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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R.
Howell
4.10 Analogy and Differences in Different

Transport Phenomenon Processes
 Most early work in predicting theoretically
the heat and/or mass transfer in both
laminar and turbulent flow cases were
done using the analogy between
moment m heat
momentum, heat, and mass and predicting
the approximate results for heat and/or
mass transfer coefficient from momentum
transfer or friction coefficient.
4.10 Analogy and Differences in Different Transport Phenomenon Chapter 4: External Convective Heat
Processes and Mass Transfer
1
Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
 Clearly
Cl l there
th are severe limitations
li it ti iin using
i thithis
simple approach, however, it is beneficial to
understand the advantages and similarities for
physical and mathematical modeling as well as
the constraints involving this approach.
 We present this analogy for the classical
problem of heat and mass transfer over a flat
plate in this section
section. It’s
It s applications to more
coupled geometries and boundary conditions as
well as turbulent flow is not proven and caution
should
h ld b be ttaken
k iin applying
l i thithis approach h tto
other cases.
2
 As presented before a flat plate at constant wall temperature Tw is exposed to

free stream of constant velocity U∞, temperature T∞ and mass fraction ω1,∞, due
to binary diffusion can be presented with the following dimensionless
conservation boundary layer equations and boundary conditions corresponding
to Figure 4.31.
y, v
U∞
T∞
ω1, w
x,u
Tw and ω1, w
Figure 4.31 Mass, momentum and heat transfer in laminar boundary layer
3
Continuity
u  v 
 0 (4.348)
x  y 
Momentum
u   u

 2u 
u
v  (4 349)
(4.349)
x  y  y 2
Energy
     2 (4.350)
u 
v 

x y Pr y 2
S
Species
i
      2
u v 
x  y  Sc x 2 (4.351)
at y+ = 0 u+ = 0 θ = Φ = 0 ((4.352))
y+ = 0 v   vw (4.353)
y+ = ∞ u+ = 1 θ = Φ = 1 (4.354)
where the dimensionless variables are defined as:
u T  Tw  
u  ,  , 
 
, 1 1, w
U T  Tw 1, 1, w
(4.355)
v y x U L
v  , y  , x  , Re 

U L L
4
Let’s first consider the analogy between momentum and

heat transfer. Equations (4.349) and (4.350) and
appropriate
pp p boundary y conditions are the same if Pr = 1.
Therefore the solutions for u+ and θ are exactly the same
if Pr = 1 and one expects to have a relation between
friction coefficient Cf and heat transfer coefficient h.
h
u u  u 
  
Cf w y y y 
  y 0
 y  0
 y 0 ((4.356)
356)
2 U  2
U 
2
U L Re
T
k L
hL y
y 0 
Nu     (4.357)
k k T  T  y y 0
5
Si
Since θ = u+ for
f PrP = 1,
1 one also
l concludes
l d ththatt
 u 
  (4.358)
y  
y 0
y 
y 0
therefore combining (4.356) and (4.357) and using (4.358)

C f Nu

2 Re (4.359)
This relation between the friction coefficient and Nu is referred to as
Reynolds analogy and is appropriate for Pr = 1. If Pr ≠ 1 we already
concluded that
T
 Pr 1/ 3 for 0.5 ≤ Pr ≤ 10 from the similarity solution

presented in Section 44.6.
6 Using this information
information, one can generali
generalize
e
the result of Reynolds analogy to Pr ≠ 1 by
C f Nu 1/ 3 (4.360)
 Pr
2 R
Re
6
Now ffocus th
N the attention
tt ti tto similarities
i il iti b between
t h
heatt and
d mass ttransfer
f
or comparison of equation (4.350) and (4.351) with their appropriate
boundary conditions. It is clear that the solution for differential equation
(4.349) and (5.350) for θ and Φ are same if Sc and Pr are
interchanged appropriately.
We already know the solution for equation (4.350) for vw = 0 from
similarity solution for 0.5 ≤ Pr ≤ 10
Nu x  0.332 Re x1/ 2 Pr1/ 3 (4.361)
Therefore it can also be assumed that the solution of equation (4.351)
for vw  0
Shx  0.332 Re x1/ 2 Sc1/ 3
(4.362)
Combining equations (4.361) and (4.362) gives
(4.363)
Nu Pr1/ 3
 1/ 3
Sh Sc
7
It should
h ld bbe noted
t d th
thatt th
the convective
ti effect
ff t due
d tot vertical
ti l
velocity at the surface in predicting h and hm are neglected
and therefore the analogy presented in (4.363) is for very
low mass transferf at the wall. This can be easily seen
since the contribution of vw in heat flux and mass flux were
primarily due to diffusion.
T
q "  Cp vw Tw  T   k (4.364)
y y 0
 1 
m "    1,1  vw  D12
  ((4.365))
 y 
 y 0 
8
 Analogy in momentum, heat, and mass transfer

can also be applied to complex, coupled transport
phenomenon problems including phase change
and chemical reactions.
 Obviously in these circumstances,
Obviously, circumstances the simple
relation developed in equation (4.363) is not
applicable.
pp
 To show the appropriate usefulness of this
analogygy of transport
p p phenomenon we will apply
pp y it
to sublimation with chemical reaction for forced
convection over a flat plate.
9
 During combustion involving a solid fuel, the solid

fuel may burn directly or it may be sublimated
before combustion
combustion. In the latter case – which will
be discussed in this subsection – gaseous fuel
diffuses away from the solid-vapor surface.
M
Meanwhile,hil th
the gaseous oxidant
id t diff
diffuses ttowardd
the solid-vapor interface. Under the right
conditions, the mass flux of vapor fuel and the
gaseous oxidant meet and the chemical reaction
occurs at a certain zone known as the flame. The
fl
flame iis usually
ll a very thi
thin region
i with ith a color
l
dictated by the temperature of combustion.
10
Figure 4.32 Sublimation with chemical reaction (Kaviany, 2001).
 Figure 4.32 shows the physical model of the problem under

consideration The concentration of the fuel is highest at the solid
consideration.
fuel surface, and decreases as the location of the flame is
approached. The gaseous fuel diffuses away from the solid fuel
surface and meets the oxidant as it flows parallel to the solid fuel
surface Combustion occurs in a thin reaction zone where
surface.
temperature is the highest, and the latent heat of sublimation is
supplied by combustion. The combustion of solid fuel through
sublimation can be modeled as a steady-state boundary layer type
flow with sublimation and chemical reaction
reaction.
11
 To model the problem, the following

assumptions are made:
 The fuel is supplied by sublimation at a
steady rate.
 The Lewis number is unity, so the thermal
and concentration boundaryy layers
y have the
same thickness.
 The buoyancy
y y force is negligible.
g g
12
 The conservations of mass

mass, momentum
momentum, energy and species
of mass in the boundary layer are
 (  u )  (  v) (4.366)
 0
x y
u u   u 
u v    (4.367)
x y y  y 
    T 
(  c p uT )  (  c p vT )   k   m ohc ,o (4.368)
x y y  y 
     
(  uo )  (  vo )    D o (4.369)
(4 369)  m o
x y y  y 
where is rate of oxidant consumption (kg/m3-s). is the heat
released by combustion per unit mass consumption of the
oxidant (J/kg)
(J/kg), which is different from the combustion heat
defined in Chapter 2. is mass fraction of the oxidant in the
gaseous mixture.
13
 The corresponding boundary conditions of eqs.

(4.366) – (4.369) are
u  U  , T  T , o  o, at y   (4.370)
m f o
u  0, v  , 0 at y  0 (4.371)
 y
where m f is the rate of solid fuel sublimation per

unit area (kg/m2-s) and ρ is the density of the
mixture
mixture.
14
 The shear stress at the solid fuel surface is

u
w   , y0 (4.372)
y
 The heat flux at the solid fuel surface is
T
qw  k , y0 (4 373)
(4.373)
y
 The exact solution of the heat and mass problem described by eqs.
((4.366)) – ((4.369)) can be obtained using g conventional numerical
simulation, which is very complex. However, it is useful here to
introduce the results obtained by Kaviany (2001) using analogy
between momentum and heat transfer. Multiplying eq. (4.369) by hc,0
and adding g the result to eq.
q ((4.368)) , one obtains
    T  
u(cpT  o hc,o )  v(cpT  o hc,o )  k   Dhc,o o  (4.374)
x y y  y y 
15
 Considering the assumption that Lewis number is unity,

i.e. Le   / D  1, eq. (4.374) can be rewritten as
 
  u (c pT  o hc ,o )     v(c pT  o hc ,o ) 
x y (4.375)
   
   
y 
( c T o c ,o 
h )
y
p

which can be viewed as an energy equation with quantity

c pT  o hc ,o as a dependent variable.
 Since o / y  0 at y  0 , i.e., the solid fuel surface is not
permeable for the oxidant, eq. (4.373) can be rewritten as

qw    (c pT  o hc ,o ), y  0 (4.376)
y
16
 Analogy between surface shear stress and the surface

energy flux yields 
qw  w
(c pT  o hc ,o ) w  (c pT  o hc ,o ) 
u
w (4.377)
 c p (Tw  T )  hc ,o (o , w  o , ) 
u
 The energy balance at the surface of the solid fuel is
 qw  m f hsv  q (4.378)
where the two terms on the right-hand side of eq. (4.378)

represent the latent heat of sublimation, and the sensible
heat required to raise the surface temperature of the
solid fuel to sublimation temperature and heat loss to the
solid fuel.
17
 Combining eqs. (4.377) and (4.378) yields the rate of

sublimation
sub a o o on the e so
solidd fuel
ue su surface
ace
w
 
mf  Z (4.379)
U
where Z is transfer driving force or transfer number defined
as
c p (T  Tw )  hc ,o (o ,  o , w )
Z (4.380)
 
hsgg  q / m f
w
 Using the friction coefficient gives Cf 
U / 2
2 (4 381)
(4.381)

Cf
q ((4.379)) becomes
eq m f  U  Z ((4.382))
2
18
 The surface blowing velocity of the gaseous fuel is then

m f Cf
vw   U Z (4 383)
(4.383)
 2
where the friction coefficient Cf can be obtained from the

solution of boundary layer flow over a flat plate with
blowing on the surface. The similarity solution of the
b
boundary
d llayer flflow problem
bl exists
i t only
l if bl
blowing
i
1/ 2
velocity satisfies vw  x . In this case, one can define a
blowingg parameter as
(  v) w 1/ 2
B Re x (4.384)
(  u )
19
 Combination of eqs. (4.383) and (4.384)

yields
Z 1/ 2 (4.385)
B  Re x C f
2
 Glassman (1987) recommended an

empirical form
f off eq. (4.385)
( ) based on
numerical and experimental results:
ln(1  Z ) (4.386)
B 0.15
2.6Z
20
Example 4.4
 Air with a temperature of 27 °C flows at 1 m/s over a 1-m
long solid fuel surface with a temperature of 727 °C. The
concentration of the oxidant at the solid fuel surface is
0.1, and the heat released per unit mass of the oxidant
consumed is 12000 kJ/kg. The latent heat of sublimation
for the solid fuel is 1500 kJ/kg. Neglect the sensible heat
required to raise the surface temperature of the solid fuel
to sublimation temperature, and heat loss to the solid
fuel. Estimate the average blowing velocity due to
sublimation on the fuel surface.
21
Solution
 The mass fractions of the oxygen at the solid
fuel surface and in the incoming air are,
respectively, 0,0 w  0.1
0 1 and o ,   0.21
0 21. The specific
heat of gas, approximately taken as the specific
heat of air at Tave=(Tw+T∞)/2=377 °C, is cp=1.063
kJ/kg-K The combustion heat per unit oxidant
kJ/kg-K.
consumed is hc ,o  12000kJ / kg. The latent heat of
sublimation is hsv  1500kJ / kg. The density at the
wall and the incoming temperatures are are,
respectively,  w  0.3482 kg / m 3 and    1.1614 kg / m 3
. The viscosity at Tave is =60.21×10-6m2/s
22
 Th transfer
The t f driving
d i i fforce can be
b obtained
bt i d ffrom eq. , ii.e.,
c p (T  Tw )  hc , o (o,   o, w )
Z
hsv
1 063  (27  727)  12000  (0
1.063 21  00.1)
(0.21 1)

1500
 0.3839
The blowing parameter obtained from eq
eq. (4
(4.386)
386) is
ln(1  Z ) ln(1  0.3839)
B   0.1443
2.6 Z 0.15 2.6  0.38390.15
Th blowing
The bl i velocity
l it att th
the surface
f is
i obtained
bt i d ffrom eq. (4
(4.383)
383)
 
vw  BU  Re x1/ 2   B U   x 1/ 2
1/ 2
w w
which can be integrated to yield the average blowing velocity
23
2 
vw  B U  L 
1/ 2
w
2  1.1614
 0.1443  1 60.21 10  1
6 1/ 2

0.3482
 0.007469
0 007469 m/s/
24

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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R.

4.10 Analogy and Differences in Different

 As presented before a flat plate at constant wall temperature Tw is exposed to

Let’s first consider the analogy between momentum and

therefore combining (4.356) and (4.357) and using (4.358)

 Analogy in momentum, heat, and mass transfer

 During combustion involving a solid fuel, the solid

Figure 4.32 Sublimation with chemical reaction (Kaviany, 2001).

 Figure 4.32 shows the physical model of the problem under

 To model the problem, the following

 The conservations of mass

 The corresponding boundary conditions of eqs.

where m f is the rate of solid fuel sublimation per

 The shear stress at the solid fuel surface is

 Considering the assumption that Lewis number is unity,

which can be viewed as an energy equation with quantity

 Analogy between surface shear stress and the surface

where the two terms on the right-hand side of eq. (4.378)

 Combining eqs. (4.377) and (4.378) yields the rate of

 The surface blowing velocity of the gaseous fuel is then

where the friction coefficient Cf can be obtained from the

 Combination of eqs. (4.383) and (4.384)

 Glassman (1987) recommended an

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