŽ‡



   Š       

1 2

3 4

       


 ‘‹ ƒ     


ˆ„     …

ˆˆ
  

y10 y20
1 2
Z12

Z24

Z13 Z23

Z34 4
3 y30 y40



 
  
  +  

 
  
  + 


 
  
  +  

 
   
  +  

 
  
  +  


   
 

    
   

 


 

     
   

   
   

    
 

   
  

 

   
 

  
  
  
 

 

  


   +  
  
+ 
 
 
+  

 +    
+ 
 
 
    

   
 
 
+ 
 
  

 +   
      
 + 


  
+ 

  
 + 
 
  
  

  

           
      
   
 
 
     

    
      
      


          
            

 
  
  
      

     

       

    ­
  €
‚ƒ   ­   
 „…
  
  „…  ­ †

‡  ˆ„„

 

  

  
  
  


‰­  „   „         „

  



3 4

1 2

Xg1 Xg2



 
   
  




    
    
   
 
   

   
   

    

  
  

 
 


  
 

 

 

       


  
   
 
     
      
  
      

     
  
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
   

  
  
 
  
    

  
     
   


  
  
 
     
   
      
 
 
  
    
        
 
 
  ­


       
        
   
    

€    
 
 ‚         

        
        

      

ƒ 
  
  
     
  
 
  


„…­ 

  


  
 
 

  
 
    
  
  


 
  

†  ‡



      
      ˆ
 
  

   


 
      
 
      
  
 +   

   
     


 ­
    
€

  ‚


ƒ­
„       
 

…  
    


†­
„
ƒ­
†­
­
 ­ 
    


‡‚­
 

‡‚­ 
   


‡­
  
 


‡­
 
‡­   

  


 ˆ
 ‰      

  

  Š



3
3 4
CS3
2 5 Tree branch
CS2 Link
CS1
1
1 4 2




 
 




    
  
     
   

-   

-  
  
    
      
  -    -   


   -   - 
 
 
  
     
   -  




  - 

 
 
 
 ­
€ 
  ‚ €
 €‚ 
ƒ‚­„


 †    
‡­ƒ­ 
  †     „
…
 
  ƒ‚ƒ€ˆ  ƒ‚
ƒ‚ƒ‰
   ‰ „
…
Šƒ„
…„
…„
…„
…ƒ
 ‰      
     

     „
…

Šƒ  ƒ  
ƒ‚­
  

  




      

-  

-

   


-
  

   

    -  

   
- 
  
3

2 L2 5

1
L1
4


 

 
 -  
­
-  
  
- 
  -    ­ 
  €    ‚

ƒ  ­
„…„†…„‡†ˆ…

4 5

2 3
3

1 2 6

1 0
7

  
 

    

 
4
   ¥ ¥ 
¥ ¥
3
  
   
 1 2

  


-     
     
 - 

    -  

   - 
   - 

-    


  
  


-    
  
    
   - 
   

    




 
 

   

 ­€‚
ƒ€„‚ƒ„‚ƒ„‚ƒ„

    
   
   
  
  
  
   


   
  

 -  

 -  

     



       €‚ƒ
„‚ƒ„‚ƒ€„
  

    

  



   
 


   
 

    

  
   

 





 
  


 

  


 
 



 
   




 

­
 €   

 

 

 €

  
jk ik
ik

v=
0
Fictitious
node Fictitious tree
Link branch


 
    

‚




€
€

 
 
€

 

„
 
 


…   €

   
ƒ 
 
„


€

… €



 ƒ
­

    
†
 ‚­

€

… €
‚ ƒ

     
 

            ‡


‡

‚  
€

      +  
      =  
  
    ˆ      ˆ
  
  ‰
ˆ      


  
‚ ƒ

 ƒ
 
  


Š
 
‚ ƒ

 ƒ
 
  
 

 

 +    +   +   


  

 

     
 


 

 



  

 

      
      
 


 +        = 
 

      +  
   


   



 

      ­  €

    


 ‚  ƒ      ‚
 
   „
   =   1

0  

 =   =  €1


 

€1
€ 

 =    ­   =   €


   =    ­  €…
€… 

  
…†

  2  =              


  

۠
 3 4          
   ­= 



 ‚
 
  ‚ 
 ­=  ­=



 ‚
 
   
 ‚

   ‚ 
„
 ­= 



 ‚
 
 
„
 †= ­ 


 

 =   
       


     


= ­  ­ ­   ­ =‡ ...(.65)


Thus,  =‡
  ­ ˆ1= l] – ‡
(.6)isanon-singulartransformationof[­
 

  

   
  
 
  

  
  
    

   

   

   


    
   

       


  

        
 
 ­ 
    ­

 
    =     =    = 
  


€
        
 



‚

€
  €

 
 ­ €­ƒ„ 
ƒ„ ƒ„ ƒ„ 


 
… ƒ„ ƒ„ †  
  

  


    
  
     
    
  

   


  ‡ 
        ˆ ­ ‰­
 ‡
     ‡
Š    ‹
‹ 
    
    
  

 ‡ 
  

2.7.6 Power Invariance of Singular Transformations




   


  
              
 
           
 
          
    
 
       
   

        

       ­ 


     


      
 
    
  
 

Branch Admittance Matrix


€‚ƒ

      „

…      ‚  ‚       

        †


„
     ‡
 

\         


 

    
     
    
 

     

    


 
            

  ­ ­€   ‚   ­  


            
       
    
            
­
 

 
     
    ƒ

„      
…      
 …
†    ƒ
     
     ‡
ˆ ‡
…

 
 
   
‰­  
  ­    Š

‹  
  Π   
   € 

  

 Ž 


  

  
  ‘
    

 Ž  


  


 

  

 

   


  
    

 
 

  


  

 

  
   
  
2.8.2 Singular Transformations
 
 
 

 

2.8.3 Non-singular Transformations


          
  

  
 

           
  

  
 
 
  
 

  
   
  
  

2.8.4 Current and Voltage Relationships

           

             

         


 

  
 
   
   
 
 
   
 

       

   - 
  -
  

       - 

      

    



            

    
    
 
 
  
 
 
 
  

            

           

       -       
-   -   
        

   
    
    
 
 
 
-         
-   -        -   
 
 

   -    -    -     

      
            


      
-     
     -   -   

   -  
 

-   -   


-   -  -   - 

 
   -  -  
 
-    
  
 -  
-    -   
    
  -  -   -  
-    
    -   -  
  -  - 
 -   
   -   - 
  - 
  
-  -    
  -  - 
  
-   
  - 
-    
     -   -  


  -  - 


   
- 
   
 
  - 

     
 - 
 -  
-  - 
    


 


-   
    - -
   -
          
 
 

-1    -      -1   


=   -1 -1    -        -1 
   -1     -     -1 -1

-    


=   -   -  
  -  - 
 
 
        


  

  

 


  
  
 

 

   
    
 

   

  
 
 
  



 

­
   
   


  


   
 
   
 

 
 
     

  
  


 

  €  
  
 
  
  
 
 


   


 

      

 



  
   



 

 
 
  
 

 
   



    
  ‚  



 

 
­
  
 
 
 

 
    ƒ1„
   
  

 

  
  
     
 
  


    

 
  
­
  
 
 
 
 

 
  




 
  
  
 
… 
 
     
 
  ƒ„
  
 

  ƒ„ 

     
  
 
­
 
 
 
 
 

 
    ƒ


„


  
  
   oo(looimedancematrix)
andoo(looadmittancematrix),whichcanbeformedfromtherimitivematricesbysingular
transformation.Allthecoefficientmatricescanalsobeobtainedfromnon-singulartransforma-
tionsbyusingaugmentedloo-incidencematrixandaugmentedcutset–incidencematrix.

  

1 €  €     


 
 

€ 

  
    
  

ƒ „ T‡

You might also like