Sensitivity-reliability- accuracy-resolution, error analysis of measurements,

classification analogue & digital;

Analogue instruments- classification of analog electrical measuring instruments
highlighting working principles of indicating, integrating, potentiometric, bridges,
electrostatic,
electrodynamic, and thermal type instruments; Specific analogue instruments to be
covered moving
coil, moving iron (attraction and repulsion types) for voltage and current
measurements; single
phase wattmeter (induction disc type, electrodynamic type)-modifications required for
measuring
three phase power, energy meter, power factor meter; VAR measurement, trivector
meter;
Resistance measurement: low resistance (Kelvin double bridge, dc potentiometer),
high/insulation
resistance (megger), earth resistance; emf measurement using dc potentiometer; AC
bridges:
Maxwell(two versions), Anderson, Schering and Wien bridge and measurement of L,C
and internal
r/loss factor, extension of range for an instrument to measure voltage and current,
voltage divider,
shunt, instrument transformers, details of CT, working flux, vector diagram, magnitude
and phase
angle errors and their computations, specific differences for measuring and protection
CTs.

Testing of energy meters- phantom loading tests, different types of errors of an energy
meter and their remedies,
Oscilloscope- construction, working principle, measurement of voltage, time &
frequency, Lissajous patterns, digital voltmeter, ammeter, frequency meter,
resistance
meter, energy meter and digital multimeter.

Data Acquisition system