Single Phase Energy Meter

Aim: To Study the connections of 1-Phase Energy meter and Use it to measure
electrical energy and also Calibrate the given energy meter.

Apparatus required:

S.No Name of the equipment Range/ Type Quantity

Specification
1 Voltmeter (0-300) V MI 1
2 Ammeter (0-5) A MI 1
3 1- Phase Auto I/P:1-ɸ, 230V Core type 1
Transformer O/P: (0-270)V,10A
4 1- Phase Loading 230 V, 2.3 Kw Resistive 1
Rheostat
5 1-Phase Energy Meter 230V, 5-10 A Induction 1
6 Stop watch -- Digital 1

Circuit diagram:
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Note down the Meter constant, Voltage, and full load current of the energy
meter.
3. Before switching ON the supply, ensure that the loading rheostat switches
are in OFF position.
4. Set the desired load current by selecting a suitable combination of Switches
on the loading rheostat.
5. Switch ON the supply and wait for the red indicator of the energy meter disc
to come in the front. At this moment start the stopwatch.
6. Measure the time (T) for 20 revolutions of the energy meter disc and
tabulate the voltmeter and ammeter readings.
7. Adjusting the load current to desired value by turning the rheostat selector
switches in to ON position. repeat steps 5 and 6, tabulate the observation as
in table
Tabular column:

S.No V IL Time (T) Actual energy consumed Energy recorded Percentage

(Seconds) during N revolutions (Ea) by the meter of relative
(Em) Error
1
2
3
4
5

Theoretical calculations:

Energy meter constant (M) = Rev/Kwh

No. Of revolutions (N) = Rev
Em = N/M Kwh
Ea = (V.IL.T)/3600 Kwh Time (T) in Seconds
Percentage of relative Error =[ (Em- Ea)/ Ea]*100

Model graph:
 % Error Vs Load Current curve

Precautions:
1. Use proper ranges of the meters.
2. Take the readings without parallax error
3. All the connections should be tight.

Result:

Discussion:
► Possible causes of error in the reading of an energy meter
► Methods for eliminating the errors.
 SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

Aim: Determination of the efficiency and regulation of a single phase

transformer by conducting
(a) Open circuit test OR No-Load test and
(b) Short circuit test OR Impedance test
a) Open circuit test
Apparatus required:

S.No Name of the equipment Range/ Type Quantity

Specification
1 Voltmeter (0-150) V MI 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300) V MI 1
3 Ammeter (0-1) A MI 1
4 Wattmeter 300V, 5A,LPF Electro- 1
dynamic
5 1- Phase Auto I/P:1-ɸ, 230V Core type 1
Transformer O/P: (0-270)V,10A
6 1-Phase Transformer 1.5KVA, 115V/230V Core type, 1
Air cooled

Circuit Diagram:
Theory:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram (1).
2. Switch ON the 1-phase supply by closing DPST switch. Increase the input
voltage by turning the auto transformer knob in clock wise direction up to
rated primary voltage(V1) of the 1-phase transformer

3. Tabulate the no load current(I0), input power(W0), and the primary(V1) &
secondary(V2) voltages in Table no. 1
Tabular column:

S.No Primary Voltage No load current Input Power Secondary Voltage

(V1) (I0) (W0) (V2)
On L.V Side On H.V Side

Theoretical calculations:
W0 = V1 I0 Cos ɸ0 Watts
Cos ɸ0 = W/ (V1 I0)
Iµ = I0 Sin ɸ0 Amps
IW = I0 Cos ɸ0 Amps
X0 = V1/ Iµ Ohms
R0 = V1/ IW Ohms

Precautions:
1. All the connections should be tight.
2. Initially keep the output voltage of the autotransformer at zero.
 b) Short circuit test

Apparatus required:

S.No Name of the Range/ Type Quantity

equipment Specification
1 Voltmeter (0-30) V MI 1
2 Ammeter (0-10) A MI 1
3 Ammeter (0-20) A MI 1
4 Wattmeter 75V, 15A,UPF Electro- 1
dynamic
5 1- Phase Auto- I/P: 1-ɸ, 230V Core type 1
Transformer O/P: (0-270)V,10A
6 1-Phase Transformer 1.5KVA, 115V/230V Core type, 1
Air cooled

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig-2.
2. Initially keep the output voltage of autotransformer at zero
position.
3. Switch ON the circuit, Increase the output voltage of
autotransformer slowly up to the rated current level of the
primary and secondary windings of the 1-Phase transformer.
 4. Note down the value of the input voltage(VSC), input
current on HV Side(I2), power(WSC) and the Current on LV Side
(I1) in table.

Tabular column:

S.No Voltage (VSC) Current On H.V Input Power Current (I1)

On H.V Side Side (I2) (WSC) On L.V Side

Theoretical calculations:

Total Cu loss W = I12R01 Watts

` R01 = W/ I12 Ohms
Z01 = VSC/ I1 Ohms
X01 = (Z012- R012) Ohms
K= V2/V1; R02= R01.K2; X02= X01 .K2; Z02= Z01 .K2
Efficiency:

Regulation: as referred to primary

(I1R01. Cos ɸ ± I1X01. Sin ɸ) ₓ 100 ; I1= kVA

V1 V1
Upper sign (+) for lagging power factor and lower sign (-) for leading power factor
Precautions:
1. All the connections should be tight.
2. Initially keep the output voltage of the autotransformer at zero.

Result:
 Finally determine the following:
1. Complete equivalent circuits of the transformer referred to both
H.V. & L.V. side.
2. Efficiency of the Transformer at 25%, 50%, 75%, & 100% of the full
load current at unity p.f.
3. Full load regulation at power factor of (a) 1.0 (b) 0.8 lagging and (c)
0.8 leading.
4. A graph showing efficiency at unity p.f. against load current at
rated voltage.
5. The maximum efficiency at the load (at unity p.f.) at which the
maximum efficiency has occurred from the graph.
Discussion:
1). Why is OC test carried out by energising LV side?
2). Why is SC test carried by energising HV side?
3). When is the efficiency maximum in a transformer?
4). How do no load losses arise in a transformer?
 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

Instructions to maintain laboratory observation/record

A. The sequence of order to write observation on the right hand side page is

1. Aim
2. Apparatus required
3. Theory (it is compulsory on record)
4. Procedure
5. Safety precautions
6. Result

B. The sequence of order to write observation on the Left hand side page is

1. Circuit diagram
2. Tabular column
3. Theoretical calculations (If required)
4. Model graph

C. Do not use free hand sketch to draw a circuit diagram. (Use scale/pro-circle)

D. No one is allowed to do the experiment with incomplete observation.

E. You have to submit the record (for a previously completed experiment) while

entering in to the laboratory.

 FLUORESCENT LAMP:

Objective: To obtain the V-I characteristics of a Fluorescent Lamp.

Apparatus required:
S.No Name of the Range/ Type Quantity
equipment Specification
1 Voltmeter (0-300) V MI 3
2 Ammeter (0-1) A MI 1
3 Fluorescent lamp 36W, Discharge 1
4 Choke 230V, 40W Core type 1
5 Starter 20-65 W, Glow-Type
1-ɸ, (230-250)V,
6 1- Phase Auto I/P: 1-ɸ, 230V Core type 1
Transformer O/P: (0-270)V,10A

Circuit diagram:
Draw the circuit diagram on the left hand side page of the observation note
book and record

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
 2. With the autotransformer at zero output position, close the DPST switch.
3. Increase the output voltage of the autotransformer in steps until the
lamp lights up. Note down the meter readings. When the lamp starts to
glow, increase the autotransformer output voltage until the rated voltage
of the lamp is obtained i.e.230V. enter the readings of the meters in
Tabular column.
4. Decrease the supply voltage in steps until the lamp extinguishes. at each
step record the meter readings.
Tabular column:
S No VS IL V Choke V Lamp Lamp
condition
Incr/Decr Incr Decr Incr Decr Incr Decr Incr Decr

Vs = Voltage across the supply, VL = Voltage across the lamp

VC = Voltage across the choke, IL = Current through the lamp

Precautions:
1. Use proper ranges of the meters.
2. Take the readings without parallax error
3. All the connections should be tight.
4. Increase the output voltage of the auto transformer very slowly while starter
is blinking.
Result:
Discussion:
1. Plot VL versus IL and VC versus IL on the same graph sheet.
2. Comment on the nature of the plots. How are VL and VC related?
3. Discuss the function of the choke in the lamp circuit. Can it be replaced by a
resistor?
4. What is the necessity of a starter? Can a single- pole switch replace it?
5. The voltage needed for starting the glow of the lamp and the voltage
when the lamp extinguishes, are not equal. Explain why?
6. If ac supply is replaced by dc, will the circuit work? If not, what changes are to
be made?
 CHARACTERISTICS OF LAMPS

Aim: To study the V–I characteristics of Incandescent (Tungsten) and Compact

Fluorescent Lamps (CFL).

Apparatus required:

S.No Name of the equipment Range/ Type Quantity

Specification
1 Voltmeter (0-300) V MI 1
2 Ammeter (0-0.2) A MI 2
3 Tungsten filament Lamp 40W, 230V Incandescent 1
4 Compact fluorescent 18W, (220-240)V Discharge 1
lamp (CFL)
3 1- Phase Auto I/P:1-ɸ, 230V Core type 1
Transformer O/P: (0-270)V,10A

Circuit diagram:

Draw the circuit diagram on the left hand side page of the observation
note book and record
Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Increase the autotransformer output voltage in steps of 30 V, until the
lamp rated voltage is obtained. At each step, note the readings of V, A1,
and A2 record them in Table 1.
3. Decrease the autotransformer output voltage in steps of 30V from lamp
rated voltage to i.e. 230V to zero volts and tabulate them.

Table 1: Observation for V-I characteristics of the lamps.

S.No Voltage (V) Current A1 Current A2

Incr/Decr Incr Decr Incr Decr

Model graph:
Precautions:
1. Use proper ranges of the meters.
2. Take the readings without parallax error
3. All the connections should be tight.

Result:
 Verification of Kirchhoff’s Laws
Aim: To verify Kirchhoff’s voltage law and
Kirchhoff’s current law for the electric circuit.
Apparatus required:
S.No Name of the Range/ Type Quantity
equipment Specification
1 Resistors Carbon 5
composite
2 Bread board 30V, 1A - 1
3 Regulated power (0-30)V, 2A - 1
supply
4 Multimeter (0-30)V, Digital 1
(0-500)mA
Circuit diagram for KVL:

Procedure for KVL:

1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram
2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Apply the input voltages and note down the readings of the voltmeters.
i.e. Voltage drop across all the resistances.
4. Repeat step-3 for different input voltages.

Tabular column for KVL:

S.No Applied voltages Mesh-1 Mesh-2
 VA VB V1 V3 V4 V2 V3 V5

Theoretical calculations for KVL:

Circuit diagram for KCL:

Procedure for KCL:

1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram
2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Apply the input voltages and note down the readings of the ammeters.
4. Repeat step-3 for different input voltages.

Tabular column for KCL:

S.No Applied voltages I1 I2 I3
VA VB
Theoretical calculations for KCL:

Precautions:
1. Set the current adjustment knob of the RPS in maximum position and
voltage coarse, voltage fine adjustment knobs in minimum position.
2. While using multimeter as a voltmeter or ammeter insert the connecting
probes in proper sockets.
Result:
 SERIES RLC CIRCUIT

Aim: To study the behaviour of a series R-L-C circuit.

Apparatus required:

S.No Name of the Range/ Type Quantity

equipment Specification
1 Voltmeter (0-150) V MI 3
2 Voltmeter (0-300) V MI 1
3 Ammeter (0-5) A MI 1
4 Wattmeter 150V, 5A,UPF Electro- 1
dynamic
5 Rheostat 100Ω, A Wire wound
6 Inductor 35mH Core type
7 Capacitor 72µF, 440V Electrolytic
8 1- Phase Auto I/P:1-ɸ, 230V Core type 1
Transformer O/P: (0-270)V,10A

Theory:

Circuit diagram
Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Adjust the rheostat for maximum resistance position and the auto
transformer to the position of zero-output voltage and switch on the
supply.
3. Adjust the voltage across the circuit to about 120 V by varying 1-ɸ auto
transformer and note down the corresponding meter values i.e: Vs, IL, W,
VR, VL, VC.
4. Adjust the rheostat for several resistance value settings and note down the
corresponding meter values.
5. Compare the values of phase angle as obtained from the meter readings
and from the phasor diagrams.
6. Draw Phasor diagrams showing VR, VL, VC, VS, and Ø for different sets of
readings.
Observation:

TABLE -1 Study of series R-L-C circuit

S.No VS IL W VR VL VC VS.I Cos ɸ Phase Ø From

=W/(VS.I) angle Ø Phasor
diagram

Theoretical calculations:

Model graph:

Precautions:

Result:

Discussion:

1. Do you expect θ to be a constant? Is it so as per your experiment? Why?

2. Is IVR equal to W? Compare the difference of wattmeter reading W with
IV Cos θ for a few readings and give your comments.

3. Discuss the phenomenon of series resonance in an electrical circuit.

4. Is it possible to have a voltage drop across the energy storage element
greater than the supply?
 D.C SHUNT MOTOR

Aim: To Study the variation of speed of a D.C Shunt motor

i. By varying armature voltage under constant field excitation, and
ii. By varying field excitation under constant armature voltage.
Apparatus required:

S No Name of the equipment Range/ Type Quantity

Specification
1 Voltmeter (0-300) V MC 1
2 Ammeter (0-10) A MC 1
3 Ammeter (0-1) A MC 1
4 Rheostat 50Ω, 5A Wire wound 1
600Ω, 1.7A “ 1
5 3-Point starter - - 1
6 Tachometer - Digital 1
Circuit diagram:
Theory:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure – 1.
2. Keep the motor with maximum resistance in the armature circuit and
minimum resistance in the field circuit.
3. Start the motor by closing DPST and move the starting arm of the 3- point
starter slowly to the right.
4. Bring the motor to the rated speed (1500 RPM), first by decreasing the
resistance in the armature circuit and then by increasing the resistance in
the field circuit.
Field control method:
5. Keeping the armature voltage constant at a particular value i.e (keep the
armature rheostat constant), vary the resistance (Increase) in the field
circuit and take readings of speed and field current.
6. Change armature voltage to another value and repeat the procedure
given in –5
Tabular column: Field current control
S No Speed Field current Constant
(N) (If) armature voltage (Eb)

Armature control method:

7. Bring the resistance in the armature circuit to a maximum and
resistance in the field circuit to a minimum.
 8. Bring the motor to the rated speed (1500 RPM), first by decreasing the
resistance in the armature circuit and then by increasing the resistance in
the field circuit.
9. Keeping the field current constant at a particular value, change the
resistance (Increase) in the armature circuit and take reading of speed
and armature voltage.
10.Change the field current to another value repeat the procedure given in -9
11. Switch off the power supply to the motor by opening the DPST.

Tabular column: Armature voltage control

S No Speed Armature Constant
(N) voltage (Eb) Field current (If)

Theoretical calculations:

Model graph:
1. Plot the graph against speed (Vs) field current for different sets of
constant armature voltage.
2. Plot the graph against speed (Vs) armature voltage for different sets of
constant field current.
 Precautions:

Result:

Discussion:
1) Discuss and explain about the nature of the plots with relevant equations.
2) Discuss about the limitations and merits of the two methods of
speed control.
3) Why do you keep the resistance in the armature circuit at a maximum,
and resistance in the field circuit a minimum at start?
4) What will happen when the field circuit gets opened, while the
machine is running
5) At steady state condition, draw an equivalent circuit diagram for the DC
shunt Motor and express it with a mathematical model.
 Verification of Network Theorems
Experiment No: Date:

Aim: To verify the

i) Thevenin’s Theorem
ii) Superposition Theorem

Thevenin’s Theorem
Apparatus required:

S.No Name of the Range/ Type Quantity

equipment Specification

Circuit diagram

Theory:

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig 1(a)

2. Switch on the RPS and apply some input voltage (say 5V), observe the
load current (IL).
3. Now reconnect the circuit as shown in Fig 1(b) and apply the same input
voltage as in step 2 and observe the Short circuit current (ISC).
4. Now reconnect the circuit as shown in fig1 (c) and apply the same input
Voltage as in step 2 and observe the Open circuit voltage (VOC) which is
nothing but the thevenin’s voltage (VTh).
5. Now compute the thevenin’s equivalent resistance
RTh= VTh/ISC.
6. Compute the load current applying thevenin’s theorem as
IL=VTh/(RTh+RL).
7. Compare the above load current with its observed value in step (2) and
verify the theorem.
 8. Adjust the input voltage to a new value and repeat the procedure from
step (2) to step (7) Take at least five sets of readings.
Tabular column:
S. No V Observed ISC VTh (OR) Computed load Error % Error
load current Voc current
IL IL= VTh/(RTh+RL)

Theoretical calculations:

Precautions:

Result:

Discussion:

(i) Can you suggest any alternative procedure for the determination of
thevenin’s resistance RTh?
(ii) Is there any restriction for the choice of circuit elements?
 Superposition Theorem:
Aim:

Apparatus required:

S.No Name of the Range/ Type Quantity

equipment Specification

Theory:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the Fig 2(a), apply some input voltage V1
resistor.
2. Connect the circuit as shown in fig 2(b), and apply the same voltage V1
as in step1 and observe the current(I1) through the 1kΩ resistor.
3. Connect the circuit as shown in fig 2(c), and apply the same voltage V2
as in step1 and observe the current (I2) through the 1kΩ resistor.
4. Compare I with (I1+I2) taking care of signs properly to verify the
theorem.
5. Repeat the procedure from step1 to step4 for five different
combinations of voltages V1 and V2

Table – II Superposition Theorem

S. No V1 V2 Observed I1 I2 Computed Error % Error
load current load current
IL IL= I1+I2
 Theoretical calculations:

Precautions:

Result:

Discussion:

i) While considering the effect of a single source, the other source

is short circuited why? How far is it justified?