COMPLETE SOLUTIONS MANUAL FOR ANALOG AND - DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING SECOND EDITION ASHOK AMBARDARComplete Solutions Manual for Analog and Digital Signal Processing Second Edition Ashok Ambardar Michigan Technological University Brooks/Cole Publishing Company I@P? An Intemational Thomson Publishing Company PacificGrove + Albany * Belmont + Bonn + Boston + Cincinnati + Detroit + Johannesburg * London Madrid + Melboume * MexicoCity + New York + Paris * Singapore + Tokyo + Toronto + WashingtonCOPYRIGHT © 1999 by Brooks/Cole Publishing Company A division of International Thomson Publishing Inc. IDP The ITP logo is a registered trademark used herein under license. 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Instructors of classes using Analog and Digital Signal Processing, 2nd Ed., by Ashok ‘Ambardar, asa textbook may reproduce material from this publication for classroom use, Otherwise, the text ofthis publication may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transcribed, in any form or by any means— electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the prior writen permission ofthe publisher, Bropks'Cole Publishing Company, Pacific Grove, California 93950. You can request permission to use material from this text through the following phone and fax numbers: Phone: 1-800-730-2214 Fax: 1-800-730-2215 Printed in the United States of America 543 ISBN0-$34-37039.XCONTENTS A NOTE TO THE INSTRUCTOR USEFUL MATHEMATICAL RELATIONS Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 ANALOG SIGNALS DISCRETE SIGNALS ANALOG SYSTEMS DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS CONTINUOUS CONVOLUTION DISCRETE CONVOLUTION FOURIER SERIES ‘THE FOURIER TRANSFORM MODULATION THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM APPLICATIONS OF THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM ANALOG FILTERS SAMPLING AND QUANTIZATION THE DISCRETE-TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM THE DFT AND FFT THE z-TRANSFORM APPLICATIONS OF THE z-TRANSFORM MIR DIGITAL FILTERS FIR DIGITAL FILTERS < 26 45 65 92 1a 131 187 190 200 219 235 269 ~287 319 380 418,A Note to the Instructor ‘This manuel contains solutions to all the end-of-chapter problems in the second edition of the text Analog and Digital Signal Processing. ‘Trivial algebraic details have, for the most part, been omitted (in order to highlight the solution methods) and numerical answers, where applicable, have been rounded (typically, to four places after the decimal). ‘We have used MATLAB to solve the design/computation problems. The MATLAB code is by no means ‘unique, no attempt was made to optimize it, and it is included only to give an indication of the expected results (even though few plots have been reproduced). Routines fom the ADSP toolbex (from the text) that were used for solving the problems are listed in the solutions, where appropriate. ‘The mefiles corresponding to the MATLAB code for the design/eomputation problems are also supplied on the accompanying disk in the subdirectory SOLUTION (as chXpY.m where X is the one/two digit chapter number and ¥ is the one/two digit problem number). These fles may be run without modification (for MATLAB v4ix ot higher) or edited/expanded to suit your own needs. This disk also contains updated versions of the foliowing m-fles (with extension (that comes with the text). These files reside in the subdirectory UPDATES. in the ADSP toolbox FILE UPDATED FEATURES ustep,afd.Jpp ADSP files. Fixed bug for elliptic filter design acergui, deztede GUI files. Fixed bug to catch callback errors efirdes ,dfirauop GUI files. Fixed bug to catch callback errors fegui,tepit,tesyaplt cur Fixed bug to catch callback errors ctoesplt ,dteiggen our . Fixed bug to catch callback errors Installation 1. Copy the solutioi files to a subdirectory on the hard drive (say solution) where MATLAB resides. 2. Copy the updated ADSP toolbox files over the already existing files in the subdirectories for the ADSP toolbox (Chapter 21 of the text describes the installation of the ADSP toolbox). 3. Add the names of these subdirectories to the MATLAB path. 4, Start MATLAB. To run a file say ch3p44.m, just enter its filename without the extension (ch3p44). If you catch any errors in the text or in the solutions manual, or discover any bugs in the software, we ‘would like to hear from you. Any errata for the text and the solutions manual that comes to our attention, ‘and eny upgrades to the software (including the files listed above) will appear on our Internet site Ashok Ambardar Michigan Technological University Internet site: http://vev.ce.mtu.edu/faculty/akenbard. htal e-mail: akanbardéntu.edaUSEFUL MATHEMATICAL RELATIONS EULER’S IDENTITY eH? = cos Ot jin? eH = cos(km) ALSO = Aeti® eta 4g TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES sina = eos(—§) cosa = sin(a+-§) sin(a = A) = sinacos6 x eosasinp || cos(a + 6) = cosa.coe pF sinasing sin2a = 2sinacosa 08 2a = 2eos?a — 1 cosas 1—2ein'a cos2a = cova — sina INDEFINITE INTEGRALS fsstas)de= = 2222 | f cosas) tz = 22) [ra J ssin(ae) de Sales) —azes(en) [eon de = Se) states) | [awe aE PEN | mer, ee sin(br) +6 cos(bz) ae| 200s(bz) — bsin(bz) [evstines-oo eR P=] | DEFINITE INTEGRALS OVER (0, 0) meat ma a ede =? fe cos(ta) dr = 2 | [ten [ eo sina) de = ~ f wana neo [ie caties? nese) sin(az) = 7 —— [irmaeirent(S-as) = mel, i ou =a ie TeEE® aR fen a aa tase ‘Bab fw =a sin(’2) 02 ge = Mtan~i(? ete? VR /(Q2a), n=O Sem uc=tan(2), aro are de = “1i(002), I ' : (0 f vais),USEFUL MATHEMATICAL RELATIONS SEQUENCES AND SERIES aa 1 Le allan ie scaaa scious FINITE SUMS WEOSFD gcd a Da ae 5 Sata -{ SSIBSHD sinfZ(V + 1)a], A 2mm (m~=0,1,2..) i 9, 2=2mn (m=0,1,2,...) W 7 Tesi) are YP = prev syewsy Sot =| SESHD cos[(N + 1)z], 2 # 2mm (m=0,1,2,...) et a My, seamen (m=0,12,-.) | Seal ark: _ Sin[(2N + 1)ra] sine[(2N +1) x = pews y om Se +1) et al Site belt, ax “i afl ie N41, an1 |G 4N(N +2), a=t SEQUENCES AND SERIES aain(z) lal <1 Doet sults) = Tan casla) FP lol <1 Sat @eos(2)— oF x fact Detedi= eee bl? “acos(z) [Zit asa ape els | Lets) = EA alt : ata ea sin(kz) _ 4 Leta ge ict | SB) yey, ceca | x eat tee, aa |e =4a(n-2), O O and find the power as P = 0.5((0.5)(2)? + (0.5)(4)") =8 = 0.5(0.5)(2)? + 0.5(2)? 3. 2—u(t). Split this into two switched, non-overlapping components 23(t) = 2, ¢ <0 and 1, t>0. Then, P = 0.5(2 41°) = 254 Chapter 2 Analog Signals 2.26 (Solution) (@) 2) u(t): = eM dt = 0.25 ) aie) eel): Beet fear w ose? mace (©) 2(?) = e-l-8u(1 —1) isa folded version of e~tu(t). $0, B= [eat = 05 te 1 vuutanennaie 5s f° tba (@) a(t) = eb#tu(t — 2) = ete-20-M UA 2). S0 (from part c and compression), E = 0.25¢8 = 100.8872 (©) 2(t) = e“-*u(1 ~ 2t): From part ¢ (and compression), E = 0.25 (f) x(t) = etu(—t ~ 2) = e~2e-(-!-2)u(—t ~ 2). The energy in e~(-*-)u(~t ~ 2) is the same as the energy in e~tu(#) (because folding and shifting do not change the energy). So, E = 0.5e~* = 0.0092. = You could aso ertuate B= feat (g) 2(t) = el!“ is a two-sided growing exponential (so neither power signal nor energy signal). (b) 2(t) = sino(3t — 1): So, B= a sinc?(3t) et = @® 2 en, Ef vf dt = 200.8) = VF = 1.7725 2.27 (Solution) (@) 2(6) = u(t): Switched, power signal, P = 0.5 (because power in de signal y(t) = 1 is 2). (b) 2(t) =1+ u(t): Switched power signal. z(t) =1, t <0 and a(t) = 2, 1 >0. So, P=0.5(1? +2) = 25 He 2 |" (6) a0) = job Bown sia, B= Eoaremr’~ 2f tee Sf - = (0.257) (from tables) = 1.5708 (2) x= Bae am 22 [7 asap (e) x(t) =1+ cos(xt)u(t): Power signal. x(t) =1, t <0 and 2{t) = 1+ cas(xt), t > 0. So, P = 0.5(1) + 0.5(1 +0.5) = 1.25Ghapter 2 Solutions to Problems 15 (0 z= > #21. Not an energy signal (22(t) decays as 1/t and not any faster) Dots poe igual anne P= [Eat 1 ae (© 2) =F, 121 nary signa B= (h) 2(¢) = cas(sthu(t): Switched power signal. = 0.5(0.5) = 0.25. G) x(t) = cos(xt)u(t) — cos[n(t — 4)Ju(t ~ 4): Energy signal. ‘This corresponds to 2 periods (4 hhalf-cycles) of a sine with T = 2. Esch half-cycle has unit width and height= 1. So (Review Pane! 2.2), E = 4(0.5)(1)"(1) = 2 SS 2.28 (Solution) The product of two periodic signals with periods T; and To will be periodic if T; and Ts are commensurate. To see this consider a(t) = 2sin(2nt/T;) cos(2xt/Ta) = sin[2nt(T; + T2)/TiTa) — sin[2xt(T, — T2)/TrT] ‘This is periodie only if (T; + T2)/T\TZ2 and (7; ~Tz)/T:T are commensurate, So, Ty and T; must be rational fractions in order for their sum, difference or product to be rational fractions. 2.29 (Solution) In the following, 2(t) = e/%*/+t ig periodic with period T= 1/f. (a) v(t) = 2(2t) +32(0.5t): The frequencies are fi = 2fo and fo = 0.5fo. So, v(t) is periodic with fimdamental frequency = GCD(fi, fa) = 0.5fo and period 27° (b) f(t) = 22!" 4 sed; So, fy = 8 He and fo =3.5 He. So, fundamental frequency = GCD( fx, fa) = 0.5 Ha and period = 2. (©) 1 the signal o(t) = 4e/38* — 50~"*t: Not periodic (the second term is a decaying exponential). (4) Is the signal h(t) = Sef®** — 2e~7"; The second term is a constant. So, fundamental frequency = § Hz and period = 0.125 s. : (@) Is the signal s(t) = S> X[Aje™*¥**. Frequencies are multiples of fo. tee So, periodic with fundamental frequency = fo and period T= 1/fo- 2.80 (Solution) See sketches below. (a) 7 re (a) ufsin(nt)} To sketch, note that ulf(t)] is 0 if f(t) < 0 and +1 if f(t) > 0. The period is T = 2. ‘The signal power is P = 0.5.16. Chapter 2_ Analog Signals {b) sgafsin(rt)} To sketch, note that sgo[f(t)] is -1 if f(¢) <0 and +1 if f(t) > 0. The period is = 2, The signal power is P (©) dlsin(xt)] To sketch, note that impulses occur when sin(wt) = 0. To find the impulse strengths, see Problem 2.47(b). ‘This signal is periodic but not a power signal. —s 2.81 (Solution) (a) 2(t) = sin(2ri} is a sinusoid with period 1. Its power is P = 0.5, (&) v(t) = ©? is petiodic with the same petiod as 2(). 80,7 (©) 2(0) = 2 is also periodic with the same period as 2(¢). Since z(t) is complex and [2()[=1, its power is P= 4 f.le(t)Pat = 1 2.82 (Solution) See the sketches below. The area of one period of each periodic extension equals the total area of 2(4) = tri(t/2). (2) Periodic extention (0) Periodic extension (e) Periodic extension AS 126 LN aS Ss Ne AS Sa Tris ss HO (Periodic extension i Peso tee N Nei NNcie 2.84 (Solution) (a) 2{¢) = cos(2nt) + cox(6xt) + cox(l0rt) Its components are at 1, 3 and 5 Hz. So fo = 1 and T =1, Each component is half-wave symmetric over one composite period, and so is 2(¢). (b) 2(¢) = 2+ con(2nt) +sin(6xt)+sin(10mt) ‘This cannot be half-wave symmetric since its de value is not zero, (©) 2(¢) = cos(2nt) +cos(4nt) +sin(6rt) Its components are at 1, 2 and 3 Hz. So fo = 1 and Since cos(4zt) is not half-wave symmetric over one composite period, neither is 2(¢)Chapter 2_ Solutions to Problems 2.35 (Solution) See the sketches below. At jumps, the derivative will include impulses. x) iN tT a x0 (0 "0. Zz \ i 1s : a sew "set : Signal (© a ie @ Z {a) z(t) = cos(0.5rt) z(t) = —O.5wsin(0.5mt) —x"(t) = -0.25m cos(0.5rt) (plus impulses) (b) z(t) = 1 + cos(nt) al(t)=~xsin(rt) —2"(t) = ~pi? eas(rt) (c) a(t) = tri(t). See the sketches. @x)=1-2 2)= 2.36 (Solution) 2 2"(t) = ~2 (plus impulses) (2) x) = e"*"u(2). $0, B= [ome = 057 (b) x(t) = te“/u(t), So, B= e "1H dt = 0.2514 (from tables) (9 HO = ertea(24 U0), 80,2 = [ “|e-tsin(2e)}* dt = 0.2 (from tables) 2.37 (Solution) s(t) = Ae“ ult). found from 0.014 = Ae“*/*. This gives t= 4.6r. This compares reasonably with the practical estimate of t = Sr. 2.38 (Solution) az ‘The thne it takes to decay to less than 1% of its initial value (A) is. (a) a(t) = (1—e"*)u(t). The final value of z(t) is 1. The time t; to resch 10% and tz to reach 90% are found from 0.1 = 1 ~ e~** and 0. So, te = ty — ty = In(0.9) — In(0.1 sio= { =e, Thus, f) = —In(0.) and ty = 1972 In(01). SMOSH OS!S1 rae sonata 1 The ne teach 10% nd fo reach 90% are found from 0.1 = sin(0.5rt:) and 0.9 = sin(0.5rt2). ‘Thus, t1 = 2-sin“¥(0.1) and t 4(0.9) and te = ta ~ty = 0.7129 — 0.0638 = 0.649118. Chapter 2 Analog Signals 2.39 (Solution) (a) 2(t) = (1—e-"/*)u(t). The final value of 2(t) is 1. The time t, to reach 10% and ta to reach 909% are found from 0.1 = 1 —e~®/* and 0.9=1~e-¥/*, Thus, ty = —rln(0.9) and tz = —rin(0.1) So, tg = to ~ ty = r[la(0.9) ~ In(0.1)] = 2.19727. This compares well with te © 2.27 (b) For the compressed signal f(t) = 2(3), the time taken to reach 10% and 90% of the final value will be three times less and the time constant will be t/3. Similarly, the rise-time of the stretched signal g(t) = 2(t/3) will be St, In general, the rise-time of the signal A(t) = 2(at) will be atn. 2.40 (Solution) (@) a(t) = (1 - e u(t), The time to reach within 5% of the final value (of unity) is found from 0.98 =e. Thus, et = 0.05 and ¢ = —In(0.05) = 2.9957 (2) x00 = { MESO OSEST re sn sac thin 9 of the a ao (of ay found from 0.95 = sin(0.5m). Thus, ¢ = 2sin“1(0.95) = 0.7978 ae Ett) ent=(t) BAL (Botution) Drm "ET Dm ET (2) Since =(t) = rect(t) is even symmetric, Dz and Ds are both zero because t2(t) has odd syzametry. (b) 1. 2(¢) = rest(t— 2). The area of 2(¢) and 2%(¢) is 1. So Dim foeatne Dio [ tdn2 2, a(t) = e-*u(t). The area of z(t) is 1/cr and the area of 2°(:) is 0.5/a. So, using tables, Dy = 20 f ten dt = (a)zty = 4 3. a(t) = te*u(t), The ares of z(t) is 1/a? and the area of 22(¢) is 0.25/a°. So, using tables, Dy ae [team (#2 Dz= of . Bet ge = (da? 6 Gaye 2.42 (Solution) Refer to the sketch. (0) (2) 2(t) = Ate*tu(t). Now, 2'(f) = Aev*"(1 - at) = Oat f= 1. So, = 1 Also, z(1) = 1 = Ae™®, So, A =e" = ¢ = 2.7183Chapter 2 Solutions to Problems 19, (b) x(t) = A(e~** — e-2**), Now, 2/(t) = A(—ae-* + 2ae-2*t) = 0 at t= 1. So, ~e~® 427% = 0 or a =In? = 0.6931 Also, 2(1) = A(e"# ~ €7 80, A a (© at) = 4G, Now, (0) = wea) ore att=1. So, -2+a+1=00ra=1 Aso (a) = =A = 80, A=1l+a=2 2.43 (Solution) 2(t) = cos(2rfot + 8) = cosly(t)] So, 6(t) = Irfot +8 and f(t) = £0 = fy, a cc 2.44 (Solution) (a) Alt) = 10. So, H(t) = 25 [oul thdt +0 = 20Kt + 8 and a(t) = coe(20mt +6). (b) If the instantaneous frequency varies linearly from 0 to 100 Hz in two seconds, fi(t) = 50t So, #(t) = 2x f gilt}dt + 6 = 50nt? +0 and 2(t) = cos(sSomt? +6) (c) the instantaneous frequency varies linearly from $0 to 100 Hz in two seconds, f(t) = 50+ 250. So, H(t) = 2m f dult}et +4 = 2m(60t + 12.54%) + 8 and x(t) = cos(100nt + 25m1? + 6) (@) Tahe trequeney varies lnerly fom fo He to fy Hain to sands, Rt) = fo + A= Lo, So, 6t) = 2a f eltat +0 = ant + eA Leet 46 and z(t) = coslg(0] #0 ae spe of IE the frequency varies from de to 10 He in 4 seconds, we have 22 2.45 (Solution) 2(t) = cos(at*). So, #(t) = at? and fil = 25r = 7.8540, 2.46 (Solution) (a) a(t) = det? Asa = 0% 2(t) becomes more compressed and tall. Since z(t) is even cram, [" 9 z(t) =1 (from tables), The limiting form of z(t) is thus 6(t). (b) z(t) = we 7 Asa 0,2(t) becomes more compressed and tall. Since 2¢) is even symmetric we find fe x(t) af” Z(t) =x (from tables). The limiting form of 2(¢) is thus n5(¢). (©) 2(¢) = Jsinc(£) As a ~+ 0, z(t) becomes more compressed and tal. Since 2() is even sym atric, {™ a(t) =2 [ z(t) =1 (fom tables) The lining form of z(t) is thus 5() Ln hb20. Chapter 2_Anelog Signals (4) z(t) = 3 tables). The limiting form of z(t) is thus 4(¢). 2.47 (Solution) See the sketches below (8) ay 4 12 (a) a(t) = s(t? —3t+2) The roots of f(t) = ~3¢+2=0 are t find [f (lear = [2-3] = 1 and |f'(@)leq2 = 14-3] = 1. Thus 2(t (b) z(t) = dfsin(xt)} The roots of f(t) = sin(xt) = 0 occur at te =n, m= 0,41,42,.. , 2. With #’(d (¢ = 1) + 6(¢ -2). Ke Asa +0, x(t) becomes more compressed and tall. We find [ =(t) <1 (from lo 2 — 8, we With I(t) = Teos(rt), we find [f(te)] = fr eos(kx)| =n. Thus, 2(¢) = 4S 4(t~k). ‘This describes aan impulse train. COMPUTATION AND DESIGN 2.48 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routine enerper wproblen 2.48 t0:0.01:3; wtime array xesin(2epitt); Signal x(t) yeep; zeexp (42); Wz is complex valued fecos(pitx) 5 grcos(pi*x. +x); plot(t,x),grid,pause plot (t,y),grid,pause plot (t,real(z)),grid,panse plot ¢t,),grid,pause plot(e,),grid,pause ‘Winding the period smrmax (x) jiefind (abs (x-xm) <100+eps) ;rist (4) seindits (es) sTxea (1) ymonax(y) ;i-find (abs (y-yn) <10O+eps) j tit (1) jdinditt (ei) ;Ty=a4 (1) ‘fnvaax (£) {4efind Cabs (£-f2) <100eeps) ;tint (4) jddadifs (ei) ;Theai (1) garuax(g) ietind Cabs (g-ge) <100%eps) jzi=t (4) jdtnaite (eA) ; Terai (1) winding Pover Wower in z is 1¥ ‘Wor the rest use the ADSP routine enerpyr Worked of x is wWeriod of y is YWeriod of tis ‘Weriod of g isChapter 2 Solutions to Problems 21 xe'sin(2epist)'; Wefine as a string variable Peeenerpur(x,[0,Ts],T3) over in x= 0.5 y= exp(sin(2epist))? ;Pymenerper(y,[0,Ty] Ty) WPower in y = 2.2796 f-"cos(pitsin(2epitt))? ;Pi-enerper(f,[0,T4],Tf) IPover in f = 0.6101 gr’ cos(pissin(2spitt) .xsin(2epivt)) ? ;Pgrenerpur(g,(0,Tg],Tg) XPover in g = 0.6521 2.49 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routines ustep, uramp, enerper ‘wroblea 2.48 ‘$9-2:0.02:6;5"sin(pist) ;s8esin(piv(t+0.5)); xeustep(s) :y-siga(s) ;f-sign(s)*sign(s6); gruramp(s) jheexp(s) 5 plot(t,2),grid,pause Period is plot(t,y),grid,pause Period is plot(t,f),grid,pause {Period is plot(t.g).grid,pause Period is plot(t.h) ,grid,pause Period is Wee enerpyr to compute pover vith +2 x-?ustep(sin(pitt))? ;Preenerpwr(x,[0 21,2) Power is 0.5 yo?sign(sin(piet)) ;Pyzenexper(y, (0 2),2) XPower is 1 ‘f=*sign(sin(pitt))+sign (sin (piv (t+0.5)))’ ;Pfrenerpyr(f, [0 21,2) APover is 2 g-?uranp(sin(pi+t))? ;Pg-enerpur(g,[0 21,2) _4Pover is 0.25 betexp(sin(pitt))?;Phrenerper(h, [0 21,2) YPower is 2.2796 2.50 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routines ustep, tri, enerper wProblex 2.50 HPART (a) NeS pt00:1/Ms1jxetrd (t) jx2ex.*x;y=sin(pitt) axesum(x) /N,ax2esun (22) /l, ay=sun(y)/R,ay2 Repeat for N=10 N=10;%=0:4/M:4 jxetri(t) jx2=x, ax; yosin(pist) ;y2=y.4y; axesun (x) /N,ax2esum(x2) /M,ay=sum(y)/N,ay2=sun (2) /H APART (e) MoS; t=0:1/Ns4 jLeLength(t) jamted (+) jx2—x.#x;y-sin (pit) jy2-y-7; +x (1)-0.54x(L))/M, ax2= (sun (x2) -0..65x2(2)-0.54x2(L))/N, Sey (19-0. 54y (LD) /M,ay2=sun(y2-0.+y2(1)-0.54y2(1))/H Yepeat for N10 LeLongth(t) jx-tri(t) jx2ex.x;yesini(pire) sy2°y-475 54x (1) -0.64x(L)) /N, ax2= (sum (x2)-0 .54x2(1)-0.54x2(L))/N, ay~sun(y-0 .5+y(1)-0.54y(L)) /N,ay2=sun(y2-0.54y2(1)-0.5472())/822 2.51 (Solution) Using tables, weroblex 2.51 wPaRT (a) 137002; e008: x=10exp(-t) #8in(242); sxvtetcunsun(x); sxe=d-2eexp(~t) .#(sin(2et) #24c08 (2409): plot t,sx,t,sxe) ,pause ‘Repeat for ts=0.01 t290.01;70=2;t=0:t8:70; x610xexp(-t).51n(24t) sxete¢cunsun(x) ; sxen4-2vexp(-t) .#(sin(2*t) +2xcos(248)) ; plot (t,sx,t,sxe) ,pause PART (b) ‘Wepeat for ts0.1 and 10-5 t5=0.1;T088;t=0:t8:T0; xe10rexp(-t) .*54n(2*t); sxrts+cunsun(x) 5 sxen4-2eexp(-t) (sin (24t)#24cos(24t)); plot (t,sx,t,sxe) pause YRepear for te=0.01 and T0=5 ‘$890.01; T0=5;t=0:t2:T0; xeL0sexp(~t) -asin(2#t) ; sxetsecunsum(x) ; ‘sxend-2texp(-t) .* (sin(2#4)42¢co8(2#t)) ; plot(t,sx,t,sxe) [sin(274) + 2 cos(2T%). Chapter 2 Analog Signals As Ty +00, 4 2.52 (Solution) z(¢) = 10e~*sin(2t), x(t) = 102"*[2cos( 2) ~ sin(20)) wproblen 2.52 ts°0.1; 490: BixedOvexp(-t).¥2in(2+t) ; xe-diff (x) /ts;L-length Grd) ; Younerical derivative xde=10+exp(-t).*(2cos(2et)~sin(24t)); exact derivative plot(e,xde,e(1:L) ,xd) pause exrexde(1:L)-xd;plot(t(1:1) ,erx) pause error for ts#0.05 =10%exp(-t) -#sin(24t) ;Chapter 2 Solutions to Problems 23, xdo-L0+exp(-t).#(2+cos (2et)-sin(2et)) plot(t xde,t(1:L) .xd) pause exrexde(1:L)-xd;plot(t(1:L) err) LL _ 2.53 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routines ustep, uranp, operate Yproblen 2.53, ‘b-2:0.01:2; xe2mustep(tH1) -uranp(t+1) +aramp(e-1) ;plot(t,x) ,pause (ty, y]operate(t,x,2,-1) ;plot (ty,y) pause (ef #]-operate(t,x,-2,1) jploter ‘You could also use ctsiggui. ‘The results are shown for 2(—2t +1) 2.54 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routines leat, godt aft) = 2eos(2.4nt) ~Ssin(S.Art)+cos(M.txt 0.2m), f= to find thelr rational approximation. 2, f= 2.7, fs ‘We use MATLAB24 Chapter 2_ Analog Signals wprobien 2.54 UAL .2:f292.73£367 2; fat jdt) =rat (£4) ; (22,42) rat (22) ;{n3,43)=rat(f3) ; {Find rational approximations (aa da) =gedt ({ai 2,03) [41 ,42,43)); f0—na/da 1£0%3/10-0.3, [ab db] =1em! (fat 22,43) ,fn1,n2,n3)); Tenb/db T10/3 «3.3333. 2.55 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routines sinc, enerpyr wrobien 2.55 x=?Gesinc(2#)’; Exeenerpyr (x, [-0-5,0.5]) ‘MBx=16 2508 Preenerpyr(x,(-0.5,0.5],1.4) YPxeEx/1.4 = 11.6077 2.56 (Solution) x(t) = cos(2nfot) cos{2x(fo + A/}t) wroblen 2.56 wpant (a) $-B192; t=(0:8)/S;A=1;B=1;£0=400; DaO;xeA*cos (2epiet0et)+Becos (2epi+ £0+D) +t) jplot (t,x) ,sound(x) ,pause Det ;x=Ascos (2¢pinf0st)+Bacos (2epi*(t0+D) 4t) ;plot (t,x) ,sound(x) ,pause Ded x-Atcos (2epist0*t)+B*cos(24pix (£0%D) t) plot (t,x) ,sound(x) ,pause De5x-A¥cos((2epiet 04) +B4cos(2epiv(£0+D) +t) plot (t,x) ,eound(x) wpant (b) Ythe beat signal is periodic. You can read the beat frequency from the plots 2.57 (Solution) x(t) = cos(mi?/6), g(t) = mt?/6. So, filt) = Z(t) = t/8. So, the instantaneous frequency increases (linearly) with time. The signal Is not periodic. es wroblen 2.57 890.02; Te2; te0:ts:T;x-cos (pitt. st/6) ;plot (t,x) pause T=6;t=0:ts:T;x=cos (pivt..+t/6) ;plot(t,x) pause ? ‘te: Tixmcos (pitt. t/6) splot (t,x) 2.58 (Solution) wroblen 2.58 PARTS (a~c) zOsi;ts: 20-0 .5;t8°0.14t0; 2090. 1)t5=0.14t0;te-2: wexp(-pitt.+t/t0/t0)/t0;plot(t,2) ,Axceun(x)*ts, pause xvexp(-pitt.4%/t0/t0) /t0;plot (t,x) ,Ax-sua(x) *ts,pause :2jxmexp(-pitt #t/t0/20) /t0 ;plot(t,x) ,Aresun(x ts pauseChapter 2 Solutions to Problems 08:2 jamexp(-pist.*t/t0/t0)/t0;plot(t,x) ,Ax-sun(x) #te,pause =-2:t:2;xrexp(-pitt.#t/t0/t0)/t0; plot (t,x), Axesun(x)*ts ,pause WPART (A) The derivative approaches the doublet a’ (t) tOnt ten0.14t0;t—-2:t8:2;x-exp(-pitt.+¢/t0/t0)/t05 xdndift (x) /ts; LeLengeh (xd) ;plot (t (1:1) x4) ,axd=sun (xd)*ts, pause :2;xrexp(-pist +¢/t0/t0)/t05 sLeLength (zd) ;plot (t (1:1) ,xd) ,Axd=sum(xd) ts pause 00.1; t80. 1440 xvexp(-pirt.*t/t0/t0)/t0; xdedift (x) /ts;LeLength (ed) ;plot (t (1:1) xa) ,Axdesum(xd)*ts, pause :t5:2ixeexp(-pint wt/20/20)/t0; sngth (xd) ;plot(t(1:L) ,x4) ,Axd-sun(xd)+ts,pause 01; ta=0. t*t0;t=-2:t8:2;xeexp(-pirt.+t/20/%0)/t0; xdndift (x) /te ;:L-Length Gad) :plot (t(1:L) ,24) ,Axdesun (xd) +tChapter 3 e DISCRETE SIGNALS 8.1 (Solution) See the following figure for sketches. 1) o “a 4 Atte (8, 4,2, 2} Bnergy signal. B= D2?[p] = 36 + 18444460 (b) sin] = {-3, -2, “1, 0, 1} Energy signal. B= S2%fn] 944414115 (©) =in] ={5, 2 4,6} Energy signal. B= 24m] = 4416 +36 = 56 (@) zh) = ofp] —ufe—4) Boergy signal. B= Sat] =1414141]4 wa 3 (e) ={n] = cos(nm/2) Period N = 4. Power signal. P= HD) 02] = 2+) =05 7 ao () 2{n) = 8(0.5)"v{n] Energy signal. 2 = ye = sia (0 25)" = 64 __ ~ 95.3333, = a0 fee 3.2 (Solution) Seo the following figure for sketches. . 0) 10) ° @ S 6 6 7 ‘ 4 a2 22 es sc catia sia With 2[n] = (8, 4, 2, 2}, we find (a) ya] = z{n ~2] = {0,0,6,4,2,2} (shift right by 2). (©) flo] = xf +2] = (6,4,2,2} (shite late by 2). (©) g{n] = 2[-n +2] = {2,5,4,6} (fold fin})Chapter 3 Solutions to Problems (4) Alo] = 2]-n— 2) = {2,2,4,6,0,0} (fold yl) ‘The energy in each signal is B= 36 +16-+4+4=60 3.3 (Solution) Note that z[n] = 8(0.8)"(u[n +1} — ula —4)) = {16, 8, 4, 2, 1). Then () vin) =2in—3) = (6, 0, 26, 8, 4, 2, 1} (shit right by 3) (b) Flr] = [n+ 1] = (26,8, 4, 2, 1} (shift lee by 1) (©) ofr =2[-n +4] = (8, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16) (ohift lft by 4, them fold) (€) Afr] = 2[-n—2] = (1, 2 4, 8 16, 0} (ehift right by 2, then fold) 3.4 (Solution) Let z{n) = {4, 0, 3, -1, 3). Find and sketch each of the following signals and compare their signal energy with the energy in z[n]. (@) dfn) = x{2n] = {4, §, 3). (b) zero-interpolated fin] = 219] = (4, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, -1, 0, 3, 0}. (4, 4; 0, 0, 3, 2, -2, ~1, 3, 3} 1, 1, &, 18} (last value fsterpolated (6) step-interpolated ofr] = 213] (A) tearly-interpolated h(n] = 2[$] = {4, 2, 0, 1, 8, 0.5, assuming next sample is zero). 3.5 (Solution) See the following figures (not to scale). We find the even part as ze[n] = 0.5(2/n)+2[-~n]) and the odd part as zoln} = 0.5(z/n} — 2[-n)). li li fo Vs sutltys rl28 Chapter $_ Discrete Signals pe Eve per oe part : ¢ dag ali : i. : m TEs 1a n Sigml (9 Even pat : Yu y Hh s bd Sigal © Even pat oc pat r Ly 2 ry? z Tr 3.6 (Solution) See the following figure for sketches. We note that {a) 2[p] =1[n +2] ~r[n —2] - 4uln —6] is easily sketched as a sum of steps and ramps (b) zfn] (©) 2fp] = rect rect() is 6 Tsample rectangular pulse from n= —3 to n= 3 is a S.sample rectangular pulse centered at n = 2. (A) x{n = 6tri(254) is a 7-sample triangular pulse centered at n= 4 (with end values of 2er0). fi. tl, ly. Tat. 7 (Signal Description) Refr tothe setces ign 1 I aL 7 2 = iL 5 Figure P3.7. Signals for Problem 3.7 (a) Signals as 6 numerie sequence: JHE # (Signal 1:) fn) = (2,2,2,2,1,1,13,111,) # (Signal 2:) 2{n] = {-2,~2,4,4,4, + (Signal 8:) 2{n] = (8,1,2,3,4,5}Chapter 3_ Solutions to Problems 29, «© (Signal 4) 2{n) = (8,5, 4,3,2,2,2,2,2} (b) Signal representation by impulses © (Signal 1:) s(n] =2(6fn +53] +6)n +2] + 5fn+1] + nl) + in 1] + din 2) +...4 5fn—8) 25|n +3] — 26m +2] + 46[n-+ 1] + 4bln] + 4blr ~ 1] ~ 25x ~2] ~ 250 — 3] in ~ 1} + 26{n —2} + 36[n 3] + 46[r— 4) + 56[n— 5] (r+ 54fn 1] + 45x —2}+36(n —3]) +2(6]n—4] + dln —5]+...+60 8] (c) Sigual representation by steps and ramps: (Signal 1:)_2fp] =2ufn-+3]—uln—1]— un -9) fein moe a toupee lh tae —2)4 204 in) ~ rin ~ 5] - Suln — 6) = Gulp) ~ rin] + rin ~ 4) — 2uln—9} (@) and (c) Signal energy and signal power (i periodic) Sigal B= D2 j=2% Naw P=2Ez% Signal 2: B=Sx%jnj=64 Na? P= fp De ai]=85 N=6 P=AS2%nj= Bija100 N=-9 P-25zin= 3.8 (Solution) (a) 2{n] = cos(0.5nz). So, F = 628 s periodic with V = 4 (b) =in} = cos(0.5n). So, F = ZL, s0 not periodic e Js not o rational fraction) (©) in| = sa((f) ~2e0s%f). 80, =f, B= So, Ni = 8, Nz = 12. So, periodic with N = bea (A) a{n) = 2eos(4z) +eotR) = 2eos(%E) + 0.5 + 0.5 c0s(3F). So, Fi= }, Fas 1, 80 Ni =8, No=4, 60 periodic with N = LOM(8,4) = 8 = Fand (©) 2] =4~ 3ein(4) Periodic with (€) a{n] = cos( RF) + vo8($E). 80, A= $, == So, N= 24, No =8. So, periodic with N = LCM(24,9) =72 (e) {x} = cos(S32) + cos(82). Not periodic because Fz = & is not rational. (h) fp} = cos(89E) ens AF) = 0.5 cox( MAT) + 0.5 cos(I9E). 80, Fi = HB, Fe =f So, Ny = 6, Nz =12. So, periodic with N = 12. (i) x(n] = 4", So, F = 0.15 = 3h = &. So, a with V = 20. () 2fn] = 205997 4 sem, 50, F, =015 = B= fh =02=4 So, Ny = 20, Nz = 6 and V = LOM(20,5) = 20 (K) ain] =o, So, F = 225, Not periodic because F is not rational. () af] = Gy? = (PP)? =O, So, F-= 80, periodic with N= 8.30 Chapter 3_Discrete Signals 3.9 (Solution) (@) xfp} = cos(4nn/3). $0, F = 4/6 = 2/3. So, F = 2/3—1 = ~1/3. 80, z[n] = cos(—2nx/3) = cos(2nn/3). For 4. 0.5 (or $< 2fo). Now, F = 1.6 = —0.4, s0 zn] = cos(-0.8n1 + 0.252) = cos(0.8nt ~ 0.25"). (b) ={t) = cos(140rt ~ 0.25). So, fo = 70 Hz, S = 100 He, and F= fo/S = 0.7 ‘There is aliasing because F > 0.6 (or S < 2fo). Now, F = 0.7 = ~0.3, so z{n) = cos(~0.6nx — 0.25n) = cos(0.6nx + 0.25n). (©) 2(t) = sin(60zt). S0, fo = 30 He, $= 100 He, and F = fo/S=03 ‘There Is no aliasing because F <0 (or $ > 2/4). So, z{n] = sin(0.6n7) 3.11 (Solution) ‘The product of a right-sided and a left-sided discreto-time signal is always time-Limited or identically zero. Example 1: up ~ 8) and w{-n]. Their product is zero. Example 2: ufn +2) and u[-n}. Their product is {...,0,0,1,1,1,0.0,-..} 8.12 (Solution) Refer to the sketch. bsCal tel TEs as “ Figure PS.12. Siguels for Problem 3.12 (a) 2[n] = Aa*(ufn) — ufn — 1¥]). From the figure, V = 6. Also z(0] = Also, [2] 4a, 90 = 05. (b) fn] = Acos(2"Fn +6). From the figure, N = 6 or F = 1/6. Atn =0 and n=1, we have yO] =1 = Acose all] = -1 = Acos(§ +8) = $ cose — 4¥8 sing Asind 1s, — 46 sind or Asin@ = V3. So, 5 = tang = — Thus, 5— 4% sind or Asin@ = V3. So, ERE = tand = V3. fond A= by=2 ‘This gives @Chapter $_ Solutions to Problems 31 3.18 (Solution) A 7 (2) =n] = 2"uf-n] = (0.5)-*u{-n}. So, B= > (05) = D085)" = a Fa) 1 a (©) 2{x] = Pulm ~ 1] = (05)"Paf-n=3}. $0, B= J) (05)-" = Posy = OF at a ot : cos(n), Periodic, F = 0.5 and NW =2. z{n] = {1, —1} for one pétiod. os(t+t)=2 (2) =n] = cos(nn/2). Periodic, F = 0.25 and N =4. a[n) = {1,0,~1,0} for one period So, P= EYoeh] 028041) <08 m= 1 (6) ain] = buna. 80, B= zo 2 (from tables) (©) afn) = zn 1], Neither a power signal nor an energy sigual (because 2%[n} does not decay faster than 1/n and Y>s4In] = 1+} +} +--- does not converge). (8) an] = Syuln~ 11. 80, B= oa = © (om tables) = (h) zfn] =e". Periodic, F = 0.5 end N =2 and [xf $0, P= Shan? =05(1 41) =1 @ zfn] = e"*/, Periodic, F = 0.25 and N= 4 and |z{n} = 1. 2 So, P= 2") = 0251414141) =1 G) af] = elF#2001/4 = err/teine/t_ Neither power nor exergy (growing complex exponential). (8) slp] = 3"/4 = 8, Petiodic, F = dy and N =16 and |2[n]| = 2. $0, P= 32d = 406) =1 VI)" + (VF)- = "7/2 + e-I"™/2 = Deos(nm/2). Periodic, F = 0.25 and N = 4 and (2,0, ~2,0} for one period. a 025(4+32. Chapter 3. Discrete Signals 3.14 (Solution) Refer to the sketch (3) Tite Vises = ube ~ kN] where yfn] = ufnj uf — 9] and. N= 6, Thus 2 {1,1,3,0,0,0} for cone period. So, P= k 502} = 2(1+141) =05 = =5k-4) = J) oln— kN) 4. (b) an} ¥ eres ~ where 27 = § and gin) =2"(ufn} — Thus, zf {3,2,4,8,0) for one period and P =} )>2%fn) = (1+ 4416464) =17 a 3.15 (Solution) All represent the same signal because ain] = sin) = fo] = ret{n} = ‘aln| = expr) = ¢ Ain] = sine{n] = {..-,9,0,1,0,0,...} 3.16 (Solution) {a) @=05 — (0.5)"ufn} = {1,0.5,0.25,0.125,...}. This is a decaying exposential @=1 . (i)"ufn] = {1,1,1,1,...}. This is 0 unit step (constant) (2)"ufpl = {2,2,4,8,...}. This is a growing exponential. (b) a=-05 — (-05)"uln} = {1,~0.5,0.25, 0.125, ...}. This is a decaying exponential. @=1 — (-1)*uln)= {1,-2,1,-1,..}. This is an alternating step. @=2— (-2)"uln) = (1,-2,4,-8,...}. This is © growing exponential (2) 20.50% — (0.52)" = (0.5)"e"9. This is an exponentially damped sinusoid @(ef)" = eh°F_ This is sinusoid. ei (2/9) = (2)*ei. This is an exponentially growing sinusoid. (4) a=~0.5e% —(~0.5e%*)" = (-0.5)"ei"?_ Damped sinusoid with samples alternating in sign. ame” — (6i)" = (—1)"e!*?. Sinusoid with samples alternating in sign a= HR (~265 = (-2)"e*. Growing sinusoid with samples alternating in sign.Chapter 3_ Solutions to Problems 8.17 (Golution) fn} = dtri(n/a) ={0,1,2,3,4,3,2,1,0} {a) ={n/3} = {0,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,3,0,0,4,0,0,3,0,0,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0} (zero interpolation) -{2n/3) = {0,0,0,2,0,0,4,0,0,2,0,0,0,0} (decimation) (b) 2{n/3] = (0,0,0,1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4,3,3,3,2,2,2,1,1,1,0,0,0} (step interpolation) -x{2n/3] = {0,0,1,2,2,8,4,4,3,2,2,1,0,0) (decimation) (6) ={2n] = {0,2,4,2,0} (decimation) 2[2n/3] = {0,0,0,2,0,0,4,0,0,2,0,0,0, 0,0} (zero interpolation) (@) =[2n) = {0,2,4,2,0} (decimation) -={2n/3] = {0,0,0,2,2,2,4,4,4,2,2,2,0,0,0} (step interpolation). 3.18 (Solution) (a) x{n] > (interpolate by 8) 2[3] — (delay by 2) 2[252] — (decimate by 3) 2[n ~ 3} () ata} = Ch 4, 7, 20, 23). a{3]= (1, 2, 8, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 23, %, 22, 0} (inear interpolation). 2(52] = {8, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7, & 9 10, 21, 12, 13, 8, 48, 0} an a= 2, 5, 8 11, ¥} (©) ln] => (interpolate by N) 215] —+ (delay by M) =[258] —+ (decimate by N) zin ~ 44] Restriction: M and N must be integers. 3.19 (Solution) Refer to the sketches, SS ER A) (a) =: Be eM, ke O ly -yN 1 vith a] “Angular spacing = 7 Angular spacing = eotefttn 2 gia WW 1 with [2] ‘Angular spacing N=6: Angular spacinga Chapter 3_ Discrete Signals 8.20 (Solution) (a) afr] = cos( RE), So, P= FF =}. Fors

Fy So, z{n) = sin( 22 + 0.25n) = ~sin( 23 — 0.25%). (b) IF Sq =4 kHz, the reconstructed frequency is FaSp = ~$982 = 50 He (ie., $0 Hz). (c) If Sq ~8 kB, the reconstructed frequency is FoSp = — 8 = —100 Hz (ie., 100 He). (A) If Sq = 20 kHz, the reconstructed frequency is FoSp = ~200 = —250 He (i.e., 250 Ba). 3.23 (Solution) 2(t) cos[6(t)) = cos(at?). So, fut) = sho! (t) = St. This varies linearly with t. (a) If the frequency varies from 0 to 2 Hz in 10 seconds, 2 = 3. So, a= O.2n. Now, $=4 Hz, sot = nt, = n/S and z{n] = cos(an?/S%) = cos( g(n") (b) af +N) = coslg(n +N) So, for 2{n} = 2[n +N), we require & = m and St = 2k (where N, m and & are integers that make the last rwo terms integer multiples of 2x). The smallest NV thot satisfies these result is N = 80. So, 2{n] is periodic with period W = 80. = cos|(n? + 2nN + N*)) (c) yln] = cos(eFon?/M). With Fo = 0.25 and M ~ 8, yin] = cos( Jyn®). Following part (b), u{n] is periodic with period W = 32.Chapter 3_Solutions to Problems 35, 8.24 (Solution) (a) z[n] = (0.5)"ufn). So, z[0] = 1. The 60-B time constant is found from (0.5)" = 0.001 and gives, ‘elog(0.5) = log(0.001) or n = 9.9658 ~ 10. The 40-dB time constant is found from (0.5) = 0.01 and gives nlog(0.5) = log(0.01) or n = 6.6439 = 7. (b) With 5 = 1 kHz, the 60-4B and 40-dB time constants are 10 ms and 7 ms, respectively. 8.25 (Solution) (@) ain) = (4,3,2,1,,1,2,3.4}, Ask <4 a) ‘We compute D Sapp 7a (b) ole] = (4,3,2,4,0,1,2,8,0, 35k y gl) “Eau 781 Afn] = (4,3,3,1,0,1,2,3,4}, -221, we compute P= DMI = (-08)? + 05" DE (0.25) = 0.28 + (1.5)*5 oe a Q= DahIk) = 0(-0.5)? + (2.5)? DR, #(0.25)k = as Re ei - So, the delay is D = § =1. 3.26 (Periodicity) 2in] = ti(n/3) = (0, $, 8, 1, § $, 0}. We have Soz{n] =3 and B= D2] = Refer to the sketches forthe periodic exinsions calle ll ilies ~ Ife atlt lil sllfeghuutics -ulffuo; IU 1 1234s iis36 Chapter 3_ Discrete (©) For (A) For N = 4, we have 25m] (e) For N'=3, we have Spin) 3.27 (Solution) z/n) "uln]. So, its periodic extension with period NV is vol= SS orn ax] = Sart war Sa" ‘ & & SEL, 0 Ky = 18.5, K-25 So, y(t) = -16 + 12t-+ 18.5e7* ~ 2.5e~3¢ Zero-Input: yes = yw = Kie™t + Kre7™ with (0) = 0, y'(0) So, Ki +Kz=0 — Ky, -3K2 ‘Ky =05,K2 = -0.5 So, yet = 0.5e~* — 0.5e-™ ‘Zero-State: yz5 = y(t) = -16 + 12t+ Kye~* + Ke" with zero IC. So,-16+Ki+Ka=0 12-Ki-3K,=0 Ki =18&K2=-2 ves 16 + 12t+ Bert ~ 26-8 (a) y(t) + 4y't) + 4y(t) = 2e*u(e) v= yO) =1 Ch. Eq: s?44s+4=0 Roots: -2,~2 (repeated) — yyy = (Ki + Kate Forced Response: yr = Ct*e~* (because of root repeated twice) tf a So, Yjp = =20H%en 4 2012" ye = 4H em — 80te~™ + 200-7 So, [22 + 58+ Slyp = [ACH ~ 8Ct +20 ~ 80H + 8Ct + 4CtRe“# = 2Ce-# So, yp = ent ‘Total Response: y(t) = yr ty = Be 4+ (Ki + Kate (0) = 0,3/(0) So, A0)=0= Kh (0) 2K, +H. Ke So, y(t) = ter + tem Zero-Tnput: Yai = ww = (Ki + Kate“ with y(0) =0,y'(0) =1 So, Ky=0 -2%i+Kp=1 Ka=1 ya=te™ Zero-State: Yay = y(t) = Pen + (Ky + Kathen% with zero IC. So, Kr -2Ki+Ke=0 Kp=0 yep = tenr™Chapter 4 Solutions to Problems 53 {e) v0) + 4y'(0) + 4y(t) = Beas(2tyu(e) — (0) =O ¥(O)=1 Ch. Eq: s?+45+4=0 Roots:-2,-2 (repeated) yw = (Ki + Kat)e“™ Forced Response: yp = Acos(2t)+Bsin(2t), 60 So, vp = —2Asin(24) + 2Beos(2t) yp = —4Acos(2t) ~ 4Bsin(22) So, [s? + 5s + Elyr = BB c0s(2t) ~ 8Asin(2t) = 8 cos(2t) Now, compare coefficients of cosine and sine terms to giveA=0,B=1 yy ‘Total Response: y(t) = yr + yw = sin(2t) + (K+ Kat)e-* —y(0) = 0,y/(0) $0, (0) =0=K; (0) 1=2-2Ky +R, Kp=-t So, y(t) = sin(t) ~ te Zero-laput: yes = yw = (Ki + Kathe“ with 9(0) = 0.9/0 So, Ky =0 -2K;+K2=1 Ka= Zero-State: yos = y(t) = sin(2t) + (Ky + Kat)e~* with zero IC. So,K,=0 2-2Ki+K2=0 Kz=-2 uss =sin(2t)— 2te% (+ )%e+2vO =e*u) (0 =O ¥O)=1 YO) =0 Ch, Ba: (¢-+2)%(8+2)=0 Roots: 1-1-2 yw = (HK + Kat)ent + Hgem™* Forced Response: yr = Cte (because of repeated root) So, «(ye =~20ie*4Ce* lyr] = 40te“*—4Ce—™ [yx] = -8Cte“™ +1200 * ya = tem So, [(s + 1)*(s + 2)]yr = [5° +45? +584 2yp = Ce =e Cs So, yr = te ‘Total Response: y(t) = yr t+ yw = te-™-+ (Ky + Kate“ + Kye", u(0) = 0,y'(0) = 1,y"(0) = 0 So, Ky+Ky=0 9 1-Ky+K_-2K351 9 —44+K,-2Kg+4Ka=0 So Ky = 4,24, Kg=4 y(t) = ten (4+ dient + den Zero-lnput: ysi (Ki + Katlent + Kge-™ with 9(0) = 0,y'(0) = 1,y"@) So, KitKs=0 9 -Ky+Ky-2Ky=1 0 Ki~2Ka +42 =0 So Ky =—2,K2=3,Ky=2 yam (-2+ Stet + 20° pete Zero-Stater yes = u(t) = (t+ Ko)e* + (Ki + Kate“ with zero IC. i So, Ki + Ka 1-Ky+K2-2Kg=0 9 -44+K,-2Ka+4Ka=0 SoKy=~2,K2=1,K3=2 yoo = (t+2)e-* +(¢—2)e ——— 4.12 (System Response) (@) "0 +37) + 2y(t) = 22) +2(), x)= Ault), yO) =2, YO) = Find ZIR as yu(t) = Kiet + Ker, y(0) =2, y'(0) = 1 oF yall Now, start with y'(0) +39 (t) +2u(t) = 2(@) <4, Fibd yet) =2. a Find ZSR as yi(i) =2+Kie™® + Kae", ya(0) = v4(0) = 0 oF y(t) = 2 —4erf + 20, Use superposition: Yes(t) = 2u{(t) + ys(t) = 2+ det — 6e™™ Find total response: y(t) = ysi(t) + vee(t) = 2+ Get ~ 9e-54. Chapter 4 Analog Systems (©) VO +4YO +3u(t) =32"), 2) = 4e-*U(t), 4(0) ZIR is yai(t) = 0 (because initial conditions are zero) Stast with y(t) + dy'(t) + 3y(t) = a(t) = 4e~*. Find yp(t) = Ce = —4e-™ Find ZSR as yi(t) = ~4e-™ + Kre“*+- Kae, yi (0) = yi(0) = Oor ys(t) = ~4e-* 4-26-44. 26-4, ‘Use linearity: yua{t) = Syf(t) = Ge~* ~ ABer™ + Sev! Find total response: y(t) = ves(t) (0) vO +470) +4y() =2'-2, 2 4u(, 40) = 8, ¥O)=-3 Find ZIR as yai{t) = (Ki + Kate“, y(0) = 6, 1/(0) = —3 or yoi(t) = (6 + 91)e-. Now, start with y(t) +4y'(t) + 4y(t) = 2(t) = 4. Find y(t) = 1 Find ZSR as yi(t) = 1+ (Ki + Kate, ys(0) = 9 (0) = 0 or ya(t) = 1 —(1 + 2tje-™. Use superposition: yer(t) = f(t) — lt) = -1+ en + 6te~#. Find total response: y(t) = yyi(t) + yea(t) = 1 + Te“! + 15te~* ¥Q)=0 (A) 9") +290) +2018) = a(t) +22(¢-1), 2H = Au), (0) =0, VC =0 ZR is y(t) = 0 (because initial conditions are 2er0) Start with y(t) + 2y/(t) + 2u(t) = a(t) = 4. Find yr(t) =2. Bd 258 28 (t) = 2+ e-*[Acos(t) + Bsin(t)], (0) = xi(0) = 0 or lt) = 2 2e-*feos(t) + sin(t)] Use linearity and time invariance: y(t) = yea(t) = x(t) + 2ux(¢ ~ 1). (©) vO +5V@) + 6ult) = 2G) -22¢-1), zlt) = 2e~Ault), (0) = 0, (0) =0 ZAR is ya) = 0 (because intial conditions are zer0) Start with y"(t) + 5y/(¢) + 6u(t) = z(t) = 2e~4. Find ue(@) Find 2SR as yi(t) = et + Kie"® + Kae, un(0) = 400) (6) = vest) = vil) ~ Qual - 2). ) vO +5 @ + v0) = 2") 22-1), al Find ZIR as y(t) = Kiet + Kae, (0) = 4, Start with'y"(t) + 5y'(t) + dy(t) = x(t) = 36", Find yp(t) = Chet = tet, Find ZSR. as y(t) = tet + Kyert + Kge™, yu(0) ~ 9h (0) = Oor walt) = tent — fort + Be. Use linearity and time invariance: y(t) = yilt) + vest) = vat) + ¥f(0) ~ 2us(t 1) Use linearity and time invaria: 4.18 (Solution) (a) v(t) + 3u(t) = x(t). For impulse response, solve h’(t) + 3h(t) = 0, (0) = 1 A(t) = Ke“, h(0) = 1 or A(t) = e“*u(t) (b) u'G@) + 4y(t) = 20(8). Start with single input system y/(t) + Ault) = z(t) Solve p(t) + 4hig(t} = 0, ho(0) = 1 to get ha(t) = e~ Mult) Then, by linearity, h(t) = 2ho(?) = 2e~*u(t)Chspter 4 Solutions to Problems 55. (©) y(t) +2y(t) = 2'(¢) — 2(¢). Start with single-input system y'(t) + 2y(t) = z(t). Solve hi(t) + 2ho(t) = 0, ho(0) = 1 to get holt) = u(t), Then, by linearity, h(t) = a(t) ~ 2ho(t) = s(t) — 4e~ u(t), (2) v'O +) = 2'() —2(t). Start with single-input system y'(t) +y(¢) = z(¢). Solve Ao(t) + Ao(t) = 0, ho(0) = 1 to get ho(t) = e~tu(t). Then, by linearity, h(t) = hg(t) — ho(t) = 4(t) — 2e~*u(t). 4.14 (Solution) (a) v(t) + 5y'(t) + y(t) = 2(0). Solve h(t) + 5A'(t) + 4A(¢) = 0, BO) =0, (0) = So, A(t) = Kiet + Koe*, (0) =0, A'(0) =1 or A(t) = Bertult) — fe-“u(t). (b) ¥"() + 4v(o) +4y(0) (08 a vwith single-input system y"(t) + 4y/(i) + 4y(t) = 2(t). Solve ASCE) + Abg(E) + Aol) (0) So, ho(t) = (Ki + Kathe“, A , ha ‘Then, by linearity, h(t) = 2ho(t) = 2te-*u(t). © ¥0)+4/ (0 +5y(e) = 2210) —2(0), Start with singlo;nput system y"(0)+4y/() +8418) = 200. Solve g(t) + 4n6(6) + Bho(t) (0 = 1. So, hal) = een! + Kaen, (0) = 0, BQ) = tor yl) = (ert eal. ‘Then, by lineacity, A(t) = 2h4(¢) — ho(t) = ~2.5e*u(t) + 3.5e-u(t). (@) v') +270 +O = 2") +2'(. Start with single-input system y"() + 2v(t) + ult) = 210). Solve Aft) + Z(t) + ho(@) =0, ho(0) =0, A4(0) = 1. So, ho(t) = (Ki + Hatlet, ho(0) =0, ho{0) = 1 or holt ‘Then, by linearity, h(t) = Aj(t) + ho(t} = d(t) — e~*ult). 4.15 (Solution) Remember, for stability, every root must have a negative real part and the degree of the highest derivative of y(¢) must exceed the degree of the highest derivative of =(). (a) Yi) +4y(t) = 2(0) Stable (root is s = —4) (b) y'(t) - 4y(t) = 3z(t) Unstable (root is s = 4) (©) ¥(0) + Ault) = 2'() +82(0) Unstable (degree of y(t) equals (does not exceed) that of 2'(t)) (@) v(t) + 5y'@) + 4y(t) = 6x(t) Stable (roots at s = ~4, s= 1) or holt) = teu). ett). (0) 9") +49" + 4y(0) = 20'(t) ~2(0) Stable (two equal roots s = ~2) (f) yO) + 5) + Butt ‘"(t) Stable (roots at (g) ¥"(e) - 5y'(e) + 4ytt (h) of) + 2(t) — 3u(t) = 20'(t) Unstable (roots at (t) Unstable (roots at56. Chapter 4_ Analog Systems 4.16 (Solution) (a) Refer to the circuit below. NR ence: x Kirchhoff’s current law at the output node gives Cy'(t) + B[u(t) — 2(¢)] So, y'(t) + 2y(¢) = A2(¢), where r = RC. So, yy = Ke-/", With z(t) = Le“*/2, we choose yr = Ce~!/™, 80, Yp=~(C/aje/* p(t) + tye(t) =-S +S = 12) $0, =1/(a—7) yrlt)= ev Soult) ye tun = ghee + Kentlr Assuming a relaxed circuit, y) <0 = gle + $0, t) = aBgler* =e“) (b) The impulse response of the RC circuit is A(t) = 2e~/"u(t). Asa+0, e7/* 0 and y(t) + [0 en} = Lert!" = hit) 4,17 (Solution) Refer to the following sketches. f 0 : er (@) of) = -e“)ult) A) = s(t) = emtult). (b) Since 2(t) = rect(t — 0.5) = u(t) — u(t — 1), by linearity and time invariance ult) = sft) ~ aft =) = (2 eHult) — 4 ~ eye — 1) By intervals: y(t) emt, O0° LTT, easel, dynamic, unstable. A 7 (© wt) = [ z(A)4\ ETT, causal, dynamic, stable (integration is over finite range) @ w= [easqae [toa 17, dynam, stable. Causal br a> 0 es = tate (©) v(t)= f 2(A~2)dd= [ 74 LTT, dynamic, stable. Causa for a <0 © [" 4.20 (Solution) (2) u(t) = 2(2t) Linear, time varying, dynamic, noncsusal, stable (b) u(t) = 2(-# (c) y(t) =2(0.5t) Linear, time varying, dynamic, causal, stable (4) v(t) = sgn{z(t)} | Nonlinear, time invariant, instantaneous, causal, stable « tat aetadr= ["" a(@de 07, dynamic, table, Cousal for a > —1. Linear, time varying, dynamic, noncausal, stable (e) y(t) =|x(t)| Nonlinear, time invariant, instantaneous, causal, stable 4,21 (Solution) Refer to the following table: = mee =a tale 2 [ey imear tor aay @ any @ [ey] Causal for (O 1, we find an(t) = Se 2D — ent = SemH(e? — 1) pat) = Se~OH — Fer = 5e-O1(602 1) Ie va(t) =wn(t) at €= 7, then 5e27(e? — 1) = 5e~927 (002 1) + eel This gives MT = OS T= og in (Se) = 1.868 t-M)u(t) (r= 0.5) 82M ult) (r= 5). 4,82 (Solution) Argue for or against the following statements assuming relaxed systems and constant element values. You may validate your arguments using simple circuits. (a) A system with only resistors is always instantaneous ond stable. True, See circuit 1 of Prob.4.29, for exemple. (b) A system with only inductors and/or capacitors is always stable. False. It is linear, causal, but ‘ot necessarily stable, For example, for v(t) = L(t) (an inductor), the operational transfer function H(e) = Y= sb isnot strictly proper, andthe system is unstable (©) An RLC system with at least one resistor is always linear, causal and stable. True. Examples: ‘Thie circuits of Prob.4.29 are linear, causal and stable.62. Chapter 4 Analog Systems 4.33 (Solution) (a) Ale} = en **u(t). So, A(t) = ~ae™**u(t) + 6(2). Thus, A(t) + ah(t) = 6(t) or y(t) +ay(t) = 2(6) (b) A(t) = e~*u(t) — e-Pu(t). This suggests roots s = —1 and s = ~2 and a differential equation whose LHS is y"(t) + 3y/(t) + 2y(¢). Now, h(t) = ~e7t + 227% and AM(t) = emt ~ dem + 5(¢) So, h(t) + BN’ (f) + 2A(t) = dt) oF y(t) + 3y'(t) + 2y(t) = 5(0) SS 4.34 (Solution) (a) ¥() +2u(t) = x(t). The inverse system is y(t) = x/(¢) + 2x(t) (unstable) (b) y(t) + 2v(@) + y(t) = 2) + 2x), ‘The inverse system is y/(l) + 2u(t) =2"(0) + 20"(t) +.2(0) (unstable). ee 4.35 (Solution) (2) (0) = 2%(t) Not invertible (sign ambiguity) (b) u(t) = 22 Inverse system is 2(¢) = Inylt) (c) y(t) = cosiz(t)] Not invertible (ambiguity due to periodicity) (2) ve) =e") Not invertible (ambiguity due to periodicity) (e) u(t) = 2(¢-2) Inverse system is (t 2) = 2(t) oF u(t) = 2(¢ +2) (f) y'() +y() = 2(¢) Inverse system is y(t) = 2'(¢) + 2(8) COMPUTATION AND DESIGN 4,36 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routine sysrespt ‘XPROBLEN 4.36 We2;D=[1,2]; ystep=sysresp!((’s",1,D, [1 0 0 0 0)) Yyimpesyeresp1(’s? ,D) yes=sysrespi(’s? ,D,(4,3,0,0,0)) ytotssysrespi(’s”,N,D,[4,3,0,0,0] 6) ———Chapter 4 Solutions to Problems 63 4.87 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routine sysresp1 ‘APROBLEM 4.37 PART (a) N=1;D=[1,10; ys=sysrespi(?s',N,D,[1 0 0 0 0)):yimsysrespt('s?,N,D); +$-0:0.01:4;eubplot(2,1,1),plot(t eval (ys)) subplot (2,1,2) ,plot(t,eval(y4)) ,pause wPART (b) Het ;DeLt ,sqrt(2) 10; ye=tysrecpi(’2!,N,D,[1 0 0 0 0)) :yissysrespi?s? .M,D); +¢-0:0.01:4;subplot(2,1,1),plot(t,eval (ys)) subplot (2,1,2),plot(t,eval(yi)) ,pause WPART Cc) w= (1,01;D=[1,1,195 yersyerespi('s'.N,D,[1 0 0 0 0]);yiesyerespt (7s? 1D); $=0:0.01:4;subplot(2,1,1),plot(t eval (ys)) subplot (2,1,2) plot (t eval (yi) ,pause ‘Wpant (@) NeasDe(1,2,2,10; ysrsysrespi('s?,§,D,[1 0 0 0 0);yissysrespi(’s? ND); 4*0:0.01:4; subplot (2,1,1),plot(t,eval (ys)) subplot(2,1,2) ,plot(t,eval(yi)) 4.88 (Solution) For step response and impulse response, see previous problem, YPROBLEM 4.38 Uses the ADSP routine trby Neat ;De(1,1] ;exbe(H,D,5) ,pause Net;D°C1,eqre(2) ,1] ezbv(W,D,5) ,pause ‘ove [1,01 ;0-C4,4,4 trow(H,D,6) Ytais will produce an error Ne(t,0) ;DeL1,1,1] ;yseeysresptC's?,¥,D,[1 0 00 01); t=0:0.01:10;yeeval (ys) jsubplot ,plot(t, 9) ee nt; intine(yor0.1 byce0.9) pLndength() strisent(4(2))-t(4(1)) infind (abs (1-y)>=0..05) sLeLength(4) ;taet=t (2 (1), pause N=(1];D=(1,2,2,1] serbw(W,D,5) 4.39 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routines sysrespi, txbs {APROBLEN 4.38 ‘PART (a) C+3;i=1 ;D=[1 4,0] sys"sysreept (787 ,N,D, [1,0,0,0,0]) sysmeyer sept (757 yD); €=0:0.01 :Bjeubplot(2,1,1),plot(t eval (ys)) _ subplot (2,1, 2) ,plot(t eval (yi)) pause (Caajtien :D=[1,4,C] syseeysrespi (18? ,N,D, [1,0,0,0,0]) iyieeyerespi (?s” ,¥,D) $-0:0.01:8;subplot(2,1,1),plot(t,eval(ys)) subplot (2,1,2) plot (t eval (yi)) ,pause64 Chapter 4_ Analog Systems (O-5;:Net ;D=(1,4,C] ;ysesysresp1(’s? ND, [1,0,0,0,0]) ;yissysrespt(’s!,N,D); 90:0.04:S;subplot(2,1,1) plot (t,eval (ys)) subplot (2, 1,2) plot (t eval (y3)) ,pause WPART (b) C*5 shows snallest tr and ts PART (o) Ge3;Net ;D=(1,4,0) strbwN,D) pause (C=4;e1 ;D=C1,4,C) strbwW,D) pause (Ce8 jist ;D=(1,4,C] strbw(W,D) 4.40 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routine ssresp ‘PROBLEM 4.40 27(2,8,-pi/3] i6°0:0.01:35 PART (a) in ;Ne2;D=L1 a] ;yssi=ssresp(?s? ,N,D,x) plot (t,eval (yss1)) ,pause a-2;8*2;D-[1 a] iyss2=ssresp(’s’ ,N,D,x) plot (t,eval (yss2)) ,pause wPART (©) (e3;Net;D=(1 4,¢] ;yss3=ssresp(’s? ,M,D,x) ,plot(t,eval (yss3)) pause (Cad :Net jD=(14,C) jyssd=ssresp('s? ,W,D,x) ,plot (t,eval(yss4)) ,pause (Co8;Ne1 jD=(1,4,C] ;yse5=ssxesp ("s? ,1,D,x) ,plot (t,eval (yss6)) 4.41 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routines urect, ctsim PROBLEM 4.41 Nea ;D=[1 a) x=" urect (t-0.8) 7 ;t=0:0.1:3; yeor(1~exp(-t)) .* (te=1)+(exp(-t+1)-exp(-t)) ynectsin(,D,x,t) ;plot(t,yn,t,ye) ,pause (et); MPART (0) a= ;N=a;DeUt a) jx='ein(t) .#(cemps) stm yanctsin(N,D,x,t) :plot(t,ya,t.eval(x)) a3;HeasD=(t al sx='sin(t) -#(ocepi) ;t=0:0.02:6; yu=ctsin(M,D,x,t) ;plot(t,ya,t ,eval(x)) ,pause ae10;N=a;D> [1a] jx='sin() .* (<=pi);£°0:0.02:6; . ynectsia(W,D.x,t) ;plot(t,yn,t,eval (2)) pause 0.02 wart (©) ‘a=1005I-aD=(1,a] x=? sim(t) *(eeepi)? j£-0:0.02:65 yurctsin(I,D.x,t):plot(t,ya,t,eval(2)) ,pause 8100; Mea; D=[1 ,a] jx=?sin(t) .*(e 0, this simplifies to yfn} = 4 — }121(0.5)" +7(—0.8)"]Chapter § Solutions to Problems 5 5.13 (Solution) (a) vip] =vls—1]=2fo) fa) = Alm —3} +259] A=] =0 n=0: — Alo] =Al-1] +2s(0) =2 nel: Af}=Aloj+2s] =2 n Aig] = Ali] + 2612] 2 n=3: AB] ApJ+259) =2 n=4: Als]=Als]+25q) = 2 (b) ufn)—3yin—1}+6yfn—2) 3] fn] = 8hfn—1]-Ghin—2]+8In—1], Al-I] = AZ] =0 n=O: hl0] = 3h{-1]-6h{-2]+4[-1]=0 n=l: All]=3h(0)~6h{-1]+<[0) =1 n=2: Al]=sh[t]—shio}+en] =s naa: Als) = 3h] ~6A{0) + 5f2) n=4: hid] =9A(3)-6A2)+58] = 9 (© vb]-2yfn-3)=2]n-1] Ap] =2hfn—3]4+4n-2] Al-2]=A[-2] =A[-3] =0 Alo] = 24[-3] + 6[-2] = 0 nal: Af) =2h{-2]+4(0)=1 nm2: Ald] = 2h[-1]+4[1] =0 nm3: Al] =2h(0 +52) = 0 nad: Als]=2nft}+sf] =? (@) vin) -yln 1} + 6yfn —2] =nafn— 1} + 2ein 3}, So An] = Afr ~ 1] ~6hjn ~2)+ nd —1] + 262-3) Al-] =A[-2] =0 [-1] ~ 8hf~2] + 05f-1] + 261-3} =0 0] —Sh[-1} + 150} + 261-2} = 2 A] ~ 60] +2601) +26{-1] = (2) ~ 6) +3614) +25(0) = ~3 [5] — 6h [a] +453) +26] = 9 5.14 (Solution) (@) ye] =2in} +2{n—1]+2{n—2} FIR, Cousal Ho) = G(r] + dfn —1] + 5{n—2), (Na) = (2,1, 1} (®) vial = An) = Sr 1} + dfn] + 5fn — 1}, {Hin} = {2,243} {n+ 1+aln]+2{n-1) FIR, Noncausal (©) vin] +2yhn— 1) ==[n] IR, Causal 1G: Ajo] =1 —Alaj=K(-2)"Af]=1=K — Af} = (~2)"4fn]76 Chapter 5_ Discrete-Time Systems (4) yfn]+2y[n-2] =2{n-1] UR, Causal Start with hoin) + 2ho[n — 1] = an). From part(e), hola) = (—2)"xln} By timeinvariance, hfn} = hol ~ 1] = (-2)"vfn—1] (©) fr] +2yfn — 1] = 2e{n] + 6[n — 1], IR, Coussl Start with holn} + 2ho[n ~ 1] = 2{n- From part(c), ho{n] = (—2)"x[n]. By lineasity and time-invariance ‘ln] = 2holn] + 6hgfn ~ 1] = 2(~2)"u{n] + 6(—2)"Fufn — 1) (®) ule] +2yfn— 1] = 2[n+1] +4efn} + 62[n—3] TER, Noncausal Start with ho[n] + 2ho[n — 1] = 2{n). From part(c), ho{t] = (—2)"u[n]. By linearity and time-invariance Al] = hol +1] + 4ho[n] + 6holn — 1] = (—2)"+4ufn + 1) + 4(—2)Pufp + 6(—2)"-#u[n — 2] (ge) fL4 428 + 32-4ly = [2-%2, UR, Causal Start with [1-4 4z7! + 32"A]y = z. Its impulse response is hhgfn] = A(-3)" + B(—1)? with ho[-1] = 0, Ao[0] = 2. S0o,-¢-B=0 A+B As15,B=-05 — hofn] =(1.5(~3)*-0.5(—1)"Juln] By time-invariance, Aln] = ho{n ~ 2] = [1.5(—3)"-? ~ 0.5(—1)"-2}uln ~ 2] (h) [27 +424 dy = [2+ 3]z, IR, Cousel Rewrite this as (14427! 4 42~Mly = [21 432M Start with [1+ 42"? 442-2] = Its impulse response is holn] = (A+ Bn)(—2)* with hol—1] <0, holO} =1 80,-0.5(4~B)=0 A=1 Bol hofn]=(1+n)(-2)" By linearity and time-invarisnce fn) = hon — 1] + 3hofr — 2] = [1+ (= 2)](—2)" Ful ~ 1) + 3/2 + (m= 2)](—2)"-2ujn — 2] (i) 2 +4248) =z, DR, Causal Rownite as [1-4 427? + 82°2]y = [2]z 7 Start with fl +42" 4 82%}y =z ‘The roots: ~2:4 32 = -2V2Li 40 give holn] = (—2V2)"|Acos(0.25nx) + Bsin(0.25nn)} Ag] =0=(4-B) fyl]=1=A Bad ‘ofn] = (~2V2)"{cos(0.25nx) + sin(0.25nn)]. By time-invariance fn 2] = (~2V3)"-*[e0s(0.25(n — 2)x) + sin(0.25(n — 2})]ul ~ 2} This simplifies to A[n] = }(—2V2)"[sin(0.25nn) — cos(0.25n2)}ufn — 2] G) vin] + 4yln —3] + 4yln— 2] = z[n) — z[n +2], OR, Noncausal Start with yfn) + dyn —1] + 4yfn — 2] = afr). Its impulse response is ho[n] = (1 + n)(~2)" (from part h). By linearity and time-invariance Alp] = ofr] — hol +2] = (2+ n)(—2)"ufr] ~ [+n + 2](—2)"42ufn +2}Chapter 5 Solutions to Problems baa 5.15 (Solution) (a) vln] =2{n-1]+2[n] +2in +1} Noncausal and stable (FIR filter) (®) yfnj =z{n] +2{n—1]+2[2-2) Causal and stable (FIR filter) (©) vin] —2y[n 1] =2[n] Root is z=2, s0 unstable (J2| > 1). Also, hn] = 2*ufn]. So, causal. (8) yfn] - 0.2y[n 1] =2{n] —22[n+2] Noncausal (due to 2{n + 2}} and stable (root is z = 0.2). {e) yin] +yln 1} +0.5y{n~2]= in] Causal, Roots: 0.5 £ 30.5. So [2| = 0.707, so stable. (0 be sn — 1+ sin ~ 2) = af] [p41] Nonenusal Roots: + = 06:41.5. So [el 2 1, 20 stable (s) vfr} - 2y{n ~1) + yfn - 2] = 2[n] —2{n —3] Causal. Roots: x = 1. So unstable. (a) yin] —Syfn—i] +2y[n—2] = 22{n+3} Noneausal. Roots: z= 2, 22 = 1. So unstable (|2| > 1) 5:16 (Solution) All systems are static. (a) yin} = 3"=[n) Linear, time varying, causal, stable (®) yin] =e%"*z{nj Linear, time varying, causal, stable (c) yln] = cos(0.Snm)z{n} Linear, time varying, causal, stable (A) yln) = [1 + c0s(0.5nx)}z[n] Liness, time varying, causal, stable (e) yln] =e!) Nonlinear, time invariant, causal, stable (©) fn} = <[n} + cos{0.5(n-+ 1)} Nonlinear, time invariant, causal, stable 5.17 (Solution) (a) y[n] = 2[n/3] Linear, time varying, causal, stable (b) vin} = cos(nz)z{n} Linear, time varying, causal, stable, static (e) vln] = [1 +cos(nz)}z{n} Linear, time varying, causal, stable, static (4) fn] = cos(nea[nj) Nonlinear, time varying, csusal, stable, static (€) vin} =cos(nx +2{n}) Nonlinear, time varying, causal, stable, static (©) vin] =a{n)-2[n—2] LTT, causal, stable (6) vin] = 0.5z/n] +0.52ja—1) LTT, causal, stable x (a) vin] = 4 Yo zin-&) LTT, causal, stable t () gla] -ayln~ 1] =az{n], 0 sin(0.Sn)] 5.22 (Solution) Refer to the sketch for the realizations. wba separ Reve fer Iaverse of reve iter (2) ufo] = 2{n) + 0.25y fn — N]Now, $= 2 kl, so t, = 0.5 ms. A delay of 1 ms means N = 2. (©) vfr]~0.25y[n—2] = z{n}. Its impulse response is hf) = A(0.5)"+2(-0.5)", We find AO] =1= A+B, Al-1]=0=24-2B. So, (-05)"] For the step response, v{n] ~ 0.25y/n— 2} = ufn]. We find yr =O = $ So, yln] = $+ A(0.5)" + B(-0.5)", y{-1] =0, y[-2] =0. Thus ee yl-1]=0=24-2B+4, yf-2]=0=4444B4 4. S0,A=-05, B=} and + 05)" 0.252{n — 2]. Its impulse response 25uln- 2]. (6) The diference equation ofthe inverse system is yl] = afr i n} — 0.256(n — 2). Its step response is s[n) = un] 5.28 (Solution) yln] - 0.5y[n~ 3] =a{n). So, yw{n] = K(0.5)" (a) [0] = un). So, yr = C. $0, 0-050 =1 and C= 2. 2SR is yesln) = K(0.5)" +2, yl-t] = 0. This gives 0 = 2+ 2K or K (b) ={r] = (0.5)"uln}. So, ue = Cn(0.5)". So, [Cn — 0.5(n — 1)0(0.5)"](0.5)" = (0.5) and C = 1. ZSR is vealn} = K(0.5)" +1(0.5)", y[-t] = 0. This gives 0 = ~24+2K or K = 180 Chapter 5_ Discrete-Time Systems (©) z{n] = cos(nx/2)u(n}. So, yeln] = Acos(0.5ne) + Bsin(0.Sn) = 0.8cos(0.5nn) + 0.4sin(0.5nn) (form Problem 5.44). So, ZSR is vesin] = K(0.5)" + 0.8c0s(0.6n) + 0.4sin(0.5nx), y[-1] So, K(0.5)"? + 0.8cos(~0.5n) + 0Asin(-0.5r) = 2K ~0.4=0 or K = 02. (4) z{n] = (-1)"ufr}. So, yr = C(-1)*. So, [C + 0.5C)(-1)* = (~1)" and C= ZSR is vesln] = K(05)" + 2(-1)", v[-l] = 0. This gives 0 = -3 + 2K or (©) zip] =s"ufn}. 80, yr = OG)* and [0 + 30.5](4)" = i)" or © = ees ZSR is yee(n] = K(0.5)" + pegg(i)", y[-1] =0. So 0 = 2K — aes, Note that the response is complex valued because the input is cormplex valued. (8) fn] = (VIP ula] + (VIM uln = ef + mF = 2.c05(0.25n7) So, ve[n] = Acos(0.25nn) + B sin(0.25n). Substitute into vr(n] ~ 0.5yrln— 1] = 2cos(0.25n7) to find A= 2.3815, B So, ZSR is yasin] = K(0.5)" + 2.3815 cos(0.25n7) + 1.3025 sin(0.25n7), yl So, 0 = 2K + 2.3815 cos(~0.25r) + 1.3025 sin(0.25n) or 3815 0 3025. 5.24 (Solution) For the realization, yln] = 2{n] — 0.5y{n—1] or yfn] + 0.5yfn - 1] = z{n]. So, yin] = (-05)* sD yin) °, Figure P5.24. System realization for Problem §.24 (a) zn) =uln}, yf ). So, yr[n] = C. So, C+05C =1 or C = So, yn] = K(—0.8)" + 2, y[-I] = 0. This gives 0= 24+ For K =} (b) zn) = win, y{-1] = 4 Follow part (a) and set vuln) = K(-05)" +4, y[-1] =4. This gives 4 = 24 + For K= 38 iC) abl = = (05)"ufr], y[-1] = 0. So, ye[n] = C(0.5)". So, [C + 0.50(0.5)“*(0.5)" = (05)* of 08. 50, vin] = K(~0.5)" +0.5(05)", yf— (4) x{n] = (0.5)"uln], [1] = 6. Follow part (c) and set le] = K(-0.5)" +0.5(05)", y[=1] =6. This gives 6 = -2K +1 or K = ~25 (©) afr] = (-08)%uo},_ afl] = 0. So, yale) = Gr-0.5)". So, (On + 050(-05)-1(-05)" = (-05) 1] = 0. This gives O= 24 41 or K= 0.5 So, yln] = K(—0.5) +n(-0.8)", yf-i] = 0. This gives 0= ~2K + 20r K=1 (£) 2{p] = (-0.5)"uln}, y[-1] = ~2, Follow part (e) and set, yfr] = K(~0.5)" +n(~0.5)", y[-l] = 2. This gives -2 = -2K +2 or KChapter § Solutions to Problems 81 5.25 (Solution) For all parts, start with yo[n] ~ 0.4yofn — 1) = 2(0.5)", vo[—1] = 0, ‘Then, vel) = C(0.5)" ot (C—0.8C) =2 or C= 10. So, yoln] = K(0.4)" + 10(0.5)". So, yo{—1] = 0 = 2.5K +20 or K = -8 So, yoln] 8(0.4)" + 10(0.5)"}ujn] (2) uf) ~0.4y{n— 1] =2(0.5)"*ujn— 1], yf-1] =0 By time invariance, vf} = yo{n — 1] (b) vbr] ~ 0.4yin— 1] = (0.4)"ufn)] +2(0.5)"2ufn—1}, yf-2) = 25 Its ZIR is vuln) = K(0.4)", y[—1] = 2.8. So, K = 1 and vailn] = (0.4)" ur] For the input (0.4) un}, the forced response is ye{n] = Cn(0.4)". So, ele] - OAyrin — 1) = [Cn — 0.4(n ~ 1}0(0.4)-4](0.4)" = (0.4)" or C= 1 Its ZSR is yaln} = K(0.4)" + n(0.4)", va[-2] =O. So, 0 = 2.5K - 2.5 or K = 1. So, vila] = [(0.4)" + n(0.4)"]uln] By linearity and time invariance, y{n] = yoln ~ 1] + vafn) + valn) (©) vfp] = 0.4yfn — 1] = 2(0.8)"uln] + 2(0.5)"*ujn— 1), yl-1] = 2.5 From part (b), ite ZIR is yxifn] = (0.4) ula] For the input n(0.5)"u[n), the forced response is ye{n] = (A + Br)(0.5)". So, yeln] ~ 0.4yp{n — 1] = n(0.5)" or (A + Bn) -0.8[4 + B(n 1] =n or A= -20, B=5. Its ZSR.is yafn] = K(0.4)" — (Sn ~ 20)(0.5)*, yal~I) = 0. So, 0= 2.5K ~50 or K = 20. So, valn] = [20(0.4)" — (Gn — 20)(0.5)"Iuln] By linearity and time invariance, yin] = yo[n ~ 1) + yal) + val") 5.26 (Solution) J = jn] — sf — 1) = ft, ~1p (a) yln] =z[n]—zfn-1] So, (b) pln] = 0.52[n] 4+ 0.52{n 1). fn] = 0.56[n) +.0.55fn—1] = (05, 0.5} 2 2 (© h]=4Sozin—¥) Af) = Sone = 9, 1, 1} & S (@ Afe)= 3 Se— hain ~ = 1820 = (6) vip] ~ ayfn ~ 1] = (1 ~ aan) = {ni}, we have hofn] = K(0.5)", ho[0] = 1 or K = 2. \Sz[n}, we have A{n] ~ 0.5h9[n] = 0.5(0.5)" For y[n) ~ O.5y{n — So, for yin) - 0.6yln ~ 1)82 Chapter 5 Discrete-Time Systems 6.27 (Solution) System: y[n]+ayln—I]=a(n], (@#0) Response: yfn] = 5 + 90.5)". (2) veln=5 gin) = 300.5)" (b) @ =~0.5 and y[-1] =5 +6=11, (c) yiln] = K(0.5)*, y[-1] = 11. Thus 11 = 2K and yafn] = 5.5(0.5)". alr] = K(0.8)" +5, yl] =0. Thus 0 = 2-4-5 and yesfn] = -2.5(05)" +5 (4) 2{n] = Auln}. So, uefa] - OSueln — 1] = 4 or A= 5-056) =25 [5(0.5)" + 3(-0.5)")uln). Response: yf 5.28 (Solution) System: yln] +0.5yln— (a) veln] = 5005)" wv{n] =3(-0.5)". Also, yf-1] = 10 — So, vuln] = K(-0.5)", y[-1] =4. Thus 4 = -2K and vei edn] = K(—05)" +5(0.5)*, yf Thus 0 = ~2K +10 and ysl 0.5)" 5(-0.5)" + 5(0.5)"}u(n. (©) Ie yl-1} = 20, yaa] = K(-0.5)" and yl=1] = 10 = ~2K and yal} = -5(-0.8)". (©) For ola] + 05y{n.~1] = xf ~ 2, the response is yee — 2] [a =1] + 2x{n, the response is yes[r — 3] + 2yuala] (€) For y(n} +0.5y{n — 1] 5.20 (Solution) System: y[n]+ayln~1]= in] Response: yln — 2] = (5 +2n)(0.5)"uin. (a) We see thet @ = 0.5, yv{n] = 5(0.5)" and yelp) = 2n(0.5)". Also, y[-1] = (5 ~ 2)(0.5)" = 6. K(05)", yl-1] =6. So, 6= 2K or K = 3. Fee [(2 + 2n)(0.5)"}uln] So, vail] (0.5)*. Thus, yes{n) = y{n) ~ veil So, veiln] (b) If yl-1) = 20, yan] = K(0.5)" and y[—1] = 10= 2K and wafn] = 6(-0.5)" (c) For the input z[n ~ 1}, the response is tesln — 1] (d) For the input 2z{n — 1] + z{n], the response is 2¥es{n — 1] + veeln] (0.5)" and y[-1) = 4= 2K and yan] = 2(-0.5)*uln). (e) I yl-1] = 4, ala) So, for the input 2z{n — 1] +2[n), the response is 2yes{n ~ 1] + yuan] + veiln]Chapter § Solutions to Problems 83, 5.30 (Solution) In all cases, the input is un} (a) System 1: y[n] = 2{n]—z[n— 1], System 2: yln} = 0.5yln— 1] + 2[n} Output of system 1 is ys{n) = ufp] — ula — 1] = dfn}. So, the output of system 2 is its impulse response. So yzfn] = (0.5)"ufn} (b) System I: yn] ~ 0.5y[n — 3) , System 2: yfn) = 2{n] — z[n — 1} The output of system 1 is yn] = yeln)+yw{n] = 2+ K(05)". With y[-1] =0 = 242K, we get K = =1and yin] = [2 - (0.5)"Jufn) ‘The output of system 2 i vo[n] = yln] — yin ~ 1] = [2 ~ (0.5)"Julnl — [2 — (0.5)"—"Jula— 1] Simplifying, yp] = 2(ufn] — fr — 1) ~ (08)" ful] —2uln — 1] = 25fn]~ (0.8)"6ln] + (0.5)"ufp — 1) Toa el = A +5)" Ih = (08), Tha the ode of aang dove not mater here (because both systems are (©) System 1: yln} = 2%[n], System 2: a = 0.5y[n—1]+2[n] ‘The output of system 1 is y[n} = u2[n] = ufn). ‘The output of system 2 is thus yafn] = [2 — (0.5)"Jufn] (step response from part (b)) (4) System 1: yfn) = 0.5yfn— 1] +2{n}, System 2: yln} = 2%[n} ‘The output of system 1 is yin] = [2 — (0.5)"}ufn] (step response from part (b)} ‘The output of system 2 is yo[n] = [2 ~ (0.5)*}*uln]. The response is not the same so order of cascading is important (because the squaring eystem is not LT). 5.81 (Solution) Refer to the sketch Figure P5.31. System realization for Problem 5:31. (a) For the two feedback subsystems, yfn] —ayln — 1} = 2[n] and yln] ~ Byfn ~ 1} = 2[n) Their impulse response is hi[n] = a" unj ond hain] = Bul For the overall system, fn) = hyfn] ~ ho[n ~ 1] = a"u[n] ~ 6" ul — 1] (b) For a = 8, hl) = o*uln] - @”Aujn — 1] and the difference equation is ln] ~ ayln - 1] = 2{n] — af] (©) Fora =6=1, Ayla] = hale] = wlp) and inj = uln) - ul — 1) = din). ‘The difference equation is yfn] = z{n]. The overall system is an identity system84 Chapter 5_Discrete-Time Systems 5.32 (Solution) (a) Afr] = 5p] + 26{n ~ 1] So, yfn) = fn) + 22fn — 1) (b) Ale] = (2, 3, -1) == 26(n-+ 1] +36[n] ~é[n—1] So, vfn} = 22{n +1) +3z{n) - 2{n—1] (©) Afr] =(03)*ufn] So, difference eq has the RHS yln} ~ 0.3yln ~ 1] So, we find Afr] - 0.3h{n ~ 1] = (0.3)"u{n) ~ (0.3)"-Fufn — 1] = (0.3)"(uf So, uf] — 0.3y{n ~ 1] = afr ~ 1) =r] (2) fn] = (0.5) ufn] — (—0.5)"ufn] The roots are z = £05, so the RHS of the difference equation hhas the form yjn] ~ 0.25y/n ~ 2]. So, find hfn}—0.25Afn—2] = (0.5)"ufn]—(—0.5)"ufn]—0.25(0.5)"-2ujn~2]-+0.25(—0.5)"-2ujn—2] So, bln] — 0.25h[n — 2} = (0.5)"(uln} — ula —2}) — (-0.6)*¢ujn] — uf ~ 2) = dfn] +-0.85n — 1] - Sfp} + 0.55[n ~1] = dfn —1] So, yfn] ~ 0.28yfn— 2] = efn— 1] 5.33 (Solution) A[n] = (~1)"u[n]. The difference equation RHS has the form y[n] + ln — 1). So, find Afr] + fn ~1] = (=1)?ufn) — (-2)"-2ufn — 1) = (~1)"(ufr] ~ fn ~ 1) = dfn. So, yln} + ule ~ 1] = 2fn] The difference equation of the inverse system is vf performs an averaging operation. {n) + 2[n 21]. This is an FIR filter thot 5.34 (Solution) (2) O +87 (0) +2960) = 2u(t) Ch. Eq: 8? +35+2=0 Foots: s=—2,-1 Negative real parts, so stable system. (b) Bockward Euler algorithm: y(t) — vin] yla— 1] y"(@) = vln) -2uin— 1} + yf 2] - Soy y(t) + 3y/(t) + 2y(é) = 2u(t) + yfn] ~ 2ylm— 1} + y[n— 2] + 3(yln] —yln —1)) + 2ufn] = 2ufn] This simplifies to: yln] ~ yf — 1] + ulm -2] = dufn] Ch. Bq: A f2+}=0 — roots: z= 4, J. Stable because [zoel ?) pause 5.45 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routine atplot YEROBLEN 8.45 N=0.25¢E1,1,1, 1] ;D=[1,0,0,0,-1] :n=0:605 x-ones (size(n)) ;y=filter(W.D)2) 5 subplot (2,1,1) ,dtplot (a,x, 0"), subplot (2,1,2) ,dsplot(a,y,’0") pause x20. Lenjyatitter(W,D,2); subplot (2,1,1) ,dtplot (a,x, ’0") subplot (2,1,2) ,dtplot (n,y, 707) ,pause xesin(0. 1anspi) :y-fil ter (MD, 2) 5 subplot(2,1,1) ,dtplot (n,x,’0") ,subplot(2,1,2) ,dtplot(m,y,’o") ,pause x=0, Lentsin(0.Senepi) ;yefilter(W,D,x)5 subplot (2,1, 1) ,dtplot (a,x, 70), subplot (2,1,2),dtplot(a,y, 70”) pause xe(zen(n,5)=-0) sy~filter(N.D.2) 5 ‘subplot (2,1,1) ,dtplot (a,x,'0") ,subplot (2,12) ,dtplot (n,y,"0") pause x=(zon(n,4)=0) sy=ti2ter (N,D,2) 5 subplot(2,1,1) ,atplot (n,x,'o") ,subplot(2,1,2) ,atplot(n,y,?0") 5.4 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routine dtplot PROBLEM 5.46 130:199;, xe (0.9 -7 a); yL=[x;O¥x;08x) syeyt(:)? sy=y(1:200) 5 subplot(2,1,1) ,dtplet(a,x,’.’) ,subplot(2,1,2) ,étplot(a.y,?.’) pause x7c0s(0.0¢enspi) ;yncos(0.2404pi) =x; subplot(2,1,1) ,dtplot(a,x,”.”), subplot (2,1,2),dtplot(a,y,’."),pause x=c05 (0.0entpi) sy (1+co5(0.2enepi)) #5 subplot(2,1,1),deplot(e,z,”.'),subplet (2, 1,2),atplot(a,y,?.!)Chapter 5 Solutions to Problems 5.47 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routine depot PROBLEM 5.47 n=0:60;x-0. 1¢ntsin(0.14nepi) ;x1=0.1#(n-1)+sin(0. 1¢(n-1)4pi); x2-0.14(n-2) +5in(0.1*(a-2)*pi) ;x3-0. 1+ (n-3)+ein(0. 1*(n-3) pi); N=0,25+[4,1, 1,1] ;Dedsy-filter (W,D,x) ;yd=0. 25¢ (xrat+x243) ; subplot (2,2, 1) ,dtplot (n,x,’.*),title(?impat’) subplot (2,2,2),dtplot (n,y,?.?),title(*output of FILTER.N?) subplot (2,2,3),dtplot (n,yd,”.?),titleDirect computation of output’) subplot (2,2,4),atplot(a,y-yd,'.?),title Cerror = FILTER - direct’) ,pause WeO.25¢ [4,3,2,4) ;D=1;ynfilter (N,Dyx) jyd-O. 254(4ext3ex14 2422123) ; subplot (2.2.1) ,deplot (a,x,?.1),titte(imput’) subplot (2,2,2),atplot(a,y,’.?),title(output of FILTER.W) subptot (2,2,3),atplot(a,ya,’.') title Direct computation of output’) subplot (2,2,4) ,dtplot(a,y-ya,’.’),title (error = FILTER ~ direct’) ,pause N-0.4;D=[4,-0.6] sy-filter(N,0,x); Wo direct way possible subplot (2,1,1), dtplot (a,x, ?.?),title (input?) subplot(2,1,2),dtplot(n,y,’.?),title( output of FILTER.W?) 89 5.48 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routines dtpiot, randist PROBLEM 5.48 +0:60;x00. ientsin(0. tenepi) trandist (a, ‘uni? ,0); x10. 1¢(a-1) +5in(0.1*G-1) pi); 22=0.1¢(a-2)+5in(0. 1*(a-2)*p4) 2360. 1* (2-3) 4sin(0.14(n-3) pi) ; Woo. 25¢(1,1,1,1] ;D=1 ;y=tilter (ND x) syde0. 25 (xt 4x2423) ; gubplot (2,2,1) ,dtplot a,x,?.°), title input?) subplot (2,2,2) ,deplot(n,y,".’),title( output of FILTER.) subplot (2,2,3),éeplot (n,ya,’.’),title(’Direct computation of output’) subplot (2,2,4) ,deplot (a, y-yd,’.!),title (error = FILTER ~ direct’) pause N=0.254[4,3,2,1] ;D=1 ;y=ti1ter (W,D, x) ;yd-0. 25+ (GextSext+24x20x3) 5 subplot (2,2,1) ,atplot(a,x,?.°),titieC input’) subplot(2,2,2) ,dtplot(a,y,’.?),tétle( output of FILTER.) subplot (2,2.3) ,dtplot (a, yd,’.’),title('Direct computation of output’) subplot (2,2,4) ,dzplot(a,y-yd,?.°) title Cerror = FILTER ~ direct’) pause N=0.4;D=[1,-0.6];y=f41ter(W,D,x); No direct vay possible subplot (2,1,1) ,atpiot(,x,’."),title(input’) subplot (2,1,2) ,dtplot(n,y,?.), titleCoutput of FILTER.W) 5.49 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routine dtplot PROBLEM 5.49 2+0:60;x~sin(atpi/8) ; Ne[1 i] ;Det;y-tilter QI,D,x); subplot (2,1,1) ,dtplot(n,x,’.’), subplot (2,1,2) ,dtplot(a,y,’.") pause N=(t,-2,1] sDetiy=falter (W,D,2); subplot(2,1,1) ,atplot (a,x, ’.7), subplot (2,1,2), dtplot(a,y,’.”) ,pause Ne(1,1,1]/3;Delsy=tilter(N,D,x) ; subplot(2,1,1) ,dtplet (a,x, ’.’), subplot (2,1,2), atplot a, 7, ”27) pause90 Chapter 5 Discrete-Time Systems Ne(2,2,1] /2;D=1;y=fi1ter(,D,x); eubplot(2,4,1) ,deplot (a,x, ’.*),subploe(2,1,2) ,atplot a,y, ” 5.50 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routine atplot, sysrespi PROBLEN 5,50 2n+0:30;Ne(1,0) ;Del1,-0.8); sskeresysrespt (/2? HD, [1,1,0,0,0,0)) ,Atplot (a,eval(ystep) ,’") ,pause Yimpssysrespi (*2?,N,D),dtplot(a, eval (imp) .’0') .panes yeerevsrespl(’z?,H,D,[1,0.5,0,0,0,0]) ,atplot(a,eval(yzs), ’0") pause wetreyerespt('2? M.D, [1,0.5,0,0,0,0) ,~4) ,dtplot(n,eval (vel) ,’0°) pause Ne[+,0,0} ;De[1,1,0.5}; yt2=sysrespi(’2?,H,D,[1,0.5,0,0,0,0), 531), dtplot (n,eval (yt2) 0") ‘You could also use dtsimgul. The gul shows the results of part (d)Chapter § Solutions to Problems gu. 5.51 (Solution) Uses the ADSP deta file echosig.mat HEXAMPLE 5.51 oad echosig 1 Load echo signal sound(echosig) Listen to echo signal Nt=fix(0,09375*8192) ;2-2401; 4 Filter delays ne[t zeros(,¥2)]; 4 Nuerator of inverse aL1 zoros(1,H1-1) 0.9 zeros(1,N2-Nt~£) 0.8]; % Denominator of inverse noechorfilter(a,d,echosig) ; % Filtered signal sound (noecho) 4% Listen to filtered signalChapter 6 CONTINUOUS CONVOLUTION 6.1 (Solution) Refer to the figures below (a) 2) =r(t) (b) a) eult-2)— (e) a(¢) =205~ 0) (@) a(t) =e (a) ) 0 HQ) Ye hay (29 ieee ees acy a [a a i i n aes oz @ @ 200 nO) et) po fray fea) 2 pe : ty i a 6.2 (Solution) yt) fs a(A)A(E —A)aA = f © te nO) Att =0, this simplifies to x)= [" servers f° * tm aa)24 (a) x(t) = u(t - 1), A(t) = u(t +2) ul y= [20 neayar= [7 wa-3ue— ajar [arm (©) x(t) = w(O, al = u(t —1) wire fF acaneyte [one-nes [10-0 fi pe tec (c) a(t) = tule +1), A(t) = (¢ + I)u(t) vo)= [7 sayn—nar= f roosaya-a(-ajor= f' x0-Har = (a) =(t) = w(t), Alt) = cos(0.Sxt)rect(t/2) = cos(0.5at)[ult + 1) — u(t ~ 1)] (0) = [Laer = fs ul) c0s(0.50)fu(A +1) — wld 1)}d ad = -2/3 1 ° ° ° v0) = [ {ested} — i corfana)aa = J cos(05na)di = 2 sn(a.sna) 22 - Note: The second integral is zero because upper lim < lower lim. 92Chapter 6 Solutions to Problems 93. 6.5 (Solution) (a) 2(t) =e-u(t) A(t) = F(t) = tu(t) wo) [ 7 a(t A)R(A)EA = [ . eMule — a) uA ‘With a =1, this simplifies to y(t) = (t—-1+e~)u(t) (b) 2(¢) =te-**u(t) A(t) = ut) at) = f z()R(E — A)aA = f Ae“ u(aju(t —2)d = if dey = T+ wd) f Upon simplification, y(t) = 20 + 4) () 2) = emult) A(t) = cos(tu(t) * s(t ARON = ii * en(e-My(t — A) cos(A)u(A)dA we“! feos() + sin(a) (€) 2) = eFul) (0) = costt) w= [ se ayncayar = f° en Salt — a) cos(Alu(A)eA = [costae ut) =e = 0.5{cos{t) +sin(¢]] 2-00 (all time) (e) a(t) = 2t{et +2) w(t —2)] lt) = u(t) — u(t 4) w= [~ Split this into 4 integrals and simplify the limits om each a(a)R(¢ — 9)2 = £ DAfu(A+ 2) — u(A~2)jfult — a) — ult —4—al}an™ ut) = if aau(a+2)u(e —a)aa if * axu(A + 2)u(t 4 —a)ad - fe 2du(A — 2)ule—ayda+ £ 2au(A~ 2)ult—4— add ‘ ine : ‘ Hone fi rar-2 frar—2 firarsa [aan Ls ln I, > aa ‘The range of the first integral is ¢ > ~2, of the 2nd and Srd is t > 2 and of the dth is t > 6. So, ‘we cannot just add the results. Using appropriate step functions with each result, we get v(t) = (€? — A)u(t + 2) ~ (2e? — 8¢ + S)ult — 2) + (? ~ 8¢ + 12)ult 6)04 Chapter 6 Continuous Convolution (8) 2(0) = 2tu(e) ACE) = reet(t/2) = u(t +3) — u(t) WO - 2(A)K(E~ A) = ic 2au(A)fu(t +1 =A) —ult —1 = A)}d u(t) = Ee ‘The range of the Ist integral is t > —1 and of the 2nd is # > 1. Upon integration and using appropriate step functions, u(t) = (4 Put 41) - @—1a(t 1) (6) 2(0) =) = Hult), 4G) = (/8)u(¢ 1) [i xt- ane ifs (adult eA =D ay fln(t) — tm(a) ~ (¢ — 1)Ju(t - 1) = [ein(t) —# + Yule — 1) arutayue-t raya [” 2au(adu(t— anes faa [oa Leo b ut) So, y(t) 6.4 (Solution) Refer to the sketches shown. Convolution with an impulse replicates a signal. If the impulse is shifted, so is the convolution. Use these facts and superposition to sketch the results. Coaveltion Convolution? (0) ote) 6.5 (Solution) 1. Signal endpoints: [-2,2], [-1,3] Pairwise sum: [~3,1,5] Range: -Batcl Range: Lacs, v0) 1b) and 4 xt-2) gay fend CA) a i 4 ' 2 7 [ l 2 Cl 2 t wot ws er sae Zz 7 5 Since the signals ere piecewise constant, the convolution is linear and peaks at t = 1. From the figure, y(1) = 32. At the end-points, the convolution is zero. Thus, y(—3) = 0 = y(6) More formally, we compute the convolution by ranges. [ gaa =stt+3) Renge:-3 S(t—k)srect(t) — (b) > S(t — 3k) xtri(t) — (c) iS rect(t — 2k) + rect(t) ee roms 1Sot0 plies A ANS102 Chapter 6 Continuous Convolution 6.22 (Solution) The step response s(t) is the running integral of the impulse response A(t). A(t) = rect(t - 0.5) = u(t) ~ u(t —1). So, s(t) =r(¢) - r(t = 1) (b) A(t) = sin(2at)u(t). So, s(t) = [ sin(2rA)@\ = 21 ~ cos(21)ju(t) (0 Ho a lnereat-05] satiny, Saat) { BBO) 542 (a) he) =e“, So, s(t) if eciMdA, Evaluate seperately for t <0 and t > 0: t 0: ts0 yijeos fete Meraaosew? [) oranie 10 eos f PNA A = Jet? 6.25 (Solution) Refer to the sketch. The step response is s(t) = (t). So, h(t) = s'(t) = 6"). IE the input is 2(), the output is yt) = AG) #20) = (2) #202) = 2"), ut a [Ra 1 aap te 6.26 (Solution) Refer to the sketches below. The impulse response is h(t) = u(t) ~u(t 1) whose periodic extension gives the desired periodic convolution (remember to ete the normalizing factor of 2) ‘The repens ofthis sytem to 2(2) = rect — 0.5) is simply y(t) = tilt =) Bult) x2e“Mu(t) = Bte“*u(t) o [olan cent) f : u(t). For r= 0.5, v(t) H(0) = e-tu(t) emul) = [ Beta en 9. ts0 yft)= aia en? gd = eH fe & 120 y= af EMA GY = 056° Forr = 1, A(t) = eu Eveluate separately for t < 0 and t > 0: iso =f tana [aed #200 vt)= ie ete ga = deo s-2tl = e-y(t) + e%u(~t). So, superpose the results of parts (a) and (b). Fort = 05, h(t) = 2e-Mu(t). Evalucte separately for t $0 and # > O: = 0.52% © 2)104 Chapter 6_ Continuous Convolution 6.28 (Solution) (2) uf@) = eM ee“ = [etu(—z) + e*u()] « tut) + eFu(0} With e-fu(t)xe~fu(t) =te~*u(t) and etu(—t)«e~‘u(t) =0.5e~!!, and using the folding property, u(t) = —tetu(—t) + te-fu(#) + ev! (b) y(t) = [etu(—t) — e“*u(t)] * [etu(—t) — e~fu(t)]. From the results of part (a), y(t) = —tetu(—t) + te~*u(t) — el (c) fetu(—t) ~ etu(t)] « [e~fu(t) ~ etu(—t)]. From the results of part (a), uli) = tetu(—t) ~ tertu(t) + ent 6.29 (Solution) The impulse response of the RC circuit, with r = 1, is A(t) = e~*u(t). We use convolution by ranges. Refer to the sketches below. nora) — eran.nc-n) [ amnion napa [= He OHHH e avy x oy 2 Wea a LM 2 Per a fe eT Te ‘Range: Octel_—Rangetot | | Range:Octel Range’ | | Range:Ocrel Range! oI . w » © at’. eat? 0) (a) Hi) = 0S) al eds wl, Be pte ss By) Range:0S¢S1 1 = [ra Range:1 St < 00 Ue) = fl genta wert ‘The maximum value of y(¢) oceurs at t = 1, with y(1) = 1-7? = 0.6321 (b) 2=(t) = trect(t-0.5) Signal endpoints: [0, ce), [0,1), pairwise sum: (0,1, 0) Ranges0StS1 y(t) = [ de Odd tL tent a Range: 1$t salt) = 2etu(t) x S(t) — ev*u(t) = 2etu(e) — 2tetult) — Hf) = H(t) u(t) = 2temHu(t) = e-™ (b) z(t) = 2etult) —+ vat) = 2etult) » tule) = 2tem*u(t) — ylt) = wilt) «6(t) —ertult) = 2te™ u(t) — Pe Outputs are identical because both systems are LTT. 6.34 (Solution) hy(t) = s(t) — e~*u(t) and ho(t) = e~'u(t). (2) p(t) = hu(t) + halt) = 6(t) — e-fu(e) + e-tult) = 5(t) (b) Aaa(t) = [5(t) — e-fu(t)] x etal) = em tu(t) - tertu(t) 2 (©) hanlt) = e*ult) + [8(@) ~ e-tu(e)] = etu(t) — te-tu(t) (4) We find hrz(t) = hax(t) because both systems are LTT. (e) The parsllel connection of Ay(t) and hya(¢) must equal 6(t) So, hr(t) = 6{t) ~ his(t) = é(t) —e~*tu(t) + te-tu(t). -—-—_eo—oooo 6.85 (Solution) For system 1, v(t) = 2'(?)+2(¢). So, hilt) = 6'(t) + 6(0), For system 2, ha(t) = e~tu(s) (a) u(t) = 2erFule) «[6(t) + 4(6)} x emtu(e) = 2e-*u(t) (b) ult) = 6(¢) +6) + 600] xe*uly) = 5(0) (©) One system is the inverse of the other because fy(t) « ha(t) = d(¢) —e—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—________106 Chapter § Continous Convolution 6.36 (Solution) Refer to the circuits shown. sean eee eae a sO Dayo 8 aR yO Creal Great (a) For the first circuit, hy(t) = s4(t} = For the second circuit, a(t) = 36(¢) For the third cireuit, simplify to an RL cirenit (as shown) with Ry = R/(3R+1). Thea, ha(t) = (1/r)ent/"u(t) = Rye~**tu(t) where + = L/Ry = 1/Ry Then, hs(t) = Gha(t) = ¥Rie-* u(t) (b) For the ideal cascade, haa(t) = Aa(t) #ha(t) = e-*u(t) + 24(t) = Feru() This does not equal /is(t) for the physical cascade because an ideal cascade assumes an infinite input impedance for the second system. If not, we have an impedance mismatch which causes loading. This can be avoided by using high input impedance, low output impedance, isolating or buffer amplifiers between the two systems. u(t) (©) At t= 0,hi2(0) = 3 and hy(0) = 3R:. For the condition given, 2R1 = (0.99)3 or R ‘The larger the value of R, the less the difference between a(0) and hs(0). 6.37 (Solution) (a) Ait] =e"@+9u(t) Causal and stable (b) Ale) = e-4u(t-+ 1) Noncausal and stable (c) A(t) = 6(t)—e-tu(t) Causal and stable (a) A(t) =6(t}—e'u(-1—z) Nonceusal and stable 6.38 (Solution) Let hp(t) be the impulse response of the parallel combination and ho(t) be the,cascaded impulse response. (@) f(t) = emule), ho(t) = 6(e) Ap is causal, stable; hic is causal, stable (b) halt) =e-tu(¢ ~3), halt) =4(¢#2) Ap is noncausel, stable; Ac Is causal, stable (©) halt) = e~*ule), hale) (4) ha(t) = e~*u(t), Aa(t) = etu(—t) hp is noncausal, stable; he is noncausal, stable (2) aif) =e, Aa(t) = eo (f) Aa(t) sel", halt) = (@) u(t) =e, haf “t7u(t—1) hp is causal, stable; hc is causal, stable Up is noncausal, stable; fc is noncausal, stable It! hp is noncausal, unstable; fig does not exist HK hp is noncousal, unstable; he does not existChapter § Solutions to Problems 107. 6.39 (Solution) (a) v(t) =2(¢) unstable because h(t) = H(t), A(t) = u(t) and J |h(@)|at = co. (b) y(t) +ay(t) = z(t) stable for a> 0 because h(t) = Ke-**u(t) and f A(t)idt = K/a. (©) !%(e) = 2(¢) unstable for n 21, since A(t) will be a step (J 6(¢)) for m= 1 or a polynomial for n> 1, and thus f {A(E)|dt = oo. (4) v(t) = 2")(t) unstable for any n > 1, since A(t) will be ’(t) for n = 1 or 6!(4) for 2.2 1. These derivatives of the impulse are not absolutely integrable. Alternatively, a step input (bounded) will yield impulses (n = 1) or their derivatives (n > 1), which are unbounded (at ). 6.40 (Solution) (a) z(t) = a(t) - ule). (2) Ax(8) = 26(8) a(t) = 2) + 26(¢) = 2e(6) = 2fult) — ule] (2) halt) = s(t) + 40-3) volt) = (ule) ~ ule] + ful ~ 3) — ut ~ 4) (8) halt) = erFu(e) volt) = ental) ~ (eM ult 1) (b) The statement applies only to instantaneous systems. (c) System 1 is instantaneous. Its system equation y(t) = 2z(t). System 2 is dynamic because u(t) = a(t) ~a(¢ ~ 3) the arguments of the input and output do not match ¢ ~ 3. System 3 is Gynamic and deseribed by the dilferential equation y(t) + y(¢) = =(t) (A) For an instantaneous system, h(t) must have the form K6(t) (and not K6(t a), for example). 6.41 (Solution) {a) rect(t) «tri(t) Convolution is smoother and Jonger in duration (b) rect(t) *(¢) Convolution has same duration and form as rect(t). (©) rect(t) x(t) Convotation is derivative of rect{t) and less smooth! (4) sinc(#) * sine(t) Convolution equals sinc(t) and shows no smoothing. y(t) = e~7® * e~** Convolution has the same (Gaussian) form but is more stretched out. (e) sin(2rt)+rect(t) Convolution is zero. As we slide the folded rect pulse, the product over one unit (the period of the sine) integrates to zero, 6.42 (Solution) (a) =(¢) = cost), uit) = }sin(t — 4x) ‘This deseribes a linear system; the responce is at the Input frequency. (b) 2(t) = cos(!), y(t) = cos(2t) This is a nonlinear system; the response is not at the input frequency.108 Chapter 6 Continuous Convolution 6.43 (Solution) (a) True. 2(t) + 6(t) = Ax(t). (b) True, Example: oie-fu(t) = is PetnO gy = ich as that described by the topulse response A(t) = e~#*u(t). Mg = eae = Kel is an ig eigensigual of any LTT system (0) Not true, IF2(¢) = cos(at) and v/(t) + Ay(t) = a(t), then y(t) = Acos(¢) +B sin(t) = Ccos(t+8) Only in special cases will 4 (or 8) equal zero. (A) True. Examples sine(t)xsinc(t) = sine(t) _sine(t) + sine(24) = 0.5sino(t) 6.44 (Solution) (a) No___(b) Yes__(c)No__(d) No 6.45 (Solution) For stability, {Jh(#lat must be finite. For causality, A(t) = 0, t <0 (a) A(@) =u(t) Unstable, causal y(t) Stable, causal (¢—1) Stable, causal (d) A(z) = rect(t) Stable, noncausal (e) A(é) =sinc(t) Unstable (sine is not absolutely integrable), noncausal (8) A(t) =sine?(t) Stable(fsinc®(t)at = 1), noncausal 6.46 (Solution) (a) A(t) = e-*u(t) Invertible. Describes y/(d) + 2u(t) = a(t). So, inverse system is y(t) = 2"(t) + 2a(t) and hy(t) = 6'(t) + 25(¢) (b) A(Q) = 5{t~1) Invertible, averse system is y(t—1) = 2(t) or y(t) = 2(t4+1) and hi(t) = (t+2) (c) A(t) = sinc(t) Not invertible. Diferent Inputs can produce identical outputs. For example, sinc(t) « sinc{t) = sinc(¢) and sino(t) + 2eine(2t) = sinc(#) 6.47 (Solution) (@) at) =eUrut) aalt) Ket Ostet a 2 f[ e-*Vd4(0,00) f Ke“ldt = Kr(1— eT") SoraKr(l-eM) Ke pdee (b) aft) =te-Vult) apt) (AFB Ost T = r [ te! at =? f[ (Att B)enW dt = Ar(1— eT) — Are + Bra — 7/7) 5 lo Equating the two results and comparing the coefficients of 7 and 72, we have Ae )s1 | Bde T)~ eT m0 This gives A=Chapter 6 Solutions to Problems 6.48 (Solution) Refer tothe folowing sketches, o| : | ead : : £ j ne ne ae 209 (@) (4) ut) x sin(ne)[u(e) — u(t — 2)]._ As we fold and slide the sine pulse, the convolution after 2 Units is the area under the sine pulse and equals 0. So the convolution duration is 2 units. (2) rect(t}«cos(2zt)u(t). As we fold and slide the rectangular pulse, the convolution after 1 unit, is the area under cos(2nt) over one unit and equals 0. So the convolution duration is 1 unit, (b) After Ty units, the convolution equals the area under 2(t) = 0 (©) After 1 unit, the convolution equals the area under 2( 6.49 (Solution) Use the ares property of convolution. (a) (at) *5(at) = Ad(at). The area of 6(at) is 1/la]. 1ypty_A 1 So, (@G a'4"ta {b) sinc(at) « sine(at) = Asinc(at). The area of sine(at) is 1/la. lyfly_ A 1 So, (a)Ga) “atta (©) ot? er™ So, (1}(1) AeW*#/2, The area of e~** is 1. The area of e~*®/? is V3. VE or A =1/v2. 1 1 A 1 @ patie ise Tee! +8 1 is and the aren of py is 2 So, (7)(=) = 2A or A= 0.57. 6.50 (Solution) (2) 2(t) = A(t) = rect(t) 1p ap role) = molt) = [7 dt=a,m(a)=m(h)= f eae=0 WA peer sma(2) = m2(8) = f co B mbe=nlt)= et 3 Now y(t) = x(t) + h(t) = tri(t). Since y(t) is even, we compute 1: mati)= f idae=1—mtn= f exey=0 fe =} = motu) _ mtv) 2 ma) f euiee= 5 nt) = MF atu) _ mals) mala) _ ‘We find ma(y) = mo(z)ma(h) mo(y) — mo(z) ~ mo(h) 0 waly) = wa(z) + walh) = 310 Chapter 6 Continuous Convolution uth ate) = oul) etdt=1 — m(z)= mms) = ["Petat= 2 pa(e) = 22 - a = malt) = [Weta=05 min) = [eta =02s matt) = [Pe *t=025 p(t) = 2-2 = oa ma) = [ete e=05 miy)= pe fre =e at = 0.75 mat) = [ete *)dh= 1.75 u(t) = BE a ae solv) = mote)ma(h) =05 BAC) .. mule) ml Tol Fat ale) ay ES aly) = a(t) + wa(h) = 1.25 6.51 (Solution) @) hat) = 2S) (y= =P ‘The maximum value of ha(t) occurs when hy (t) = 0 or when (nu — ten) (b) galt) = Keren? fe Thus, gn(n) = K = (n°fnlje® (t= n) aoe bela © Kem [Se] (d) From the aree property, {f° hn(t)dt = 1. The area of gq(t) must also equal unity. Since shifting oes not change areas, we use fee ee ce Kev dt = 2K | edt = Kynja= al a ee anat a 6.52 (Solution) Refer to the following sketches, 0 no | ry £ L t 1 25s Tec Signal Marched ier Inpoe Oupat (a) Since s(t) = u(t) ~ u(t ~ 1), the impulse response of the matched filter is A(t) = s(—t). (b) The response y(t) is y(t) = 2(¢) + A(t) = tr(t — 2). (©) The response y(t) is maximum at ¢ = tm = 2's. This also corresponds to the time d by which the signal s(¢) is delayed to obtain z(t). x0 se)Chapter 6 Solutions to Problems peer 6.53 (Solution) An autocorrelation function must be & non-negative, even symmetric function with a maximum at the origin u(t) Canpot be an autocorrelation function (not even symmetric). sl Can be an autocorrelation function Cannot be an autocorrelation function (not even symmetric). Cannot be an autocorrelation function (not maximum at origin) Can be an autocorrelation function Con be an autocorrelation function i TEP Cannot be an autocorrelation function (not even syrametri). 158 Can be an autocorrelation function “ae 1 i : () rax(t) = FEF Cannot be an autocorrelation function (not non-negative) 6.84 (Solution (#) and mje Sn teu(—t) Hi 4-te“tu(®) ~ te'u(—t) (Prob 6.28a) Du(t) + etu(—t) = 0.52 (4) ran(t) =e and rae(t) = ren(—t) COMPUTATION AND DESIGN 6.55 (Solution) Use ctcongui to animate the convolution. The result shown is the partial convolution, for part (4).12 Chapter 6 Continuous Convolution 6.56 (Solution) Use ctcongui to animate the convolution,Chapter 7 DISCRETE CONVOLUTION Tat (Solution) Refer tothe sktehes, Note chet of] = 2[3 ~H] va and fk = 2+) vs fel thl= 3, 4} @)aml= 5, 3,2, 2.2) fi. ac Pes a i Hin fill, = Wit 7.2 (Solution) (a) ofp] = afr] vin] = =ntlyn>0or(n+I)uln] (®) zn] = } Alm] = (0.4)"uln] vin] = = (0.8)*u[h](0.4)" “Ful — &] = Resrog = (04 oot tam Es = 5, yin) = (04 SO =(0.4)"2"" — aIufn) (©) fn] = (0.5)"¥fn) | = 05)"(ufn +3) — uf ~ 4} sel = SS tn Hate 9) $0, yn} = 0 (¢) zir] =(@)"u[n}_—_ ln) = (@)" un] vin) = 5 bultja™tuln —K) = Shakar = 2)" Sot = (9+ De)" aia} & is =o" S1-ery a=) i (0.5)"(n + 4)ufn +3] — (0.5)%(n ~ 3)ufn — 4} (©) z[n] = (@)"uln} yin} = (6)" ln) 11314 Chapter 7_Discrete Convolution (Bley _ gett qntt Gia) * Baa tl #0) vb ~ Sete (3). (£) zn] =(@)"ufn] fn] = rect{n/2N] = uln +N} — ula —N ~1) oe Start with (a)"ufn] « uf fn) Toa = 7.8 (Solution) () ab)=¢h.2.02) ain) = 62,3} Both z{n] and Afn] start at n = 0, so yln] starts at n = 0 Indexn 0.12 3-4/5 = T A 2 2 7 2 3 rae z (b) fn) = (6,2,4,6} ln) = (6,4,2,0} Both 2fni] and hin] start at n = 0, s0 yf] starts at n= 0 Indexn 0 2 2 3 4 5 z 0 2 4 6 Ao 4 2 0 2 is 0 8 16 24 - o 4 8 2 02s 2 12 (©) ain) = (-3,-2,1,0,1), Afr] = (2.3.2) _{n) starts at n= ~2, h(n] starts at n = 0, so yfn) starts at n = -2 Indexn 2 1 0 1 23 4 32 ia 4.302 2-8 oF 8 63 03 6-4 20 2 232Ghepter 7_Sotutions to Problems us ‘ : (@) ln} = {3,2,1,1, 2}, Aln] = {4,2,3,2} a(n) starts at m = ~2,h[n) starts at n= —1, so yfn) starts at n= Indexn 9 2 1 0 1234 ape Siero iceaaeeee A423 2 rr ar 6 42 24 96 336 64224 you iw 9 84 (©) afr] = £8,0,2,0,4,0,1,0,2}, Ale] = (4,0,2,0,3,0,2} afr] starts at r= 4, hfn] starts at n = —2, so yin] starts at n = —6. Both z[n] and h(n] are zero interpolated versions of part(d), 50 4 fr} = {22,0,14,0,17,0,18,0,17,0,9,0,8,0,4} (6) 2{n) = (6,0,0,3, 1,2}, hfe] = (4,3,8, 2) [nl] starts at n = 3 (ignore leading zeros) hn] starts at n= —1, so yf] starts at Index a2 567 24 z A_3 TZ e 32 464 y 2 0 Bs As a sequence, y[n] = {0,0,12,10,19,13,8,4} {3,4,2,2}. (@) vin] = ain) x Afn] = G, 24, 28, 22, 12, 4, 1) 7-4 (Solution) z{n] = hfn) {1, 4, 12, 22, 28, 24, 8) (folding property) (b) ain} n] + h[—n] (©) pin] = 2{n) + Al-n] = (3, 10, 22, 30, 22, 10, 3) (2) Sin) = {3, 10, 22, 30, 22, 10, 3} (folding property) () (f) sfx) =zfr 1] +Aln +4] =yfn +3] == (9, 24, 28, 2, 12, 4, 2} nl x hl = zip lehin + I= vir] = (8, 24, 28, 22, 12, 4, 1}us Chapter 7_Discrete Convolution 75 (Solution) z{n] = hfn] = (2,6, 0,4). (a) ula} = z/2n) x Al2n) = (2, 0} (3, 0} = (4, 0, 0} (b) ofp) = 2{n/2] +:Ajn/2]. Now, z[n/2| = fn] = (3,0, 6,0,0,0,4,0} (zero interpolation). So, z[n/2}« hfn/2] = {4,0,24,0,36,0, 16,0, 48,0, 0,0, 16,0,0,0} font Now, z[n/2] = (3,2,6,6,0,0,4,4} (step interpolation) So, z{n/2}+ hin] = >{n/2] x hl] 16,24, 56, 44,24, 32, 32,24, 16,16} (A) r{n} = z[n] *Afn/2]. Now, Afn/2)= {2,4,6,3,0,2, 4,2} (linear interpolation) So, z{n] +Afn/2] = (4,20, 36,50, 34,28, 32,28, 20, 16,8} 7.6 (Solution) (a) The difference equation is yln) = H=(n] +2{n—1]}. (b) Phe impulse response is Aln] = }{6[n] + d[n —1]} or fn] (c) The response of this eystem to {1,2,3, 4,5} is 2a Indxn 0 1284S iat ota sramaceeas h_05 05 05 10 18 20 35 05 10 15 20 25 y 05 19 25 35 45 25 (2) The system does perform the required averaging operation. The first and last samples of a(n) are averaged with zero. ‘7.7 (Solution) (a) Alo} = (2)*ufn — 1]. Causel but unstable (Sl2"ufn— 1] =2+ 448+... is 00) (b) ula} = 2zjn + 1] + 3efn] —2[n— 1], Noneausal but stable Af] = {2.3.1}, ElAln|| <6 (©) Ala} = (~0.5)"ufn], Causal and stable (I Afal| =1epHd+d+....=2) (4) ln] = {3,2,1,1,2}. Noncausal, but stable (S> A[n]| = 9) (©) (£) Aln] = (0.5)!*!. Noncausal and stable (two-sided decaying exponential), (0.5)-"ul-n}. Noncausal and stable (folded version of (0.5)*u(n])..Chapter 7_ Solutions to Problems uz 7.8 (Solution) We use wrap-around to find the periodic convolution in each case. (@) 2h) =(1,2,0.1} Ain] = (8,2,3,0} + hin} = (2,6,7,8,2,3,0} {2,6,7,8} +2,3,0,0= {4,9,7,8} (WW =4) T. So, the inimum number of padded zeros is 7 — Regular convolution yin} Periodic convolution = ph Now, Nz =, =4.and N, air] = (6,2,4,6) fo} = {8,4,2,0} Regular convolution yln] = {n) + hin] = {0,12,32,56, 32,12, 0} Periodic convolution ysln] = {0, 12,32, 58} + (32, 12,0,0} = (82, 24,32, 55} (V = 4) Now, Ne = Ny =4 and Ny =7. So, the minimum number of padded reros is 7— 4 = 8 gz (©) ata} ={-3,-2,1,0,2) inl = (8,3,2,0,0) 12,17, -16,-7,2,3,2,0,0} Regular convolution yf] = Periodic conv: yn} = {—12,~17,16,~7,2} + {8,2,0,0,0) = {—9,—15,—16,-7,2) oes Now, Nz =, =5 and N, = 9. So, the minimum number of padded zeros £3,24,1,2) Mn] = {4.3,3,2,0} 4 Regular convolution y[n} = (12, 14,17, 18,17, 9,8,4,0} (@) a a Periodic convolution = ypfn] = {12,14,17,18,17} + {9,8,4,0,0} = {21,22,21,18,17} (N= 5) Now, Ne= Nh = 6 and Ny =9. So, the minimum mumber of padded zeros is 9 — 5 VS __. 7.9 (Solution) 2] [2424040] [4 s 2}_| 4424340) _]9 3|~|osassz0] 7] 7 4] [2toseso] [8 As a sequence, yp{n} = {4,9,7, 8} 8,2,4,6) Ale) = 6.4.20) 3e cireulent matrix for z[n}, we find 06 42)/6] faz 2064//4]_] a 4206/12] 7| a - 642o0}lo} [86 {32,24,92,56}18 Chapter 7_Diserete Convelution = (8,3,9,12,15, 18). {n] —+ [Zero-Interpolate by N] —+ [Filter] — y{n] 7.10 (Solution) = (a) tir} = (4,1). with =2, zfn/2] = (5,0,3,0,9,0, 12,0,15,0, 28,0}. So, yjn| = 2{n/2] «Afn} = (8,0, 3,3, 9, 9, 22,12, 15, 15,18, 18,0}. Except for end effects, the output describes a step interpolation between the samples of zn). (b) Af) = lian). with wv =3, ain/3] = 8,0,0,3,0,0, So, yln] = 2{n/3] + hf] = {8,0,0,3,3, 3,9, 9,9, 22, 12, 12,15, 18,15, 18, 18,18, 0,0} Except for end effects, the output describes a step interpolation between the samples of z{n] 0,0, 12,0,0,25,0,0,28,0,0} (c) For step interpolation by 4, we require N = 4 and fn] = (4,1,1,1) {0,3,9,12,15,18). 2{n} — [Zero-Interpolate by N] —+ [Filter] — yf 711 (Solution) zh (a) Aln} = tri(n/2) = {0,0.5,4,0.5,0}. With N= 2, z[n/2| = (8,0,3,0,9,0, 12,0,15,0, 18,0}. So, yf] = z{n/2}« hin} = {0,0,8, 1.5,8,6,9, 20.5, 12, 18.5, 15, 16.5,18,9,0,0). Except for end effects, the output describes a step interpolation between the samples of z[n}. (b) Al] = (0,43,4,3, 4.0), with 2 =, 2[n/3] = {8,0,0,3,0,0,9,0,0,12,0,0, 15,0, 0,18,0,0) So, yfa] = z{n/3]« Afr] = {0,0,0,0,1,2,3,5, 7,9, 10, 11, 12,13, 14,15, 16, 17,18, 12, 6,0,0,0}. Except for end effects, the output describes a step interpolation between the samples of z{n]. (c) For linesr interpolation by 4, we require N = 4 and Aln] = tri(n/4) 7.12 (Solution) (a) 2{n] = (2,2,0,1}, Afn] = B,2,3) = €1,2,0,2} + (2,0,2,5} = 1,2,2,8,2,2,} 6, 10,17, 10,6} «© renlel = 2{n] x Af—n} = {3,8,8,7,2,2) ‘© raeln) = 2{—n) « Afn] = real—n] = (22,7883) 8 reel] = 2p] *l- rn] + Bn] + raaln] (b) fn) = (6,2,4,6}, bln) = 6,4,2} & x2[—n] = (0, 12,32,$6,32, 12, 0}Chapter 7 Solutions to Problems 119. «+ raale] ~hln] + h{—n} = {12,32,86,32,12} + realn) = ain] *Al-n] = (0,4, 16,40, 48,36) © rela) = 2{-n]« Ala] = roa[=n] = (36,48, 40,i6,4,0) (©) a{n) = {-3,-2,41,2}, aln} = 3,2} # ree{a] = 2{n] 2-1} = {-6,~1,6,18,6, 1,6) «+ ran] = la] hf] = (8, 28,29, 18,8) rex[n] = 2{n] * h{-n] = {-6, -13, -20, ~7,3,8) # rpaln] = 2[-n] + hfn] = real] 20, -13, -6} (a) fn} = {3,2,1,1,2}, An] = (4,3,3:2} © reelo] = a{n)2[—n] = (6, 7,7,11,18,11,,7,7,6) # raaln] = A[n] « h[-n] = (8,16, 20,38,20, 16,8} # realn| = 2{n] + hf-n) = (6,13, 14,21,17,12,8,8) fen) « ifn) 8,12, 17,21, 14,13, 6} © thelr) rent TAS (Solution) {n] = rect{(n — 4)/2] = {8,0,0,1.1,1} Afr) = rect{n/) = (1,1 (9) reele| = 2{n}+2[-n] = (5,0,0,1,1,1)*(0,1,1,0,0,3) Since z[-n] starts at n= —5 and z[n] at n = 0, thelr convolution starts at n = —5, 80. Feeln} = {0,0,0,1,2,8,2,1,0,0,0} () aan] = Al» Alen) = (2,151, 1,1} #401, 2, 1,1). Since ifn] and h{n] are even symametzc, we get rualn] = {2,2,8,4.8,4,3,2,1) (©) realn] 0,0, 2,3, 1} (1,3, 2,1). Now, 2{n] starts at n=0, and A[—n] at n = —2, their convolution starts at n= —2, 80 0,6,4,2,3,3,8,2,3} in] « Ain) [=n] Ala) = Now, 2{-n] starts ot n= 12, 1,0,0,0} + (0, 1,3, 1,1) ond Alp) at n= }, their convolution starts at n = —7, 0 raate] = £1,2,3,3,8,2,1,8,0,0) a (e) We se that rsa ; they are folded versions of one another.120 Chapter 7_Discrete Convolution 7.14 (Solution) Use regulor convolution and wraparound. See Problem 7.12 for intermediate results. (2) 2fr) = €2,2,0,1), Af] = @,2,3, 0} Teafn} = {1,2,2,6,2, 2,1). So, rpeln] = {8,4,3,8} (by wraparound) 4 ‘ * (0,6, 10,17, 10,6,0}. So, r5n{n] = {10,12,10,17} (by wraparound) 4 rental = {0,3, 8,657,252}. 80, rpoaln] = £7,5,10,8) 10,5, 7.8) £ Paale] = {2,2,7,6,8,3,0}- 80, rye (©) afr] = (8.2.4.8), Afr} = (6,4,2,0} 4 4 (0, 12, 32, 36, 32, 12,0}. So, rpeln] = (32, 24, 32,56} (by wraparound) Tesh aaln] = (0,12, 32,56, 32, 12,0}. So, rpaln) = {82,24,32,56) (by wraparound) a real] = {0,0,4,16, 40,48, 36). $0, rpealn) = {40,48,40,i6} nel] = (96,48, 40,16,4,0,0}. So, rpneln] = (40, 48,40,16} {-3,=2,41,2}, hin) = (0.43.2) 6, ~1,6,18, 6, -1,6). So, rpefn] = (0, ~2,0,i8} (by wraparound) (0,8, 18,29, 18, 8,0}. So, raln) = {18,16,18,29} (by wrapsround) . rexln] = {—6,-13,~20, -7,3,8,0}. So, tpeainl = {“4,—5,-20,-7} taafn} = realm] = {0,8,2,-T, -20, -13,-6}. So, tyneln] = {-20, -5, ~4,—7} (@) fn) = (3,2,1.1,2), Mn] = (4,3,3,2,0} + a (6,7,7,11,19,11, ,7,7,6}. 80, rpefn] = (17, 14,14, 17,19} (wraparound) reeln] = 2{n} «2[-n] ranln) = Afr} xA[—n} = {0,8,16,20,38,20,16,8,0}. So, ryaln) = (20,24, 24, 20,33} (wraparoundj ranln} = 2[p] « hl-n] = {0,6,13,14,21,17,12,8,8). So, rpen{al = (17,18, 21,22, 21} rneln] = 2{-n]« hla] = reaf—n) = {8,8,22,27,21,14,13,6,0}. So, rpneln] = (22,21, 18, 7,21} 7.18 (Solution) (a) dfn 1]+a[n ~ 1] = 52-2} (B) cos(0.25n) + (é[n} — dfn. — 2}) = cas(0.25n) — cos[0.25(n ~ 1} x] (©) cos(0.25nz) + (4[n] — 26[n ~ 1] + dfn ~ 2}) = cos(0.26nm) ~ 2cas[0.25(n — L)n] + cos[0.25(n ~ 2}x]— (A) fn] = (—1)* + (6fn] + [a ~ 3) = (4) + (1) = (2) - (a) =Chapter 7_ Solutions to Problems 2 7.16 (Solution) Hain (2.5yr — on 35-2 Gass} ~ asa) let mc Boe (2) (0.4)-*ufn} + (0.5) "ul = (2.5) fn] x 28ufnj = ‘u[n] (see Prob 7.2e) (8) vl] = aula) + 9-"ulnl = (a) uf + (1/8) = fn} (som past 2) () Fin] = a*u[—n] + 8%4[—n} = (1/2) "ul-n} + (2/8)-*u[—n] = u[—n] (folding property) So, finj = cere * afr} (from part c) (@) a-Pul=n) xa- 1A (Solution) (2) s{n) = ufn)+(0.5)h Lost = 1209" ig} = 2 (0.5)"hun) 1-05 = (05, —os)t = Lo (0.5) 0.8) toe () s{n} = wp] + (05)*costan)ufa) = vfn) « (-0.5)"uin) = 7 me (8 + §(-0.8)"}uln} (©) slr] = ufn] x (0.5)" cos(ne +0.5r) ufn} = ulnj x (0.5)" sin(rex) = un] +0 = 6 (2) fn] = uln]x(0.5)* cos(non-+0.25n}uf} = wln}x(0.5)"cos(0.257) cos(nx) = ulm} 3y(—0.5)"uln] = lg + 1-05)" up] (from part b) (e) s(n] = ufp] +n(0.5)" fn] = Leos = a Sap +2905" + m0] uo] (abi) ¥n(0.5)" cos(nm) fn) = ufn] + n(—0.5)"u[n} (n+ 1)(-0.5)" + n(~0.)"]u} (om part &) : (f) sh ~05 i aoe 7.18 (Solution) (2) vbr] - 0.5yfn] = zip}. Its impulse response is hl] = (0.5)"ufa] (b) 1 z{n} = (0.5)" ula], then yin) = (0.5)"ufn] +(0.5)%ufn] = (n+ 1)(0.5)%ufn © eat = (0.5)"u{n}, thea ye{n] = Cn(0.5)" and [Cn — 0.6¢(n — 1)(0.5)-1(0.5)* = (0.5)* or = y(n] + yet= K(0.5)" + n(0.8)". With y[-I] = 0, we get 0= 2K ~2 or K = 1or n+ 1)(05)"uln} (@) Ie y[-1) =2, we get 2 = 2K —2 or K =2 and fn) = (n+ 2)(0.5)" fn). {e) The outputs of parts (b) and (c) are identical. Both desoribe the zero-state response,122 Chapter 7_Discrete Convolution 7.19 (Solution) Assume that both convolved sequences start at n= 0 (a) {2, 3, 2}+{2, 0, 1} = (2,1,2,1,2} (even symmetric about n= 2) (©) (2, 1, 2) £4, 1} = (2,8,3,2} (even symametric about n = 1.5) (c) {2 2}« {1, 1} = {2,4,2} (even symmetric about n = 1) (a) {2, 0, -2}+ {1, 0, —1} = {2,0,~4,0,2} (even symmetric about n = 2) (©) {2, 0, -2} (2, —1} = (2,~2,-2,2} (even symmetric about n = 1.5) (8) (2, -2}# (1, -1} = {2,-4.2} (even symmetric about n= 1) (e) {2, 1, 2+ (2, 0, ~1) = (2,1,0,~1,2} (odd symmetric about m= 2) (B) (2, 1, 2)* (2, -1) = (2,-1,1,-2} (edd symmetric about n= 1.5) @ @, 2}, -1 2,0, ~2} (odd symmetric about n = 1) 7.20 (Solution) x{n} = {3,4,6, 8} (2) vf {4.16, 40,80, 100, 96, 64} {n] + fn} (b) guln] = 2[2n) « 2[2n] = {3,6} (3,6) = (4,24, 26}. (alr) not related to ylnl). (©) 21/2} = (5,0,4,0,6,0,8,0} (zero interpolation). So, yal] = 2[n/2] « z[n/2] = {4,0,16,0,40,0, 80,0, 100, 0,96, 0,64, 0,0} (valn] is a zero interpo- lated version of y(n]}. eB (d) z[n/2] = {2.2,4,4,6,6,8,8} (step interpolation). So, yaln] = x{n/2] + x{n/2] = (4,8, 20, 82,56, 80,120, 160, 180, 200, 196, 192, 160, 128, 64} (vs{n} not related to ylnl) (©) ={n/2] = (2,3,4,5,6,7,8,4} (linear interpolation). So, ysln] = 2[n/2| x 2{n/2] = (4,12,25,4, 70,104,147, 180, 194, 196,185, 160, 120,64, 15} (yaln} not related to yfn})Chapter 7_ Solutions to Problems 123 7.21 (Solution) (a) For linear interpolation by a factor of N, we require fy |] — [UP-SAMPLE (zero-interpolate) by N] —+ [Filter] —> vin} (n/N). (b) {n] = 4t1i(0.25n) = {0,1,2,3,4,3, 21,0}. $0, vuln] = 2[n/2} = {0,0.5,1,1.5,2,2.5,3,3.5,4,3.5,3,2.5,2,1.5, 1,05, 0,0) (©) For N'=2, we have hn] = tri(n/2) = {0,0.5,4, 05,0). ‘The zero interpolated input is 2{n/2] = {0,0,1,0,2,0,3,0,4,0,3,0,2,0,1,0,0,0). The output is ‘yln] = 2{n/2] « hn} = {0,0,0,0.5, 1,1.5,2,2.5,3,3.5,4,3.5, 3,2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5,0,0,0} Except for end efects, y[n} is identical to yi[n}. 7-22 (Golution) If hfe has the form blo) we may write ole) = 3 sf8)Aln— alr — 4] = vf y _{klaln ~ k} Hfz{n] starts at n= 0, ato) = > albu ~ Alu — a ‘The response thus starts at n = 0. If z{n] starts at n= no, z{n] = zfn]ufn — ne] and vin} = X ste nalhfn — kjuln ~ k] = yln) = Latina ¥ > -afk]in — A] i ‘Thus, the response also starts at n = no. 7.28 (Solution) (a) Let x(t) = Ae) = rect(t/2). So, y(t) = 2er(t/2) and y( ets) = {0,0.5,1,1.5,2,1.5,1,05,0}. (b) With t, = 05 s, 2fn] = hin] = (2,1,,1,2,1. - So, vl] = zfn]+ An] = {2,2,8,4,5,4,3,2,1) : So, va(nt,) = tayin] = {0.5,1,1.5,2,2.5,2,1.5,1,0.5}. This does not match the exact result u(kt,) because ty is not small enough and the sample value at the jumps is ambiguous (chosen as). (©) Using the sum by column method, we have Sree Here a geaeeeed eed eed 1 1 4 4 2 spore ae eee Cee ura ec ea ete eee "(oy trapezoidal rule)124 Chapter 7_Discrete Convolution So, we get yr(nte) = {0.25,0.5,1,1.5,2,1.5,1,0.5,0.25}. This metches y(kt,) exactly (except at the end points). ‘The likely source of error is the ambiguity in the sample values at the jumps. (A) x(t) = 2tri(¢) and A(®) = rect(t/2). With t, = 0.5 s, x{n] = {0,1,2,1,0} and Afn] = (2,1,1,1,1}. The sum by column method gives: Ofer seen ae. Seer tgeaee geet) Osea eesti: Oe Hae eH a eeu! oa eo ee ao rectangular) 00.5 2 3:6 4 3.8 2 0.8 0 (trapezoidal) Thus, yalnt,) = {0,0.5,1.5,2,2,2, 15,050} yr(nts) = (0,0.25, 1,1.75,2,1.75: 1,0.25, 0). The trapezoidal rule will yield a better approximation. rect(n/4) = (1,1,3,1,3) 7.24 (Solution) z[n] =rect(n/2) = {1.1.1} Al (a) fin] = 2{n} «z{n] = {1,2,3,2,1) ln) = Alm) + Aln) = (1,2,3,4,5.4.3,2,0) (b) We see that fl and B=K 55. Stei(n/3) and gf] = Str(n/5). Thus, A = Mf (6) Generaing, we ave rit /20) et) = (2N +1) (xr) 7.25 (Solution) (a) Forward difference: yin 90 hel] = {2, Backward difference: ys{r] [n—1}, so Apin} = (1, -1} (b) Both systems are stable (ZiAfnll = 2 for each). System 1 is noncausel. (©) For the parallel connection, hp = hr + hs = {1,,-1) (stable and noncausal). (a) For their cascade, ho = hr «hy = {1,21} (stable and noncausal)Chapter 7_ Solutions to Problems 125. 7.26 (Solution) (a) Afr] = dfn} ~ én —1] 1E-zfn| = uln}, then yln} If z[n] = (-1)"u[n, then yf] = {n+ Afr] = win] — ulm —2} = sn] —1)Pufn] ~ (1) uf — 3] (or yf] = 2(—1)ufn] ~ {a} (b) fn] = (085, 0.5} = 0.58[n] + 0.56(n — 1} jn), then yin] = 0.5ufa) + 0.5ufn— 1] = dfn} (or vf 1)" up, then yf] = 0.5(—1)Puf + 0.5(-1)"4ufn— —0.56fn]) (or yln] = 0.58[n} in] + ula ~ 1] + ufn—2)) = (4.3,1,3,1...) [(arets + (arte — a] + (yr ufs -2]] 2 ED] R)sln — = 443, 2,2) (ml, then yln] = 2(3uln} + 2ufm — 1] +ufn—2]) = 3{3,5,6,6,6...} —1)Pufn) then yin] = 4 [3(—3)Pafn) + 2(-1)"ufn =a] + (2) Fun — 2) (©) vin] +0.5y[n — 1] = 0.5z{n}. Its impulse response is A[n] = 0.5(—0.5)"u[n], HE afy) = ufp}, then gfo] = ufp] + Afn] = 05 S-(-0.5)* = os Pps = ane ‘ee : 0.5(-05)"uln] If zip} = (-1)"ufn), then .5(-0.5)"ufn) & (-1)%ufn) = oor oer ((-1)" -0.5(-0.5)"}u(n) i 7.21 (Solution) (2) 2in]=0.5"un} Does not qualify as an eigensignal (b) 2[n] =e-9"" Qualifies as an eigensignal (©) 2h (a) sf (e) zn} =j" =e""/? Qualifies as on eigensignal ei 4677/2 Does not qualify as an eigensignal cos(nm/2) Does not qualify as an elgensignal (f) ain] = (V+ (VA Does not qualify as an eigensignal128 Chapter 7_Discrete Convolution 7.28 (Solution) hafn) = é[n] +ad|n—1], Aafn] = (0.5)*ufn) and x{n = (0.5) fn] (a) For the two systems in parallel with a = 0.5, Ap{a] = (0.5)"ufa]+6[n]+0.58[n—1] and yfn) = (n+1)(0.5)"ufn} + (0.5)"u in] +0.5(0.5)"Fuf—2] (b) For the two systems in parallel with a = —0.5, apf} = (0.5)*uln) +n] -0.56{n—1] and yfo} = (n-+1)(0.5)"ufn]+(0.5)"ufn}—0.5(0.5)"~tujn—I] (c) For the two systems in cascade with a = 0.5, yln] = (0.5)"u(n] + (0.5)"ufn] + (6{n] + 0.56[n ~ 1]) So, uf] = (m+ 2)(0.5)*ufn] « (5fn] + 0.56!m ~ 1]) = (m+ 1)(0.5)" uf] + 0.5n(0.5)"-*ufn 2] (d) For the two systems in cascade with a = ~0.5, y(n) = (0.5)"u[n] + (0.5)"u{n] « (4[n] - 0.58{n — 1) So, yfn] = (n-+1){0.5)"ufn] « (5[n] — 0.5é[n — Y}) = (n + 1)(0.5)" ln] - 0.5n(0.5)"-*ufn = 1) This simplifies to yfn} = (0.5)"u/n) 7.29 (Solution) Refer to the figure, The difference equation of the two subsystems is ys] z{p) and yaln] = Byaln 1] +.2fn). So thelr impulse response is haln] = aun] and he| Figure P7.29. System realization for Problem 7.29 (a) The impulse response of the overall system is hfn] = Aaln] — haln 1) = a u{n] — 5" This is an IIR filter. (b) If = 8, we find fr] = a ufn] ~ a" —ufn ~ 1]. This is an TR. filter. OH 1, we find fi[n] = ha[n] = uln] and Afn) = un) - wl — 1) = dfn. The overall system represents an identity system (whose input and output are equal). = 7.30 (Solution) For a cascade Ac|n) = Ax[n]/ha[n]- So the step response is given by sen] = uf] « fn] «= haln}. This does not equal the convolution of the individual step responses (sy[n) = ufn] +y[n) and 4{n] = uln) + hafnl). So, scfn] = siln] + haln) = soln] + hiln}. 7.81 (Solution) Given that System 1 is « squaring cieuit and System 2 is an exponential averager with Alp) = (0.8)"ufn]. Find the output of each cascaded combination. Will their output be identical? Should it be? Explain. (a) 2(0.5)"u(n] — 4(0.5)2" = 4(0.25)" (0.5) — (0.25)n+2 os= 025 So, yfn] = 4(0.25)" + (0.5)*ufn] = = [8(0.5)" ~ 4(0.25)"Juf] (b) 2(0.5)"ufn] + (0.5)"ufn) = 2 + 1)(0.5)"ufn}. So, yfr) = (nm + 1)?(0.25)"uln. ‘The two outputs are not equal and the order of cascading matters because the systems are not LTT (the squaring cizeuit is nonlinear).Chapter 7_ Solutions to Problems 127, 7.32 (Solution) y(n} = 0.5y[n— an}. So Ay{n] = )*uln] = - "1 CER eel calv aah a earo a a8 - Onn 80, yn) = 2(n + 1}(0.5)Pufn] x (6[n} ~ (0.5)*ufn}) = 2fn + 1)(0.5)"[n] — 2n(0.5)™ (b) 2(0.5)"ufn] + (5fn} — (0.5)%ufr}) = 2(0.5)Pufn} — 2(0.5)"—Fufn — 1} So, yln} = (2(0-5)"uln} -2(0.5)"-*ufn—1]) «(0.5)" ula} = 2(n+1)(0.5)"ufn] —2n(0.5)"#u[n—2] The two outputs are equal. The order of cascading does not matters because both systems are LIT. 1. = 7.33 (Solution) y[n] = 0.5y/n~ 1] +z{n}. So, (a) The impulse response in parallel: hp (b) Impulse response of cascade of System 1 and System 2: hia{n] = (0.5)"uln](6[n] ~ (0.5)"ufn)) = (0.5)"ufn] — (n+ 1)(0.5)*uln] (©) Impulse response of cascade of System 2 end System 1: hsa[n} = (@fn]— (0.5)*ufnl) «(0.5)"uln] = (05)"ufa] ~ (9 +1)(05)uln (2) ¥es, hrzln] and hax{n] are identical (because both systems are LTD). (2) Now, hiln] + haz{n] = hela. So, Arln] = hel] — hsaln] = 5{n) ~ (0.5)"ufn] + (n + 1)(0.5)"uln} Alo in] =e — (05) vo cg saci death es SS alae So, yfn] = 2(n-+1)(0.5)"u[n} — n(0.5)"2ufn — 1] = 2(0.5)"ufn} (©) fed = Str] « (0.5)"ufn] «Afn] = (0.5)"uf + (6{n] ~ 0.58(n — 1) So, yin] = (0.5) ufn} - 0.5(0.5)"#ufn — 1] = fr] (c) One system is the inverse of the other (the output of the cascaded system equals the input). 7.85 (Solution) ln] = 0.5"ujnl- So, yen) = So Ans kN]= So 05" yn dan] je =(osy (os) _ Ala] . =a Sent = y= =D 3) (by wraparound) os(nz) = (1, -1} (V =2). $0, hyeln] J Preln] = {$1 ~3: ~§} and pln) = (3, (b) fn] = {1, 1, 0, 0}. With N= 4, hpeln] = So, ylr] = a{n] + hpe{n] = (16,24, 12, 6,2,0,0} and yp[n] = 34 {18,24, 12,6} (by wraparound) (©) fn] = cos(0.5nx) = (1,0,~1,0} (N= 4) and hyeln] = (16, 8, 4, 2} 80, vfp} = afr} + Apel] = oe (26,8, -12, ~6, ~4, ~2,0} and ypln} = 7 {12,6,~22, ~6} (2) ain} = (05)", 0S <3. So, 2fn] = 3{8,4,2,1} and hoeln] = So, vin] = 2in) 4, 24,8, 2} and vol128 Chapter 7_Discrete Convolution 7.36 (Solution) z{n]= (1, 1, 23,5, 4, 3,1 All = (4, 3, 2, 1} (a) Let zyfn) = {1,1,2,3} 2am] = {5,4,3,1) (b) yale] = 2a(n] x Alp) = 4,7, 13, 21, 14,8, 3) (©) yaln] = 2efn] + Ain} = (20, 31,34,26,13,5,1} (4) ofr) = 2hnl Alp] = (4,7, 13, 21,94, 99, 37, 26, 19, 5,3) (2) Since za[n] may be regarded as starting at n= 4, we have yl] = ys{n] + ynin 4] 7.37 (Solution) (2) 2{5] =(a)"*¥fa} Ale] = (@)*win} (la <2). renlnl= So 2lR)AlR- nv] 35 aFulkjat "lh n) a went For n> 0, uidlulk —n] is zero for k allAle—n] = > kat ulkla* Mlk ~ nj ict toe For n 20, uldlulie~ n] is zero for k 0) Pree, atte i520 for k <0 and Ranln) = Sokakak* me Doha = eS {ns0) (©) ain} = rect(n/2N) fn] = rect(n/2N) ‘The correlation of 2[n} and h(n] is also their convolution, because both are even symmetric. Thus raaln] = 2[n] + hin] = rect(n/2N)) + rect(n/2N) = (2N + 1)tri (ats) ‘ Gace ee eee te eee DCE 7.88 (Solution) resfn] = 105575. So, m3 = lin. rash | = 10(2) =4and m,=2 Ako, o2 = res(0)—m2 =5—4=1. Finally, P= re(0)=5.Chapter 7 Solutions to Problems 229 COMPUTATION AND DESIGN Aly 7.89 (Solution) yfn] —0.8y[n ~ 1] (08)*ufn} YPROBLEM 7.39 Uses the ADSP routine dtplot be'0.8 7 nj hte?(0.8 .* n).*(ne=19)?; 7420 term truncation PART Ca) 2=0:15;x=enes(size(n)) ; yofilter (eval (h) 1,2) jyiefilter (eval (ht) ,1,x) ;@tplot(a,y-yi,’.?) pause 2-0:80;2-ones(size(n)); yetitter (eval (h) ,1,x) jylatilver (eval (ht) ,1,x) sdtplot(a,y-yt,?.” 20:50; x-ones (eize(n)) yefilter(eval (h) 1,x) jyistalter(eval (at) ,1,2) ;dtplot(n,y-yi,”.?) ,pause ypaRT () 0:18; x=(nc=10) ; yrtilter oval (a), 1,x) ;yl=tilter (eval (ht) ,1,x) jauplot(a,y-y1,?.” 20:30; x*(n<=10); yet S1ter (eval (h) 1,2) 0:50; x=(a<=10); yetitter eval Q), 1,2 —_——_— spause spause Anfilter(eval (ht) ,1,x) :dtplot(n,y-yi,’.?) pause Axtilter (eval (ht) ,1,x) ;duplot(n,y-yt,?.”) 7.40 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routine atplot xrsin(0.2enepi) jbex;yscony(x,b); WPart (a) subplot (2,2,1) ,étplot (a,x,7.') subplot (2,2,2),atplot(a,b,’.’) subplot (2, 1,2) ,dtplot(ay,y,".”) ,pause x=sin(0. 2enepi) jtivcos(0.2enepi);y=conv(x,h); XPart (b) subplot (2,2,1) ,atplot(a,x,?.?) = subplot (2,2,2) ,dtplot(a,b,’.’) : subplot (2,1,2),dtplot(ay,y,”.?) ,pause xecos(0.2+nepi) jhex;yeconv(x,b); KPart (c) subplot (2,2,1) ,dtplot(a,x,’.’) subplot (22,2) ,atplot(a,b,?.?) subplot(2,1,2) ,atplot(ny,y,?.”) ,pause xeeine(0.2en) jhexiynconv(e,b); “‘WPart (é) subplot(2,2,1) atplot(a,x,".”) subplot (2,2,2),drplot(a,h,”.?) subplot (2, 1,2), atplot(ay,7,".") —_—_———130 Chapter 7 Discrete Convolution 7.41 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routines dtplot, randist, corrp ‘YPROBLEM 7.41 PART (a) M=S00;n00:4-2; x=c05(0. 14pi+n) ; s-xtrandist (x, "unt? ,0); rsscorzp(s,s); dtplot(a,rs,’.),axis([0 60 -inf inf]), pause APART (b) rxmcorsp (xx) dtplot (n,rx,’.?),axis((0 60 -int inf]), pause wPART (oa) e20;imp="rea(n,¥); yecorrp(s,imp)4N/M; 1% Normalizing factor is N/M plot(n,x,n,¥,2,5),axis({0 60 ~inf inf))Chapter 8 FOURIER SERIES -1 (Solution) Refer to the fo ant 8.1 (Solution) Refer to the sketch for the spectra for parts (a) and (b). Onetdet “Twosed wosded Magid Magritte Maginde Magsitose le A 2 as 4 Ede Py Loo 2 24 i) pene tetas Te gS Praetcep) Phase (dep) Phase (ee) xp 1 28 go 2% 2 so) a ieee srealeaaae A se (a) Trigonometric form: z(t) = 4+ 2sin(dzt + 4) + Ssin(16xt) + 400s(16xt) Polar form: Combine terms at w = 16n. Then, 2sin(41t) = 2 cos(4nt ~ 90°) Aslo, Bsin(16rt) + 4 cos(16rt) — 34 ~ 90° + 40 = ~J8 +4 = 52 ~ 36.9" + 5cos(I6rt — 36.9") So, x(t) = 4 + 2cos(4nt ~ 90°) + 5 cos(16nt ~ 36.9°) Exponential form: x(t) = 4+ eH#4ens90" 4 er5tnteiO" 4 a.s[eilertg sito" 4 greet i260) Frequencies present: 2 Hz and 8 He, Fundamental frequency fo = GCD(2, 8 # So, harmonics present: k= 1 (fondamental), and k= 4 (4th harmonic) : (4)?+3(2)? + $(3)? + $(4)? = 30.5 and remy = VP = V305 = 5.52 Signal power P (0) 212) = Jo Faint ge HH. Now, sin(O.5kn) = 0 for k= #2 and k= st. So, exponential form: 2{t) = 6eP®tte-%7/3 4 6e~J6rteIn/* 4 2eit8t 4 aersisnt So, polar form: 2(¢) = 12cos(6mt ~ J) + 4eos(18rt) ‘Trig FS: 2(t) = 12cos(6rt) cos($) +12 in(6x¢) sin( 4cos(18rt) Frequencies present: 3 He and 9 Hz. So, fundamental frequency fo = GCD(3,9) = 3 Hz So, harmonics present: k= 1 (fundamental) and k = $ (Srd harmonic) From Exp. form, P = 2(6)? + 2(2)? = 80 and tyms = VP = V0 = 8: + 4.cos(28xt) = 6 cos(Gnt) + 6/3 sin (Gri) + 131132 Chapter 8_ Fourier Series (c) xt) = 2—4cos(Srt + 0.25n) + 10sin(12nt ~ 5) Polat form: x(t) = 2+ 4cos(8nt — 2) + 10cos(12mt ~ Sf) Exponential form: a(t) = 2+ 2eiBte-s/4 4 2e-d8ntpsOn/4 4 19¢H32ate 395/64 196 HlaEgiBH/6 Now 2(¢) = 2444 cos( xt) cos(32) +4 sin(@nt) sin(2¢) +10 c05(124) cos( SF) +10 sin(L2rt) sin( So, trig form: 2(¢) = 2 — 2.8284 cos(Snt) + 2.8284 sin(Srt) ~ 8.68 cos(12xt) +5 sin(12m¢) Frequencias present: 4 Hz and 6 Hz. So, fundamental frequency fo = GCD(4,6) = 2 Hz 2 (2nd harmonic) and k = 3 (3rd harmonic) (2)? +0.5{(4)? + (10)2) = 62 and 2ag = VP = VEE = 7.874 So, harmonies present: From polar form, P (€) 2(t) = [cos(t) + 2cos(2t)}? = cos?(t) + 4 cos(t) 008(24) + 4cos*(2t). So, x(t) = 0.5[1 + cos(2)} + [2e08(31) + 2cos(t)] + 2[1 + cos(4t)]. Polat and trig form: 2(t) = 2.5 + 2cos(t) + 0.5.cos(2t) + 2e0s(3¢) + 2cos(4t) Exp form: 2(t) = 25-4 ef + e-F 4 0,25(6 + e-2™) + ef 4 eH eit 4 gostt Frequencies present: (1,2,3,4] rad/s. So, fundamental frequency wy = GCD(1, 2,3,4) = 1 rad/s So, harmonies present: & = [1,2,3,4] (fundamental thru 4th harmonic) From polar form, P = (2.5)? + 0.5{(2)? + (0.5)? + (2)? + (2)"] = 12.875 and 2iqe = VP = VI2375 = 3.518 8.2 (Solution) x(t) Ye sat) costasoniet & (2) fo = 800 He and T=}. = 125 ms (b) ox = fsin®(AE), by = 0, og = Esin*(AP), be = O and XUé] = f sin?(4Z) (©) Zero de offset and X{A] = 0 for even k, so z(t) has half-wave symmetry. The X(k] are purely real, 50 z(t) also has even symmetry. 8.8 (Solution) Consider the periodic signal z(t) = > Z sinh) sin(100kxe +25) om (a) fo=50 He and T= 2 =20 ms (b) sin(200kmt + &§) = cos(100knt + AE — 0.52) So, cx = fsin(k$) and 0 =" ~0.5r. So, X(k] = Bsin(hg)etr/ter0 Also, sin(100kn¢ + &) = sin(100kmt) cos( $f) + cos(10Okme) sin ($F So, ay = Esin(k¥}sin( 4) and by = Fsin(kF) cos(E) — (©) Zero de offset and cy = 0 for even k. So, 2(t) is half-wave symmetric.Chapter 8 Solutions to Problems 133, 8.4 (Solution) Refer to the following figures: (2) ep e) Co) f y z 23 ra 3 Hanes (@) 2(() =e°4, (0,1), 90 T=1, fo X{i]= pf 2e metas -[ mttaskeph Tike Ia deetesed po et 0, X[k} = LEY ARO ince ett = S.XN= “Tie “isa | » (b) a(t) = rect(t -05), (0,2), 507 =2, fo=05, wo =2rfo=n Since x(t) = u(t) -u(t-1) =1, OS tS, we get _ cat one pL 20) albontae -[ cos(kr)at = SBC) (c) a(t) = (1 +8), (0,1), 807 =1, fo=1, wo = 2a fo = 2e be a [ai tnnaten [c+ paatetrnnt 2 ["aaernan +2 eanaaenae =2eos(2kxt) |! | 2sin(2knt) — 2kmt cos(2krt) |? ‘Thus, b op Ber) ee Dkr ty Tikey lo 8.5 (Solution) Refer to the spectra. vans Ba ee eee tan su "Llpucow cli ; sy Pol Pe 1 Hs) si) "90 130230 a areca eee a i For Signal 1: (a) Frequencies present: 90, 150, 210 Hz. So, fo = GCD(90,150,210) = 30 Hz. Harmonics present: k= 3, 5, 7 (b) Nonzero de value. Only odd harmonics. Harmonic phase = £90° (so only sine terms). So hidden odd symmetry and hidden half-wave symmetry. (c) Polar form: 2(t) = 1+ 4 cos(180n¢ + 90°) + 2cos(800mt + 90°) + cos(420r4 ~ 90°) (A) Signal power P= (1)? +0547 42741) =115 tims = VP= VITB = 3.39 For Signal 2: (a) Frequencies present: 10, 20, 40 Ha. So, fo = GOD(10,20,40) = 10 Hz. Harmonics present: k = 1({fundamental), 2, 4134 Chapter 8 Fourler Series (b) Zero de value (a9 = (©) Polar form: 2(t) = 4cos(20nt) — 8cos(40t) — 4.c0s{80xt) (d) Signal power P = 0.5[47 +8? +49] =48 tims = VP = 48 = 6: ). Harmonie phase = 180°, So only cosines. So even symmetry. 8.6 (Solution) Refer to the following sketches (a) Byen symmetric about 7/2 (b) Odd symmetric about 7/4 (c) Even symmetric about T/2 and odd symmetric about T/4. (A) Odd symmetric about 7/2 and even symunetric about T/4. eat 7 \ i: : ree ESE AEe 8.7 (Solution) Refor to the sketches. ge) Sismald yx) Signal 6 21) Signal 4 s(t) Signals : u 3A: ‘| 4 “fDewe N Nw 35 v at a Figure P8.7, ‘The periodic signals for Problem 8.7. + (Signal 1) (a) 2(t) has even symmetry. So be = 0. Now, T= 4, up = 0.58 xia p fame tore! [sotorae [ cothtit3 [site ‘The second term is zero (integral of odd function between symmetric limits) ao = 2s (05a) xpyj=2 [ cos(kupt)at = 2Sinlknt) aoe So, ox = dsine(0.5k). The de velue is 0 and all odd harmonics are absent. = sinc(0.5k) (b) Power in the fundamental (k = 1) is Py = 0.50? = 3.2493 W (©) Power up to the 4th harmonic: Py = 8 + 0.5(a} + 08) = 7.6025 W (A) Total power (from 2(t)): P = energy in 1 period/T = 32/4= 8 W (e) The couvergence rate is 1/k (and the Gibbs effect will be present)Chapter 8 Solutions to Problems 135, + (Signal 2) (a) 2{¢) has odd symmetry. So ag = a4 = 0. Now, T'= 4, oy =0.5r or te #f “iosinthntit = f sing) alpen eof’ 3 : sinf(— 3K)rd] _ stal(a + $k)" So, by =2 [out —Jh)rt]— cost + Haye} dt a ae sio[(1~ Ke] _ sinj(1 + 24x] So, by = 2 - aie wee pay FRE Special case: k= 2: 4sin(mt) sin (at)dt = 2 fo [1 ~ cos(2mt)}at = (b) Power in the fundamental (k = 1) is Fy = 0.58) = 1.441 W (©) Power up to the 4th harmonic: Py = 0.5(62 +63 + #2) = 8.9598 W. (A) ‘Total power (from z(t)): P= energy in 1 period/T = 16/4 = 4 W (@) The convergence rate is 1/K? (and the Gibbs effect will be absent). + (Signal 3) (2) 2(¢) has even symmetry. So, by = 0. Now, T= 4, wy = 0.50 wee s()dt=3 -3 $f x (6) cos(hunt)dt = Acos(0.5kmt) + 0.5kmt a Skrt) At 4sin(0.5ent) [(sscosostniyat + acososkenet A peat (O5m)® 05k |, Iecos(0.5kn)+0.5krsin(0.5kx) _ Ssin(0.5kx) _ 16[cos(0.5kn) ~ 1] $050 ee SRE) _ Moe ee) So, X[k] = 0.5a, = = (b) Power in the fundamental (k = 1) is Pi = 0.50} = 1.314 W (©) Power up to the 4th barmonte: Py = 08 +0.5(a? + 03 + a3) = 10.6588 W 4016) +216) _ ap a 3 (@) Total power (from 2(t)): P = energy in 1 period/T = = 10.6867 W (@) The convergence rate is 1/k? (and the Gibbs effect will be absent) # (Signal 4) (@) 2(t) has half-wave symmetry. So, ay = 0 and ay = by = O for evenk. Now, T= 4, up = 0.57 cos(0.5kxt) + 0.5krt sin(0.5krt) |" seUSEs Parr x2 1 fr x(t) cos( hunt) de = f “Atcos(O.5kat)at = 4 So, 04 = Gary [conl.5kn) + 0.8krsin(0.ér) ~ 2] (& od)136 Chapter §_ Fourier Series r/2 by 2(t)sin(kunt)dé = [ dt sin(o.Skrt}dt fo easiest Fina [s0(0.5kr) 05k 200(0.5kx)] (odd) fn Ose |,” aa? (b) Power in the fundamental (k = 1) is Py = 0.5(a} +62) = 1.7422 W (©) Power up to the 4th harmonic: Py = of + 0.5(a3 + a3 + 62 + 62) = 2.2878 W (a) Total power (from 2(t)): P = energy in 1 period/T = $ W (e) The convergence rate is 1/k (and the Gibbs effect will be present) + (Signal 5) (a) 2(¢) has odd symmetry. So, ay = ax = rp 1. Now, T= 4, up = 0.50 ap 2(t) sin(kaot dt = [ Stsin(0.Skrt)ae sin(0! = O.5k rt cos(0.5kxrt) {!/? sadn) astetelOStr 2 Fao asen)~025trng6hn (b) Power in the fundamental (= 1) is A, = 0.58} = 0.1210 W (©) Power up to the 4th harmonic: Py =o} + 0.5(0} +0 +03 4.82) = 1.0177 Ww. (€) Total power (from 2(¢)): P = energy in 1 period/T = 4 W (©) The convergence rate is 1/k (and the Gibbs effect will be present) + (Signal 6) (a) 2(¢) has even symmetry. So, 5, = 0. Now, T= 4, wo oe 1 anh anantf' cotosmant x ang [ {t)cos(kuot)at f 4eos(0.Sxt) cos(0.5knt)d¢ 2sinfh(1 + k)nt) | 2sinfZ(1 = Rint ya+e (x |p 80, ai f * fcoo(3(0 + &)ne] +cos{ (0 ~ B)t}dt = 2ein(O.5x 405k) | 2sin(0.5x —0.5kn) _ Beos(0.5kr) So 04 =O Se( +A) OSni=0.b) mae)" FAT Special case: k= 1: a1 > f seoaiee cos(at)adt = fe + cos(nt)idt = 2 hb I (b) Power in the fundamental (& = 1) is P, (c) Power up to the 4th harmonic: P; = af +0.5(a} +3 +2) = 3.9958 W (as 35,7...) (d) Total power (fom 2(t)): P= energy in 1 period/T = 16/: (e) The convergence rate is 1/k? (and the Gibbs effect will be absent) een so <2 =4WwChapter 8 Solutions to Problems 137 8.8 (Solution) Refer to the sketches for magnitude and phase spectra. de ines e a | Unt oe Ts Tews Ls Phase (degrees) Phase (degrees) © : 7 alt fl ym Lelie cow u % 3 at an TTD (a) Polar form: x(t) = 2+ deos(2xt + 30°) + dcos(dat + 60°) + Acos(Gt + 90°) (b) For 2(2t): Signal compression doubles the fundamental frequency to 2Hz. Spectral coefiients do not change, Their frequency spacing doubles. (©) For 2{¢~ 2}: No change in fandamental frequency or magnitude epectrum. Original phase is augmented by —kuytp = —AE = —60k*. ‘The added phase is ~60° (k= 1) = 120 (e=2) —— 180° (k= 3) (A) Since a(t) 4 jkunX {k}, there is no change in fundamental frequency (s0 fo = 1 Hz). ‘The original phase is augmented by 90° for all k. ‘The magnitude spectrum is scaled by kuy = 2nk/o = 2nk. 8.9 (Solution) (a) 4{@) = 2{28): The coeficients Fj equal X{H] but the fundamental frequency and the fiequency spacing of the spectre is doubled. {b) 9(f) = 2(~1). Now, X[k] = 0.504 ~ j0.8by. Also, Gk] = X[-H] = X*[k] = 05a, + 30.54. So, the oy remain unchanged, but the by change sign. (©) For A(t) = 2(~24), the ax do not change but the bs change sign. Also, the fundamental frequency and the frequency spacing of the spectra is doubled, (A) For y(t) =2+2(2t): Due to the de offset, ¥[0] = 24 X[0]. The other coeBicionts ¥[é], -k x0 equal X(A], & #0 but the fundamental frequency and the frequency specing of the spectra is doubled. ——<—$ $$138 Chapter 8 Fourier Series 8.10 (Solution) (a) Refer to the skatch @ pO xo) | a ofl {a 4 oe col en ed x(t) € XR]. So y(t) = 2'(t) <> Yh] = jhurpX[h] = ef/4 — erdbe/M = 24 cin(hevo/) So, with wo = 2x, we get X{b] = Pistol) = 0.5sine(0.5k) (b) Refer to the sketch. O po ex) Z(t) # XK. So y(t) = a'(t) # jkuoX{h] By superposition, o(t) = 2(¢) ~ 2'(t) & G{k] 1 So, with wp = 2m, we get X[K] = (c) Refer to the sketch ‘pe a(t) X(k). So, FO) = 2"(0) YK] So, with uy =2n, we get Xjx) = Zier =9" _ josh) = jhup)®X(K] = —(GRuo)en22/ Guo? 2k (A) Refer to the sketch. f oR : tro re Z : of iabet oY ry “| Tapa “a i 2{¢) + X[k}. So, y(t) = 2 4 ¥ik] = Ghuo)?X [K} Nom, ¥[k] = 2t%0/? 4.4 26-fhn!9 = 4.4 deos(hun/2) n4 + Aeos(hun/2) _ 1 -coslke) 9 ane Gen Ghaye OseO-5H) ee So, with wp = 2r, we get XR)Chapter 8 Solutions to Problems 139, 8.11 (Solution) Refer to the following figure for Problems 8.11-8.14. Gotten woe fi rie #3 rin 814 ’s 051 157 as OST ist O51 1ST (a) Convergence rate is 1/82, No Gibbs effect. Time period T = 2. (b) 7'=2. Fourier series converges to 1 at t= 0, 0 at t= 0.25 and 0 at ¢=0.87. 8.12 (Solution) Refer to the Sigure for Problem 8.11 (a) Convergence rate is 1/k. Gibbs effect is present. Peak overshoot = 9% of jump =(0.09) (6) (b) T= 2. Fourier series converges to 3 at t= 0, 6 at ¢= 0.257 and 3 at t= 0.57. 8.18 (Solution) Refer to the figure for Problem 8.11 (a) Convergence rate is 1/k. Gibbs efiect is present. Peak overshoot = 99% of jump. (at t (0.09)(12), at €= 0.5 and t=15: (0.09)(6).. (b) T= 2, Fourier series converges to 0 at t=0, 3 at t = 0.257 and 0 at t 8.14 (Solution) Refer to the figure for Problem 8.11 (a) Convergence rate is 1/h. Gibbs effect is present. Peak overshoot = 9% of jump. (at (0.09}(4), at t= 1.5: (0.09)(4/e). (b) T= 2. Fourier series converges to 2 at = 0, 4/é at t= 0.25T and 2/e at t= sr 8.15 (Solution) The spectra for parts (a) and (b) are shown in the following figure. | J BT fan 1s 5 BE OF 26s Of — Siku2a6 iSite 3216 OS 1S 33 We Specrumofx() —Shiftrightby OS KHz Shift by 8 kz ‘Aédand hae (b) Upon modulation by cos(1600et), the spectrum of z(t) is shifted by 4800 Hz, summed and am- plitude scaled by 0.5. (©) a(t) = 2 + 6cos(1600nt) + 2cos(4800x¢). Power in 2(t) = 2? + 0.5{6? + 29] Power in 2(¢) cos(1600rt) (from spectram) = 37+ 2{(0.5)? +2? +12) = 19.5 8.16 (Solution) z(t) = |sin(260nt)|. So, fo = 250 Hz (not 125), X= 2 Xk) = aro, (a) Refer to the following sketch. The output is just the de component and thus y(t) Speemim of input ouput specoura Time-dorsn ouput fier 7) aby _ 7 LTE Lt eo 0 ‘ Be 78140 Chapter 8_ Fourier Series (b) Refer to the following eketch. The filter passes components at £250 Hz, (k= 1). So, c1 = 2X1] =~ gt and y(t) =~ cos(5002) Seeger ane anf iter ' af te LT Re va eae UL, tft ae, TTT Ta (©) Refer to the following sketch. The filter passes de and +250 Hz. So u(t) = 2 - cos(500nt) Spectrum of apt ‘eps spectum emai et oat iter a xo / Bae ped cttw = _ LL Lo 3 78 Be 35 au jas Phuc xd) Phas (xd) Sea aTaea LL wo Gy TTT 8.17 (Solution) z(t) =2-+ Df; fsin*(kf) cos(L600%r). x(t) —+ [Ideal Filter] — [RC Lowpass Filter (r = 1 ms)] — y(¢) We have fo = 800 Hz and ay = 2. Only odd harmonics are present with a, = 6 (at 800 Ha), as = 2 (et 2400 Hz), and as = 1.2 (at 4000 Hz). The transfer function of the RC filter is H() ; where 7 = 0.0018. FjaFe (a) Refer to the figure. The ideal filter blocks all frequencies past 200 Hz. Only the de compoment is passed. So, y(t) = Specrumofxi0 Oupuspeam fide het ‘Thnedomsin quit of Mer t ve) ] Wa eaaeseneaaes tt tes fst) L aU 6820 ie (b) Refer to the Sgure. The ideal filter passes only frequencies between 200 and 2 kHz. Only the fundamental shows up. So, output of ideal filter is y(t) = 6cos(1600xt). The output of the RC filter is 6 2, Y(f) TF jarteoojooay © 7478-7 $0, y(t) = 1.17 cos(1600nt — 78.7") 1.17 eos{2600x(¢ ~ 0.00027))Chapter 8 Solutions to Problems ua Specamstat) Oupuspceometidal ier Tinedomsig ouput ef RC er nt ale af eae ae a . i Le oat ea a armaatiarecl ee tes (€) Refer to 137 the figure. The ideal filter blocks all frequencies past 2 kFlz. So, the de component and the fentaceial are passed. From the results of parts (a) and (b), y(t) = 2+1.17 cos(2600x(¢ — 0.00027} Spectamof Output pectrum of del iter Time-dotin output of RC filer ats a ty Pe ast ah | Fiker 4 a rot wwe Cfo f SaaS OS ie | Tao oss ia ara 8.18 (Solution) Refer to the circuits shown. z(t) = [l0sin(t)] vols 20 40. 80, wp = 2 rad/s 7 eae VN Ye BRE Cras © (Circuit 1) Vo =0.5¥g (@) 9 and cx for z(t) have been already listed. (b) The de component of the output is 0.50 = 12 = 3. (©) The fundamental component of the output is v(t) (A) The power in y(t) thru Is Ph = (05ca)? +0.5) ‘ 1 + (Cireuit 2) Hw) = += (Circuit 2) Hl) = ES = oe (2) cand cy for a(t) have been already listed. (b) ‘The de component of the output is ¢9 = 22 366, (c) The phasor output for k= Tis = 08, 1+ So, un(t) = 1.898 cos(2t + 116.6" 183. = 0.50; cos(unt) = — 2 cos(2t). [(0.5ey)? + (0.5ea)4 9.4955 W. 116.6"142 Chapter §_ Fourier Series (4) The phasor magnitude for k= 2 is [Yo] 2059 494 So, Pa = (6.366)? + 0.5[(1.898)? + (0.2059)?] = 42.3509 W. iw Jim Tt jor 1430 (a) co and cx for x(t) have been already listed. # (Cirenit 3) H(o) (b) The de component of the output is zero. ser .asor output for k= 1 is Yi 7961. — 153.4° (6) The phasor output for k= Lis Yj = G4 = 3.70010 — 153.4 So, sn(t) = 8.7961 cos(2e — 153.4") fen +i So, Py =0.5((3.7961)? + (0,8285)%] = 7.5441 W. 1.8235 (@) The phosor magnitude for k = 2s [Yal - So the results are identical to those for circuit 1 T¥jor ~ Tj i Ta juor ~ Type (2) cp and cy for 2(¢) have been already listed. (b) ‘The de component of the output is 0.5¢y = 3.188, ence ° (€) The phasor output for k= 118% = yh = 1.52158 So, v(t) = 1S asl +138 stag] = 0.1898 +3 So, Fa = (0.5ep)? + 0.8[(1.5)? + (0.2898)"] = 11.276 W. (A) The phasor magnitude for k = 2 is [¥o! = i (u) mw He fe + (Cireuit 6) Hl) = Toa Tae (a) 9 and cy for 2(t) have been already listed. {b) The de component of the output is zero. r output for k= asec e (6) The phasor output fork =1 18 ¥y = FT = 2.08874 — 165.96 So, vi(t) = 2.0587 cos(2t ~ 165.96"). jeg 1438 So, Py = 0.5((2.0587)? + (0.4211)%] = 2.2078 W. — oan (4) The phasor magnitude for k = 2 is [Ya agChapter 8 Solutions to Problems 143, 8.19 (Solution) (t) = cos(10rt) and y(t) = 10 cos(Ont) + 2cos(80nt) + cos(50nt). (a) Third harmonic distortion ¢g/cy in output = 2/10 = 20%. (b) F=}(00)%, Pr — P= He)? +) So, Total harmonic distortion = \/(Ps —F,)/F = VOUS ~= 22.36% 8.20 (Solution) z(t) = sin(1Oxt) and y(t) = 2°(t) = sin*(2nfot) = 0.75 sin(2n fot) ~ 0.25 sin(6r fot) (@) de output = 0 (b) Harmonies present: fundamental and third 835 = 38.38% (©) Third harmonic distortion = ¢s/e1 = (4) ‘Total harmonic distortion = third harmonic distortion because only third harmonic is present. 8,21 (Solution) Refer to the sketches shown. rnp joupactr Ostpafr t= 00017 a ‘ june ae omene ed | te £ ‘ J { LJ AL Va For en RC circuit, Vo = we et CT Tt jor + jhwor (a) Her = 1007, Ve = Gee OOT) ~ Giz) A007) ‘The output is thus an integrated version of the input and appears as a triangular wave (with zero dc offset) and amplitude scaled by 1/1007. Vin 1+ Ghwo) (04 ‘The output thus resembles the input and appears as a near square wav (b) fr =0.0017, Vo 8.22 (Solution) Refer to the sketches, a(t) —+ [FullWave Rectifier] — — ult) pet put of rectifier LMVAZMAN yen 1020 Assume a symmetric triangular wave with pesk value of unity. T = 0.02s, 50 fundamental frequency of input = 50H2 Fundamental frequency of rectified output = 1008,144 Chapter 8 Fourier Series For the reetifed output, "a = led =4/(ks)(iodd) Vin = ee Fykaar So, Vo(de)=co=05, Volk =1) Output of RC filter [Vo] = -|sie Af | a T¥ jo0r| Vole) _ Ut ugr?)? [paae saat 8. Ra z > 100 or y/i-+a8r? > 800/n" With w = 2007, we get 7 > 0.129. So, if 1kQ (and 7 = RC), we choose C= 7/R = 129 iF 8.23 (Design) Refer to the sketches 2(t) —> [Hale Wave Rector] — [RC Towpass Fiter] — v(t) Iapet Ourpat af rete Hattewave | reefer ys) we T0028, coefficients of the half-ectified sine are ay =+, by =0.5, 04 =—— =. 1 = 002s, Th FS coins ofthe balretied sae ae = 2, =05, 04 = =e | a Output of RC filter [Vol = is lex 02s SoVe)=o=d, voles d= a ye Vo(de) Va(k = 1) With up = 27/0.02, this gives r > 0.25 s So, if R=1KQ, then C = r/R = 250 pF arti? >100 or 1 +u*r? > (25x)? So, 8.24 (Solution) 241) = a0 +S ras cctfhan(t +t) ei So, 2(t) = 00+ } ex cos{kwot) cos(kucta) — a sin(kuet)sin(kuoto). i $0, ax = ay cos(kupto) and by = ~aesin(kuoto) 8.25 (Solution) Refer to the sketches. @RO pore ARAS, (a) Since y(t) is odd symmetric, ay = eg = 0 and with T= 4 and wy = 0.5%, NAA,Chapter 8 Solutions to Problems 145, a=2 I ~2tsin(0.Skxt) dt = 0.5 So, z(t) = y(t 1) = fg sin|wn(t — 1)] = S> fi lsin(dewot) cos( urs) — cas( uot) sin(Awo)} a So, the FS coefficients of 2(t) are ay = A sin{kuy) = m cos(kn)sin(0.5km) by = Bx cos(kwe) = ad cos(ien) cos(0.5km) (b) Since y(t) is even symmetric, by = 0. Now, ay =O and T'=4 and wp = 05s. So, _4 cos(0.5kat) + 0.5krtsin(0.5knt)|? _ cos(kr)—1 _ -8 é an Cakx)? |,” 025K? ~ Baa” odd) Since z(t) = y(t +1), the results of Problem 8.24 with to = 1 give the FS coefficients of x): Ere (05kx) by = —onsin( haute) = _ezsin(O5k), (k odd) or ff scossees at = Gi = a4 Co8(hiwoto) = 8.26 (Solution) Refer to the sketch below. 5, = f 12tsin(0.5kré)dt. So, T = 4, Integration is over lo (0, 057), So, x(t) = At and $.At = 12t or A=12 0 for Problem 8.26 (0 for Problem 8.27 2 8.27 (Solution) Refer tothe stetsh in Probetn 826. x = [/12to00(0Skni}dt (& od@) ls We have T'= 4, Integration is over (0, 0.257). So, a(t) = At and At = 124 or A= 6. 8.28 (Solution) Refer to the sketch. 2(t) = cos(2rfet) with fe =1 MHz. 5.13: Solution See the sketches. Spectrum of modulated signal ‘oppmie dl llth A, il hi ry 109 zarocronsings s(t) = teet(t/7). So, S[k] = (r/T)sine(kfor). With T = 1 ms and r = 0.1 ms, S{b] = O.1sine(0.14) Now, Sk] = 0 for k = +10, +20,... (every 10 harmonics). The nulls are thus 10fy (0.01 MB) apart.146 Chapter 8 Fourier Series ‘The modulated signal is the sinc function displaced by +41 MHz.There are 100 nulls (99 sidelobes) before the peak on either side of the 8.29 (Solution) Refer to the sketch. z(t) = sin(10n¢) and y(t) = [x(t spat uput aN 3 |sin(2xfot)l. So, 09 = 2/m, ax = 4/[x(1—4k2)]. Harmonies present are kfo where 10 He. 4/lsn 4/an ‘Total harmonic distortion = (Fr = Fi)/Fi- Now, Pp = P — Pec = 0.5 — (4/n?) and Py = ‘Total harmonic distortion = V(Pr— AYP: (b) Third harmonic distortion = Ps/Pi 20% 5(4/3n)?. So, 2.73% 8.30 (Solution) Refer to the sketch, 2(t) = sin(0rt) and y(t) = sgn(z(t)]). input aa ‘oupat . {op ry Poe ogee : 1 bd TC (0) The output y(t) iso equare wave with bs = A, (odd). So only odd harmonic (of fo = ae present in yt) tise (b) The third harmonic distortion is [es/cai = 42% = 33.33% The total harmonte distortion is ((PFTAVAL. Now, Pr = 1, Pr = 3(4/x)? = 0.8106; and PrP =1-H4/n)? = 0.1804, : So, THD = (Fr = Fi)/Fi = 48.34% 8.31 (Solution) g(t) =2+ So Acosta) Alt) = > pesin(@00kr¢) mi a (a) Refer to the sinh. s(t) = 2+ 4cou(.600nt) y(t) = Bsin(800r4) + 2sn(1600re) nee areas Phase spectrum of y)[deg} 50. 90 60 80 _ He) apo eae fs) £8) 0 cy a 0) a)Chapter §_ Solutions to Problems ar. (b) w(t) = [2 + 4.0s(1600rt)][8sin(s00nt) + 25in(1600%4)). ‘This simplifies to w(t) = 4sin(1600rt) + 16 sin(2400rt) + 4 sin(3200nt) Magnimde spectrum af () Phase specuum of w() {deg} os 12 16 tn) He) 90 $0 80 trong 1 X(k) = (2,2,2} with spacing 800 Hz and Yk] = {3,44,6,—34, -J} with spacing 400 He So, X[k] = {2,0,3,0,2} with spacing 400 Hz. Thus WH] = TA] «YA = (32,98, 52,0,6, 0, -32, -38, 32} with spacing 400 He (©) 21K} = 2,0,8,0, —32} with spacing 400 Hz. So, z(t) = 4sin(1600rt) Mogspeium af) Phaseyeatun Ce) ef2@) Te dma co) ® pms oe are * 8.82 (Solution) Since z(t) = x(-1), we have even symmetry. With & <3 and T = 2, we have 2(¢) = 9 + a3 Co8(Tt) + a2 cos(2nt). Now, ~2(t-1) = ~ao +a, c0s(r¢) —azcos(2nt). Since 2(t) = —z(t~1), this means that ap ‘Thus, 2(6) = a1 cos(rt) Since P = 0.5a? = 4, we find ay = VB and thus x(t) = VBcos(rt). 8.33 (Solution) Since fo = + = 10 Hz and the ideal lowpass filter blocks ali frequencies past 15 Hz, u(t) = 29 + a3 cos(20rt) + bs sin(20xt) Since yay = 2, we have ay = 2. Since 4(0) = 4= ap +3, we have ay Since P = ving (2)? + 0.5(0? + 83), this gives b: = V6. So, u(t) = 2+ 2cos(20nt) + VE sin(20rt). 8.34 (Solution) The system describes an RC circuit (with r = 1) and its transfer function is 1/(1+J2xk{o). (a) The input 2(¢) = rect(t) with duty ratio 0.5 suggests even and hidden half-wave symmetry. (b) The output y(t) will show only hidden half-wave symmetry. (c) The de output will equal the de component of the input. ‘The 2nd harmonic component of y(t) ‘will be zero, (A) The FS coefficients of z(t) decay es 1/k. The transfer function has a 1/k dependence. So, the PS coefficients of y(t) will decay as 1/47. So, the Gibbs effect will be absent.4s Chapter §_ Fourier Series z 3-35 (Solution) Refer to the sketch. We find Vp = =——¥__y,, 8.95 (Solution) Refer tothe sketch. We find Yo = prea f gency espente % w/Q it = gg and Q =uoL/R, this may be simplified to Vo = ———>"*-____y, Peaneg vee ernest 9 be simplified to Vo = TF 7Qay — (olau)? ‘The FS coefficients of a halE-wave syrametric square wave pulse train have the form A/k, (# odd). Nom, for b= 25 (he w= on) [Pl = Mal = 4/25 ‘The harmonics closest to k = 25 (i.e. k = 23 or k = 27) will also produce largest outputs. (Bycarse 1/23. Then, iP = aa 4/250 Since we want io eject al! but the resonant frequency, we require @ > 1 and get Mil ~ as -& For k= 23, (w/w) = 23/25 and |Yo| ‘The specifications call for |¥il/|Vo| < 0.05 and this gives Q = 130. 8.36 (Solution) For an RC circuit, Vo = gle = Ho = cote For a square wave with zero de offset, ce = 4/hm, (k odd). So, Ve = marsibhaga(k odd) = 5), the phase is to be ~45°. So, ———22__ 1 kHz, At 5 kHz (4 = 5), the phase is to be 48°. So eee TE ims. So, at fo (a) ‘Thus, 2kr for = 1 or 7 =1/2rkfo = 0.001/10n. If R= 1 KO, then C = 7/R =81.83 nF (b) The halt-poxer frequency at which the response equals 1/V2 times the maximum response re- quires 1+ j2kn for = 1+ J or 2kefor = 1. Thus, f = kfo = 1/2nr = 5 kHz. 8.87 (Solution) 2(2) =24 > fantert). fhe (a) The convergence as 1/k, so the Gibbs effect is present. (b) 2(t) converges to 2 at ¢ = 0 (the terms in the summation equal zero). im the summation) (c) 2(t) converges to 2 at t = 0.57 (With T= 2, sin(knt) = sin(kr) 257 = 05, we have sin(kxt) = sin(0.5ks), and the signal converges to ae 2+ iG (d) At HQ) = 24 (A/a) 0- ged bee aChapter 8_ Solutions to Problems 14s 8.38 (Solution) (@) For an RC circuit, capacitor voltage Vo = Vin/(1 + jtvr) = Vin/(1+ slider). $0, Vo o Vin/k (for large k)- If Vin cc 1/k, then Vo oc 1/A2, and the Gibbs effect is absent. (b) For an RC circuit, resistor voltage Vi = jurrVjq/(I+ju7) = jhuyTVin/(L+ jhwer). 80, Vi 0 Vin (for large k). If Vin & 1/&, then Vz oc 1/h, and the output will display Gibbs effect . 8.39 (Solution) ¢ = [za(t) ~ 2(t-)]? + [ea(t) ~ (ts). 50, de/dty = 0 = 2rn(t) — 2(t)] + lea(t) —a(ts)}- So, zalt) = He(t_) + z(t} 8.40 (Solution) Refer to the sketches. 1) 4 Sewtood, () 4 Teiangulae (© 4 Fullwave rectified sine T (a) Sawtooth nae height) : P= b ae 4 = 0,b, = —1/kr, 50 aarsiFgen Edad (b) Thianguler wave (unit height): P = }, ao=}, ca = 4/{kx)*(kodd), 50 =74) & Jo FS Lat oP Yo ae oa (c) Full-rectified sine (unit height) : P = 2fm, cy = [4/fr(1 — 4 )]] 2 16 i } =a) + oS 8.41 (Solution) PO Gers So, with ent 1, we get A= FegE fs (0 epson < pastas fib ae (a) Refer to he akteh mind T=2 ro ae te ‘i ost t Er} 55 3 3s cy a i n=0: bound = filo@iyr=1T= 4 =1: bound = 1_ f eye: = es ran Li (Ide = (1+ 4/4) = 1/28 ‘Higher bounds are not defined since {| &"(¢) |] is infinite.150 Chapter 8 Fourier Series (b) Refer to the sketch, 2(¢) = tft), T= 2 0 © 40 n=0: bound + [tswnr =r os 1 nel: bound = Fag [Pole = 0+ 0/29) = 05/6 n=2: bound = f tof? (lat = (1+ 2-+:1)(0/2n)? = 0.5/2? Ir as ae TPxfoP Higher bounds are not defined since f} 6"(¢) |] is infinite. (c) Refer to the sketch, 2(¢) = [sin(t)|,P =, fo =1/x,2mjo=2 © ee 20) "o n=O: bound = 55 fate = 27 nei: bound =F [Pole = U/20) = 1) n=2: bound “af ja (e)idt = (1-41 +2)(1/4x) = af Higher bounds are not defined since f5(t)|] is infinite 8.42 (Solution) rect(k/2N) + Msine(M fot)/sinc(fot), where M = 2N +1 Now, rect(k/2N) « rect(k/2V) = (2N + 1)tri( shes) = Mtri(k/M) So, Mtri(k/M) +s [Msine(M fot) /sinc(fot))? and tri(k/M) > Misine(M fot)/sine( fot)]?Chapter 8 Solutions to Problems 151: 8.43 (Solution) z(t) =¢, (0<#<1) with P= 1, ay = 05 and be = =, (> 0). a(t) = 9 -@ sin(ant). (2) Total over in 2()is Pr = $(0)20) = $033 ‘The power in x3 (t) is , Pfzs] = (4)? + (1/n)? 0.30, Pr — Plz) = 0.03 (b) x(t) = yilt) = Aa + By sin(2nt) Att=2: w()= } =Ao+ Bisin(x) = Ao Atte}: wl) = 4 = Ao + Bisin(}x) = Ay + By So, By = }-do = -f and yn(é}= 9} ~ }sin(2nt) (©) Power in ys(t) is Ply:) = ($)?+4(4)? ~ 0.2812, Pr — Plz} = 0.0521. So, 23(t) has a smaller error. @ at At mad) = } = Ay + Bisin( fr) = Ao + 0.8608), wy) = 4 = 4o+ Bisin(hn) = Ao + Bi So, Ao = -0.372, By = 0.622 and ur(t) = -0.372 + 0.622sin(2at) Power Ply] = (0.372)? + }(0.622)? ~ 0.9818, Pr — Plzy] = 0.0018. So, 23(t) still has a smaller (e) Bach different set of choices for t) and ta gives a different set of values for Ap and By. There ro unique way to choose between them. For more harmonics, we include more constants. This ‘means more equations (at more time instants) and more computation to evaluate the constants. (f) The constants are not independent of each other. Their values change if we change the time instants. And the power error is never less than that obtained by choosing the constants as the Fourier series coefficients! SS —————— 8.44 (Solution) (2) [/ sc(tia(at ison odd fonction integrated between eye ints ahd equals zero. (b) Let z(t) = cos(2nt) and y(t) = cos(4rt). Are they orthogonal over 0 = (6)7(4) + (4.8)°4)-+(1.2)°(Q) = 24 - So, zero energy error (and an exact representation) COMPUTATION AND DESIGN 8.49 (Solution) ‘YPROBLEM 8.49 wPaRT (a) eo} :80; ckerem(,2) ./esTo15t90:0,001:26T; x=0;for mek xextck(a)4sin(2epi s(n) #t); end plot(t,x) pause154 wart 0) 180; cke(1). /ikyTat ;t=0:0.001:287; x=0;for ak -tck(n)#sin(24pivke(n) +t) 5 ond plot (t,x) ‘You may also use fsgui (see following plot) or fssyugui, 8.50 (Solution) Chapter 8 Fourier Series PROBLEM 8.50 YPART (a) for saytocth a Tet jMe5; tse T/N;Me(N-1)/2;n20-W-1 tenets; on 4% Generate RHS matrix that multiplies X[k) rhs=zeros(N,N) for Ist:N,rbs (1 xp (J+2¢pitkert (1)/T) sendChapter § Solutions to Problems 155 mas-t(2); % Generate LAS function array Xeinv(rhs)#1hs; Kee. /k/2/pi; Yexact FS cocfts are X{k]=4/(kepi) ixtind(k=-0) jf0(4)=0.5; vith X[0]~0.5 disp? Computed Exact?) ,disp([X Xe(:)]), pause = T/NjM=(N-1)/2;n=0:N-1; tenets; 4% Generate RES matrix that multiplies K(k] oros(,N) ;for 1°i:N,zbs(2, :)=exp(}+2spitket(1)/1) send Inset (2); % Generate LYS function array Xeinv (rhs) +Ihs | Ke=j../k/2/pi; Yoract FS coofts are X[k)=j/(k+pi) AnfindCin0) ;XeC4)=0.5; eth X[o]=0.5 dispc Computed Exact’) ,disp((X Xe(:)]) ,pause YPART () for tri(t) ‘Te2jNeS;ts=T/N Me (N-1)/2;n=-N/2:1/2-1; tents jkee-M:M;rhe=zeros (WN); for Let: rhs(1, :)=exp(je2¢pivket (1)/1) jend Insetri(t) ;Inselbs(:);X=inv(chs)*2bs 5 Aereinc(k/2);Xo0.541e.*Xe; exact FS coeffs are X{k]~0.Seine"2(k/2) disp ‘Computed Exact?) ,disp((X Xe(:)]) ,pause ‘ToD; NeDL jts=T/NjM=(W-1) /2jm6-N/2:8/2-4; ‘tents jke-N:M;rhs=zeros(W,§) ; for Iei:l,rhe (1, :)=exp(j+2epivket (1)/T) send Ansetri (t) ;lhs-Ihs(:) ;X=inv(rhs)+1bs; Xeesinc(k/2) ;Ke=0.5eXe.#ke; _Yexact FS coeffs are X{k)=0.Ssinc~2(k/2) disp? Computed Exact’), disp({X Xo(:)]) ,pause et 8.51 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routine sinc, tri PROBLEM 8.51 YPART (a) for sawtooth ‘TeLjN=6; ts=T/N M=(N-1)/2; neO:li-1jtentte;x=t;x(1)=0.5; 1 Replace first value by average at jump Xe (for m=0:N-1 A= (K; sun (exp (-j+2¢pitmn/t) .*2)/10); end kel:N-1;Xe=j ./k/pi/2;Ke=(0.5 Xe} ; epee Bxact’) disp((X Xe(:)]),pause TeLjNe105ts=1/N;Mo(W-1)/2; neO:Ni-tjtenets;xet;x(1)=0.5; % Replace first value by average at jump Ae stor me0:¥-2 Ae [K}eum (exp (-j+2¢pienen/N) #2) /2); end156 Lal pil2;Xen10.8 Xe); aispC Computed Exact!) disp([X Xe(:)]),pause UPART (b) for tei(t) 7 1) /25 end X*0:1-1 5% Soke. #hes disp "Computed Bract?) disp([X Xe(:)]) ,pause a iNe105¢8=T/1;M=(l-1)/25 i/2:W/2-1; vanes jxmtrd Ct); X<0);for we0:N-1 Xe Ex;sunCexp(-je24pimeen/M) 999 0; end 1; Kewsine(k/2) ;Xe0.5#Xe.*Ke; disp? Computed Exact?) aasp((X £e(:))) Chapter 8 Fourier Series ——————— SeSeSeSeSeeFeFFeeChapter 9 THE FOURIER TRANSFORM 9A (Solution) Rafer othe setcea, ae (a) x(t) = rect(t— 0.5). eitettgs = b BaF (b) 2(t) = (2t)rect(t). Using Euler’s relation and symmetry, 4 X(f) 2tsin(anft}dt = 0~ 54 | tsin(2nfe)de 4 ante FF ge ih “| 2tcos(2n feat — 5 sinonst)~2af teatnsylt __~ So, X(f) = eS Sep enh = sp bial) ~ aheosrf)] ©) a(t) =teMu(t). So, Xf) = [teensy = PP reeorserseay = (©) a(t) =te-*ult). So, X(F) fe dt [ tetthantdt = pe (d) z(t) = exp(—2|t]). Using Buler’s relation and symmetry, a2 e*eos(anft)at = 7 4 mp 2 (Solution) Refer to the sketches. 4 oh, ie, a a 0 seas ou ' | { | Figure P9.2, Figure for Problem 9.2158 Chapter 9_ The Fourier Transform © (Signal 1) x(t) = 2rect(2 (¢—3)] + 2rect{}(¢-3)) _X(f) = [22sine(6f) + dsinc(2f)}e~*F © (Signal 2) z(t) =2rect[Z(¢—3)] + 2tri(¢—3) X(f) = [22sine(6) + 2sinc®(f)Je-e*"s © (Signal 3) x(t) = 6tri(}t) — 2tri(t) —-X(f} = 18sinc?(3f) — asine?(f) (Signal 4) 2(¢) = drect({}(t—2)] - 4trif3(¢—2)] X(f) = [46sino(4f) — 8sinc*{2f)]e JF # (Signal 5) z(t) = 4rect{L(t ~3)} - atri(t 3) X(f) = [24sine(6f) ~ dsine?(f)}e! # (Signal 6) (t) = 4rect[3(t—3)] ~ 6trif3(¢ — 3)] + 2t(0— 3) = [2dsine(6f) — 18sinc®(3f) + 2sine?(f)}eI"F 9.3 (Solution) Refer to the sketches. dent +a (@) 4x0 xo] f aN, £ (a) =(¢) = exp[~2|t ~ 1)). By the shifting property, X(f) XO. radians) (8) st) = tel). By te tines propery, XC) = 2S [ae] = GA ©) fre, 4x] Ltt) (eatans) 29 ae . it © #1) =e*oodtnt(). By modulation, XU) = sea + gets © Bo od) WO (radians) _ (4) z(t) = u(1 ~ |¢{), so ( from sketch) X(f)} = 2sino(2f) f X¢) (Amplitude spectrum) @ po : 7 r wR ts (2) 2(¢) = u(1 — | Dsen(t). Its sketch suggests superpositionChapter 9 Solutions to Problems © po LxUh) (radians) (8) x(t) = sine) +sine(24). By convolution, X(f) = reet( [0 5rot(0.5/)} = 0.5rect(0.5/) (g) (0) = cos%(2rt)sin(2rt) = 4 cos(2nt) sin (ant) @ 41x} mam) um am 2 7H r 3 3 4 x(f)= 80, X( HOE +2) + 5(F - D+ 586 +2) - 67 -2)] BSC +8) + 6(F +1) - 6F -1) — AF -3)] Laas) Note: We could also use modulation or trig identities and superposition. (8) 2(¢) = [1 ~exp(-a)]u(). By superpostion, X(f) = 360) + shy ~ ede ow fe . x0] ~ RS aos 159 9.4 (Solution) Refer to the sketches. We have a(t) ¢ rect(0.5/) ( @) x00] © xe] © xl @ xo @ ¥ x00] t ES 4 apn | Gy i dan PLE : x Ieee iat m4 3 7 go ae Lx mts a gf ep te) xe (as Lf : : ne : i 7 1 T 1 “a oa (a) 2(¢—2) «> reot( sper! (b) 2'(t) «4 j2nbrect( $7) (©) (8) # reet(-$f) = rectly) (A) t2(t) 4 (/2n)arect( 3.) /af = G/2R)16(F +1) - 6(F -160 Chapter 9_ The Fourier Transform (6) 2(2t) 4 frect dA) © 4x0} ® sxe} © Hx00| © 41x00 os om | om, : £ 1G i He ry 2 z 1 1 Sn at) {eo (a ata. £ ! f f | (8) 2(6) cos(2nt) <> frect{d(f—1)] + frect/2(F + 1)] (g) 27(t) + rect(SF) +zect(} f) = 2tri(2f) (h) £2) « G/2n)alyantrect(} M/af = ~rect( 4) + 6(F ~ 3) + 5(F +2) @ ze) «x(é) © [rect(Z /)]frect(} /)] = rect(2 f) —— 9.5 (Solution) 2(t) =teu(t) X(f) (2) X(24) = (4)(4/2)e-2/ue/2) = dee~tu(t) (b) X(F -1) +X(F +1) = 2ooslan tte u(t) (c) X'(f) => (-j2mt}te*u(t) (A) FX"(F) => (-G/2a)al(—s2nt}te Mule) /at = —aee-Mu(ey) at (e) F2nfX(2f) = dljte*u(ny/ae (8) X(F/2) => 2(28)e-2 (24) = ~Htu(t) = 21(t) (s) X(F/2)cost4nf) —> Foult—2) + }au(t-+2) Gh) 429) (8) = XC) + G2mf)PX (A) me temMale) + PlteMulny/at® © XD +X) = aie) = (9) = eMule) V—_—_————— 9.6 (Solution) (a) Real signals have a real Fourier transform. Not true. (b) Two-sided signals hove a two-sided Fourier transform. ‘True, a (6) The Fourier transform of a real, even symmetric signal is always a function of f2, True ee CE ees EELChapter 9 Solutions to Problems 161 9.7 (Solution) Refer to the sketches for the amplitude spectra, 4) to) ye tO cepa eee a £ £ \ is 1 Vein a) £ Go 4 ty An 1 4 (a) a(t) = 5(¢ +1) + S(t — 1) of + e-P*S = 2c08(2mf} (phase = 0) : (b) é(¢+1) + S(t) +5(t- 1) +9 oF +1 +e = 1+ 2cos(2rf) (phase = 0) (e) 6(¢41) = 6(¢=1) os e828 — eY & 52st (nf) (Phase = 90°) (2) alt) = (t+ 1) — 6(t) + 5(¢ 1) © oF —14 9S 2-14 2e0s( ef) (phase = 0) & (Solution) =f): Since u(1 — |e} = rect(t/2) e2 2sine(2f), by duality 2(¢) = 2sinc(2t) = j2mf/(1+ 4x7 f?), 90 x(t) = djexp(—e[)]/dt = 4etu(—t) - detuft) (©) X(f) = s28f/(1+ 6fnf 8027) = pehey + Pa sox(t) HE lL + da f?], 80 2(¢) = exp(—Ht ~ 21) ne(f/4)co(2rf). Refer tothe satces. | herent t { aS | : co Pelee ae eS 5 Ta 9 2 eee Sree Since drect(4t) + sine( 4), 2(t) = 2rect[4(¢ — 7 + pr +1) (©) X(f) = Bsine(2p)sine(4f), c0 21¢) = Bl} zect()] + [Frect(J4)] (a trapezoid). See sketch (g) X(f) =Asinc(2f)/(1 + 52nf), 80 x(t) = Algrect(}e)] * e-*u(e) (é) = 2fu(t +1) u(t - 1) «e-tu(t) = 2 — eMule + 1) = eal Ch) Xi) = cole A. Since (2) = 9M a(t 08) & TE, by madlaton a(t) = 0.5fai(t +05) +24(t—0. iam oF Sle~*u(t) + e~-Pu(t —1)) 9.9 (Solution) Refer to the sketches for parts (a) and (b) (a) ; rn.* # @ w0= tect(t/4)w ret) Yo) (©) v0) =rece/2) +t (/9)_ YF (0 al) Mae) neal) YC) = (a)162 Chapter 9_ The Fourier Transform 9.10 (Solution) Rafer tothe abt i ° ! 1 yo act fac cris “cn faa rw 2 2 : o 0 a af g = ye ei o fon © Xalf) = rect(f/4). So, =1(t)ra(t) + rect( f) *rect( HF) = atai(./) reot(f/2),Xa(f) = Xa(F/2). So, 21(t)x2(t) + reet(} f)arect(}F) = X(f) (a trapezoid). (e) Xulf) = 4(P) +5 +4) +6(f ~4),Xa(f) = 6(F +2) ~4(F ~2) zu(t)zn(t) © [8(F) + 4(f +4) +51 f = 8] + 6(F +2) ~ 41F — 2). S0, Hu(t)ae(t) + 5(f +2) + Hy +6) + 6lf 2) — HF ~2) — AF +2) ~ df ~6) = oF +6) - 5(F -6) @) Xi(A) = ti), (A) = HF +1) 4614) + 5-1) zuGt)za(t) ¢ tri(F) + (5(F + 1) + 6(E) + dF ~ 1] = wiLF +2) + t8i(s) + LF 1) = X(4) 911 (Solution) Refer to the sketches. C} ) te ka (0) ¥{f) = team) = cot) al Jrect(f-4)+}rect(f+4) = frect(4/) (b) X(f} = rect(1y),m(t) = cos(2nt), Xoa(f) = dreet[E(f ~ 1)]+grect{}(F + 1)] (c) X(f) = tri(f),m(e) = cos(1Omt), Xa (f)=ftri(s - 5)+heri( f +5) (a) X(F) = triCf),ma(¢) = comb(2t), M(f) = Joomb(} f) = ID 6(f - 2k). So Xw(f} = L tri(f — 2k) 9.12 (Solution) For a series RC circuit with r = 1, H(f) = gphey, and ¥(f) = XC/HU) (a) 2(¢) = 5{¢), X(7) = 1, so ¥(A) = X(AH(L) = seep, 90 ult) = evtu(e) rep ayo [emeeas anf mine This gives B= Lyaetan ans) = 0.25 1/2 lo iF ace rept ae PRY fan2 [' Wontar © bereft = Ban) 048 Note: The input energy (for the impulse input) is infinite.Chapter 9 Solutions to Problems 163. () 5) = 10) XU) = Spey 80 YU) = KUHN) = [reg] Sos ut) = teal) Pe*at = 0.25 pit 1 pte 4 vnra=2 capt aa 2 vt «da fagp reactor] = 2st cans anf ba fgtkipewteranl- ‘he inpot energy io ” e-Mat = 05 9.13 (Solution) Refer to the sketches. ay © Wagninode @ Magnitude | 9) By Gy (mh (ax) 0) as, 80 vl oe] Ee OE ea ET ays ; fc Sessamea eines tb} 180 sg0 go | Phase (Sea) | oye i “ee | Hoe 35 1h to bo (a) x(t) = 3 +2cos(10rt) (b) x(¢) icomb(t/2), so X(f) = (4)(2)}comb(27) = 40 é(f —0.5k) (©) x(t) = Scos(1Ont) + 4sin(10x4) + 6cos(20xt + dr) = 5 cos(10xt ~ 53°) + Geas(20nt + 45°) X(f) = DXF ~k) sin(nt)]. So, fo (@) 20) = 9.14 (Solution) Refer to the sketches. The filter blocks frequencies past 5 He. 2(t) —+ [Ideal Lowpass Filter] — y(t) 4+ 2sin(Ant) + 6 cos(22nt) + 5 eon(16nt — 0.6435). So, y(t) = —4 + 2sin(4xt) fa) 2() = ste ne 0) 4 th slo Hye Aye gu) ALK? co Pras) Phase ra) an feecee aoe ee I JeChapter 9 The Fourier Transform 164 () s()=8- Seater) <8 abstr). So output = B= tra Timedomsi opt ote et rae) i oe ga —_—— sgn ‘ 4 a= 2 = X= aay |sin(3rt)]. So, fo=3 Hz, Xf (c) =(¢) So, ult) =e +ercos(int) = 2 ~ Leos(6nt) Satan"? Gleaner Teena eee ao i, a * 230) site) ge) 253 3 7 Phas (rat) Phas (a6) Al gin PG es ra t 9.15 (Solution) Refer to the sketches. 2(t) = cox(nt) and fo = 0.5 He. Maja Phas nd) Masytude Phasg (ad) 1 * ha a BS i cant (a) AQ) =8singst—1)), H(A) = ret (be Pd Now, Hp) = e-F = 14 ~ x. So, ult) = cos(xt — x) = —cos(nt) (b) HUY) = til f/0)e8 Now, H(fo) = (1— SS )e~#*/? = 0.91672 — 0.5m. So, y(t) = 0.9167 cos(xt— 0.5m) ~ 0.9167 sin(wt) 16 9.16 (Solution) (u) = 7 (a) a(t) = 4cos(4t), w = 4, H(4) ae 45. So, y(t) = 8V2eos(4t - 45°) (b) 2(6) = Aeos(t) — asin(at), (4) = a = 2V3L —45° So, y(t) = 8V2cos(4t — 45°) - SV Tsin{4t — 45°) (w) =, Yiu) = X()H le) = 7 oe + So, u(t) = 16e~*u(t) (©) a(t) = 5(e), X{ (2) x(t) =u), X(u) as ¥(u) = X(w)H(w) wer So, y(t) = 16te~**u(t)Chapter 9 Solutions to Problems 165. (e) =(t) = 4cos{4t) — 4sin(24), H(4) = 2VBd — 45°, H(2) = in = 3582-266" So, y(t) = 8/Z.cos{dt ~ 45°) — 14.31 sin(2¢ ~ 26.6°)[Note : (4)(3. = = 1431] 16 ro jo Fie) = ult) — der) X(u)H(w) = x5) () a(t) = u(t), Xe) = dw) + Be vt So, ¥ (w) = 4x6(u) + — 9.17 (Solution) (2) Hw) =3/(24 ju) = a So, (ju +2)X(w) = 3X (w). So, f(t) + 2y(t) = Be(s) Y(w) Le jaw? 1+ jy 4 Gul? () HO) = 3G) T= ere= ah) ~ THB) + Gal® So, [1+ 5€ju)? + (ju) 4] (w) = [0 + 520+ G)?)X (0) 5, Y(t) +54") + ul) = 2") + 220) + (0) (9 B= Fi aa" Teas oa” Xe) So, [2 + 3 + (w)*]¥ (uw) = [8 + ju]X(w) So, y"(t) + 3y'(0) + 2y(t) = Z(t) + 32(t) But Gu _ Ye) (@) Wey = BE, - 5B = RE So, [2 + 34+ (jee) ]¥ (w) = [Bjen + (jus)*}X(w) So, y(t) + 3y'(t) + 2u(t) = 2"(8) +320) 9.18 (Solution) (a) o(4) + 3y/(t) + 2u(t) = 22'(t) + 32(t) 2jw +8 ~ $0, Yl Gju)? + 8)a +2] = X)BIe +3). So, HW) = GP as 248 Hl ee eae Toe He) * Ta fe tej SME) ot ele) So, H(w) = 2x) He) = 2 oP oo Be) (b) 9/(0) + Bult) = 22(0). So, (iw +3) (©) vO) +4Y) + 4010) =22'() +200) ¥(w)[ Gu}? + 4jue +4] = X(w)i2jw+ 1. So, Hl) = we +2ie 2 ~214¢)} = (2 — avenu Beige Sho u(t) +25 [te 'u(d)] = 2 St)e-7u(t) (A) v(t) = 0.22(¢), s0 ¥(u) =0.2X(), so H(u) = 0.2, A(e) = 0.26(8) 80, H(u)166 Chapter 9 The Fourier Transform 9.19 (Solution) x(t) —+[h(#) = 2e*u(é) - 6(8)] — y(e) i et 80, |H(f)| =1 and g(f) = ~2tan~(2nf) (9) BU) = ee - (b) If 2(¢) = sinc(t), X(f) = rect() and ¥(f) = : i If < 08 (c) Text) = cos(t), wo =1, H(u0) = oa] = 12 ~ 90° and y(t) = cos(t — 99°) and V(f) = b= Sah (a) teett) 0 eae as fax () 2) =e), X()= a> pe {at Raf) (©) z(t) ul 2 mH, XUN = gape a> 0 9.28 (Solution) =(¢) = 4sine(4t), X(f) = 0.25rect(0.25,). (a) ve) =2(-8, ¥(f) = X(—f) = 0.25rect(0.25,) (even symmetry) (b) g(t) = 2(-2¢-2) = 21-20 + 1], X(f) =0.5X(-0.5 fe = frect( {es (©) A(t) sera), AUF) = 52(F + 1)X(F +1) = JO.5n(f + Ireet[0.25(F + 1)] (4) Plt) = (¢-2)a(t — 1)e™. Now, ta(t) LX") = LUE +2) ~ UF -2)) So, (t= 1}e(t~1) # 16s +2) — HUF — De" = Liss +2) — lf —2}} So, (¢ a(t = Ne L[s(F +1) - LF -3)] = PUY) (e) r(0) = t2'(0). Now, 2'(t) <> (2nJ)0.28rect(0.25/) So, t2'(t) > £< |(janf)o.25rect(0. 259)] = O5[5(F +2) + Hf - 2)] - 0.28rect(0.25F) @ F ae x0 0.25rect(0.25/) (9 = [i see su) = ZB sosx (oy) = ASOD 5 o 20017) (@) W(t) = 2(t)cos*(2et) = 0.5e(0) + coslant], WEF) = OSX (A) +0.25(X(F +2) +XU 2] So, Wis) = grect(0.25/) + yelrect( 472) + rect( 4?) (h) v(t) = 27(t) cos*(2nt) = 0.52°(¢)[1 + cos(4nt)]. Now, 2°(t) ++ X(f)*eX(f) = 0.25tri(0.25f) So, V(f) = furi(0.254) + deleri( 4?) + eri(4G2)] ——170 Chapter 9_ The Fourier Transform 9.29 (Convolution) Refer to the sketches for parts (é-f). oe fees L i 1s” ets) i ses 2 05 OS z Os v. Fe 2 nt tet) ne a 1 He @ W)-eeerewe, Y= (So) Gha)- ae ©) sO=etusetu—o, Y= (ae) (hy) - (©) oft) = rect(t) +zect(t), X(f) = [sine(t)][sine(t] = sinc™(t) (4) v(t) = oat) + S5 6(t- 28). This is periodic with T= 2 ond fo = 0.5. ite For one period, ¥i(f) = sine(f). So, with f + kfo = 05k, the FS coefficients are Y[é] = 0.5sine(0.58) 50, ¥() = So XIRSE kf) =05 So sinc(0smats 05%) bane (6) ue) ~ rac) + SO st ~24) This describe ze ect ules. So, ¥(f) = sino(f)(eM*=! + 1+ e-S4*7] = sinc(f)[1 + 2c0s/: © vo =025 [= xy ae-20] sinet/4). (product of par (d) with 0.25sing(/4)). _ 0 So, ¥(f) = fos SP sine(o. sents —05] stri(4f) 9.80 (Solution) cost) ajay _ 05+ 0.5225 @) X= Ty anf 1+ jonf (ty Butler's relation) With e~*u(t) = , we get 2(¢) = 0.5e~*u(t) + 0.5e-Mu(t — 1) inf 0) REF at) = tae ~ Zlertate] = 2e-tue - 010Chapter 9 Solutions to Problems 371 = SRD) 5 joey _ 505 ~ 90.5 © X= Tying = apa So, x(t) = j0.5e~*u(t) — j0.5e~C-Mu(t 2) (A) X(f) = u(f +2) — ul f +1) — uff ~1) + uf +2) = rect(t + 1.5) —reet(¢ - 1.5) (try a sketch) So, x(6) co ~ sine(t}e%* = ~j2sine(t) sin(3x4) et free Oe ICRP Risen IaTecmen ~ Sey Te So, a(t) sen(t + 0.5) — 2e-2+-9) y(t + 0.5) (8) X(f) = [uF +2) ~ 2u(f) + u(F + 2)lenPF = ¥ (fleet Now, ¥(f) = u(f +2) -2u(f) + u(f +2) = rect(0.5(f + 1)] ~ rect{0.5(f — 1)] (try @ sketch) So, y(t) = 2sinc(2t}e3?** ~ 2sinc(2t)ei2** = ~ jdsine(2t) sin(2xt) ‘Thus, z(t) = —jdsine|2(t — 1)] sin[2n(¢ — 1)] 9.81 (Refer to the sketches) xo] ORT On wa fol ax {LX 28] eI 1x10] ea ED td) Cl oss 05 | 3) os ¢ 135 s ary as ose ats] fas Bs (© Approxinate ronimate a © 8B 05) @. £ £ soo 008 (a) 2(¢) = sinc(t— 2), X(f) =reet( fers"? (b) sinc?(t) cos(ent), X(s) =O.5{trilf +4) + tei(y — 4)} (by modulation) (©) at) = cos(rt—0.25n), X(f) = 0.55(F + 0.5)e%*/* + 0.56(F — O.5)eH/4 (a) 2(4) = cos(ne)rect(t), X(f) = O.Sfsine(f +05) + sine(f ~0.5)] (©) x(t) = cos(xt)rect(0.0018), X(f) = 500sine{L000( + 0.8)} + 500sinc[1000(f -0.5)] ‘The sine functions are 1000-times compressed versions of sinc(). So, X(f) approximates a pair of impulses of strength 0.5 (the area of each sinc) (1) 26) = cos(re)rect(10001), X(f) = phy [sincl SARS) + sine(4584)] ‘The sinc functions are 1000-times stretched versions of sinc(f). So, X(f) is nearly constant,172 Chapter 9 The Fourier Transform 9.82 (Solution) (a) X(f) = coslrf) = 05[e/ Hef, x(t) = 0.55(t~ 0.5) +0.55(¢ +5) (real) (&) X(f) = omelaf)u(j). Now, a(t) 2 055(7) + he Raf 1 : 1 So, cou t)ult) # 056(F — 08) + Soo +h(F + 08)+ Ea 1 1 80, x(t) = O85(¢ +05) ~ rag + t= 08) ~ aay by similerity) (c) X(f) =sin(aZ). Now, sla(nt) + 0.5[6(F +05) — sf ~0.5)] So, z(t) = 0.5{5(¢ —0.5) — 6(t + 0.5) (by similarity) (a) X(f) =sin?(mf) =0.5~0.5cos(2nf}, x(t) = 0.56(t) — 0.25{6(¢ + 1) + 6(¢ —1)) (e) X(f) = sin(wf + 0.25) = cos(nf — 0.25m) Now, sin(nt + 0.251) = cos(rt ~0.25x) <> O.58(f + 0.5)ei*/* + 0.56(f ~ 0.5)e7#8/4 5i(t ~ 0.5)o%*/4 + 0.58(t-+-0.5)e-5*/4 (by similarity) (6) X(f) =tri(f), 2(¢) = sinc? (t) rif 1), 2(t) = sine?(e)e* ri(f — 0.5) -+tri(f+0.5), a(t) = sine?(t)[e%** + eS" sine?(t)cos(t) fee geese 2 fee O*O- TR Ree Ome @ XA) 2(0) = 0.5teu() 1 Zpxf— Br? Le Fans)" 8.98 (Solution) (@) if apt jee, With 22 2nf, 7 ae By central ordinates, = 32(0) where 2(t) = e-*ll and 2(0) = 2. So, 1 = n/a. es [were ™ aya = f ™ e-tettlae = 3 f Bsine($) yy eae tote [eaap By Parseval's theorem, I = © a eta = 28 [ * X(Y*(Nef where X(f) = sine(f) and Y(J) = we Sy By Plancherel’s theorem, J = z [Laewoa = if rect{ther lat °? enthdt Delt — Ve?Chapter 9 Solutions to Problems 173, (a) t= [ sindade = [sin fay = [xn By central ordinates, I = 2(0) where x(t) = tri(t). So, (0) t= [state J" sneer = J tnetaytone( nia = [” xg) So, by Planchere’s theorem, =f a(¢)y*(t)dt = [ * soit}rect(t}at = f M ste)de = 0.75 ES Lays (9 1= J sisetsde= [" snetyap = [LL xcnta wie x) =) So, By Parseval’s theorem, J = £ tui?(t)d¢ = 3 (energy in ti(t) by Review Panel 2.2) @i= fe ePsindede = f meine With (2) = sine®(J) or 2(?) = tit) and ¥(s) = sine(J)o"! of yt) = rect +05), By Plancherel’s theorem, I = ie aov toa [ * sritjrect(t +0.s)at= [” ei(t)de = 05 XAY" (FF (a) r= f = Ganze"**sinctads = f Oss Fine 1p Ss f a ying Now, with eS" %sine®(/) + tri(t 0.6), wo have u(t) = 24 fei(e 0.8) So, by contral ordinates, J = y(0) = 2 (a sketch of 2tri(t — 0.5) will help) 9.84 (Solution) (a) z(t) = rect(t), 50 2(0+) = 1. Also, a0= f" xna= [ sine(f)df =1 (b) 2(2) = u(t), 50, 2(04) = 1. Also 2(0) = £ X(Ndf = a) + byl - The second term (odd symmetric integrand) is 0. So, 2(0) = f[ * o.se(faf = 0.5 1 ,_osf Trap Ty anf [nrctept= (¢) z(t) = rect(t - 0.5), 50, 2(04) = 1. Alco 2(0) = £ sine( fle ap (9 21H) =e-%4(), 40 x(04) =. Aso 2(0)= wef. ‘The second term is zero (odd symmetric integrand), so (0) Now, sinc(fJen#*! = sine() cos(xf) — jsine(f) sin(mf) = sine(2/) — jsine(f) sin(xf). ‘Toe second term od symmetre and integrates to 0, So, 20) = J sinl2fap174 Chapter 9_ The Fourier Transform 9.35 (Solution) With T= 2, and fo = 0.5, the FS coofiicients of the periodic extension p(t) are found as Y= BC), Sor | Vines Ap) @) 0-40, X)=1, YI=05, Y()=05 [~ s7—058) (b) a(t) =rect(t), X(F)=sine(), XIK] = O.5sine(0.54), vij=os [” sine(0.5k)a(f — 0.58) L os Terep "Am rppee YO~ [Piet -08) i a. os () 2) = eu, XI) = T4948 9.36 (Solution) (a) X(f) real, so 2(t) is conjugate syrametric. (>) X(f) real and even, s0 2(¢) is also real and even. (©) X(F) real and odd, so z(t) is imaginary and odd. 9.37 (Solution) Refer to the sketches 0) os Signal (e) 0 20 in wo x 0 cry, | yim) | a |e A. ip Al ets AV wae aN GH. (a) 2(t) = rect(t): Decay rate o 1/f, X(f) = sine(f) (b) x(t) = tri(e): Decay rate x 1/f?, X(f) = sinc*(f) (e) (8) = [1+ cos(rt}Jrect(0.5t): Decay rate o 1/8, X(f) = Isine(2f) +stue(2f —1) +sine(2F-+2) Signal (@) (2) a) =e Decay sate otf, (N= pe (e) z(t) = cos(0.5nt)rect(0.54): Decay rate x 1/f2, X(f) = sine(2f ~ 0.5) +sine(2f +0.5) (f) 2(t) = (1 -#)rect(0.5¢): Decay rate « 1/f? _—$—$——$—$—Chapter 9 Solutions to Problems 178 9.88 (Solution) For signals with jumps at ¢ = 0, x(0+) and 2(0) will differ. (@) 2) =u), 20) = if fosaun+ jal =05 x04) } n, [ae siosecy + Eh = 1 [(0) differs from 2(0+)) (b) a(t) =rect(t- 05), X(f)=erMsine(f), (0) = ie X(Fldf = 0.5 (by Problem 9.344) 2(04) = Jim j2nferF/sino(f) = fim 1~ e°%F = 1 [2(0)difers from 2(0-+)) (0 a) aan, XU) = eMfeincT), 2(0)= J cosas sine Ne = CLE Dar Now, by Plancherel’s theorem 2(0) (node = LE * fate +1) + dle — 1)jri(at = 0 Also, (04) = jim, paper EP = 0 [2(0) equals 2(0-+)) (@) 2 eeu), X(N = a (0) = £ X(f)af = 0.5 (by Problem 9.34e) ioxf i (04) = fim, 5 PE m1 fo(0) ers from 2(04)] 9.39 (Solution) Refer to the circuits. ea mee 7 MR t mm Sw xo phet ve io “Gant Chand Cras at x0 Re iat Grant “Cie s 7 ‘Circuit 6 * (Circuit 1) (@) ult) = x(t). So, H(A) = 5. (b) Magnitude is constant. Filter type is alipas. (6) 2(t) = 6(). So, y(t) = a(t) = 36(t (A) 2(¢) = ult). So, vlt) = Fult) (©) 2(0 = e*u(9. So, ve) = Fetal) * (Circuit 2) 1 (9) HO) = aeChapter 9_ ‘The Fourier Transform (b) Filter type is lowpass. (©) a(t) = 6(8). So, ¥(f) = X(F) = Sowy(t) = e-tult). agen Eee L+janf (d) a(t) = u(t). So, y(t) = (1 - e-*)u(t) (e) 2(4) = e-*u(t). $0, ¥f) = Toa and y(t) = te-*u(t) + (Cheuit 3) @ m= 2 ES (b) Fiter type is highpss. 1 Toy 80: 10 = 60) - 00. {c) 2(t) =5(t). So, ¥(f) = X(f) =1- (8) 2(0) = ule. 80, ¥(N) = [055(N) + XUN) = Pepe So. ut) = eu) (e) (0) = e*ult). $0, ¥(A) = andl) = Stott) = (1 eta) inf T+ 3rf) * (Circuit 4) This gives the same results as circuit 2. + (Cirenit 5) () BO) = a (b) Filter type is lowpass. (©) a(t) = 6(¢). So, YU) = X(f) = So.v(t) 1 Tepe (A) 2(¢) = u(t). So, vit) = 0.5(1 — u(t) (©) 20) = e*ult). 80, ¥(f) = -7*)u(e) i So, ylt) = (ete +» (Gireuit 6) @) si) = (b) Filter type is highpass. (©) 2(0) = é(t). So, (J) = X(f)= 0.5 - So, yit) = 0.55(t) ~ 0.25e"*/"u(t). 0.25 O54 jonF (2) 2(¢) = ule). So, YC) = 10561) + whylX(D = aes ae: So, vl) = 05e"*/7u(0) see = inf Stee eee (©) a(t) = etult). $0. YD = GaeepOs PaeaA) ~ Ta atay ” OS aaF (et = 0.5) u) 80, ¥fChapter 9 Solutions to Problems uit. 9.40 (Solution) x(t) =4-+ cos(4xt) ~ sin(rt) — [Filter A)|— ie) ‘The frequencies in the input are de, fy = 2 Hz and fp = 4 Hz (a) A(t) =sinc(5t), H(A) =0.2rect(0.2f) =0.2, |f] $2.5. The 4 He term js blocked. So, y(t) = 0.2[4 + coo(4z)]} (b) hi) So, (2) (St -2), H(f) = O.2rect(0.2f)e°*", The 4 Hz. term is blocked. 2evH8r, Thus, yt) = 0.214 + cos(4nt ~ 16x) (c) A(t) = sine®(S5t— 2), H(f) = 0.2tri(0.2f}en9 #7. So, (0) = 0.2, H(2) = 0.12e-#5* and H(4) = 0.046322", So, y(t) = 4(0.2) + 0.12 cos(mt ~ 1.6m) — 0.04 in(Srt — 3.2) @ Mae, HO = aay 1 1 =1,2@)= = 0.07932 — 85.45" = 0.03982 —87.72° So, H(@) =1, HO) = paz = 0.07082 — 85.45" ond H(A) = ha = 0.08882 — 87.72 So, v(t) = 4+ 0.0798 cos(4nt ~ 86.45°) ~ 0.0898 sin( Bn ~ $7.72") a anf (e) A(t) = 4(t) — entu (©) KO es) eo, BUN = RF “i ite oe __iBr e So, H(0) = 1, HQ) = pF = 0.906824.55" and H(A) = = = 0.909272 28 So, y(t) = 4+ 0.9968 cos(4rt + 4.55*) ~ 0.9992 sin(Srt + 2.28") (8) A) = sinc(t) cos(Srt), H(f) = OS[rect(f — 4) + rect(f +4)]. From its sketch, observe that only the 4 Hz component is passed (with a gain of 0.5) and thus y(t) = -0.5sin(8rt) (g) A(t) = sinc?(t) cos(Sxt), H(f) = O.5{tri(f — 2.5) + tri(f +2.5)]. From its sketch, observe that. only the 2 Hz component is passed (with gain of 0.25) and thus y(t) = 0.25 cos(4rt) (h) A(t) = sinc?(e) cos(a6mt), HA) component is passed and thus ¥(¢ S[tri(f — 8) + tri(f + 8)]. From its sketch, observe thit no 8.41 (Solution) 2{#) = S>(0.4)"at ~ Bn) = se) +0.45(¢-3) + (04FALE 6) + So, X(f) = 1+ 0.4e7H5*F + (0.4)Fe-s129f 4 (2) Att) =sinc(t), H(f) = rect(f). So, ¥(f) = (b) A) = eMule), HUA)178 Chapter 9_ The Fourier Transform 9.42 (Solution) 2(¢) —+ [Ideal Filter] — y(t) 1 143i @) =e), X= + YU) = X(Aect(0269) = pa, Ils? (b) =f) =e", X(f) = ¥(f) = X(flrect(0.25f) = 2 Tramp Wis? 2 ive (c) x(t) = sino(St), X(f) = Jrect(§), ¥(f) = X(f)rect(0.25f) = frect(0.25/) (a) a(t) = rect(2t), X(f) = O.Ssine(0.5f), so Y(F) = DSsine(0.5f), [fl] <2 (e) 2(t) = |sin(1.57¢)| Thus, fo = 1.5 He. Its FS coefficients are X{0] = 2, X[k] = aay So, X(f)= } XIAlé(f —1.5k). The filter output blocks frequencies past 2 Hz end thus kano Y(B) = BAF +15) + 244) — BAF +15) and thus y(t) = 2 — gh cos(3et) (2) x(t) = cos*(Brt) = 0.5) + cos(6nt)], X(f) = 0.54(F) + 0.25(6(f ~ 3) + 5(F +3]. So, ¥(f) = 0.56(f) and thus, y(t) = 0.5 9.43 (Solution) The outputs of the two systems are not the same because the cascade contains a nonlinear system. (a) 2(¢) = cos(xt) —[Phase Shift of —3 |_[Squaring Creult} — y(¢) Refer to the sketch. cos(st) — sin(nt) —+ sin? ne) 0.5(1 — cos(2nt) npr hier upto sear ¥09 xe reine beset) aes ost | 409 (05) | 5 ws ‘ ! as” 0 4

4 and A=a, (@) A= 1 end a=1, then H(f) = rect(f) and ¥({) = Grect(f) and y(t) = ésine(t) 9.49 (Solution) h(t) = dsine(5t ~ 8). So, H(s) = 0.8rect(0.2/)e"s92*F = o.8e924, if] < 25 (@) e@=1, X(AN=F, YN =*(ANHA =086(7), vit) =08 (b) 2(t) = cos(2zt). So, fo = 1, H(1) = 0.8e"#°* and y(t) = 0.8 cos(2nt — 3.28) (c) x(t) = cos{l2r). So, fo= 6, H(6) and y(t) =0 (A) z(t) =sinc(t), X(f) =rect(f), YA) = X(UNH(A) = 0.8644, [f] < 0.5. So, y(t) = 0.Bsinc(t — 1.6) (@) x(t) = sinc(12t), X(f) = frect(G), YU) = X(NH(A) = HUD). So, y(t) = Jsine(5t - 8) (8) 2) = So ti(2e— 2). This is periodic extension of 2(t) = ti(24) with ‘ So, X(f) = 0.Ssine"(0.5f). With f = kfo = k, the FS eveficients are X[k] = 0.Ssinc?(0.5k). So, the output (for |f] < 2.5) contains de and k= :t2 (at 1 Hz) (note that X[2] = 0). Now, Xo] = 0.5, X[1} = 0.5sinc"(0.6) = 2/n?. Also, (0) = 0.8 and H(1) = 0.822", ‘he tine dona opts thas) = €5(08) + (8) cst 8.22) 9.50 (Solution) h(t) = sinc®(2t 1). So, H(f) = 21ri(0.5f)eF7 (@) 2@)=1, XCF) =419), YUN =XC)HU) = 26), y(t) =2 {b) a(t) = cos(2nt). So, fo = 1, H(1) = e% and y(t) = cos(2at ~ x) = (©) 2(t) = cos(12xt). So, fo= 6, (6) and ylt) =0 (d) x(t) =sine(t), X(f)=rect(f), Y(f) = X(AH(F) = 2rect( feri(O.5 fleas. A sketch shows that ¥(j) = [0.5tri(2f) + 1.Srect(f)Je# So, y(t) = 0.25sine?[0.5(¢ ~0.8)] + 1.6sinc(t ~ 0.5) Brect( Gh), YUf)=X(AH(A) = SHU). So, y(t) = dsinc?(2t - 1) cos(2mt) (©) a(t) = sine(129, X(N) =182 Chapter 9_ The Fourier Transform (f) 2(t)= > ti(2t-k), From Problem 9.494, its FS coefficients are X[A] = 0.5sinc#(0.5k). So, the output (for [f| <2) contains de and k= 1 (at 1 Hz) (note that X[2) = Now, X(0]=05, X[+1] = 0.5sine?(0.5) = 2/n?. Also, H(0) =2 and H(1) = e*. ‘The time domain output is thus y(t) = 0.5(2) + — cos(2nt - x) 9.51 (Solution) . (2) ae) = 26) -2 [yore Mate 92a YUf) sinh XA) S4 iF ey Efer*ato] =e 26%) So, ¥(f) = X(f) - 2¥(/); or H(f) = oe V+ jaf So, A(t) = (b) = 200) + f ya)eMule — a)4d . 1 YU) 3452mf _ 1 SYN =XIN+Y gg igag AW) = Fy Feyeap 2) DF So, h(t)s(t) + «°F u(t) 9.52 (Solution) : (@) AG) =eMulth, HU) = 5 aap. Sout) +24) = a(t) ‘The system is causal and stable ({ Jh(t)|d¢ = 0.5) (©) MOS Nee) HY) = 08860) + shy — ache Causal and unstable, since J |h(t)|dt is infinite) (©) AG) =sine(t), H(A) = reet(), Noncausal and unstable, since moa is infinite) (d) A) = teu), Af) = a y+ 2y'() +y¥ = 204) ‘The system is causal and stable (J |h(t)|d# = 0.5) (©) A) =056(2), HU) =05, v(t) =0.52(t). Cousal and stable e L 1 1 (9 = HD = Toyah Tega ~ TF OTE So, y"(t) + 3y/{t) + 2y(t) = a(t). The system is causal and stable (f {h(é)|dt ~ 0.5) (@) Ho) = 40) - HON =1- ag EE vO+Ho=2'0 ‘The system is causal and stable (f Jh(¢)idt = 2) (h) A(t) =sinc(¢+1), H(s) = tri(f)e!?"4. Noncausal and stable (f {h(t)|dt = 1).Chepter 9 Solutions to Problems 183 9.53 (Solution) y/(t) + 4y(t) = z(t). (8) ¥(nuenf+2)= xi). 8 #u)= 4 (b) 2(t) = cos(2n fot). So, H(fo) = So, y(t) = Acos(2rfot +8) eee 14 fanfor 1 c) If fo = 10Hz, r= 1s: H(W0)= — t= (© Wfo=1 1s: = UE fo= 1 Ba, r= mst 0) = oe +52nfr = AL® (polar form) 0.01592~89.1° and y(t) = 0.0159 cos{20xt—89.1°). 14 — 0.36° and y(t) = cos(2nt — 0.36°). (€) For rfo <1, the response will resemble (be @ good approximation to) the input. 9.54 (Solution) (a) True. A(t) = AB(e). So, H(f) = A and ¥(f) = (b) True, 2() = eft, ae 80, X(f) =f a), HS) = $0, ¥(f) = HUAX(f) = gost - 2) = 3 ay (o) True. (0) + ult) = 2(t). So, Me (A) False. If 2(¢) = cos(at), then y(t general, equal K cos(at). (e) Tre. 2(t) = sinc(at), Alt) = sine(Bt). So, X AX(f), seeet te eee Fajma - 9) = eee tN = a 7a ~P*u(t) (so, identical to part b) cos(at) + Bsin(at) = Ccos{at +6). This does not, in (A) = Lrect(f/a), HUA) = Jrect( 4/2). So, if 8 > a, Y(f) = dprect(f/a) and y(t) = Zsine(at). (0) True. 2(@) ~ontrat), A(t) = sinc(t). So, X(f) = 05|6(f-a)+51f +a}, HUA) = So, 6 > 20, ¥(f) = SF[6(f — a) + 6(F +0) } and y(t) = 3 cos(2nat). (g) True. A(t) = sinc(6t). So, H(f) = drect(s/8). UEX(S) , [f] > B and 6 > 2B, thea ¥(f) = BACs) and yft) = $240). AX(S). prect( 4/2) 9.55 (Solution) The frequency response of filter is H(w) = (@) de gain 4o = |H(0)| =1 (b) Gain is 1/V2 when [H(w)/? = So, 0.5(64 ~ 164 +u8 + 1602) = 64 or wt = Goin is 0.01 when [2 (4)F? = 0.0001 = 7 — 8 64 °S= Gare 64 or w = 2.8284 rad/s 64 To at So, 0.0001(84 ~ 164 + w* + 1642) = 64 or ut = (640000 or w = 28.2843 rad/s184 Chapter 9_ The Fourier Transform (©) a(t) = 4+ 4eos(2t) ~ Asin(2) + c08(30t). Atay = 2 rad/s and un = 30 rad/s, we find 8 ee See Z HQ) = Fy yyq = OASSLL — 15.00" (80) = yap ppg = 0.00802 — 172.38 So, u(t) = 4-4 4(0.4851) cos(2t ~ 75.96*) ~ 4(0.0089) sin(2t — 75.96") + 0.0089 cos(20¢ ~ 172.34") So, y(t) = 4-4 1.9403 cos(2t ~ 75.96°) ~ 0.0856 sin(2t ~ 75.96") + 0.0089 cos(30¢ — 172.54°) 1
s(t He) = delt/te) an Msinc(Mfto) _ Msine(M ft.) So, ¥(9) ine(fta) Fie) , M=2N41 9.61 (Solution) (a) x(t) (b) a(t) =rect(at) X(f) = Esine(J/a). So, peak-to-null B= a Lrect(j/a). $0, Bate = 0.5e. ine(at) X(f) (c) 2(t) =em*tult), X(f) = 1 @ apgiap Haltpower bandwidth = 3.186 Chapter 9_The Fourier Transform @) Q=0", XQeew Now, hh = f° PIX(/)Paf = fp° feof = 8, Boa B= a (@) ae", Xiao’, 1 8van and bp = f° 1X (f)Pe Now f= (XNA = ae, a= XO)? = 1 and Bay = 9.62 (Solution) Let (@) = sinc(f). Then H(f) = rect( Sp, Bate = 0.5 and T, = 2 (width of central lobe of A(t). So, T-Buve = 1 9.63 (Solution) For a second-order Butterworth filter with a cutoff frequency of 1 rad/s, the magnitude 1 squared function is |H(f)/? = + )=1 squared function is IUD = pears and HOO) a Pe awe]? a2) i aap [Ore Ase, T= TS = GATE 80 Taba = 08 9.64 (Solution) ‘Compute the indicated time-bandwidth product for each system (a) A(t) = tilt), H(z) = sinc*(J), n= foams, H(0) =1, [Cvtavar=1 Asotr= [y= [” sactina * 2 =8 = [Panes R dae So, Teq= 7 = 3, Boa = saa = TegBeq = 0.5 [Lrtose= [7 anes aio, [eager f” Pana =. (b) hi)=e", Hise", 80, Ty =2(4)"” =Chapter 9 Solutions to Problems 1a7 9.65 (Solution) (2) A) = teu), HU) = 4 ivepe acne = fw et ds Bea ape = ‘The balt-power bandwidth is By = gh- IAAP = + inf tl epee fr yeegeeeeec nears (b) Cascade of 2 filters: A(t) = Se-“/*u(t), HO = yap L(A ame” 1 wrcnar= fw @de= 2, Ba = FOF # At the hal-power frequency f = By, we have (1 + 4n2B3r2)? = 05. Tus, de? BRr? = VI — 1 = 0.4262 and By = Et () fereipeetet i eae Par = L ee (IRON = peepee HOP =1 Ba = arptaye [EDP = sa taaes = 2g - ores The hale power bandwidth is By = gh = 0.1692 9.66 (Solution) The overall impulse response of s complex system with many subsystems is the convolution cof the individual impolse responses and tends to a Gaussian signal (by the central limit theorem). Thus, the frequency response is also a Gaussian signal. 9.67 (Solution) (a) TA T= ‘Thus (in ns), 1+ 72 (b) Probe time constant is rp = 0.1 ns. Estimate the rise-time as Tp = 2.2rp = 0.22 ns. Ty, =1 ns, So, Ty = (12 +7} +72)"? = 1.1 for a 10% exzor. ‘Thus (inns), 1+ (022)? +72 = 1.21 and Ty = VOTOTS = 0.4020 ns and B ~ zh = 249 GH. T2+7}. Let T,B lor Bx d. 2s. $0, T= (02 +72)2 = 1.1 ns for a 10% error. 21 and To = VO = 0.4588 ns and B~ jp = 2.28 GH. [COMPUTATION AND DESIGN 9.68 (Solution) YWPROBLEM 9.68 ‘PART (b) w=0:0.01:8; me2;me2enjhtnabs (1) ./sqre(t+e-"m)) ; ne3;m*2en;h2vabo((1)./sqgrt(14w."m)) 5188 Chapter 9_ The Fourier Transform 2ynhSeabs (1) ./sqrt (t+y.7m)): neSjme2en;hdeabs (1). /sqrt(14v."8)); phot (w, (ht ;h2:b3b4]) ,grid 9.69 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routine sysresp1, trbw PROBLEM 9.69 ‘PART (a) £40:0.01:8;020:0.01:53enjeu; Net;De[1 1] ;h=(1)./polyval ,s); yosysraspl(’s",¥,D, (1) subplot (2,2,1) ,plot(t eval(y)) grid subplot (2,2,2) ,plot(y,abs(b)) ,grid subplot (2,2, 4) ,plot(w,angle(h}#180/p1) grid, pause Wet;De([t 2 33 ;h=(2)-/polyval @,s); yesysrespi(’s?,M,D, (1]) subplot(2,2,1),plot(t,eval(y)) grid subplot(2,2,2),plot(w,abs(a)) grid subplot (2,2,4) ,plot(,angle(h)*180/pi) ,grid,pause Net;De[t sqrt(2) 1];he(1)./polyval(,s); yesysrespi(’s?,N,D, (1) subplot (2,2, 1) plot (t, eval (y)) grid subplot (2,2,2),plot(w,abs(t)) grid subplot (2,2,4) ,plot jw angle(h)#180/pi) ,grid,pause Net;De(1 2 2 1];b(2)./polyval(,s); yesysrespi(’s?,4,D, (11) ‘subplot (2,2,1) ,plot (t eval (y)) grid subplot (2,2,2) ,plot(w,abs(a)) grid subplot (2,2,4) ,plot (#,angle(h)*180/pi) .erid, pause PART @) Hea;D°[1 10 ;trbw(,D) pause wart (a) Met;D=[1 2 1) ;trbw(,D) ,pause wart (>) Wet Deli sqrt(2) 1] ;trbv(W,D),pause YPart Cc) Wet Deli 22 1]; trbvQt,0) wart (@) 9.70 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routine sspesp PROBLEM 9.70 x=(2,3,-pi/3) 5 WPART (a) ast ;Ne2;D= [1,2] ;yssi=ssresp(?s? ,W,D,x) plot (t,eval (ysst)) pause as2;Ne2;D=(4,a) ;yss2=ssresp('s? ,W,D,x) ,plot(t eval (yss2)) ,pause 20,02:65Chapter 9 Solutions to Problems 189. ‘PART (b) ;N=4;D*(1,4,C] :yss3*ssresp(’s? N,D,x) ,plot(t, eval (yss3)) ,pause et ;D=[1,4,C] :yssdessresp('s? ,N,D,x) plot (t, eval (yss4)), pause D=[1,4,C] jyesS=seresp(’s? ,N,D,x) plot (t, eval (yss5))Chapter 10 MODULATION 10.1 (Solution) Refer to the sketches. aoe Specoupofsi) Spectrum ofmodulted signal oases | asgs oe argos 5/195 oa gas £ ! £ & He (a) a(t) = 2eos(2nfat), taxi) = 2eos(2nfit) cos(2nfet) = casf2n(fo + fi)t] + cos|2x(fo ~ fi)t] (b) so{t) = za lt) costanfet) = feoslam(2fc + fbi] + beosl2a(2fe — f:}t] + cos(amfit) 10.2 (Solution) Refer to the sketch. fo = 1.5 MHz, f = 50 Hz to 15 kHz Specizum of modulated signal 1 1300850 " 1st -s0 | i rsu0t foe sant ao son ‘The frequencies in the modulated signal will cover 1500 + 0.05 Kitz. and 150015 kHz So, the LSB extends from 1500 — 15 = 1485 kEiz to 1500 — 0.050 = 1499.95 kliz (positive frequencies) — ‘The USB extends from 1500 + 0.05 = 1500.05 kilz to 1500 + 15 = 1515 kdlz (positive frequehiies) 10.3 (Solution) x(t) = 2cos(2n/it) + cos(2r fat). So, |2(tNlmax=3, tal) = b lc + x(t)} cos(2mfot) (a) 6=05= whee = piedc=s (b) zar(t) = [6+2 cos(2nfit)+cos(2xft)] cos(2n fot) So, zay(t) = 6 cos(2nfet) + cosl2m(fitfe}i} + cosl2n(fi - fo)t] + 5 c0s[2n(fa + fet] + } cos|2n(fs + fo)t] So, Faidebands = SIC)? + (2)? + (2)? + (4)?] = 1.28 Power in aye(¢) is Plow (t)] = Pearrier + Psidebands = }(6)? + 1.25 = 19.25 = Faidebands _ 1.25 _ ‘The efcieney is 9 = “BASRA = Tooe = 6.49% 190Chapter 10_Solutions to Problems 191 (©) Refer to the sketches. Speco of x0) Secon ope pa os | os os | os °: os as} | gas so) “ioe wo) 0 104 (Solution) 6 =0.8, Pr =50kW 50 (a) Pr = Po(1 +056"). So, Pe = 0 97.88 kW +058 (b) Message power equals Pr — Po. So, #£=Fe = 9.2424 10.5 (Solution) #=05, Po =32W, Pr=Po(t+0.56*) =36W Seyi Fe = Pew 88124 80,9 =H = A ornate 10.6 (Solution) x(t) = 2cos(2nf;t) + cos(2n fat), quadrye(t) = [Ag +2(t)) cos(2x fet) Refer to the sketches (we assumed fy =10, f= 20, fo = 200 Hz ‘Spectrum of modulated signal Spectrum of lowpasrBlter 0 i035 10 iw 220 B co (a) z(t) = z(t) cos(2n fet) = [Ag + 2(t)] c0s*(2mfot) = } [Ac + 2(¢)}[L + cos(arfot)] So, ea(t)= $Ac+ fxlt) + HAc +a(t)cos(esfot) (b) Ideal LPF for recovery requires a gain of 2 and a cutoff frequency fp > max(fs,f2) 10.7 (Solution) (2) 2(¢) = cos(2nfit). No recovery possible (z(t) is not > 0 forall time, taia(t) = —1, ie. <0) {b) 2(t) = 2e0s(2nfit) + eos(2nfzt). No recovery possible (Zuia(t) = -3, -€. <0) (©) a(t) =2 + cos(2afit). Recovery possible (tmia(t) = 1, Le. 2 0) (@) (6) =2 + 2eos(2nfit) + cos(2n fat). No recovery possible (eia(t) “Iie. <0)192 Chapter 10_Modulation 10.8 (Solution) (8) = 2eas(2nfit) + cos(2n fat), zu(t) = a(t) cos(2xfot) zu (t) = cosl2x(fo + Salt] + cosl2a(fo = fi)t} +} cosl2n(fo + fo}t] + } cosl2n(fo — fale] LSB signal is cosl2n(fo - filt]+ feosl2n(fo - fale] USB signal is cos{e(fe + file] + }ooslen(fe + fal) ——————— 10.9 (Solution) (a) x(E) = coo(lOnt + 4x), 9(t) = 10nt+ de, Alt) = (2/20)0"() = 5 He item x(t) =cos(10nt-+2nt), (6) =10nt + 2nt, Alt) = (1/2n)e'(t) = 6 He (b) a(t) = cos(lOrt + 2ri%), Ot) = Ont + 2et2, fet) = (1/2n)6'(t) = (5 + 24) He (1) = cosltOrt + 2sin(2xt)), 6(t) = 10mt + 2sin(2zt) So, fult) = (1/2n)8'(f) = [5 + 2eost2nt)] He 10.20 (Solution) 2(2) = AcoPei0"t + Osin(2e104) = Acosl2nfet +) {a Caras Roqueney fe 210" Bs = 10 (b) Frequency of the modulating signal fa = 10* Ha = 10 Kitz (©) 4{t) = S0sin(2rt0%), (1/27) 44() = (60)(20*) eos(2n10%) Peake frequency deviation A = (50)(10*). Modulation index 6 = 22 — (50)(204/(10*) = 50, 10.11 (Solution) Ay =75%8i2, 6 = SL. Since f varies from $0 Hz to 15 kElz, the allowable range of Bis from 7000 to M2, ve, 5 < 6 < 1500 10.12 (Solution) fp = 15 KHz, Af = 30 kis. So, 6 Using the modified Carson’s rule, for example, fa(2+ 8) = 120 KH. 10.13 (Solution) Refer to the sketch. Spectrum of modulted signal as as os 9s eas] Jags | os gos at IeE tes ely footy (a) z(t) = 2cos(2x fit) + cos(2n fet), 2c (t) = cos(2nfct) tu(t) = 2(t)cos(2nfet) = cos[2n(fo + fr)t] + Zeosi2n(fo + fa}t] (b) Pe = H(2)? + (1)7] = 25, Par(6)} = HCMC)? +(4)7] = 1.25 = 50% of Pe (©) Since there is no transmitted carrier, 1 = 100%Chapter 10_ Solutions to Problems 193 10.14 (Solution) 2(t) = cos(200n¢) + cos(40074) + cos(600x4) and fo = 10 KHz. The signal power is P, =05(1+1+1)=15 W. (a) u(t) = [1 +0.22(0)]cos(2rfct). Refer to the sketch. ‘Spectrum of modulated signal 0s a rg) oie “i03 ‘The power in z4(¢) is Pr = 2{(0.5)°+6(0.1)?) 0.12. This is 8% of the signal power P.. 62 W. The sideband power is P, = 2[6(0.1)7] (b) 22(¢) = x(t) cos(2rfet). Refer to the sketch. ‘Spectrum of modulated signal os perry Ppt gto Wier 10s ‘The power in 2a(¢) is P: = 2{6(0.25)?| 50% of the signal power P.. 75 W. The sideband power is also 0.75 W. This is 10.15 (Solution) 2(t) = 4+ 4cos(2xt) + 2cos( 4x2) ‘The AM signal zauu(t) = [20-+2(¢]] coe(4Ont) = [24-+4 cos(2nt) +2 cos( rt] coo(40nt) has a two-sided spectrum with (05,1, 12, 1, 05] at f = (18, 19, 20, 21, 22] He. fom, [2(8)lawe = - = HDlmas yo Now, (fom = 444-42 10,80, 6 LeCdlnas . 3 (22)? + 20)? + 2(0.5)"] = 298 W. ‘The power in the sidebands is P, = 2(2(1}? + 2(0.5)%] =5 W. - ‘The signal power is P, = (4)? +0.5{(4)? + (2)?] = 26 W. So, the faction ofthe signal power in the sidebands is (or 19.23%). 5 ‘The power in zan(t) is Puy 10.16 (Solution) 2,,(+) = 1000 cos{20000r¢) Deacon), k=1,2,5. 80, fo = 10 KHz ¥ a(t) = 1000 cos(20000rt) + 250) } [oos/2m(fo + 2000k)t} (a) Frequencies present: 10 KHz, 1041 Ms, 1042KHz, 104 5 ke (b) Magnitudes: 1000 (at 10 kiiz), 250 at 10 1 KHz, 125 at 10+ 2 kHls, 60 at 10:45 kis (c) Pr = }(1000)? + (250}?[1 + ($)? + (})?] = 580625 W194 Chapter 10_Modulation (4) Now, 2(¢) = 1000{}7 J; c05(2000kzt) and zc{t) = 1000 cos(200007¢) So, [2(t)Imex = 500(1 + 4 + 3) = 500(1.52) = 850, Ac = 1000 and Py 80625 =Pp—Pg= 7 = 80625. So, (©) Py = Pr— Fo = 580625 ~ 500000 = 80625. So, 7 ard x = 13.80% 10.17 (Solution) zane(t) = All +2(t)]c08(2xfot) = Acos(2rfot) + Ax(t) cos(2efot). If z(t) has zero de offset and is bandlimnited to B Hz, the modulated signal reduces the spectrum by half and centers it about #fe. If the power in 2(t) is Pe, the power in the AM signal is Pyr = 0.54? + 0542P. = 05A%(1 +P). 10.18 (Solution) (a) x(t) = 2eos(2nfot),z0(t) = cos(2nfet) u(t) = 2eos(2a fot) coolant) = cosl2r( Fe + Salt] + cos/2(fo — Jolt} p(t) = s(t) cos(2rfot +8). So, Zoli) = }cosi2n(2fo+ a+ 6)t] + }eosl2n(2fe — fo-+ 8)!]+ } cos(2nfot +0)+ } cos(2n fot~8) The recovered signal is zq(t) = }cos(2nfot +6) + }.cos(2x fot — 8) = coe(6) cos(2e fot) We got perfect recovery if @ = 0 {b) If @ = 490°, cos(@) = 0 and we cannot recover the message. (©) zplt) = zar(2) cosl2a(fo + APM. So, tplt) = peosi2a(2fe + fo + Aft + peos|2a(2fo ~ fo+ Aft] + }eoslex(fo + AF} + Foos[2e(fo - Af)el So, zalt) = Jeosln(fo-+ Aft] + Zeosl2e(fo — Af)t] = cos(2rAf#)cos(2x ot) TEAf = 0, we get periect recovery. Otherwise, za(t) is a combination of signals at fo-+ Af and fo Af and can lead to the phenomenon of beats (if Af is not too large). 10.19 (Solution) 2(t) = cos(100rt) and zc(t) = cos(20007t). zy (t) = cos(100xt) cos(2000mt). With the demodulating carrier cos[2=(1000-+ A f)¢-+ 6], the demod- ulated signal is p(t) = cos(100x¢) cos(2000nt) cos|2n(2000 + Af)t + 4]. This may be simplified to zo(t) = 0.25(cosiar(2fo + fo + AF)t +6] + coslen(fe — fo + AF)i +0) + cosl2n(fo + AF)t+ 4) + cas[2a(fo - Af)E— #)) (a) Af =0, @=0. Upon filtering, we recover 0.52(#) = 0.5.cos(100r#) because ott) = 0.26 (cosfan(2ye + fol] + cosza(2fc ~ fa)t} + 2e00(2nfot))Chapter 10 Solutions to Problems 195, (b) Af =0, €=0.25n. Upon filtering, we recover gZga(t) because p(t) = 0.25(coslan(2fe + fo)t +0.25x] + coslen(2fo — fo)t + 0.25n] + cosl2e fot + 0.25) + cos(2rfot — 0. 25z)), ‘The signal component is 0.25|cos(2r fot +0.25n) + cos(2z fot —0.25n)] = zy cos(2n fat) (©) Af =0, 6 =05n. ‘There is no signal to recover because p(t) = 0.25(cos[2n(2fe + folt + 0.5n] + cosl2a(2fe ~ folk + O.5a} + cas(Rafot + 0.5n) + cos(2n fot ~ 0.5n)). ‘The signal component is 0.25[cos(2r fot + 0.5m) + cos(2n fot — 0.5)] = 0 (@) 4 zolt) = 0.25( cos[2n(2fo-+ fo Af] +cosl2n( fo fo+ Af} +ooslen(fo-+AF)H}+cos!en(fo— An) ‘The last two terms add up to 0.5{cos(2x fot) cos(2xA ft}] 10, @=0. We cannot recover the message because (©) Af =10, = 0.57. We cannot recover the message because p(t) =0. 25 (cosaa(2 fe + fo + Aft + 08x] + cos|2n(2fo ~ fo + Af) +0.57] + cos[2a(fo + Asit+0.5x] + cos[2m(fo - Aft - 05x) ‘The last two terms edd up to ~0.5|coe(2xfet) sin(2nA ft)} 10.20 (Solution) The message 2() is bandlimited to 10 kE2 and fc = 100 kliz, The detector discharging time constant 7 is bounded by: =~ << ot. Tale <"< Seis . So, 1.592p8 <7. < 15.925 10.21 (Solution) z(t) =sinc(t), fo = 5 He and ayy(t) = z(t) co8(2n fot). Refer to the sketches for the various spectra. Modulation ae {$98 een \ af os £ | L, 7 ses 5 l £ $ 5 5 Denon ie aafeoorny £ 5 oe ata 770 a) 7196 Chapter 10 Modulation 10.22 (Solution) = 5. Harmonics at fo + kfo, k= 0,1,2,3, (a) Single tone modulation: X{k] = Ji(8). With 6'= 5, we find Index k ° xUk] 2 3 0.1778 0.3276 = 0.0468. 3648 So, P= |X[O}? +20 [XA]? = 0.5167 (b) Square wave modulation: X[k] = 0.Ssine{0.5(6 ~ &)] +0.5(—1)*sine{0.5(0 + &)]. We find Index k ° 1 2 3 xt) 0.1273 ° 0.1816 ° So, P = [X{ol}? +25 1X [k= 0.0622 ca 10.28 (Solution) (a) =(@) = cos(2nft), 2(t) =cos(2nft —0.5n) = sin(2nft) (©) 2) = sin(2z jt), 2(0) = sin(2e ft ~ 0.5n) = —cos(2nf2) (©) A(t) = cosl2nft) +sin(2nft), 4(t) = sin(2nft) ~ cas(2nfe) (a) a(t) oF, aft) m ettetetela 2 jester tae © 2 =50), 3) = 6) 5-5 © =8, a= Sed. wit any jagp We lnd yey + sens) oF Zee ~seunls) ‘sen(f)][-Jsgn(f)] = 1. So, #(¢) = -5(2). 10.24 (Solution) (a) ‘The magnitude spectra of z(t) and #(¢) are identical. Take cos(2n/t) end sin(2r ft) as examples (b) The Hilbert transform of 2(¢) taken twice returns ~2(t). For example, If x(t) = cos(2nft), then y(t) = 2(t) = sin(2rft) and g(t) = ~cos(2x/t) item The Hilbert transform of an even fimetion is odd and vice versa. This follows because £(t) = x(t}, and zy Is odd. Take cos(2x/t) and sin(2nft) as examples. (c) The Hilbert transform of x(at) is sen(a}#(at). 0) IE 2(¢) « A(t) = v(t), then 2(at} + A(at) = are) So, 2(at} + = J =ofriay -A] = aie = sen(a}é(at) (d) x(t) « y(t) = 2(¢) +9(t) = 2(¢) * y(t). This follows because k@)«¥)] +2 (@) The Hilbert transform of s real signal is also real. This follows because the convalution of two real signals is also real. So, if2(t) is real, then #(c) = 2(¢) + & is also real — = [a(t) * YE y(t) = 2(¢) «vl * H)Chapter 10_ Solutions to Problems 197, 10.25 (Solution) z(t) =sine(t), 2(t) = o.5ntsine”(e) IE y(t) = sinc(ad), the scaling property gives 9(t) For a <0, sgn(a) = -1 and asgn(a) = fal. So, o( sgn(a)(0.5rat)sinc*(at}. O.5alaftsine™(at) 10.26 (Solution) Refer to the sketches, ae Spec of moped snl and -en(0 Xie) | Xf) zyu(t) = =a()eos(2rfot), u(t) = a. [re(t) cos(2nfet)). Tts Fourier transform is Kaa(f) = —Jsen(J) [Xp[f) *0.5{6(F — fo) +4(F + fe)}] = ~J0.Ssen(f)|Xa(F - fo) +XalF + fo)) Now, sgn(f) = ~1, f < 0 and aga(f) = 1, f >0. If fo > fo, senl{)Xalf - fo) = Xelf ~ fe) (positive frequencies) and sgn(f)Xa(f + fc) = —Xa(f + fc) (negative frequencies) 80, Lue(f) = ~J0.51XB(f ~ fe) ~ Xf + fo)] = 50.5|Xe(F + fe) — Xa(F - fo)] This spectrum describes modulation of zar(t) by a sine wave at f = fo. 80, a(t) = za(t) sin(2rfet) COMPUTATION AND DESIGN 10.27 (Solution) ‘PROBLEM 10.27 0,001:0.3;x-cos(204pi tt) ;c=cos(200epitt) ; yasb=x.c;plot (t,yésb,t,x) pause ~ yaul=(1+0-54x) .#¢;plot(t, yal ,t,1+0.S#x) ,pause [Can use envelope detection 140.8¢x) -ec;plot(t yan2,,1+0,8ex) ,pause “Can use envelope detection 141.2ex) .sc;plot (t, yan3,t,1¢1.242) ,pause YCamnot use envelope detection yusb0.S*cos(2epi+ii0et) ;plot(t,yusb) Cannot use envelope detection 10.28 (Solution) ‘YPROBLEM 10.28 ££0:0.001:0.3;xecos(20epixt) ;excos (200*pi#t) ; _ yasbox.*c-*c;plot(t,yaeb) ,pause 140.54x) .c.sc;plot(t,yamt) pause 140. 84x) .¥c.sc;plot(t, yam), pause yan3=(i+1.2ex).¥¢.*c;plot(e, yang) ,pause198 Chapter 10 Modulation osb=0.Sxcos(2episL10et) .4c plot (t,yusb) ‘ote : To see the demodulated signal try the following smoothing filter: ise £ilttiie tor Linear phase filtering for easy comparison he[-3 -6 -5 3 21 46 67 T4 67 46 21 3 -5 -6 -3]/320; /Spencer filter yeletilefile(h,1,yant) splot(t ,2+y1-1,t,0.5x,’~.") ,pause yi2-filttilt(h,1, yan2) iplot (t,247#2-1,¢,0.84x,'-.?) ‘ie recover, a scaled version of message except for startup transiests 10.29 (Solution) PROBLEM 10.23 {ote : To see the dencdulated signal try the folloving snocthing filter Wse £1tfilt for Linear phase filtering for easy comparison he[-3 ~6 -5 3-21 46 67 74 67 46 21 3 ~5 -6 -3}/320; USpencer filter +£50:0.001 :0.3 ;x=cos(204piet) ;cmcos(200=pist) j edecoa (200epist) jydsbex.+e.*ed;plot (t, yds) ;pause yftafilesilt (h,1, ydsb) splot (t,yf1,t,0.Sex, ’-.’) pause 0s (2004pint +Sepi/160) ;ydsbex.*c.cd;plot(t,yasb) ,pause yftnfileeile(h,1, ydsb) splot(t,y£1,t,0.5+x,'~.’) ,pause ed~con(200epiet+30+pi/180) jydsbex.#¢.+cd;plot (t,ydeb) ,pause yEletilesilt (h, 1, yésb) plot (t.yft,t.0.5ex,’-.'),pause ed=cos (200epist+90+pi/180) ;yésbex.4c.#cd; plot (t. ydsb) ,pause pttstitessieh, 1, ydab) ;plot(e,y1,t,0,Sex,”~.") ,pause edecos (220¥pitz) iydsb=x.te.tedsplot(t,ydab) pause yite£ilesiie (2, ydsb) splot(t,j£1,t,0.5ex, ’-.") ,panse cdecos(200rpive) ;yasb=C1+0. 543) . 4c. ¥ed:plot(t, yasb) ,pause s£tefileeilt (bh, 1,ydsb) splot (t,2*yf 1-1 ,t,0-5ex,!=.?) ,pause os (200¢piet+Sepi/180) ;ydsb~(1+0.5ex) .#¢.4ed;plot(t,yasb) ,pause yiie£ileeile (b, 1, ydsb) ;plot(e,2eyfi-1,2,0.Sex,’—.*) pause ‘a~cos (200eps#t+30epi/180) jyasb=(1+0.5ex) .¥e. vod ;plot (e,ydsb) pause pélnfidesiie (h1,ydsb) :plot (t,2eyft-1,t,0.5ex,7~.") pause ‘cdecos (200epi+t+90epi/160) ;ydsb=(1+0.5ex) .¥e.wed;plot(t,ydsb) ,pause yét=£ileeile (hy, 1, ydsb) ;plot (t,2eyf1-1,t,0.5ex,?~.") pause os (220*piet) ;ydsb=(1+0. 54x) .*c.#ca;plot(t, yasb) pause yil=£ilegiie(h, 1,yasb) splot (e,2eyf1-1,2,0.5ex,"—.°) ;pause edecos(200spist) ;yasb=(140.8ex) .c.#cd;plot(t, yasb) ,pause yit£iltsilt (h, 1, 7asb) ;plot(t,267f1-1,t,0.84x,'~.?) ,pause edecos(200+pitt+5#pi/180) ;ydsba(1+0 84x) nc. scd;plot(t ,yésb) ,pause yiteilttilt(h, t,ydsb) ;plot(t, Meyfi-1,t.0.84x,"~.") pause edecos (200epiet+30*pi/120) jydsb=(1+0. 88x) .#c.#ed;plot(t, ydab) pause yEteeilegitt (a, 1, yasb) ;plot(t, 24yf1-1,t,0.8ex,’-.?) ,pause cd=cos(200rpi+t+804pi/160) ;ydsb=(1+0.842) .4c.*cd:pLot Ce, ydsb) ,pauseChapter 10 Solutions to Problems 199 ed-cos(220%pist) jydsb=(140.B4x) -tc.4ed;plot(t, yas) ,pause yEtefiltesle (h,1,ydsb) ;plot(t,2eyet-t,t,0.ex, '-.") pause edzcos(200epiet) ;ydeb=(1+1.2ex) .2c.wedsplov(t yasb) ,panse yflatilerile(h, 1,ydsb) ;plot (t, 2eyft-1,t,1.2¢x,'-.") pause ‘ca=cos(200*pi tt +Sepi/180) ;ydsb=(1+1.24x) .*c.*cd;plot(t, ydsb) ,pause yEt-£ilteilt(h, 1, ydsb) ;plot (tc, 2eyf1-1,t,4.2¢x,'=.7) pause ‘cdecos (200epiet+30¢pi/180) sydsb=(1+1 24x) .#c.ecd;plot(e,ydsb) ,pause yeImfiltsilt(h,1,yasb) splot (t ,2eyti-1,t,1.20x,7=.") pause ‘ed=cos (200epitt +S0epi/180) jydsb=(1+1.2ex) .ec.tea;plot(t,ydsb) pause yétefideriie(n,1,ydsb) splot (e,2eyti-1.t.1.2ex,'=.") pause Saxcos(270rpist) jydsbu(1+1.202).0c-odsplos(t,ydeb) , pause yilerilteait (a,1,yasb) jplot(t, eyti-1,t, 1.20, 7=.")Chapter 11 THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM 11.1 Golution) (@) 20) =u), X0)= f ema = f eed LS, ROC:5> -8 (b) 2) =eu(t), (5) ROC:5>3 12.2 (Solution) a (a) 2) ult), X(s) = yaa ett 4 (b) 2) =te-*H4u(t) = etteMalt), Xfs) = we (6) 200) seule 2) = eer MMale 1), (6) = SE (A) a(t) = [2—e-“Ju(t) = ult) —e*u(t), X46) = (6) 210) = t= 2)ult 1) = (= t= e= 2), X(0) () 2() = 2a) = So, X(s} = (2) 2(¢—2) = (apy biting property| (0) st09 oo OIG, = Pg healing property] (©) 22-2) um {from (b) with t~+¢~1] 200Chapter 11 Solutions to Problems @ 20° Su Kerivative property] sen ©) 2-2)6 Tae [from (2)] (8) 222) 4 : a (trom (b)) 201 11.4 (Solution) 2(¢) = cult) ¢ X(9). (a) X (2s) > 0.5e"*°29u(0.58) = 0.5e~u(t) (b) X(s) = -te-*u(e) (©) 2X(0) 9 Sie *u(t) = (9) - 26° ule) (a) 8X") =4 -Mu(t)] = (24 ~ 1e™*u(e) [from (b)] 11.5 (Solution) Refer to the sketches. a ‘Unstable ( marginally stable due to simple poles on the jw-axis at +j) () H(6)= gaaptraea Poles: «= ~2, -3, 1, zeros: s=0, 0, 0 ‘Unstable ( due to the pole in the RHP) (© HO) = ge Unstable (marginally stable due to simple pole on ju-axis at the otigin) (A) H(s) = giles, Poles: kj, 0, ~2, zoros: # = #32 ‘Unstable ( marginally stable due to simple poles on ju-axis at +7) Poles: 5 =0, ~1, zeros: s=2 (©) HO) = axlSqy, Poles: s=—4, 0, 0 Unstable { due ¢o repeated pole on jiavaxis at the origin) (8) Gs) = Gti, Poles: s=0, +45, 7, zeros: = -1 ‘Unstable ( due to repeated pole on juraxis at +f and -j)202 Chapter 11_ The Laplace Transform 11.6 (Solution) IVI: 2(0) = jim 2X (s) and FVT: 2(00) = lim «X(s) (@) x)= 535, x= Ss (co) = lim ¢X(s) = 0 Since X(s) is not strietly proper, so we write X(s) ¥(s) = to find 2(0) = Jim s¥(s) = - iz and use the strictly proper part wxah, () x)= (00) = Tey sX(6) = Since x6) i not stitly prope, by long division X(s) = #-+9+ zr. The strietly propa pat Be ¥(9) =1/(s+1) and (0) = Jim (0) = pi, (9 X= fay FVT does not apply (poles on the ju-axis) Since X(s) is not strictly proper, by long division X(s) = 1+ ;#47. The strietly propee partis ¥(6) = ey ond 0) = in Y() = as =? @) X() = garden, 9X) = panteery = ete 2(co) = lim sX(s)=0, 2(0) = Jim sX(s) =1 (©) X)= ab oXO~ Fy, aloo) = tg ex) = (XO) = ghia 6XC) = Ay = aes (00) = Lim 6X (s) =0.2, 2(0) = Jim sX(s) =2 (0) = jin, 6X(s) = (w) X(s) = 10/2 +42, EVT does not apply (unstable, poles on the jursxis) (0) = jim sX(s) = (h) X(s) = Gey, sX(s) = MEHL, FVT does not apply (unstable, poles on the ju-aais) (0) = jim 8X2) = 0 - 14,7 (Gotution) We have mitted the egebra that yikis the constants of the PFE aaaena| 2 7 @ a0) == 4+ Gea 2- Ap ony = e200 2s Be () H)= Saye ae sa taant sae So, h(t) = (e-# 440° ~ 36-Mult) aeeHSEerdy © HO) = SayaaF Note that Ko = Sfylea-1 and Ki = $ So, h(t) = (3e-2 = 2te~t + Se-Hu(t)Chapter 11 Solutions to Problems 208, s+) eee ean reenter ©) HO) = TeaesiP Grip test 7 5a3* Garp tai Note that Ko = “@#2)),..1 and Ki = (S252) So, Ri) = (e+ Bet be*Dult) ie Saree eee S¥24p S405 SGD" SFE” SING 2 4 ©) HO) = Graces ~ saat So, h(t) = [2e"% — 2e-*cos(t)Ju(t) e+) A K (9) HO) = Gyayety neta) FF 2* ETF So, h(t) = —2e"%u(t) + 2e~*[oos(¢) + sin(t}jult) Or, since K = 14 j = VEL0.25n, h(t) = ~2e-Mu(t) + 2/Fe"* cos(e ~ 0.25) x2) 2(<2 +2) A K Ke 2 5-5 4st () H)= Gyayerast ey 4a tae2eg * oea=5 W340 a4 d4s SFO—G So, h(t) = 12e-u(t) + 2e-%[—5 cos(t) — 4 sin(t)}u(t) Or, since K = -5 ~j4 6.42 ~141.3°, A(t) = [12e~ + 2(6.4)e~*cos(t + 141.3°)]u(t) 2 A ieaeeaeeteeatieea 2 ®) BO > Gaayecay ee3* GIF * GIR ser 553 * aE GaP si Note thet Ko = gizlee-r) Ki = Slsfallen—1» Ka =05Slllen—1 So, h(t) = (—2e"® + tent — Bie“* + 2e~*ult) 11.8 (Solution) (a) H(s)= es Not strictly proper, so use Jong division ~ H(s)=1- a Ae) =6(8) — tute) (s4+2)? sti (>) H(s) = Not strictly proper, so use long division HQ = 543425, AO) = He) + 3610) + eu) As 26 Gre ra (© H)= Separate delay term and use in the end 4s Qe GFDE+2 GFCF2 So, Rit) = (—4e™# + Be™2¥)u(t) — [86 A(s)= 2) ge-2tt-Djutt— 1)204 Chapter 11 The Laplace Transform = HEHE) separate terms and use e~* asa delay. Ne at the frst term is He Te Separate term and use "asa delay. Note also thatthe Sst not proper and requires long division 4 te HO= Gayesy Genera ft sei 7 sa3 So, A(t) = 45(t) + (4e-* - 16e—™)uu(t) — [de €-D — de-N yu(t ~ 1) 11.9 (Solution) (a) A(t) =e-%u(t), Hs) = zy. Stable (proper H(s) and all poles in LHP) A(s)= a =r 642K) =X), HO +2) = 20 (b) Alt)= (1-e)ult), H(s) = pole on junaxis at origin) Ye) 2 Xs) Fah" = seh. Unstable (or marginally stable, due to simple H(s)= (8 +25)F(s) =2X(s), y(t) + 2y') = 2218) 1 (2 KO =te, HO) = Gap . Stable (proper H(s) and all poles in LP) 1 SER (CP HSEDKO=XG), 710 +210) Hu) = 20 ¥(s) HO) =F (A) Aft) =056(2), H(s)=0.5, y(t) = 0.52(¢). Stable (DIa(t)| = DOs|s(e){ = 0.5) (e) B®) = 5) ~e“fut), Hs) = 1~ Ay = fy. Stable (proper H7(s) and all poles in LHP) ¥(s) __s + (ED¥(s) = sX(s), ye tut) = 20) (2) Me) = (ete), Hs) = chy + aby = seth. Stable (proper H(s), all potes in LHP) ao - 38. (24394 2)¥ (0) = (2045)X (sh y"(t) + 8y/(t) + 2ylt) = 228) + 3z(t} 12.10 (Solution) (2) y"O) + 3V (t) + 2u(8) = 22") + 2(8), (2 +384 2)¥(s) = (25 + 1)X(9). bo i) = ih Ho = ete *ul9 (b) oO +4V'O + Ay(t) = 22'(t) +20), (5? +45 + 4)¥ (3) = (25 +1) X(5) So, H(s) = 3 2 _ s4e20, oF MO) = (er —atem*Dule (6) y(@) =0.22(8), ¥(e)=02X(e), H(s)=0.2, Ale) =0.25(0)Chapter 11_Solutions to Problems 205. 11.11 (Solution) (a) H(s)= a = x (6+2)¥(s) = 3X(s), y(t) + 2y(t) = Sait), Alt) = seule) (b) His) = EERE PHBL ayy 4 oy 4 ty(t) = 2") +220) +210) UF )G4 3) eH 2/3 i st3 © 40=y- ya" Fie Also, h(t} = (2e“# - e-*Ju(t) (@ a= FE -= as. ¥'@)+ By (t) +29) = 2") +32) Also, #69) =1— 725 + 2, Me) = ote) — 26a) +26" a(e) 242s _ A041) Trad” 64a (2) 2() = 30), X@)=1, ¥(@)=XOEE) = So, y(t) = (2e-* — ater *)u(t) Also, H(s) A(t) = ~$ cos(2t) + 0.5 sin(2t) + 2 cos(t)]u(t) Y'() + 8¥( + 2y(t) = 2) + 32(9) 11.12 (Solution) H(3) = Yee1) ~2 , 2 Grae * Gra GD () 21) = 260) +20, X@)=2+5, YO) =x) = A a2 2 So, y(t) (t) — 2e-* u(t) © 2) =e, X= TL. YO) = XH = = So, y(t) = 2te~*u(t) 2 2 2 @ xO =MO, KOm hm MO" GENTE" GED THR GEE So, y(t) = 2(e-' - te“ ~ ane (©) z(t) =Aeost)ule, X(0)= A, Bo(o+1) _ _ 1+ 50.5 at Healers o432 = * GR GD So, y(t) = [2008(2t) + sin(2t) + 2te~** — 2e-?4Ju(t) (8 xl) = Meostte) + asinenfuiy, x(o)= $48 = AE*8) _ ett) _ 054518 ppt S.VO= easy eta * wri So, y(t) = [oos(2t) + 3sin(2t) - e~Ju(t) So, ¥(s) =206 Chapter 11_ The Laplace Transform 11.48 (Solution) =(0) =e U0), X()= 5 MO) = 2. YO = @ 70 +A0+50)= WO +20), B= getty 2st (eF I(6 + 2)(s+3) So, ues(t) = (-0.5e"* + 36" ~ 2.5¢7**u(t) 5 si So, Yix = H(6)X(s) = Also, [*¥a(s) —y/() — (0) + 4s¥a(s) ~ 9(0)] + Sze(s) = 25X(6) #.x(0) = A fa) tavi0)+y0)__s+6__ 25 15 So, Ya(s) = t+ 4543 “ste4s¢3 stl 543 So, y(t) = (2.5e-t ~1.5e-S)u(t) Total response y(t) = ves(t) + vai(t) = (2e7* + Be ~ 4e-*)ult) ©) VO +H +4) = 200) +20), HG) = ZEEE mei 8 | 2 8 Wee HOXO = BEDS” Teas * SHI Tea So, Yeslt) = (—1.512e-™ + 2t6~4)u(t) [lzo, [*¥a(3) ~ (0) ~s4(0)] + I5¥a(o) —v(0} + 4ya(s) = 25X(6) + x(0) = ED sy(0) + 4y(0) + y'(0) ae ME eee eee So Yale) =e asta 4a ad ~ GFE aD So, va(t) = (4ten™ + e-*)ult) ‘Total response y(t) = yex(t) + yai(t) = (—1.5t%e“ + Gte-* + -* u(t) fe) "(+4 +540) =22'() 42), HL) = othe ee tet Ls4j | 18-9 Y= HOAX) = Saat) "Fat S424) Pas d—7 So, vat) = [-36- + 8e-* cost) + 26-P sind) Aso, -*¥as) ~ (0) ~ sy0)] + As¥a(s)~ y(0)] + Svals) = 25X16) + (6) = BEI 80, Ya(s) = su(0) + 4y(0) + (0) _ st 8 05 452 | 05-52 Tease FeGTS 542+ 5 42-5 So, vailt) = [e- cos(t) + 4e~# sin(t)]u(t) ) = [-Be- + de" cost) + 6e~** sin(t)}ult) ‘Total response y(t) = tlt) + valChapter 11 Solutions to Problems 207. 11.14 (Solution) Refer to the circuits. ak Nomad 2 att Ms) RSH) ts) ae wo FS “Great *Cieah? eas + (Circuit 1) H() = “se R/L weir pa Vols) _ _W(s+1) 1 =e + (Circuit 5) (6) = THD = AERIS MOH 7 Vols) afls+1) sg 0.25 + (Creeult 8) HO) = 7G) = Ty alles) ~ Beet °F” 5405 So, A(t) = 0.58(t) — 0.25e~#/2u(t) : 225 11:16 (Solution) Hs) = -2** - (a) z(t) =4ult), w=0, H(0)=0.5, y(t) =0.5(4) = (b) 2(t) = 4eos(2t}u(t), w= 2rad/s, H(s=j2)= wa = 0.5594 - 26.6° So, ot) = (0569)(4)cos(2¢ ~ 26.6 2.236 cos(2t — 26.6") (c) x(t) = [cos(2t) + sin(2¢)}u(t), w= 2rad/s, H(s = 52) = 0.5594 — 26.6° (from part b) So, yt) = 0.559 cos(2t ~ 26.6°) + 0.559sin(2t — 26.6*) 2472 4) 20) = Heoslt) + 4sinQ2Q]ult), er = 1 v2d/s, Ws 3) = = 0.9314 — 244° r= 2tad/s, H(s = 52) = 0.5592 — 26.6° (from part b) 80, v(t) = 4(0.331) cos(2t ~ 24.4°) + 40.559) sin(2t ~ 26.6%)208 Chapter 11 The Laplace Transform 11.16 (Solution) r=2, A(t) = 0.5e~/*u(), Hye ioe (a) u(t) =ul)-ult-1), T=2, Xa(s}= Yals) = H()Xi(s) = SE, walt) = @—e°/7)ult) — (1 -e-9A)ufe—1) (one period) ur(t)=Cne= AF) = Dutt —2&), &=0,1,2,. ‘des(t) = a(t) — uit) = 91 (t) - Kem ?u(e) Here, K = (5 +0.5)¥r(s)lem—os = S305) 80, alt) = (1 —e-Y/7)u(t) — (1 — eED/Vu(t = 1) + 0.377544) (or Ya(t) = (1 ~ 0.62256"*/)u(t) — (1 — e202) u(¢ — 2) (b) x1(t) = tlu(t) — u(t -1)] =r(t)-r(t-1) - 0-1), TH1 ag 08715 So, Xa(s) = Yals) = H()Xs Yls) = H3)%4(s) = aStty - ae So, y(t) = (2 +4 + 26°*/7)ult) — (24 E+ eD/Yu(e — 2) yr(t)= Dan(t- KP) =D(t-h), b= 01,2... Soy vas(t) = a(t) ~ y(t) = malt) — Ke“W/u(t) Bere, K = (5 +0.5)¥5(s)lme-0s = 3 — wf or) So, yalt) = (“2 +t4 2e“7jult) — (248 +e or yalt) = (-2+E43.0886-")u(t) —(-2-E em D/Ayult — 1) + 1.089e"*2ule) D/2yu(t —1) 1.17 (Solution) - (2) x6) =re-2), x(0) = (b) z(t) = tule) 2u(t- 2), X(s) re 2 (@) z(t) = tult - 2) - 2u(t- 2) = (¢-2)u(t- 2), > (e) 2(0) = tule — 2) - 2iu(t) = (¢~ 2)ult ~ 2) + 2u(e 2) —2tule), X()Chapter 11 Solutions to Problems 209 11.18 (Solution) (a) a(t) = cos(t ~ F)u(t) = [eos(e) co6() + sin(t) sin(Z)]uCt) = Jp eos(t) + sin(t)]u(t) 80, X(0) = Jy [sta + ta] = Jett (b) 2(t) = coslt —0.25r)u(t—0.25n), X(s) = (6) x(t) = cos(t)u(t = 0.252) 0.25n)}u(t — 0.257) $0, X(3) = Sent (ota a a] =e For parts (4), refer to the sketches below. 0) Ree: ff 2 ost — 0.251) + 0.25nju(t 0.252) = Jylcost ~ 0.25) ~ sn(¢ ~ (2) =() = |sin(rt)ju(®). ‘This is a swltched periodic signal with period 7’ = 1 and first period aft ee ‘= u(t — 1)] = sin(rt)u(t) + sinfr(t — DJu(t - 1) $0, X(6) = SGA), (9) AH (©) 2(8) = ufsin(xt)}u(e) = 1 i sin(rt) > 0 oF O if sin(rt) <0. This is a switched periodic square ‘wove with 2;(t) = u(f) ~ u(t —1) end period 7 =2. Xi(s) So, Xa(s) = (8) 2(¢) = 6l(sin)]u(t) is a switched impulse train with J = 1 and strengths /f'(leeo.,. where F(t) =sin(né). So, the impulse strengths are 1/7. With a(t) = 25(¢), xa(s) =i X(s)= oS ae roperties) X(s) = —* a(t—2)¢ and 2 054 8 1119 (Properties) (9) = ap 80: 2(¢—2) ie 221) & Ea eae eee ds ean Gay 0° pip (a) (at -2) Se a 4 (b) € ena rE ue 8 () eMe(24) « Taree we210 Chapter 11_The Laplace Transform Bentevlst2)— gelons) (8) 8 Aa(2t 2) m ete Malate = oe as 4 (©) 0 ¢-&] ete] = Gays GET (6) 2te*x' (28-2) o -2 (ear ~(s42) (8 +8) 16e-" ree 111.20 (Solution) z(t) = e~*u(t) X(s). (a) X(2s) = 05e-tult). $0, 6X"(25) > slo. stetu(t)] = 0.5(¢ - e“*u(e) (b) eo“ #X(s) > e-2"-ult — 2) (c) e-2*X (2s) > 0.5e(u(t — 2) = 24(t) So, sem%*X (25) + —fleu(t)) = Ole" Mule — 2) ~ 6-2) 11.21 (Solution) We have omitted the algebra that yields the constants of the PFE 4 Ay 4S A At © HO) = Gapagay ” Gaisae * Geis aes tS : ea fic : ane a-toalli -1 at 80. H() = Carag t Geis * se1ag * eFI-D So, A(t) = ~2te~cos(t)u(t) + 26~* sin(e)u(t) 4s ig eeteeeeis AL sista FISH” GF1-7F 7 FTF nies a= tlertpll (&) HG) = 4s 40= FFTs He lt ae oe 80, He) = Serta * GEL a ae ey SETI With 14 j= v3, Alt) = 2V3te-* cos(t ~ #)u(t) ~ 2e°*sin(¢)u(e) (© He)= 4o= Gol So, h(t) = —4t cos(2t) + 2sin(2t)Chapter 11_ Solutions to Problems ee een eee @) HO = Tarps 7 Gs Ga So, h(t) = 4 ~2tsin(¢) ~ 4cos(t) 11.22 (Solution) (a) H(s) - ter Not strictly proper, so use long division HG) = 14 FE, A) = a(t) +2exeeQul) (b) H(s)= nonce Not strictly proper, so use long division a AP 46544 4 3 =i HG)=1~ Ca geatesy 1” saat oetag tat1-9 So, h(t) = 6(t) — de-u(t) + 2e~* sin(e)u(t) For parts (c,d), see the following sketch, ic) v2 (6) Ho) = LEE, Suitehed pero signal : H (6) = FAS, where 2:08 So, one period h(t) = u(t) —u(t—1), T=3 (@) HG) = EGET. Convent to fora for eitched prod signal H(s)= 2S, where Hy(s) = 1=2e74 Epa a So, one period hy(é) = r(t) —2r(t~1) +7(t—2) = tri(t 1)212 Chapter 11_ The Laplace Transform 11.23 (Solution) (3) = ae is a ratio of polynomials with N(s) of degree NV, D(s) of degree D. (a) ED N +1, IVT applies and 2(0) = 0! by and N(e) = a9e4*84 0. anes and 2(0) = (©) HD=N+1, N(s) = tos" + 14.24 (Soltion) oki oon) + Kasi] AEE fps > e°%[Ki cos(bt) + Kosin(6¢)] Croft B * Grape ek * Graeee C Aste (P42sea) 341 FIPS CP sees (A+ Bs? + (A+ B420)+2B $C) Sanese ty (e+ i]? +2542) So, A+B=2, 2A¥B42C=0, 2B420=4. S0,A=~4, B 6 4(s+1) O36 So, (0) = Bg — AED so Ht) toa) — bea) 40 AstB Cs+D (© AG) = aa easy * ea tap eay So, H(s) = AOD + GA Bt Dis? + (244 2B + 40)s + 2B 4 4D Lee FD BD $0,A+C=0, 2A+B+D=0, 24+2B+4C=0, 2B+4D =40. Go, A=~4, B= ~4, C4, D=12 $0, H(a) =» a4, 42 =4s 22) 4(s+0) 8a) 80, A(t) = {-4cos(2t) — 2sin(2t) + 4e~* cos(t) + Set sin(t)]u(t) eed Gri edy Bad Ped” Gop sap * GF eay ee? A, A GraGTa 4ae 7 sta 11.25 (Solution) H(s) = s+2 Now, K= Sits (a) With s=-2, H(s)= + 4B. So, Al +242 =3 With s=~5, H(s) =15=~-O5K ~ Ap + Ay ~ Aa. So, Ay - Az =0 Solving for Ay and Az, we get Ar =1, Az =1Chapter 11 Solutions to Problems 218. (b) With s=0, H(s)= = 4+ ++ 4. So, Ar +442 =5 With e=-6, H()=$=-4- 44-4, So, 24a Solving for Ay and Ap, we get Ay =1, Ap = 1 (as before). ‘There is no best choice. Values of ¢ that make some of the terms zera (e.9.,8 = ~2) simplifis the algebra. Of course, we cannot choose values of s that correspond to the poles of H(s). 1 11.26 (Solution) @ w=20-2f we ue-IH, ¥(9=x()- AO 80, ¥(6)[1+ x] = X00, HO) = ot A aa a a So, at) = (6) ~ 2e-*u(t) (&) vi) =204 f sO) Male 2d, YQ) = XU) + we) 80, Yet ay] = X10, He = 8 = SER a So, A(t) = 5(¢) + e“*u(t) 11.27 (Solution) A(2) = 26-*u(t) ¢ H() = z2 5. (@) =) = 50), LY) HOX)= roy, ve) = tele) (b) 2) = u(, ¥) = HO) = Gg = E> G So, w(t) (© ae =e), X=, Hl) = HOKE) = : So, y(t) = 2(e-# — e-* u(t) (@) 2) =, le ¥) = HX) = The. u(t) = teu) (©) x(t) = cost), w= rad/s, So, H(s = 5) = ia =08~jo4 So, y(t) = 0.8 cos(t) + 0.4sin(t) 2s 08 (© 2@=ost, XM=sry, YO= NEF ~ So, y(t) = [-0.8e* + 0.8cos(t) + 0.4sin(?)]u(t) (8) z(t) = cosi2), prs 5 So, y(t) = 0.5cos(t) + 0.5 sin(t) 2 rad/s. So, H(s => 32) =214 Chapter 11_ ‘The Laplace Transform +4" (? So, y(t) = [-0.5e~# + 0.Seos(t) + 0.5 sin(e}iule) 2s 05 | O5s+1 (h) z(t) = cos(2t)ult), X(s) = EPH Teed oaT Y(s)= 11.28 (Solution) * (Cireuit 1) @ © 7 mt + mwyt We) my 4 we) @) He= 5, Mo) ©) ¥() = FOX) = GaygEyH "ETO SF © we) ZOE vi) =0, V(s)= a" So, vit) = 0.5(1 + e-*)u(e) # (Circuit 2) ® ® @ a i ry = Noy gr xm 1S Quy mm 1S Qh : b 7 - Ciruit2 (a) H(s) = zip, Mt) = 0.56(t) ~ 0.25e-*u(t/2) 05s (8) Y= #00) = Gragtery > y(t) = (et -0.5e-/?)ule) (9 e+ A HO) So, v(t) = -0.5e-“u(t) «+ (Circuit 3) ‘o D © rw Ot 7 + Hees : I x6 Gum mm — -uckmy x we eae CiteChapter 11 Solutions to Problems 215 (a) With Z,= fits =e Hs) = a +17 Spee By partial fraction expansion, h(t) = 1.185e~*/?cos(0,866¢ + 30°) 0) YO) = HOXO = GEST By partial fraction expansion, fos = [nent + 1.155¢"*/ cos(0.866t — 30°)}u(t) © i) Hasv(g— +22 og By partial fraction expansion, of) = 27? cos(0.866¢ + 60°)u(t) 0, V(s)= + (Circuit 4) © o ca © = a Hays do 1S ee Creu (ONG) = sr Zp 2 HO)~ Fife” Bei By partial fraction expansion, h(t) = 6(t) + 1.185e~*/ cos(0.8664-+ 150°) (a) With Z, = 2 2 Gere By partial fraction expansion, y(t) = [et — 1.155e7*? sin(0.8668)}u(8) vi Oy (b) ¥(s) = B(s)X(s) = © ev) +V() 472+ 2=0, viN= reat By peril action expanln, ot) = —2 09-8620) : 11.29 (Solution) A(é) = 2e"*cos(t)u(t). So, H(s) = eaes (a) ut) = cost). Let a(t) = Acos(2t) + Bsin(2t). Then, w= 2 rad/s and 22452) _ 44 j4 Gaprel i438 so 2) ii Be Ania, Pei eljaStth so, nj0~ 12H wos, aM So, A= §, B= —T and 2(t) = fcos(2t) ~ Jsin(24) (©) u{t) =2 + cos(2t). Atw=0, H(0) = 0.8. So, for a de output of 2, we must have a do input of z ‘Then, by superposition (and the results of part (a) (0) = f+ f cos(2t) — Zsin(2t)216 Chapter 11_The Laplace Transform (©) u(t) = cos*(2t) = 0.5 + 0.5 cos(2). From the results of parts (e) and (b), a(t) = £+ freos(2e) - Hsin(2) 11.80 (Solution) x(t) + Now, H(s) = (@) z= e'ule), X69) So, vit) = 2te"tu(t) — emule), By convolution, [2e~fu(t) ~ &(t) + e~u(t L ) 2) =u), XO=5 Ys) =x) [5 - -s"37eH So, u(t) = (1 2e"*)u(). By convolution, [2e~*u(t) — S(t) x u(t) = 2(1 — e~*)u(t) — u(t) = (1 - 2e"#)u(t) (c) x(t) =cos(t), w=1r8d/s. So, H(s + Gs J. 80, y(t) = sin(t) 11.81 (Solution) (a) Hs) = , nll) =|ue)-ue-a), T=2 wins? Xi(9)= (0) = EE (+3) (s+3)0- SG F3s+ He) “e+ 34 2) So, yi(t) = (15 —26"# + 0.5e"™)u(t) — [1.5 — Je“ + 0,5¢7%'-D]u(t) (one period) yr(t) = Dult-kT) = D(t- 2k), k= 0,1,2,... Yealt) = volt) — y(t) = wale) — (Kae + Kee-*Qult), where ¥p(s) = H(s)X(s) = Ys) = A(s)Xi(s) = Ky = (s+2)¥r(s)he-1 = Ka = (s+ 2)¥e(s)) {b) HO)" ayaa" a(t)=tift-1l), T=2 Haley = RaDEt™ Ge! xs) (s+ 2)( (+20 6"? Yes) = H()X(s) = H()Xils) = Fase) $0, w(t 556 +0.667t + 0.5e~* + 0.0556e~*)u(t) — 2[~-0.556 + 0.667(t~ 1) +0.5e(-0 + idesbe-M“ u(t) =| -0.5640.687(¢~2)+0.Se-"9)40.0888e°H°"2)u(e~2) (one period) east 3)Chapter 11 Solutions to Problems vr(t) = Dune kT) = Dnt 2k) k= 01,2)... a(t) = walt) ~ v(t) = salt) ~ (Hae + Kee“ )ult), where (s+20~e"? (8 +96 Ky = (64 )Y¥r(s)). Ky = (5+ W¥r(s)le 217 11.82 (Solution) (@) uf) =2'@, ¥()=sX(e), H(e) =. So, unstable (not a proper rational function) (b) h(e) = (0). So unstable (SP [A(e)] =I |6"(e) is infinite). 11.83 (Solution) @ w= [i x0, Y@=xO/, HO) =t ‘This is unstable (or marginally stable due to the simple pole on jw-axis at origin) (b) A(t) = ue). Unstable (ZJA(¢)| = E lu(e} is infinite) 11.84 (Solution) 100 yoy 1 1 Seite (0H) = age = ML ha], -8 (b) 2) =eu(t), (5) ROC:5>3 12.2 (Solution) a (a) 2) ult), X(s) = yaa ett 4 (b) 2) =te-*H4u(t) = etteMalt), Xfs) = we (6) 200) seule 2) = eer MMale 1), (6) = SE (A) a(t) = [2—e-“Ju(t) = ult) —e*u(t), X46) = (6) 210) = t= 2)ult 1) = (= t= e= 2), X(0) () 2() = 2a) = So, X(s} = (2) 2(¢—2) = (apy biting property| (0) st09 oo OIG, = Pg healing property] (©) 22-2) um {from (b) with t~+¢~1] 200Chapter 11 Solutions to Problems @ 20° Su Kerivative property] sen ©) 2-2)6 Tae [from (2)] (8) 222) 4 : a (trom (b)) 201 11.4 (Solution) 2(¢) = cult) ¢ X(9). (a) X (2s) > 0.5e"*°29u(0.58) = 0.5e~u(t) (b) X(s) = -te-*u(e) (©) 2X(0) 9 Sie *u(t) = (9) - 26° ule) (a) 8X") =4 -Mu(t)] = (24 ~ 1e™*u(e) [from (b)] 11.5 (Solution) Refer to the sketches. a ‘Unstable ( marginally stable due to simple poles on the jw-axis at +j) () H(6)= gaaptraea Poles: «= ~2, -3, 1, zeros: s=0, 0, 0 ‘Unstable ( due to the pole in the RHP) (© HO) = ge Unstable (marginally stable due to simple pole on ju-axis at the otigin) (A) H(s) = giles, Poles: kj, 0, ~2, zoros: # = #32 ‘Unstable ( marginally stable due to simple poles on ju-axis at +7) Poles: 5 =0, ~1, zeros: s=2 (©) HO) = axlSqy, Poles: s=—4, 0, 0 Unstable { due ¢o repeated pole on jiavaxis at the origin) (8) Gs) = Gti, Poles: s=0, +45, 7, zeros: = -1 ‘Unstable ( due to repeated pole on juraxis at +f and -j)202 Chapter 11_ The Laplace Transform 11.6 (Solution) IVI: 2(0) = jim 2X (s) and FVT: 2(00) = lim «X(s) (@) x)= 535, x= Ss (co) = lim ¢X(s) = 0 Since X(s) is not strietly proper, so we write X(s) ¥(s) = to find 2(0) = Jim s¥(s) = - iz and use the strictly proper part wxah, () x)= (00) = Tey sX(6) = Since x6) i not stitly prope, by long division X(s) = #-+9+ zr. The strietly propa pat Be ¥(9) =1/(s+1) and (0) = Jim (0) = pi, (9 X= fay FVT does not apply (poles on the ju-axis) Since X(s) is not strictly proper, by long division X(s) = 1+ ;#47. The strietly propee partis ¥(6) = ey ond 0) = in Y() = as =? @) X() = garden, 9X) = panteery = ete 2(co) = lim sX(s)=0, 2(0) = Jim sX(s) =1 (©) X)= ab oXO~ Fy, aloo) = tg ex) = (XO) = ghia 6XC) = Ay = aes (00) = Lim 6X (s) =0.2, 2(0) = Jim sX(s) =2 (0) = jin, 6X(s) = (w) X(s) = 10/2 +42, EVT does not apply (unstable, poles on the jursxis) (0) = jim sX(s) = (h) X(s) = Gey, sX(s) = MEHL, FVT does not apply (unstable, poles on the ju-aais) (0) = jim 8X2) = 0 - 14,7 (Gotution) We have mitted the egebra that yikis the constants of the PFE aaaena| 2 7 @ a0) == 4+ Gea 2- Ap ony = e200 2s Be () H)= Saye ae sa taant sae So, h(t) = (e-# 440° ~ 36-Mult) aeeHSEerdy © HO) = SayaaF Note that Ko = Sfylea-1 and Ki = $ So, h(t) = (3e-2 = 2te~t + Se-Hu(t)Chapter 11 Solutions to Problems 208, s+) eee ean reenter ©) HO) = TeaesiP Grip test 7 5a3* Garp tai Note that Ko = “@#2)),..1 and Ki = (S252) So, Ri) = (e+ Bet be*Dult) ie Saree eee S¥24p S405 SGD" SFE” SING 2 4 ©) HO) = Graces ~ saat So, h(t) = [2e"% — 2e-*cos(t)Ju(t) e+) A K (9) HO) = Gyayety neta) FF 2* ETF So, h(t) = —2e"%u(t) + 2e~*[oos(¢) + sin(t}jult) Or, since K = 14 j = VEL0.25n, h(t) = ~2e-Mu(t) + 2/Fe"* cos(e ~ 0.25) x2) 2(<2 +2) A K Ke 2 5-5 4st () H)= Gyayerast ey 4a tae2eg * oea=5 W340 a4 d4s SFO—G So, h(t) = 12e-u(t) + 2e-%[—5 cos(t) — 4 sin(t)}u(t) Or, since K = -5 ~j4 6.42 ~141.3°, A(t) = [12e~ + 2(6.4)e~*cos(t + 141.3°)]u(t) 2 A ieaeeaeeteeatieea 2 ®) BO > Gaayecay ee3* GIF * GIR ser 553 * aE GaP si Note thet Ko = gizlee-r) Ki = Slsfallen—1» Ka =05Slllen—1 So, h(t) = (—2e"® + tent — Bie“* + 2e~*ult) 11.8 (Solution) (a) H(s)= es Not strictly proper, so use Jong division ~ H(s)=1- a Ae) =6(8) — tute) (s4+2)? sti (>) H(s) = Not strictly proper, so use long division HQ = 543425, AO) = He) + 3610) + eu) As 26 Gre ra (© H)= Separate delay term and use in the end 4s Qe GFDE+2 GFCF2 So, Rit) = (—4e™# + Be™2¥)u(t) — [86 A(s)= 2) ge-2tt-Djutt— 1)204 Chapter 11 The Laplace Transform = HEHE) separate terms and use e~* asa delay. Ne at the frst term is He Te Separate term and use "asa delay. Note also thatthe Sst not proper and requires long division 4 te HO= Gayesy Genera ft sei 7 sa3 So, A(t) = 45(t) + (4e-* - 16e—™)uu(t) — [de €-D — de-N yu(t ~ 1) 11.9 (Solution) (a) A(t) =e-%u(t), Hs) = zy. Stable (proper H(s) and all poles in LHP) A(s)= a =r 642K) =X), HO +2) = 20 (b) Alt)= (1-e)ult), H(s) = pole on junaxis at origin) Ye) 2 Xs) Fah" = seh. Unstable (or marginally stable, due to simple H(s)= (8 +25)F(s) =2X(s), y(t) + 2y') = 2218) 1 (2 KO =te, HO) = Gap . Stable (proper H(s) and all poles in LP) 1 SER (CP HSEDKO=XG), 710 +210) Hu) = 20 ¥(s) HO) =F (A) Aft) =056(2), H(s)=0.5, y(t) = 0.52(¢). Stable (DIa(t)| = DOs|s(e){ = 0.5) (e) B®) = 5) ~e“fut), Hs) = 1~ Ay = fy. Stable (proper H7(s) and all poles in LHP) ¥(s) __s + (ED¥(s) = sX(s), ye tut) = 20) (2) Me) = (ete), Hs) = chy + aby = seth. Stable (proper H(s), all potes in LHP) ao - 38. (24394 2)¥ (0) = (2045)X (sh y"(t) + 8y/(t) + 2ylt) = 228) + 3z(t} 12.10 (Solution) (2) y"O) + 3V (t) + 2u(8) = 22") + 2(8), (2 +384 2)¥(s) = (25 + 1)X(9). bo i) = ih Ho = ete *ul9 (b) oO +4V'O + Ay(t) = 22'(t) +20), (5? +45 + 4)¥ (3) = (25 +1) X(5) So, H(s) = 3 2 _ s4e20, oF MO) = (er —atem*Dule (6) y(@) =0.22(8), ¥(e)=02X(e), H(s)=0.2, Ale) =0.25(0)Chapter 11_Solutions to Problems 205. 11.11 (Solution) (a) H(s)= a = x (6+2)¥(s) = 3X(s), y(t) + 2y(t) = Sait), Alt) = seule) (b) His) = EERE PHBL ayy 4 oy 4 ty(t) = 2") +220) +210) UF )G4 3) eH 2/3 i st3 © 40=y- ya" Fie Also, h(t} = (2e“# - e-*Ju(t) (@ a= FE -= as. ¥'@)+ By (t) +29) = 2") +32) Also, #69) =1— 725 + 2, Me) = ote) — 26a) +26" a(e) 242s _ A041) Trad” 64a (2) 2() = 30), X@)=1, ¥(@)=XOEE) = So, y(t) = (2e-* — ater *)u(t) Also, H(s) A(t) = ~$ cos(2t) + 0.5 sin(2t) + 2 cos(t)]u(t) Y'() + 8¥( + 2y(t) = 2) + 32(9) 11.12 (Solution) H(3) = Yee1) ~2 , 2 Grae * Gra GD () 21) = 260) +20, X@)=2+5, YO) =x) = A a2 2 So, y(t) (t) — 2e-* u(t) © 2) =e, X= TL. YO) = XH = = So, y(t) = 2te~*u(t) 2 2 2 @ xO =MO, KOm hm MO" GENTE" GED THR GEE So, y(t) = 2(e-' - te“ ~ ane (©) z(t) =Aeost)ule, X(0)= A, Bo(o+1) _ _ 1+ 50.5 at Healers o432 = * GR GD So, y(t) = [2008(2t) + sin(2t) + 2te~** — 2e-?4Ju(t) (8 xl) = Meostte) + asinenfuiy, x(o)= $48 = AE*8) _ ett) _ 054518 ppt S.VO= easy eta * wri So, y(t) = [oos(2t) + 3sin(2t) - e~Ju(t) So, ¥(s) =206 Chapter 11_ The Laplace Transform 11.48 (Solution) =(0) =e U0), X()= 5 MO) = 2. YO = @ 70 +A0+50)= WO +20), B= getty 2st (eF I(6 + 2)(s+3) So, ues(t) = (-0.5e"* + 36" ~ 2.5¢7**u(t) 5 si So, Yix = H(6)X(s) = Also, [*¥a(s) —y/() — (0) + 4s¥a(s) ~ 9(0)] + Sze(s) = 25X(6) #.x(0) = A fa) tavi0)+y0)__s+6__ 25 15 So, Ya(s) = t+ 4543 “ste4s¢3 stl 543 So, y(t) = (2.5e-t ~1.5e-S)u(t) Total response y(t) = ves(t) + vai(t) = (2e7* + Be ~ 4e-*)ult) ©) VO +H +4) = 200) +20), HG) = ZEEE mei 8 | 2 8 Wee HOXO = BEDS” Teas * SHI Tea So, Yeslt) = (—1.512e-™ + 2t6~4)u(t) [lzo, [*¥a(3) ~ (0) ~s4(0)] + I5¥a(o) —v(0} + 4ya(s) = 25X(6) + x(0) = ED sy(0) + 4y(0) + y'(0) ae ME eee eee So Yale) =e asta 4a ad ~ GFE aD So, va(t) = (4ten™ + e-*)ult) ‘Total response y(t) = yex(t) + yai(t) = (—1.5t%e“ + Gte-* + -* u(t) fe) "(+4 +540) =22'() 42), HL) = othe ee tet Ls4j | 18-9 Y= HOAX) = Saat) "Fat S424) Pas d—7 So, vat) = [-36- + 8e-* cost) + 26-P sind) Aso, -*¥as) ~ (0) ~ sy0)] + As¥a(s)~ y(0)] + Svals) = 25X16) + (6) = BEI 80, Ya(s) = su(0) + 4y(0) + (0) _ st 8 05 452 | 05-52 Tease FeGTS 542+ 5 42-5 So, vailt) = [e- cos(t) + 4e~# sin(t)]u(t) ) = [-Be- + de" cost) + 6e~** sin(t)}ult) ‘Total response y(t) = tlt) + valChapter 11 Solutions to Problems 207. 11.14 (Solution) Refer to the circuits. ak Nomad 2 att Ms) RSH) ts) ae wo FS “Great *Cieah? eas + (Circuit 1) H() = “se R/L weir pa Vols) _ _W(s+1) 1 =e + (Circuit 5) (6) = THD = AERIS MOH 7 Vols) afls+1) sg 0.25 + (Creeult 8) HO) = 7G) = Ty alles) ~ Beet °F” 5405 So, A(t) = 0.58(t) — 0.25e~#/2u(t) : 225 11:16 (Solution) Hs) = -2** - (a) z(t) =4ult), w=0, H(0)=0.5, y(t) =0.5(4) = (b) 2(t) = 4eos(2t}u(t), w= 2rad/s, H(s=j2)= wa = 0.5594 - 26.6° So, ot) = (0569)(4)cos(2¢ ~ 26.6 2.236 cos(2t — 26.6") (c) x(t) = [cos(2t) + sin(2¢)}u(t), w= 2rad/s, H(s = 52) = 0.5594 — 26.6° (from part b) So, yt) = 0.559 cos(2t ~ 26.6°) + 0.559sin(2t — 26.6*) 2472 4) 20) = Heoslt) + 4sinQ2Q]ult), er = 1 v2d/s, Ws 3) = = 0.9314 — 244° r= 2tad/s, H(s = 52) = 0.5592 — 26.6° (from part b) 80, v(t) = 4(0.331) cos(2t ~ 24.4°) + 40.559) sin(2t ~ 26.6%)208 Chapter 11 The Laplace Transform 11.16 (Solution) r=2, A(t) = 0.5e~/*u(), Hye ioe (a) u(t) =ul)-ult-1), T=2, Xa(s}= Yals) = H()Xi(s) = SE, walt) = @—e°/7)ult) — (1 -e-9A)ufe—1) (one period) ur(t)=Cne= AF) = Dutt —2&), &=0,1,2,. ‘des(t) = a(t) — uit) = 91 (t) - Kem ?u(e) Here, K = (5 +0.5)¥r(s)lem—os = S305) 80, alt) = (1 —e-Y/7)u(t) — (1 — eED/Vu(t = 1) + 0.377544) (or Ya(t) = (1 ~ 0.62256"*/)u(t) — (1 — e202) u(¢ — 2) (b) x1(t) = tlu(t) — u(t -1)] =r(t)-r(t-1) - 0-1), TH1 ag 08715 So, Xa(s) = Yals) = H()Xs Yls) = H3)%4(s) = aStty - ae So, y(t) = (2 +4 + 26°*/7)ult) — (24 E+ eD/Yu(e — 2) yr(t)= Dan(t- KP) =D(t-h), b= 01,2... Soy vas(t) = a(t) ~ y(t) = malt) — Ke“W/u(t) Bere, K = (5 +0.5)¥5(s)lme-0s = 3 — wf or) So, yalt) = (“2 +t4 2e“7jult) — (248 +e or yalt) = (-2+E43.0886-")u(t) —(-2-E em D/Ayult — 1) + 1.089e"*2ule) D/2yu(t —1) 1.17 (Solution) - (2) x6) =re-2), x(0) = (b) z(t) = tule) 2u(t- 2), X(s) re 2 (@) z(t) = tult - 2) - 2u(t- 2) = (¢-2)u(t- 2), > (e) 2(0) = tule — 2) - 2iu(t) = (¢~ 2)ult ~ 2) + 2u(e 2) —2tule), X()Chapter 11 Solutions to Problems 209 11.18 (Solution) (a) a(t) = cos(t ~ F)u(t) = [eos(e) co6() + sin(t) sin(Z)]uCt) = Jp eos(t) + sin(t)]u(t) 80, X(0) = Jy [sta + ta] = Jett (b) 2(t) = coslt —0.25r)u(t—0.25n), X(s) = (6) x(t) = cos(t)u(t = 0.252) 0.25n)}u(t — 0.257) $0, X(3) = Sent (ota a a] =e For parts (4), refer to the sketches below. 0) Ree: ff 2 ost — 0.251) + 0.25nju(t 0.252) = Jylcost ~ 0.25) ~ sn(¢ ~ (2) =() = |sin(rt)ju(®). ‘This is a swltched periodic signal with period 7’ = 1 and first period aft ee ‘= u(t — 1)] = sin(rt)u(t) + sinfr(t — DJu(t - 1) $0, X(6) = SGA), (9) AH (©) 2(8) = ufsin(xt)}u(e) = 1 i sin(rt) > 0 oF O if sin(rt) <0. This is a switched periodic square ‘wove with 2;(t) = u(f) ~ u(t —1) end period 7 =2. Xi(s) So, Xa(s) = (8) 2(¢) = 6l(sin)]u(t) is a switched impulse train with J = 1 and strengths /f'(leeo.,. where F(t) =sin(né). So, the impulse strengths are 1/7. With a(t) = 25(¢), xa(s) =i X(s)= oS ae roperties) X(s) = —* a(t—2)¢ and 2 054 8 1119 (Properties) (9) = ap 80: 2(¢—2) ie 221) & Ea eae eee ds ean Gay 0° pip (a) (at -2) Se a 4 (b) € ena rE ue 8 () eMe(24) « Taree we210 Chapter 11_The Laplace Transform Bentevlst2)— gelons) (8) 8 Aa(2t 2) m ete Malate = oe as 4 (©) 0 ¢-&] ete] = Gays GET (6) 2te*x' (28-2) o -2 (ear ~(s42) (8 +8) 16e-" ree 111.20 (Solution) z(t) = e~*u(t) X(s). (a) X(2s) = 05e-tult). $0, 6X"(25) > slo. stetu(t)] = 0.5(¢ - e“*u(e) (b) eo“ #X(s) > e-2"-ult — 2) (c) e-2*X (2s) > 0.5e(u(t — 2) = 24(t) So, sem%*X (25) + —fleu(t)) = Ole" Mule — 2) ~ 6-2) 11.21 (Solution) We have omitted the algebra that yields the constants of the PFE 4 Ay 4S A At © HO) = Gapagay ” Gaisae * Geis aes tS : ea fic : ane a-toalli -1 at 80. H() = Carag t Geis * se1ag * eFI-D So, A(t) = ~2te~cos(t)u(t) + 26~* sin(e)u(t) 4s ig eeteeeeis AL sista FISH” GF1-7F 7 FTF nies a= tlertpll (&) HG) = 4s 40= FFTs He lt ae oe 80, He) = Serta * GEL a ae ey SETI With 14 j= v3, Alt) = 2V3te-* cos(t ~ #)u(t) ~ 2e°*sin(¢)u(e) (© He)= 4o= Gol So, h(t) = —4t cos(2t) + 2sin(2t)Chapter 11_ Solutions to Problems ee een eee @) HO = Tarps 7 Gs Ga So, h(t) = 4 ~2tsin(¢) ~ 4cos(t) 11.22 (Solution) (a) H(s) - ter Not strictly proper, so use long division HG) = 14 FE, A) = a(t) +2exeeQul) (b) H(s)= nonce Not strictly proper, so use long division a AP 46544 4 3 =i HG)=1~ Ca geatesy 1” saat oetag tat1-9 So, h(t) = 6(t) — de-u(t) + 2e~* sin(e)u(t) For parts (c,d), see the following sketch, ic) v2 (6) Ho) = LEE, Suitehed pero signal : H (6) = FAS, where 2:08 So, one period h(t) = u(t) —u(t—1), T=3 (@) HG) = EGET. Convent to fora for eitched prod signal H(s)= 2S, where Hy(s) = 1=2e74 Epa a So, one period hy(é) = r(t) —2r(t~1) +7(t—2) = tri(t 1)212 Chapter 11_ The Laplace Transform 11.23 (Solution) (3) = ae is a ratio of polynomials with N(s) of degree NV, D(s) of degree D. (a) ED N +1, IVT applies and 2(0) = 0! by and N(e) = a9e4*84 0. anes and 2(0) = (©) HD=N+1, N(s) = tos" + 14.24 (Soltion) oki oon) + Kasi] AEE fps > e°%[Ki cos(bt) + Kosin(6¢)] Croft B * Grape ek * Graeee C Aste (P42sea) 341 FIPS CP sees (A+ Bs? + (A+ B420)+2B $C) Sanese ty (e+ i]? +2542) So, A+B=2, 2A¥B42C=0, 2B420=4. S0,A=~4, B 6 4(s+1) O36 So, (0) = Bg — AED so Ht) toa) — bea) 40 AstB Cs+D (© AG) = aa easy * ea tap eay So, H(s) = AOD + GA Bt Dis? + (244 2B + 40)s + 2B 4 4D Lee FD BD $0,A+C=0, 2A+B+D=0, 24+2B+4C=0, 2B+4D =40. Go, A=~4, B= ~4, C4, D=12 $0, H(a) =» a4, 42 =4s 22) 4(s+0) 8a) 80, A(t) = {-4cos(2t) — 2sin(2t) + 4e~* cos(t) + Set sin(t)]u(t) eed Gri edy Bad Ped” Gop sap * GF eay ee? A, A GraGTa 4ae 7 sta 11.25 (Solution) H(s) = s+2 Now, K= Sits (a) With s=-2, H(s)= + 4B. So, Al +242 =3 With s=~5, H(s) =15=~-O5K ~ Ap + Ay ~ Aa. So, Ay - Az =0 Solving for Ay and Az, we get Ar =1, Az =1Chapter 11 Solutions to Problems 218. (b) With s=0, H(s)= = 4+ ++ 4. So, Ar +442 =5 With e=-6, H()=$=-4- 44-4, So, 24a Solving for Ay and Ap, we get Ay =1, Ap = 1 (as before). ‘There is no best choice. Values of ¢ that make some of the terms zera (e.9.,8 = ~2) simplifis the algebra. Of course, we cannot choose values of s that correspond to the poles of H(s). 1 11.26 (Solution) @ w=20-2f we ue-IH, ¥(9=x()- AO 80, ¥(6)[1+ x] = X00, HO) = ot A aa a a So, at) = (6) ~ 2e-*u(t) (&) vi) =204 f sO) Male 2d, YQ) = XU) + we) 80, Yet ay] = X10, He = 8 = SER a So, A(t) = 5(¢) + e“*u(t) 11.27 (Solution) A(2) = 26-*u(t) ¢ H() = z2 5. (@) =) = 50), LY) HOX)= roy, ve) = tele) (b) 2) = u(, ¥) = HO) = Gg = E> G So, w(t) (© ae =e), X=, Hl) = HOKE) = : So, y(t) = 2(e-# — e-* u(t) (@) 2) =, le ¥) = HX) = The. u(t) = teu) (©) x(t) = cost), w= rad/s, So, H(s = 5) = ia =08~jo4 So, y(t) = 0.8 cos(t) + 0.4sin(t) 2s 08 (© 2@=ost, XM=sry, YO= NEF ~ So, y(t) = [-0.8e* + 0.8cos(t) + 0.4sin(?)]u(t) (8) z(t) = cosi2), prs 5 So, y(t) = 0.5cos(t) + 0.5 sin(t) 2 rad/s. So, H(s => 32) =214 Chapter 11_ ‘The Laplace Transform +4" (? So, y(t) = [-0.5e~# + 0.Seos(t) + 0.5 sin(e}iule) 2s 05 | O5s+1 (h) z(t) = cos(2t)ult), X(s) = EPH Teed oaT Y(s)= 11.28 (Solution) * (Cireuit 1) @ © 7 mt + mwyt We) my 4 we) @) He= 5, Mo) ©) ¥() = FOX) = GaygEyH "ETO SF © we) ZOE vi) =0, V(s)= a" So, vit) = 0.5(1 + e-*)u(e) # (Circuit 2) ® ® @ a i ry = Noy gr xm 1S Quy mm 1S Qh : b 7 - Ciruit2 (a) H(s) = zip, Mt) = 0.56(t) ~ 0.25e-*u(t/2) 05s (8) Y= #00) = Gragtery > y(t) = (et -0.5e-/?)ule) (9 e+ A HO) So, v(t) = -0.5e-“u(t) «+ (Circuit 3) ‘o D © rw Ot 7 + Hees : I x6 Gum mm — -uckmy x we eae CiteChapter 11 Solutions to Problems 215 (a) With Z,= fits =e Hs) = a +17 Spee By partial fraction expansion, h(t) = 1.185e~*/?cos(0,866¢ + 30°) 0) YO) = HOXO = GEST By partial fraction expansion, fos = [nent + 1.155¢"*/ cos(0.866t — 30°)}u(t) © i) Hasv(g— +22 og By partial fraction expansion, of) = 27? cos(0.866¢ + 60°)u(t) 0, V(s)= + (Circuit 4) © o ca © = a Hays do 1S ee Creu (ONG) = sr Zp 2 HO)~ Fife” Bei By partial fraction expansion, h(t) = 6(t) + 1.185e~*/ cos(0.8664-+ 150°) (a) With Z, = 2 2 Gere By partial fraction expansion, y(t) = [et — 1.155e7*? sin(0.8668)}u(8) vi Oy (b) ¥(s) = B(s)X(s) = © ev) +V() 472+ 2=0, viN= reat By peril action expanln, ot) = —2 09-8620) : 11.29 (Solution) A(é) = 2e"*cos(t)u(t). So, H(s) = eaes (a) ut) = cost). Let a(t) = Acos(2t) + Bsin(2t). Then, w= 2 rad/s and 22452) _ 44 j4 Gaprel i438 so 2) ii Be Ania, Pei eljaStth so, nj0~ 12H wos, aM So, A= §, B= —T and 2(t) = fcos(2t) ~ Jsin(24) (©) u{t) =2 + cos(2t). Atw=0, H(0) = 0.8. So, for a de output of 2, we must have a do input of z ‘Then, by superposition (and the results of part (a) (0) = f+ f cos(2t) — Zsin(2t)216 Chapter 11_The Laplace Transform (©) u(t) = cos*(2t) = 0.5 + 0.5 cos(2). From the results of parts (e) and (b), a(t) = £+ freos(2e) - Hsin(2) 11.80 (Solution) x(t) + Now, H(s) = (@) z= e'ule), X69) So, vit) = 2te"tu(t) — emule), By convolution, [2e~fu(t) ~ &(t) + e~u(t L ) 2) =u), XO=5 Ys) =x) [5 - -s"37eH So, u(t) = (1 2e"*)u(). By convolution, [2e~*u(t) — S(t) x u(t) = 2(1 — e~*)u(t) — u(t) = (1 - 2e"#)u(t) (c) x(t) =cos(t), w=1r8d/s. So, H(s + Gs J. 80, y(t) = sin(t) 11.81 (Solution) (a) Hs) = , nll) =|ue)-ue-a), T=2 wins? Xi(9)= (0) = EE (+3) (s+3)0- SG F3s+ He) “e+ 34 2) So, yi(t) = (15 —26"# + 0.5e"™)u(t) — [1.5 — Je“ + 0,5¢7%'-D]u(t) (one period) yr(t) = Dult-kT) = D(t- 2k), k= 0,1,2,... Yealt) = volt) — y(t) = wale) — (Kae + Kee-*Qult), where ¥p(s) = H(s)X(s) = Ys) = A(s)Xi(s) = Ky = (s+2)¥r(s)he-1 = Ka = (s+ 2)¥e(s)) {b) HO)" ayaa" a(t)=tift-1l), T=2 Haley = RaDEt™ Ge! xs) (s+ 2)( (+20 6"? Yes) = H()X(s) = H()Xils) = Fase) $0, w(t 556 +0.667t + 0.5e~* + 0.0556e~*)u(t) — 2[~-0.556 + 0.667(t~ 1) +0.5e(-0 + idesbe-M“ u(t) =| -0.5640.687(¢~2)+0.Se-"9)40.0888e°H°"2)u(e~2) (one period) east 3)Chapter 11 Solutions to Problems vr(t) = Dune kT) = Dnt 2k) k= 01,2)... a(t) = walt) ~ v(t) = salt) ~ (Hae + Kee“ )ult), where (s+20~e"? (8 +96 Ky = (64 )Y¥r(s)). Ky = (5+ W¥r(s)le 217 11.82 (Solution) (@) uf) =2'@, ¥()=sX(e), H(e) =. So, unstable (not a proper rational function) (b) h(e) = (0). So unstable (SP [A(e)] =I |6"(e) is infinite). 11.83 (Solution) @ w= [i x0, Y@=xO/, HO) =t ‘This is unstable (or marginally stable due to the simple pole on jw-axis at origin) (b) A(t) = ue). Unstable (ZJA(¢)| = E lu(e} is infinite) 11.84 (Solution) 100 yoy 1 1 Seite (0H) = age = ML ha], > 4 rad/s. At rad/s, H(s = 74) = 1. So, y(t) sin(4t) 12.2 (Solution) Refer to the circuits Ty, FM 2 MO af 7) 8 5 Xe) Us T “¥ts) Xfs) Ws>=¥ts) Xs) Us ue is) 2nd Order Bese Fiter| 2d Order Buterworth 3d Order Bunerwenh aa (1/s) se $ () (Cireuit ) HO) = ye Gayei * Faas3 “GDH So, At) = 2V¥e-¥sn(LYBi)u(t) = 3.464e/?sin(0.8668)u() st) = [roe [1420 sin( YH + En))ult) ircuit sa eee ee (©) (Circuit 2) H(8) = GT ava” PaavEai ~ Fa DP So, h(t) = VZe#/¥? sin(t/V2)ult) s= [roe =i Me eos 5 +0.75n)}u(e) fo os Grier tes $0, Me) = [0.5244 (/VB)e"H/# cos} VEE ~ Jn]u(t) (© (Circuit 3) (3) = 15 — 0.5e~* — (1/VB)e~*/? sin( 3 VBE)ju(t) 219220 Chapter 12__Applications of the Laplace Transform 12.3 (Solution) (@) H() = So, 6(w) =m —2tan-"w), fae ed © 24 Vise1" So, 6s) = tan? [ : (b) (3) quae) = 3 SPIT a © #0 = sr asT Aw) So, 8(.) 12.4 (Solution) @ WeOt= sep HOt) = Sy er So, Hanin(s) = ne (A stable nonminimum-phese TF is 35 Mes? 4s? i wear MONO) = aTraTie- GEHEH eres 8 Han(®) = GE pea)” Fe osea (b) |F(@)P? = A stable nonminimum-phase TP is = ae “ (©) ley? = SERA nina) = 2 80, Hain(s) = (s+2)? (s+2)? G+OeFh Frseed A stable nonminimum-phase TF is, for example, {¢¢2)(2=2) 12.5 (Solution) (a) Hlu) =~ 1045Y __ Oat + 5/20) TF FMTOEG) ~ TF FIT FO/100 Break frequencies (rad/s): 1(Den), 10(Nura), 100(Den) Starting slope: 0 dB/dec, dB shift = 20log(0.1) = -20 dB Starting phase: 0°, final phase: -90° sti se Fasc (des rine : A : a a itsChapter 12 Solutions to Problems 221 10ju(10 + ju) ju(l + ju/20) H(w) = Ae je) 0 + fof) ©) HO) = FEF jGO0 +50) ~ Te gull + Fu) Break frequencies (rad/s): 1(Den), 10(Nura), 100(Den) Starting slope: 20 dB/dec. (from the ju term), dB shift = 20log( Starting phase: 90°, final phase: 0° se ae eT oy 1 ~~ ap idee ol oes) — 100 + ju 1+ jw/100 (©) MO) = Sao 55H * Fall + Hof Break frequencies (rad/s): 10 (Den, repeated), 100(Num) Starting slope: -20 dB/dec, dB shift = 20log(1) = 0 dB Starting phase: -00, final phace: -180° Phase) a sh " 0a ju (8 He) = aE SER - TH Break frequencies (rad/s: 1(Num), 5(Den), 10(Den) Starting slope: 0, dB shift = 20log(0.02) = -34 dB on Phase dep ete 2 Te ise % e000 2 «B5f 1S 6 100 100 eee x oes 07 po ay 785 : ‘S 10ju(10 + jw) Ajus(t + ju/10) (©) HO) = Ty jai sa)? ~ Tea) + IOS Break frequencies (rad/s): 1(Den), 5(Den, repeated), 10(Num) Starting slope: 20 dB/dec, dB shift = 20log(4) = 12 4B hs Phase (des) tp) 10100 1006222 Chapter 12 Applications of the Laplace Transform = 100 ju) O.1(1 + fu) Jol + Mju 0) ~ jofl + ju/10+ Gusiopp Break frequencies (rad/s): 1(Num), 10(Den, repeated) Starting slope: -20 dB/dec, dB shift = 20log(0.1) = ~20 dB Phase (des) stor) A (©) Fe) ns | 12.6 (Solution) Refer to the sketch. le) = lO ie 1+ je) (10+ ju)(2+ ju) (1+ jw/10)(1 + 0/2) Break frequencies (rad/s): 1(Num), 2(Den), 10(Den) Starting slope: 0, dB shift = 20log(0.5) = ~6 dB. We compute the following Frequency (rad/s) 1 2 10 Asymptotic magnitude (4B) 6 ° ° Corrected magnitude (3) 4 2 -3 Exact magnitude (43) 4.02 2.24 3.13 1+ jw Gir Break frequencies (rad/s): 0.1(Den), 1(um) 7 Starting phase: 0, final phase: -90°, We compute the following: 12.7 (Solution) H(w) Frequency (rad/s) o.ot ot 1.0 10 Asymptotic phase (degrees) 0 “30 -135 -30 Exact phase (degrees) 10.8 9-84.30 -123.6 -94.6 Phase (eg)Chapter 12 Solutions to Problems 223 12.8 (Solution) Refer to the sketches 8 magritode | Sysem 6B magninde System 2 <1 oa on a (a) (System 1) Starting slope: -20 dB/dec implies the term 3. Break frequencies (rad/s): 1(Numm), 2(Den, repested) Kj) 010440) yi) 200+) Fol + 5UPE ~ Fo + Fo/2™ CEST Note: dB shift at w =1 is -20 dB, so 20log() = ~20 and K = 0.1 $0, H(w) = (b) (System 2) Starting slope: 0. Break frequencies (rad/s): 1(Num), 10(Den, repeated) KQtje) 00+ }.) yy Std Bes = Gr zonge HO= Grip Note: Starting dB shift is —40 dB, so 20log(K) = 40 and K = 0.01 80, Hu) 12.9 (Solution) Refer to the sketches. © BO=cp BW=— FOl= aes ver ‘The Bode plot shows a slope of ~20 dB/dec past w= 1 rad/s. OHO= aa Hla ae ‘The Bode plot shows a slope of —40 dB /dec past w= 1 rad/s. 7 : © 40 Gage l= ; Vite ‘The Bode plot shows a slope of 60 dB/dec past w = 1 rad/s. In each case, at magnitude is 0 dB). Ho 1 rad/s, |H(1)| = 0.707, So, the exact magnitude is ~3 dB (and the asymptoticChapter 12 Applications of the Laplace Transform 224 12.10 (Solution) Refer to the sketches. cama er) Me 8 5 we > eo > . np) Ne yf Ne af 1 ee ca Pas i Peet) saggy of ECD aes) ay + 10 100 ton ‘ 1000 1091000 . go ai a 4s ee Aa 0280) w0 “90 10000 oT 06041) 10(5-1) 1oe-* OOM ee ORO= Feri) © HO Geri — 1 varies from 180° for w <0 to 90° for w> 0. For (b), the phase of H() For (c), the phase plot does not include the phase due to the delay term e/*. This linear phase, o(w) ='~w, must be added (on a log frequency scale) to the phase shown. Only (a) describes a minimum-phace filter. Working backwards from the magnitude spectrum alone, we obtain — 106 +2) 10 (oH) = FED) w= HO = aay 12.11 (Solution) H(3) = ue Refer to the sketches Has @®) [he o) afar nella. wl _ = 2» ee xflog) Sad a a) hee) Prac (oe a faa ® \/ ZN 000 — ot tO 018, 3410, $0,H(e)~ 222%, yay) - 1+ 0diw (0) = 01s, = 10 80, He) — Tae. Hw) = Te ‘The break frequencies in rad/s are 0.1 (Den) and 10 (Num). 14105 LE lie ts) HO) = Tore f ‘The break frequencies in red/s are 0.1 (Num) and 10 (Den). (b) 1=105, m= 0.15, So, Hs)Chapter 12 Solutions to Problems 225 12.12 (Solution) H(e) = ave , is an even function of w?, so minimum phase, (a) 1H@)P = re (b) At w= a, we see that [H(u)] = Jy (and JH{(0)] = 1) for any order v (9 Format, a=, HOH) = a = TE 8 Hl a (0) Benn 0 0H a a = po 1 %, Hi)= sa, 1 (e) Forn=3, a= 1, H(a)H(—s "ee 1 80. Hs) = Sayer 12.13 (Subsonic Filters) Refer to the sketch Ha fy = 18 Hz, so we = 30x. Also 12 dB/octave = 40 dB/dec. Kio nie eee ay Ta jopso Unit enn for w > 80 requires [H(w)| = 30mK = 1 or K = ob. So, Hw) = Vols) _ k+0.1(1 + sRC)) Vis) ~ +0204 sRC)" (a) We find H(s) =226 Chapter 12 Applications of the Laplace Transform Gath +sRO) yyy.) _ OAL wR) Pork=0, He) = POS, 121 + jwRC]e) 06+0.16RC) Pork = SEA OHRE) 05, Hie) =05 114 0.sRC) LA(4joRC/21) Forket H)=Trozne’ "= 70+ juRO76) For = 05, the gains constant forall fequences. For k= 0, the break frequencies are #(Nurz) and £(Den}. For k = 1, the break frequencies are £(Qum) and £(Den). The gain is nearly constant for frequencies past 41, For k= 0, the de gain is ly (nearly zero). For k= 1, the de sain is 1} (nearly unity). For Both & = 0 and k = 1, the high frequency gain is 0.5. So, settings closer to k = 0 provide a eut and settings closer to = 1 provide a low frequency boost. 0) Weft Ho = FS = a 1L+01sRO Le jwRC/10 Fork=0, H(s) 241.2sR0" Bw) 21+ BjwRC/10 Forkeos, mo)=LEOSRC 95, m)mos eer nae HO) = Tene” Hw) = a6 Gone For k = 05, the gain ie constant for ell frequencies. For k = 0, the break frequencies are 12(¥um) and #2 (Den). For k= 1, the break frequencies are 3 (Nun) and 42(Den). ‘The geia 38 neatly constant for frequencies below 72. For & = 0, the high frequency gain is thy (nearly zero). For k = 1, the high frequency gain is H} (nearly unity). For both & = 0 and #1, the do (ow Frequoncy) gun is 0.5, So, settings closer 0 & = 0 provide a cut and settings closer to k= 1 provide a high frequency boost. 00m = $. So, r= 4.77 ms. IF R=1 KN, then C= 0.286 pP. . So, 7 = 0.2865 ms. If R=1 EO, then C= 4.77 uP. (©) For the base control, wp For the treble contol, wo 12.15 (Solution) Refer to the sketches oe sol (b) For citeuit 1: H(s) = 05224, H(u) = ~0 So, ty For circuit 2: H(s) = 2 ne 2 Pastt Feaar He a) ~#(u) -jw-w? w FESS. oe) = ater [5]Chapter 12 Sclutions to Problems 227, e a ‘u(t). $0, Hls) = sae irs] He y(t) = Acos(t 44), then A= 0.707 and 6 = ‘The allpass filter H(s) = 0.55 if should provide a phase of 445° at w= 1 rad/s. Now, #(e) = x = 2tan"H{r) =0.25r, So, tan-H(s) = 3f or + = 0.867. ‘The filter gain is 0.5. So the output is 2(¢) = Bcos(t) where B= 0.5A Ie2(t) = cos(?), then w=, (ss 5) = 0.7074 ~ 45° and y(t) = 0.707 cost ~ 4 45° 3536. 12.17 (Solution) Refer to the figure. Hg RIAA equalization curve yyy 20 ae Math [ae NO : sy y at sie Fikes) 10(2-+ ju/en) (a) H(u) = 10 + Sele) whore = (2n)(500), wa (9) HO) = Ty Fafa + juny "HOM OPNOO Ree aeR ‘ “yy Rall sR) ©) He) ib = pag amd i= Ralls + ah) = EE ___Ril+ 90i(R + Re) So H(e) = ~ ay sRO\ + shi) ‘ 1 1 Tisha th ame frm fe ck RO arty, RACs = seep (Rs + RIC = With Ra = 10 KO, we requite R = 10Rg = 100 isto provide a gain of 10. 2122 BE ye Gad Ry = 308 48 1 Seana = 5908. : 1 12.18 (Solution) Reter tothe shies, Let m= a —) 68 magne 2a fst) CT {wad228 Chapter 12 Applications of the Leplace Transform : K(+er) + (PreEmphasis) Hom the Bode plot He) = AUS 2) ‘ Te) ae R _ RU +sCRi) From the coeut, 100) = Go = FR ORE, Rg RRC 8 Kage g, THRO= Bu, n= Pe + (DeEmphasis) From the Bode plot, H(6) = 7 1. Hom the deat ) = aby, 2 RO= 12.19 (Solution) An allpas filter must be a mixed phase system since the LHP poles must be matched ty RHP zeros. A stable allpacs filter (with only LHP poles) a maximum phase sytem since all ts zeros ae in the REP. aos 2 D0 (for stability) 12.20 (Solution) Let H(s) = i iGwee) ce aega eee Then, H(w) = TS ergot Me) =a — Btn gl] So, ty = -6"(u) = P25. The group delay is clearly positive 12.21 (Solution) Since the delay of an allpass filter is greater than zero, the delay of a cascade of a minimum phase filter cascaded with an allpass filter (which does not change the magnitude) will always be larger than the deloy of the minimum phase filter itself. 12.22 (Solution) (a) We place zeros at sbjivp = 4f10, and poles at ¢ = —auy x jiuy = —10a + j10 a 74100 i So H(8) = 79a} + 100 +100 s?4100 () Wied a =O, HO) = GEG = ee Mle 1 (ot 0). i ae (00-2)? For § dB bandwidth, ind w where [H(u)/? = 08 = Gara So, w* ~ 202u? + 9799 = 0. Its two positive roots are: wy = 9 rad/s, «oy = 11 rad/s So, bandwidth = wp ~ wi = 2 rad/s. (6) Yes, a smaller a will yield a sharper notchChapter 12 Solutions to Problems 229 12,28 (Solution) (a) Place pole pairs at s; = —aw + jun, 52 = —au2 & juve and two zeros at s = 0 . $0 HO) = aa FoHlle tan re e 1 AO ral up = 80 ras, a= 04. 80,09) = CERRITOS TEE) (b) The filter order is 4 (c) Assuming high @ (atithmetic symmetry ofthe cutoff frequencies), up ~ 0.5(, + ux) ~ 45 na? (-2? ¥ Bjw F 1616)(—27 + 10 jw + 2525)" ‘The halkpower frequencies where H(w)| = 0.707(0.0055) are wx = 38 rad/s and wy = 52 rad/s. So, the 3-dB bandwidth is B = 14 rad/s ‘The approximate value of Q is Q = 3 #28 (not really a high Q circuit). So, H(w) = [2 (wo}| 0.0055 (A) Decreasing c moves the poles closer to the juraxis and makes the frequency response much sharper (and the Q much higher). 1 t+ V2s+1 (0) He) = png The Boe lot shoved up tow rls and a dope ef 4B /ee past w= 1 rad/s. 12.24 (Solution) H(s) = (b) The de gain is Ap = 1 (©) The gain is Ao/ V2 at w = 1 rad/s (A) The gain equals 0.014 at w ~ 10 rad/s (a 20 dB/dec decrease) 12.25 (Solution) H(s) = aotineT Vit Gio At the half-power frequency, |H(u)]? = 0.5 = Tis peak (de) gain is 1. Hw) = aa Saw = is. Teooiayr 8 = 10 m/s eee naa TF O0my (b) The gain is 0.01 if |27(w)/? = 0.0001 = So, w= 100 rad/s. {c) If2(t) = u(t), the response is y(t) = [1+ ¥e-*/¥¥cos( #94 +-0.75n)}u(t) (from Problem 12.2b). ‘The response is underdamped and will show overshoot.230 Chapter 12 Applications of the Laplace Transforza os Oje 12.26 (Solution) #0) = Gir gagey HW)= ian oe (a) The center frequency is up = 10 rad/s with H(uo) = 1. The half power frequencies at which JH (.)? = 0.5 are found from 0.01? O01 + 0.01? wy = 6.18 rad/s, u2 = 16.18 rad/s and the half- power bandwidth Aw = 10 rad/s. (b) I(t) (©) H z(t) = 1+ cos(0.1urt) + cos(unt) + cos(1O.nt), the response ts y(t) * cos(wyt) because the filter gain at the other frequencies is negligible. (2) 2(0) = cos(0.2u34) + cos(ugt). The input SNR = 0 dB (input terms have equal magnitude). We find |#(0.2u1)] = 1.2455. So the ratio of the output powers is (dg)? = 64.4661 and the SNR is 1010g64.4661 = 18.0953 4B [#&)P -05 = ‘This gives os(wpt), then y{t) = cos(unt) because (20) (e) =(t) = coslust) + cos(Sunt). The input SNR = 0 dB (input terms have equal magnitude). We find {H7(Su)| = 1.2455. So, output SNR is 18.0933 dB (as in previous part). (8) We find H(w)o = 20 dB, and H(0.2u1) = H(Su2) = 1.9067 dB. The difference in the dB gain is 18.0933 dB (identical to the SNR figures computed in the eaclier part) 12.27 (Solution) Refer to the figure Sexe, (@) We find #7(s) With Ry - (b) With 2, So, H(s) = So. (8) = Tr o8sRO° or on rr re : 02 e) Wi =89R (and Cy back in), and RC = = TpoaeRe (c) With R, = 0.1R, Ry = 8.9R (and Cy bock in), and RyCy = RO, H(s) = aa ‘The step response is s(t) = 0.1(1— e"/")u(t) where 7 = 0.01RC and and the rise time .. ta = 2.2m are much smaller and the response reaches its inal value about about 90 times faster. Yes, compensation works.Chapter 12_ Solutions to Problems 231 ‘i - ae 12.28 (Solution) M(¢)=e-*u(®), (6) = IF x(t) = cos(t) + cos(t/3), we find H(s = j) = 0.7074 — 45° and H(s => 5/3) = 0.9487 - 18.43". So, y(t) = 0.707 cos(t — 45°) + 0.9487 + cos($ — 18.43°) ‘To correct the phase distortion, the allpass filter must provide a phase of 45° at w = 1 rad/s and BAS at w= 4 rad/s Soasth So, lk Hs) = GE CEEE wh ‘Then, ~2tan""(325) = 0.25m, —2tan@"(5§2j) = 0.3218 rad (18.43° = 0.3218 rad) a ba $0, gO 5 stan g) =—0.4142, 398, = tan(-01600) = -02608 This gives a = 2.4683, 6 = ~4.9590 ‘The allpass filter gain is 0.5. If =(t) = B cos(t) + Ccos(t/3), then B = 0.3536 and C = 0.4743. COMPUTATION AND DESIGN 12.29 (Solution) ‘XPROBLEN 12.2 ‘welogspace(-1,2,200) 20:0.01:205 sesqrt(-1)ew;wdeu ud length Ged)) =D ; he10spotyval ([1 1],5)./polyval (Et 10 0),5); dne20*10g10(abs (4) ;apvangle(h) shd=-dit = Cap) ./aif5(W) ; subplot (2.2.1) ,seaillogx(w hn) subplot (2,2,2),semilogx(w, bp) subplot(2,2,4) ,senilogx(wd,ha) ,panse beL0epolyval((1 -1],8)./polyval (L1 10-0),5)5 2bn-20810g10(abs (h)) ;hprangle(h) ;hde~dift (hp) ./aitt (w) ; subplot (2,2,1) ,semilogx(s tm) subplot (2,2,2) ,senilogx(v bp) subplot (2,24) ,semilogx(ud,ha) ,pause h=tOtexp(-s) -*polyval((t 1],8)./polyval ({1 10 0},3)5 ‘n-20+1c610(abs (b)) shprangle(Q) shde-di (hp). /4it# (W) 5 subplot (2,2,1) ,semilogx(w,hm) subplot (2,2,2) ,seailoge ap) supplet(2,2,4) ,seailogx(ud ba) You can identity the minimum phase filter from magnitude spectrun232 Chapter 12_Applications of the Laplace Transform 12.30 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routine tfmin ‘PROBLEM 12.30 20:0.01:5;sesqre (-1)su;vdew;wd (Length (wd))=C1 5 WPART Ce) neQim-2en; (N1,D1]=timin(i, (1 zeros(1,a-1) 1], 75°) bi=loepolyval (Wis). /polyval(O1,s); ne3;ne2en; [N2,D2}=timin(1,[1 zeros(tm-1) 1), 78") h2=Lo¥po2yval (N2,s)./polyval (D2,8); nedin-2en; (N3,D3]=tfmin(1, [1 2eros(1,m-t) 1), 5?) b3=10epolyval (N3,s)../polyval (3,8); n-Sjne2en; [N4,D4]=tfain(1, [1 zeros(1m-t) 13,787) ‘d=10*polyval (4, s)./polyval (04,8); APART (a) Jmimabs (ht) ;hn2eabs (h2) jhn3=abs (3) ;hmé-abs(h4) ; subplot(2,2,1),plot(w, [bmi ;n2;hn3;hn4] ), grid PART (e) hpisange (hi) ;hp2eangle(h2) ;bp3-angle(h3) ;hp4=angle(h4) ; subplot (2, 2,2) ,plot(w, [ppl ;bp2;hp3shp4) ) ,axis([0 1-4 0]),gria apart (2) halm-aits (apt). /4i4¢(u) jne2~-aitE Copa) ./4i¢2 (W) ; hdSe-dSts (ap3). /aifE(W) jnde—-aiff Copd) ./ALtE(¥) ; subplot(2,2,4), plot (wd, (hdtha2;hd3;h24)) ,axis({0 1 0 6) gréa — 12.31 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routine bodelin ‘PROBLEM 12.31 bodelin(t, (1 sqrt(2) 1]);pause bodelin({1 0}, {1 1 1]);pause dodelin(t, {1 2 2 11); ~ CO 12.82 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routine sysresp2 PROBLEM 12.32 1: ys=sysresp2(’s?,€,D,1, [1 0]) ;yissysrespa(?s? 4,0); :0.01:10; subplot(2, 1,1) ,plot (t, eval (ys)) subplot(2,1,2) plot (t, eval(yi)) pause PART () ai sD=(t,sqrt(2), 1]; sySresp2(’s? ,N,D,1, [1 0]) ;yiwsysresp2(’s’ M.D); 01:10; subplot(2,1,1) ,plot(t,eval(ys))Chapter 12 Solutions to Problems 233, subplot (2,1,2), plot (t,eval(yi)) pause PART (©) W=[1,0] ;D=[1,1,115 yssysresp2('s*,N,D,1, (1 0]) syiesyeresp2C?s? ND); 40:0, 01:40; subplot (2, 1,1) ,ploz(teval (ys)) subplot (2,1,2) ,plot(t,eval(yi)) ,pause PART (@) Not ;De[1,2,2,1]; yeesysresp2('s!,M,D,1, [1 0));yi-ayeresp2('s? N40); :0.04:40;subplot(2,1,1) ,plot(t,evallys)) subplot (2,1,2),plot(t,eval(yi)) 12.83 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routine bodelin ‘PROBLEM 12.31 w=0:0.01:5;aesqrt(-1)ew; Net;D=[1 1] sbodelin(,D) ;pause bs(1) ./polyval (Ds) splot (¥,abs(a)) ,gria pause Ne1:D*(1 sqrt (2) 1] :bodelia(ii,D) spause e(1) ./polyval (D.s) splot(w,abs(B)) .grid.pause Net;D=[1 1 1] ;dodelin(W,D) jpause h=(1)../polyval (D,) ;plot (w,abs(h)) grid pause N=1;D=(1 2 2 1] ;bodelin(W,D) ;pause be(4) ./polyval (D,5) ;plot(# abs (a)) ,grid 12.84 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routine sysrespt, trbw PROBLEM 12.36 PART (a) 0:0.01:6;=0:0.01:5;sjews iD=(1 1] ;n=(1) ./polyval (D, 8) :yesysrespt (’s?,¥,D, (1) 2 subplot (2,2,1) plot (e,eval (y)) grid subplot (2,2,2) plot (w,abs(h)) grid subplot (2,2,4) plot (x, angle(h)#180/pi) grid, pause Wet;D=[1 2 1] sh=(1) ./polyvad(,s); yroysrespi(’s? N,D,[1]) subplot (2,21) plot (t,eval(y)) ,grid subplot (2,2,2),plot (w,abs(h)) ,grid subplot (2,24) ,pLot (w, angLe(h) #180/p4) , grid, pause Hat ;De[1 sqrt(2) 1] sbe(1) ./potyval (D,5); yraysrespi(’s?.¥,D, (1]) ‘subplot (2,2, 1) ,plot(t,eval(y)) grid subplot (2,2,2),plot(e,abs(h)) grid subplot (2,2,4) plot (w angle (b) +180/pi) ,grid,pause234 Chapter 12 Applications of the Leplace Transform N=t;D=(1 2 2 4] ;h=(1) ./polyval(D,s); yesysrespi(’s?,3,D, (1) subplot(2,2, 1), plot(t,eval (y)) grid subplot (2,2,2),plot(w,abs(h)) grid subplot(2,2,4) plot (w,angle(h)*180/pi) ,grid,pause ‘PART (b) Net;De(1 1] ;trbw(W,D) ,pause wart (a) N=1;D=[1 2 4] serbu(W,D) ,pauso Wart (b) We1;D=[1 sqrt(2) 1;trbw(W,D) pause YPart (eo) WeijDe[1 22 1] ;trbeOH,D) wart (@) 12.95 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routine ssres> ‘PROBLEM 12.35 x7 (2,3, -pi/3] 52 PART (a) an1;N=2;D=[1,2] syssisssresp(’s?,W,D,x) plot (t eval (yssi)) pause -2;N=2;0*[1 a) yse2-ssresp( s? ,ND,x) plot (t, eval (yss2)) pause waRT @) (Gn3;Net;D=[1,4,C] ;yss3"ssresp("s” ,N,D,x) ,plot (t, eval (yss3)) pause (Ona Net jD=1,4,0) ;yss4essresp(s? .N,D,x) ,plot(t,eval (yss4)) , pause ‘G=5;Nie4:De[14,C] iyseSmssresp(’s”,N,D,x) ,plot (t, eval (yess) 02:65Chapter 13 ANALOG FILTERS 13.1 (Solution) (a) fp = 2 Wis, fy = 9 Kile, 20 vp = 1,v4 = 1.5 with normalising frequency (b) fp = 3 Mc, fy =2 killa, 50 vp = 1,4 = 1.5 with normalizing frequency = 3 kllz (©) fy = [10,15] ki, f= [5,20] Ki, 80 f = (5,20, 18,20] FE, f2 = fafa = 150 Since fifa = 100 < f2, we change fy to f3/ fa =7.5 kHz So, f = [7.5,10,26,20] kil, Af, = 5 kil, Af, = 12.5 kil ond Uy = 12.5/5 = 2.5 with B= 5 kHz and fo = V150 = 12.2474 kHz (A) fp = [20,40] kHz, f, = [30, 34] kHz, so f = [20, 30, 34, 40] KHz, ff = fy fa = 800 =2 kee Since f2fs = 1020 < f§, we change fz to 8 = 23.5204 kHz So, f = [20,28.6294, 34,40} kHz, Af, =20kHz, AJ, = 10.4706 KE and wits =19101, B=204H2, fo = V800 = 28.2843 kite 13.2 (Solution) (@) fp = [10, 14] Hz, f, = (5, 20] Hz, so f = (5, 10,14, 20) Hz, fo = 12 Hz, f? = 144 Since ffs = 140 < f2, we change fa to f3/fo = 24.4 Hz Since fife = 100 < J2, we change fi to f/f = 7.2 He - So, f = [7.2, 10,14.4, 20] Hz, Af, = 4.4 He, Af, = 12.8 Hz and Up = Tye = 12.8/44 = 2.9001 with B= 4.4 Hz and fo = 12 Hz (b) Sp = [20.40] He, f, = [5,2] He, 80 f = [5,10,40, 4) He, £8 = fofs = 400, fo = 20 He B A v= B= 25 with B= 30 He and f (©) Sp = [10,40] He, f, = [5,2] He, fo = 25 Hz, #2 = 625 J = 15,1040, f) He, So choose fx = /3/ fs = 125 Ha Since fofs = 400 < JZ, we change fs to f3/ fo = 62.5 Hz ,10,62.5, 125) Hz, Af, = 52.5 He, Af, = 120 He and vy, = YS = 2.2857 with B= 52.5 He and fp =25 He So choose fx = £2 = 80 He. So, f= [5,10,40,80] He, Af = 30 He, Af, = 75 Hz and 10 He 235236 Chapter 13 Analog Filters 15, 2| Hz, f. = [5,50] He, fo = 25 Ha, f +15, fs, 50] Ha, So choose fy = f@/fa = 41.6067 Ha 2 Since fafa = 250 < J, we change fi to 4g 12.5, 15, 41.6667, 50] He, Af, = 26.6567 He, Af, = 37.5 Hr and ,¥ = 37.5/26.6867 = 1.4068 with B = 26.6867 Hz and fy = 25 He 2.5 Ha 13.3 (Solution) (a) fp = [20,40] Hz, f, = [26,36] Hz, so f = (20,26,36,40} Hz, fo = 30 Hz, f¢ Since fafa = 936> 72, we change fa to f3/fs = 25 Hz Since fifa = 800 < f3, we change fr to f3/fa = 22.5 He So, f = [225,25,36,40) Ha, Af,=175 Hz, Aj, =11 He and 75/11 = 1.5909, B=1T5 He, fy -30 He (20, 80] Hz, f= [25, 2] He. So f (20, 25, fa, 80) He, = fifa = 1600 a $0, choose fo = HE = 04 He So, f = (20,25,64,80] Hz, Af, =60 Hx, Af, =39Hz and = 1.5385, B= 60 Hz and fo = 40 He (©) fp = (25, 2] He, fe = [40,80] He, s0 f = (25, 40,80, f) Ha, £3 = fofs = 2200 So, choose f= g 128 He. So, f = (25,40,80,128] He, Af, = 103 He, Af, =40 Hz and vy, = 493 = 2.575 with B= 103 He and fo = V/3200 = 56.5685 Hz (90, 7] He, f = (20,30, f5,60] He, fo = 40 He, f# = 1600 Since fife = 1200 < §,-we change fi to q = 28.6667 He - 3395, 00] Hz, Af = 39.3893 He, Af, 4286 with B = 33.3893 Hz and fo 100 (@) 69/10, HO)= Sige 2 () ss, HO= aap _ 2 () s-10/s, H()= SaneChapter 13 Solutions to Problems 237, s0 LP2BP transformation is s = (s? +uf)/sB = (+ 1)/s, and a SeS4attsti (@) Btw = Hpp(s) = (e) B= 10, w = 100, so LP2BP transformation is s = (s? + 10000)/10s, and 1006? FF TOS F DOL s 1 + ITF = 5/(s?+1), and Hpp(s) (8) B= 1,09 =1, 00 LP2BS tronsformation is ¢ = 6B /(6? +08) (s2 41) Has) = SES aR TeFI (g) B= 2,00 = 10, so LP2BS transformation is s = 2s/(s? + 100), and (s? +100)? Host9) = Say Wis? + 200s + 16000 13.5 (Solution) Refer to the sketches. + ‘Banersort Poles, ® b) ate)” © Ra reg (ue)” md (a) vy =1. Poles lie on a circle of R= 1(unit circle) LHP pole orientations (w.r. to ju-axis) : 0, = (2k — 1)x/(2n), k= = 3(k =1,2) : 0, = m/4, 30/4 = n= 3 = 1,2,8) se = 2/6,7/2,5n/6 (b) €=0.707 and a passband of 1 rad/s. Poles lie on a circle of radius #2 = ve = (2/<)¥/". For n= 2,03 = 1.1898, for n = 3,5 = 1.1225. LHP pole orientations as in part(a) (©) €= 0.707 and a passband edge of 10H Pole radius R= wis = 2n(100)(1/e)*/*, orientations as in (a). For n = 2,3 = 747.2573, for n= 3,43 = 705.2992238 Chapter 18 _Analog Filters 18.6 (Solution) (@) n=3,¢=027 Attenuation A = 10 og(1 + <0”) = 10log(1 +0.4904) dB For v= 0.5, A = 0.0331 dB Foe v = = 15.1001 dB (b) vs = (I/e)¥* = 1.1262 (c) LHP pole orientations (w.r. to ju-axtis) : Oy = (2k —1)n/(2n),k = Forn=3 (Le k=1,2,3), 0 =/6,2/2,50/6 —vaa fe (8) Qe) wae tae tet + erce tan = SEE, = SEM, 2. By symmetry, g2 = 91 = 2 and gs = 99 = 1, 80 (8) = He(s/0s) = = PF DTDEF + 2.55605 + LAB (e) High frequency decay rate = 20n dB/dee = 60 B/dee. ——$—— 18.7 (Solution) 1 =5,f,=1 Hilz, Ay = 1 dB, soe? = 1094+ Attenuation A = 10log(1 + €/2%) = 10log(1 + 0.258909) ¢B For f = 2M, u = f/fy=2, so A= 10log{t + 0.2589(2)*°] = 24.2511 dB 0.2589 188 (Solution) fp =1 Kila, f, = 2 kllz, Ap =2 dB, A, = 25dB. Soyvp = 1yvy =2 logl(0 24+ — 1) /e3]¥? 5849, n~ ele Tog(u's/wp) 1Olog{l + 0.5849] = 2 dB 1Olog{t + 0.5849(2)!9] = 27.78 aB Now, = 109147 a45taned Attenuation at fp = 10log(1 + 202") Attenustion at f, = 20log(1 +. 2/2" 13.9 (Solution) (a) wp =4,4p = 3 dB(octually 3.0103 dB), so @ = 1 and vs = 1. High frequency decay = 60 dB/dee = 20n dB/dec, so n = ene[(~ 1) /2] oul F(R=1) 8) = gobs + gs? + 08% 00 = Lan = SEA = SEEM, 2. By symmetry, 2 = 91 = 2 and gs = go = 1, 90 Oe 7 Sew For peak gain of 2, K = 2,, So, H(s) = Hp(s/u»¥) = Hp(s/4) = ea eTChapter 13 Solutions to Problems 239. 4019 (b) fy = 10 He, Ay =1dB, 50? = 10°4r — 1 = 0.2589. Now, n=2, s0 1 = (1/e)'/" = calb-neyan | _ oi Htho Qs) = 90+ 218+ 257,90 hon = Sea. = eg, k=? K ence t+ Vist 1 So, a V2. By symmetry, q2 = go = 1 and Hp(s) a ; 2 Fora peak gain of 2, K=2, and He(6) = 5A 155168 SHIRA STS + 77884 18 from de to 5 Hz, n=2 So, H(s) = Hp(s/uprs) = Hrv(o/88.0818 (6) Minimum gain 2 athe ye 18 = 25-80, ¢ =(/our = Soy at fy = § He, we have 18 = > ayy: So, = 0.28487, 45 = (1/e}¥* = 1.4369 exel(t-3) 2/20 99 = i US) = 9 +98 + 4357,40 EO kee intB 2 SH Vierl 80, 4 = V3. By symmetry,g2 = g0 = 1 and Hele) = 5 4075.64 So, H(s) = Hols/ipis) = Hiv(s/45.1422) = pO 13.10 (Solution) For each part, 4p = 2 dB, A, = 40 6B (a) fp = 2 Kia, fe = 6 klix, 80 vp = 1,yy = 3,¢7 = 10°14» — vw efor ~ fers Toate) Got as tos +... +9585, 5849 sas 1/e)}/* = 1.0551 tooe= ela 1 = 1/sin( yr) = 3.286, 2 = cos(hn)/sin( fx) = 5.236 3286 gm op and d %) k= 1,2,3, By symmetry, qa = a2 = 5.236, Nee) pe PO) Fgh ~ BE Saw FIGS + 0G | 8.2866 TI Now, wo = upts = 2(2000)(1.0551) = (1.3259)104. So, H(s) = Hp(s/wp). So, (4.0974)10?° ‘s+ (G.2096) 10s" + CDOT IOS? + (1.2204) 105? + (1.0001) 10s + (4097S ION (b) fy = 4 kHz, f, = 1 Kix, £0 vy = 1,7, = 4,2 = 104" — 1 = 0.5849 n= ala EP oy n= 4, va = (I/e)!/" = LOOT Qs) =m tastes? +... + 945%,g0= ge = NAA, = bg / sin(}n) = 2.6131, 92 = cos(}n)/ sin(}n) = 3.4142 6131, 94 = 90 = 1 H(s) k=1234 By symmetry, g3 = 2 =240 Chapter 13 Analog Filters 1 1 80, Hels) = O05 = Wy zeiaie Fadia D8iGI TT For denormalizetion, use s —+ s/va and then s + wp/s. Together H(s} = Hp(up/svs). So, a 116)104s3 + (1.886}10%s? + (3.3926)10"35 + (3.0514)107 (c) fp = 10 Hz, f, = 50 Hz, fy = 15 Ha ‘We normalize w.r to fa, $0 ¥y=3, ¥, = 10/3, and v5 = 1,¢ (6) = Hp(23804/8) = 1 Jog{(10" Tog(vp) — los{(u0™4. - 1))28 Toate] SA So,nmax{nasng) = 4 calle De ln _ coal — Dl (3) = go ts + ans? +... + a8! go = 1g = a 1 Qn (e) am tae + ans? +. + 288 go = Lae = Soe sin(fen) K=1,2,8,4: 1 = 1/sin(}r) = 2.613199 = cos($x)/sin(Jn) = 3.4142 By symmetry, qa = 41 = 2.6151, ¢e = qo = 1 and Hy(s) = 1/Qn(s) = 1/(ot + 261318? + 3.41428? + 2.61318 +1) We denormalize with respect to the half-power frequency, so Ho(s) = Hy(s/u) = Hy(s/94.25) = K/(s" + 035? + a8? +015 +9) where K = ay = (7.8901)207 01 = (2.1876)10°, a9 = (8.0827)10*, as = 246.28 (2) fp = [20,20] He, f, = 10,50} Be, so f = [10,20, 90,50), /8 = fafa = 600 ‘We first make the frequency specifications geometrically symmetric. Since fafa = 500 < f2, we change fi to f@/fe = 12 Ha = (12,20, 30,80] Hz, A fy = 10 Hz, Af, = 98 Ha and p< 1ouy = 38/10 = 38 with B= 206 rad/s and wo = 2V60G = 183.91 rad/s 2 = 104 — 1 = 0.5849. Tog{(10™4« — 1)/e2]5 logue) On(s) = outers bane +... gest go = Lage = SE M/Pal | = SSR Te sin(er/2n)*? ~~ Sin( Fen) n= dug = (1/6)/* = 1.0693 = 1,284: 1 = 1/sin(}x) = 2.6181, 92 = cos(}x)/sin(}n) = 3.4142 By symmetry, q3 = 41 = 2.6131, 94 = go = 1 and Hy(s) = 1/Qn(s) = 1/(o! + 2.61818? + 3.41425? + 2.61318 +1) We frst denormalize Hyv(s) to Hv(s/vs), then use the LP2BP transformation s = (s?-+u8)/sB, or together s = [s? + (1g1s)"]/sBra, to get (tedious algebra!)Chapter 13 Solutions to Problems 241 H(s) = Ko4/(sP + ars" + ags® + ass® + a4s4 + 035° +078? + 018 +00), where K = (2.08)10" ao = (3.25)10"7, a1 = (2.33)10", a = (6.18)10", a3 = (3.149102 (24 = (4.12)10°, 5 = (1.33)107, 06 = (1.10108, a7 = 176.6 (©) fp = [10,60] Ha f, ‘We frst make the frequency specifications geometrically symmetric. Since fafa = 600 < 2, we change fs to /3/fo = 30 Hz So, f = [10,20,$0, 60] Hz, Af, = 50 He, Af, = 10 He ond 00m rad/s and w = 2600 = 153.91 rad/s with B Lv, = 50/1 10°44» — 1 = 0.5849, 105 = (1/6)" = 1.0693 os(k—I)x/2n]_—_cosl}(k — lo wes) = 90 ane + B26? + gush am = Lae = eas sin] Fa) k=1,2,3,4: 4 = 1/sin(Jx) = 2.6191, = cos(Jr)/sin(}x) = 9.4142 By symmetry, gp = 91 = 2.6131, 94 = gp = 1 and /(o4 + 2.61315 + 3.41426? + 2.613164 1) = En(s) = YQn(s) ‘We first denormalize Hyy(s) to Hw (s/v), then use the LP2BS transformation s = sB/(s?+u2), or together s = sBy3/[s” + (wovs)"), to get (tedious algebra!) H(s) = (s+ bys +bes* +bast-+bo)/(s*-+ars7 bags? tags’ +a4s*+ass"+a287 +018+09), with a = (3.15) 10", ay = (1.02)20°%, ap = (2.18)20"4,09 = (2.06)10"? (2.48)10%, ag = (1.21)108, ag = (3.89)10°, a7 = 768 bby = (B.15)10"", by = (5.32)10"?, by = (8.27)20°, be = (9.48)10% a242, Chapter 13 Analog Filters 13.11 (Solution) (a) n= 3,€=05. S00? =0.25 For n= 3, the poles of the normalized Butterworth filter are Pk = ~sindy + cosy, Oy = (2k — 1) t/2n{ rad), k= 1,2,3 This gives: pe = ~0.5 + j0.860,—1 Nowa = (1/n) sink""(1/¢) = 0.48121, sinh(a) = 0.5, cosh(a) = 1.128 and Real part of Chebyshev poles = Relps sinh(a) = ~0.25, -0.25,-0.5 Imag, part of Chebyshev poles = Imfp,] cosh(a) = 0.96825, -0.96825,0 ‘so Chebyshev poles are pzx = [-0.28 + 0.96825, ~0.5] $0, Q(s) = (2 — per)(s — Pea}(s —pes) = (s +0.25 + j0.97)(s +0.25 ~ j0.97)(s + 0.5) and H(s) =1/Q(s) = 1/(s° +s? +1.25s +1.28) (b) m= 48, passband ripple Ap = 2 dB, so? = 104» — 1 m 0.5849, ¢ = 0.7648 For n = 4, the poles of the normalized Butterworth filter are Ph = ~ sind + Joos8,, 9 = (2k ~1)n/2n( red), k = 1,2,3,4 ‘This gives : pa = —0.924 + j0.983, ~0,383 & 50.024 Now, a= (I/n)sinh™*(1/e) = 0.2708, sinh(a) = 0.2741, cosh(a) = 1.0369 and Real part of Cheby poles = Re[pi] sinh(a) = -0.253, 0.253, 0.105, —0.105 ‘Imag part of Chebyshev poles = Im[ps] onsh(a) = 0.397, 40.958 80 Chebyshev poles are pei = [-0.253 + 70.397, ~0.108 + 0.958] 80, Q(s) = (8 — Per)(s ~ pe2)($ — Pes) (8 — pee) = (s* + 0.725% + 1.268? 40.528 +0.21) and H(s) = 1/Q(s) = 1/(s* + 0.72s? + 1.265? + 0.528 + 0.21) 13.12 (Solution) Refer to the sketches. Outer Cite Radius = cosh a nner Circle Radius =sinh ct For both parts, draw three circles with radii = 1, cash(a), sinh(e). _ Locate the normelized Butterworth poles on the unit circle. Draw and extend radial lines. Draw horizontal and vertical lines at the intersections with the other two circles, These lines will intersect at the Chebyshev poles.Chapter 13 Solutions to Problems 3, (a) ¢=04,n=3, so a= (1/n) sinh (1/¢) = 0.549, sinh(a) = 0.577, cosh(a) = 1.155 (b) n= 4,Ap=1dB, 50 €? = 10°4r — 1 = 0.2589,¢ = 0.509 a= (1/n) sinh™'{1/¢) = 0.357, sinh(a) = 0.365, cosh(a) = 1.064 — 13.13 (Solution) |H(v)]? = eR A= lOlog(t + 273(v)) 4B = 3,€=07, s0 A= 10log{l +0.4079(v)] dB Tye) = 44 — ay (a) Attenuation ot v = 0.5 is 10 log{l + 0.4973()] = 1.732 dB Attenuation at v= 2 is 10log{t + 0.4972(2)) = 25.215 ¢B (b) Half power frequency 13 = cosh|(1/n) cosb™"(1/«)] = 1.0449 (c) The normalized Butterworth poles for n= 3 are Pe =~ sind + Joost, Oe (2k — 1) /2n{ rad), k = 1,2,3 This gives : pe = 0.5 + J0.866,—1 Now, = (1/n)sinh™(1/e) = 0.885, sinb(a) = 0.804, cosh(a) = 1.075 and Real part of Chebyshev poles = Relpa] sinh(a) = ~0.197, ~0.197, ~0.394 ‘mag part of Chebyshev poles = Imipa] cosh(a) = 0.9305, ~0.9305,0 80 Chebyshev poles are pex = [0.197 + j0.9305, ~0.394] (@) Qs) = (5 ~ Palle —pa)le — Pea) = (62 +0.7984 + 1.085 + 0.58) So, H(s) = 1/Q(s) = 1/(s? + 0.7987 + 1.065 + 0.36) ae (6) High frequency decay rate is 20n dB dec. = 60 dB /dec. eS_———— 18.14 (Solution) n= 5, f, = 1 kHz, A, =1 4B, 0 ¢ = 1094 — 1 = 0.2589 Attenuation A= 10log|1 +273(r)] = 10log{l + 0.25807%(v)] 2B Ty(1) = 1 for all n and To(v) = 1614 — 2005 + 5 Kil, v = f/f =1, $0 A = 10logil + 0.258073(1)] = 10]og( 1.2589) = 1 aB For f = 2 kilz,y = f/fy = 2, 50 A = 1Wlog{l +0.258973(2)] = 45.31 dB — For f244 Chapter 13 Analog Filters 18.15 (Solution) Refer to the sketch ‘The filter order is n = 3. Max passband gain = 10, Min passband gain =9.55 3108 $0,9.55 = 10/(1 +2)", so e? = (10/9.55)? —1 = 0.0965 and ‘The normalized passband attenuation (with respect to unit peak gain) is Ay = 201og(0.955) = 13.16 (Solution) n= 4,4, =14B, f,=2 kita = 10914 1 = 0.2589, € = 0.509 19 = cosh{{1/n) cash" (1/e)] = 1.053 Since vy = fo/ fy, fa = vafp = 2.106 kHz 13.17 (Solution) (2) up = 4.dp = 3 dB (actually 3.0103 dB), 20 ¢? = 1 and v5 =1 €0 AB/dec = 20n dB/dec, son = 3 High frequency decay Pk = — Sing + jc059y, By = (2k — 1)x/2n{ rad}(k = 1,2, 3) = —0.5 + 70.866, -1 = (I/n) sink™*(1/e) = 0.294, sinh(a) = 0.298, cosh(a) = 1.044 and Real part of Chebyshev poles = Re{p,] sinh(a) = —0.149, —0.149, ~0.298 Imag part of Chebyshev poles = F[p]cosh(a) = 0.8087, -0.9087,0 s0 Chebysher poles are py = [0.249 #j0.0087,-0.208] Q(s) = (5 — paal(s~pea)(s — pes) = (62 + 045s? + 0.888 +0.125) A(s) = K/Q(s) = K/(s? +0.45s? + 0.885 +0.125) Since n is odd, for peak gain of unity, K = Q(0) = 0.125 125/(5° + 0.455? + 0.886 + 0.125) rv(o/4) = 8/(o? + 1.798 + 14.13848) H()= Ho(s) = Hw(s/u) = 4B, soe? 10a 2589 (b) n= 2, fp = 10 Hzsuip = 20r, Ay = Sindy + je0s8p, 0, = (2k ~ 1)x/2n( rad)(k = 1,2) = ~0.707 + 50.707 Pee (1/n)sinh“"(1/e) = 0.714, sinh(a) = 0.776, cosh(a) = 1.266 andChapter 13_Solutions to Problems 245, Resl part of Chebyshev poles = Refp sinh(a) = ~0.549,~0.549 Imag part of Chebyshev poles = Zm[ps] cosh(a) = 0.895, -0.895 0 Chebyshev poles are pet = [~0.549 + 0.895) ls) = (@ —pa)(6 — pea) = (6? + 1.0986 + 1.1025) He) = K/Q(0) = K/(s? +1.098s + 1.1025) Since n is even, for peak gain of unity, K = Q(0)/(1+e2)* = 0.876 H(s) = 0.876/(s? + 1.0088 + 1.1025) Hp(s) = Hiy(s/up) = Hyy(s/20n) = 3457.3/(s? + 68.97s + 4352.54) 8 over 0~ 5 Hiz and filter order n 8 Hz), 1.8 = 2/(1+ 2), soe? = 0.23457 (©) 2 =2, minim gain So, at passband edge, fp in y+ jeosO, Oy = (2k — 1)x/2n( rad)(k = 1,2) = ~0.707 30.707 (1/n)sinb™"(1/e) = 0.736, sinh(a) = 0.804, cosh(a) = 1.283 and Real part of Chebyshev poles = Re(p,] sinh(a) = -0.569, ~0.569 Imag part of Chebyshev poles = Im|p,] eosh(a) = 0.9075, ~0.9075 s0 Chebyshev poles are pet = [0.569 + 50.9075} Py Qs) = ( — pea) — pea) = (6? + 1.1386 41.147) E(s) = K/Q(s) = K/(o? + 1.1888 + 1.147) Since 7 is even, for peak gain of unity, K = Q(0)/(1 + &)P5 = 1.0324 H(s) = 1.0824/{5? + 1.1385 +1.147) Hp(s) = Hy(s/ip) = Hw (s/10r) = 1018.9/(s? + 35.748 + 1132.12) 13.18 (Solution) For each part, Ay = 2 4B, Ay = 40 dB (@) fp =2 KBs, fy = 6 RHE, 80 vy = 1,u4 = 3e? = 10°14 — 1 = 0.5849 =1790214. — ayes _ ee c =I De n= 4,09 = cosh{(1/n) cosh”*(1/e)] = 1.0184 Pe = ~ sin Oy + joosbe, Ok = (2k ~ 1)n/2n{ rad), k= 1,2,8,4 This gives : py = 0.924 + 0.383, ~0.983:t 70.924 (2/n) sinh™?(1/¢),sinb(a) = 0.2742, cosh(a) = 1.0369 Cheby poles = Refpy sinh(a) + jlznfr} cosh(a) -0.255 + 0.397, -0.105 + 30.958) Now, So Chebyshev poles =246 Chapter 13 Analog Filters So, Q(s) = (8 —Pea)(s ~ Pa){s ~ pes}(8 — pea) = (8* + 0.7259 + 1.265? + 0.528 +0.21) and H(s) = K/Q(s) = K/(s* + 0.7285 + 1.26s? + 0.52s +.0.21) Since n is even, for peak gain of unity, K = Q(0)/(1 +2) = 0.1034 0 =p = 2(2000), H(8) = Hv(s/90) = A/(s4 + ans? + 025? + a18-+ ao) where A = (4,08)10"%, ay = (5.18)10**, a; = (1.026)10", a2 = (1.98)108, a3 = (9)10° (0) fp =4 Kile, fy = 1 Hla, s0 vy = Ivy =e? = 104 — 1 = 0.5849 1 = 3,0 = coshi(1/n) cosh*(1/¢)] = 1.0827 Pa =~ sinby + foosl, x = (2k — 1) /2n{ rad), (K =1,2,3) = —0.5 + 30.866, —1 Now,a =(1/n)sinh“*(1/e), Cheby poles = Re{ps] sink(a) + jlm|px] cosh(a) So Chebyshev poles = {-0.184 + 0.923, -0.369) $0, Q(s) = (8 —Pa)(s —Pea)(s — Pes) = (s+ 0.745? + 102s + 0.527) and H(s) = K/Q(s) = K/(s° + 0.745? + 1.02s + 0.327) Since n is odd, for peak gain of unity, K = Q(0) = 0.827 2n{ £000), Hos) = Hwv(wa/s) = 9°/(s + 026? + ar8 +40) where ‘a9 = (4.86)10", = (1.43)10°, a9 = (7.86)10 wp = wp (©) fp =10 Ha, f, = 50 Hz, fy = 15 He, = 1044 ~1 = 9.5849 (20°44. — ayes cosh er Juy) cosh +n = 3,9 = cosh{(1/n) cosh“ !(1/e)] = 1.0327 Since ws = 30r, we pick wy = ws/Ds. We successively inerease n and compute Ps,us = _ 5/025 = wa/uin and A, = Al?,) until A > Ay. We find ny wy Aes we/uw Ay = A(Gs) Ay (given) A, > Ay 3 1037 9126 34024 41.3563 40 Yes Thus, the required filter order is n = 3, and wy = ws/03 = 307/1.0327 = 91.26 y= ~ sind, + JoosP4, 0, = (2k ~1)x/2n{ rad), (k= 1,2,3) = ~0.5 & 0.866, -1 = (1/n)sinh“1(1/¢), Cheby poles = Re[ps|sinh(a) + jlm{p,] cosh(a) So Chebyshev poles = [-0.184 + 0.923, ~0.869) So, (8) = (8 ~ Paa)(s ~pea)(8 ~ pa) = (5° + 0.745? + 1.028 + 0.327) and H(s) = K/Q(s) = K/(s? + 0.745? + 1.025 + 0.827)Chapter 13 Solutions to Problems 247 Since n is odd, for peak gain of unity, K = Q(0) = 0.327 Wp = wy = 91.26, Hp(s) = Hw(wo/s} = K/(s? + as? +018 + a0) where K = a0 = (2.48)108, a; = (8.51)10°, a2 = 6.73 (2) fy = [20,30] He, f, = 10,50] He, v0 f = [20,20, 30,50, 2 = fafs = 600 We frst rake the frequency specifications geometrically symmetric Since fifa = 500 < f3, we change fi to f3/fa = 12 Ha So, f= [12,20,80, 50] Hz, Af, = 10 He, AY, Up = 1,¥, = 38/10 = 3.8 with B= 20r rad/s and wy = 2nV600 = 153.01 rad/s 2 = 104 — 1 = 0.5849. = cosh (1084s ~ ay fee) = gonh Gur /u) Pa = ~ sins + jeosPe, Oy = (2k —1)x/2n{ rad), (k= 1,2,3) = ~0.5 + 50.866, ~1 Now,a = (1/n)sinh™(1/e), Cheby poles = Refpe|sinh(a) + jlm{p.) cosh(a) So Chebyshev poles = [-0.184 x 0.923, -0.369] “+ n= 3,0 = cosh{(1/n) eosh™*(1/e)] = 1.0827 So, Q(s) = (8 — per)(s — Pea)(s — Pea) = (5° + 0.745? + 1.028 +0.327) and H(s) = K/Q(s) = K/(o" + 0.74s? + 1.028 + 0.327) Since n is odd, for peak gain of unity, K = Q(0) = 0.527 We use the LP2BP transformation s = (5? +-u2)/sB to gct (tedious algebra!) H(s) = Ks? /(s® + a58° + ags* + a3s° + a8" +015 + a9), where K = (6.11)104 a = (1.33)10"%, 0; = (2.6)10"°, ap = (1.78)10°, a3 = (2.28)10° a4 = (7.51)104, a; 16.36 (e) fp = (20, 60] Hz, f, = [20,25] Hz, so f = [10,20,25, 60], 18 = fifa = 600 We first make the frequency specifications geometrically symmetric. Since fafs = 500 < 2, we change fs to {3/2 = 30 Hz So, f = {10,20,30, 60] Hz, Af, = 50 Hz, Af, = 10 Hz and p= 1y¥e = 50/10 = 5 with B= 100x rad/s and wy = 2xV600 = 153.91 rad/s 2 a1 120.5849. = Sesh I(20% — fers = cosh Mae/ap) Pa = ~ sins + josOe, & = (2k —1)n/2n{ rad), (k = 1,2,3) = -0.5 a 0.866, —1 = (2/n)sinb™(1/e), Cheby poles = Refpa] sinh(a) + jlmips] cosh(a) =n = 3,05 = cosh{(1/n) cosh™'(1/e)] = 1.0827 Now,Chepter 13 Analog Filters So Chebyshev poles = {—0.184 + 0.923, -0.368] $0, Q(6) = (s~ par)(s ~ paa)(s ~ pes) = (5° 40.7487 + 1.028 +0327) and H(s) = K/Q(s) = K/(s? +0.74s" +1.028 40.827) Since n is odd, for peak gain of unity, K = Q(0) = 0.327 We use the L.P2BS transformation s = Bs/(s? + «3) to got (tedious algebra!) (6) = (3° 4 Bast + bas? + 5a)/(s + ass® + ago! + 035° + 029? +018 +9), with aq = (1.33)10", ay = (6.51)10"*, a2 = (6.96)10%, a5 = (1.41108, ag = (2.04)10° a5 = (9.82)10?, by = (1.33)10", by = (1.68)10%, by = (7.1104 13.19 (Solution) n=3,¢=0.1 = (1/n) sinh™*(1/e) = 0.99041, sinh(a) = 1.1743, cosh(a) = 1.5424 0, = (2k —1)r/2n( rad), (k= 1,2,3) 4 5 (Gi jsinh(a) + Jeoa( Gy) cosh{ay ~~ 276 #I0.627, 0.8518 13.20 (Solution) (a) n= 4, Attenuation A = 10log(1 + [1/eT3(1/u)]} AB Tatu) = 4(1/e)? — 3(1/>) So, for v = 0.5,A = 0.064 4B and for v = 2,A =10.41 eB /{cosh{(1/n) cosh™*(1/e)]} = 0.6492 /n) sinh"(1/e) = 0.09941, sinh(a) = 1.1743, cosh(a) = 1.5424 64 = (2k = 1) /2n{ rad), (k= 1,2,3) 1 Poles pu = 75, } nia) + Joos Ox) costa) (e) (c) a = 0.276 + 40.627, ~0.8516 (A) Zeros 24 = jsec(6)(# = 1 to int(n/2) = 1), so 24 = $/1.155 Hn{s) = K Px(s)/Qu{s) = K(s ~ as — 22)/[(s — pi)(s ~ paXs — ps)] So, Hyy(s) = K(s? + 1.8898)/(5? + 145? + 0.948 4.0.4) For peak gain of 1, K = Qu(0)/Py(0) = 0.4/1.3388 = 03 (c) From Hy(s), we see that for bigh frequencies H(s) o 1/s. So, bigh frequency decay is 20 dB/dee.Chapter 13 Solutions to Problems 249. 18.21 (Solution) n= 4, f,=2 13iz,A, = 40 dB, so € = 1/(10°4+ ~1) = 0.0001 Attenuation A = 10log{1 + [1/@72(1/v))} aB Ty(1) = 1 for all n, and T(1/v) = 8(1/r)*—8(a/v) +1 So, for f =1 kHe(v = 1),A =40 dB and for f, = 2 kBla(v = 2), A = 46.02 dB ——}$3————— 18.22 (Solution) For each part, 4, = 2 dB, A, = 40 dB (a) fp=2 Kitz, f, = 6 kHz, s0 v, = 1, = 3,e = 1/(2014 — 2) = 0.0001 sosh™[1/(10%24» — 1)¢2}°5 cosh™"(w, wp) coh /(1024 1204 cosh ofa) 6g = (2k = 1)r/2n, (k= 1,2, 3,4), c¢= (1/m) sinh™*(1/e) = 1.3246 n n=4 1 Se ES = 705 4 50.241, -0.171 4 50.476 Sin( Oy) sinka) + Joosl a) coche) ~ ~2505# 50.241, -0.171 +3 Zeros zi = }see(O)(k = 1 to int(n/2) = 1,2), 60 25 = Aj2.613,4j1.082 Hy(s) = KPu(s)/Qu(s) = K(s -~ 21)(s — 22)(s — 25)(s ~ 24)/[(s ~ Pa)(8 ~ Pa)(s — pa)(s — Pad] So, Hiv(s) = K(s* + 8s? + 8)/(o# + 1.350? + 0.9145? + 0.3655 +0.8) For peak gain of 1,K = Qyu(0)/Py(0) = 0.8/8 = 0.01 For denormalization w.r.to passband edge, Wp = Wty = wy cosh { hcosh* [oa] } = (4000n)(2.135) Fo(s) = Hy(s/s3p) = (bas! + b28? + bo) /(s* +058? + ans? + a18 + Go) where 20 = (4.15)10°, 0; = (7.05)10", a2 = (6.58)10°, ag = (3.63)10¢ 7 bo:= (4.15)10"%, 62 = (6.76)107,be = 0.01 (b) fy = 4 He, fy = 1 KB, 90 bp = 1s ve = 42 = 1/(1024 — 1) = 0.0001 = cook HCO — eee = ah oe fup) mt q = (2k 1)x/2n, (k= 1,2,3),0= (L/n) sinb“*(1/e) = 1.7661 Pk 1 = -0.161 + 70,296, -0.352 ~ Tein(G,)sinh(a) + Joos(@,) coche) Zeros 24 = tjsec(®,)(k = 1 to int(n/2) = 1), so z= 41.155 Hy(s) = KPw(s)/Qu(s) = K(s ~ 21)(s — 22) /[(s ~ 71)(5 ~ p2)(8 - ps)} So, Hw(s) = K(s? + 1.833)/(s? + 0.6755? + 0.2278-+0.04)250 Chapter 13 Analog Filters For peak gain of 1, K = Quv(0)/Py(0) = 0.04/1.333 = 0.08 First, we denormalize w.r.to unit passband edge, 0 = Uplip = Lip = cosh { 2 cosh | egrek-—ye] } = 8.276 So, H(s) = Hyy(s/3.276) = (0.0985? + 1.41)/(s° 42.215? + 2.448 + 1.41) Finally we use the LP2HP transformation s = w,/s = 8000n/s to get Ho(s) = Hlup/s) = (s? + b18)/(8° + a2s? + a18 + ao) where 4 = (1.18)10", 1 = (0.93)108, a2 = (4.38)108, by = (4.42)107 (©) fp = 10 Be, f, = 50 He, fy = 15 Hz, 2? = 1/(10°* ~ 1) = 0.0001 cosh" "1 /(108-44> — 1)<2)08 cosh "usfuy) uy = 1/{cosh[(1/n) cosh (1/e)]} = 0.3323 Since ws = 30m, we pick ww = w3/i3. We suc- cessively increase n and compute Oy, ww, = we/wy and A, = A(D,) until A, > A, We find 2 Fe wy ya usfun Ay= Ale) As (given) A, > A? 3 03%3 7836 110% 5287S 0 Yes ‘Thus the required filter order isn =3 and wy = s/s = 283.6. 44 = (2k —1)n/2n, (k= 1,2,8),c2 = (1/n)sinh™*(1/e) = 1.7661 1 a ‘sin siab(a] + Jeos(@k) cosk[a) ~ Zeros sp = sjsee(e)(k = 1 to int(n/2) = 1), 90 24 = 41.185 Hy(s) = KPx(3)/Qu(s) = K(s — 21)(8 — 22)/[(8 ~ pi)(s — p2)(s - Pa)} So, Hiv(s) = K(s? + 1.333)/(s* + 0.6755? + 0.2275 + 0.04) For peak gain of 1, K = Qxv(0)/Pry(0) = 0-04/1.333 = 0.03 - We denormalize Hw(s) using wo = ww = 283.6 to get ne 0.161 + 0.296, —0.352 Hp(s) = H(s/wp) = (bas? + bo)/(s? + an6? + 0,8 + 09) where 449 = (9.13)10°, a1 = (1.83)104, 2» = (1.91)10%, by = (9.13)20°, by = 0.56 (A) f= (20,30) Hs, f, = [10,50] He, so f = [20,20,30,50), 2 = fafs = 600 ‘We fist make the frequency specifications geometrically symmetric, Since fifa = 500 < J3, we change f; to f3/fa = 12 Ha ao So, f= [12,20, 80,50] Hz, Af, = 10 He, Af, =38 He and 1, = 98/10 = 3.8 with B= 20r rad/s and we = 22/600 = 153.91 rad/sChapter 13 Solutions to Problems 251 2 = 1/10" ~ 1) = 0.0001 eee eps cosh" (ws/trp) 04 = (2k ~1)n/20, (= 1,2,3),e2= (1/m)sigh""(1/e) = 1.7661 1 = sin(@x} sin( a} + jeos(G}eosb(a) Zeros xy = sisec(Cs)(k-= 1 to int{n/2) = 1), s0 ze = 451.155 Hy(s) = KPu(s)/Qn(s) = K (9 — 1)(s — 22)/[(s ~ px)(8 — Ba)(8~ Pa)} So, Hy(s) = K(s? + 1.933)/(s? + 0.675s? + 0.227s-+ 0.04) For peak goin of 1, K = Qu/(0)/Pu(0) = 0.04/1.933 = 0.03 First, we denormalize war.to unit passband edge using s = s/ap, where cosh {ont [endeer]} = 8276 ‘Then, we use the LP2BP transformation s = (s? + w§)/sB. Together, we can directly use 5 = 5? + (uqwp)?]/sBup to get (tedious algebra!) n=3 ao = 0.161 + 30.296, ~0.352 wp = Yl = 1/0, H(s) = (bys° + b35° + b,5)/(s° + a53° + ags* + 3s? + azs? +018 + a9), where 420 = (2.838)20"°, a; = (7.79)10", a3 = (1.91)10°, a5 = (6.98)108 04 = (8.07)104,a5 = (1.39)107, by = (3.46)10°, by = (6.41)108, by = 6.17 (©) fp = [10,60] Hz, f, = [20,25] Hz, so f = [10, 20, 25, 60], f2 = fifa = 600 ‘We first make the frequency specifications geometrically symmetric, Since fafs = 500 < 2, we change fs to f3/fa = 30 He So, f = [10,20,30, 60) Hz, A fp = 60 Hz, Af, =10 Ha and Y= 1,¥, = 50/10 = 5 with B = 100x rad/s and wo = 2n/600 = 153.91 rad/s, 2 =1/(10%4 ~ 1) = 0.0001 ne cos H/(P Me NES cosh "(aa/ep) 4 = (2k —1)n/2n, (& = 1,2,3), = (1/n)sinh™"(1/e) = 1.7661, naa ae aaa a) ESTOS = ~0.161 + 0.296, ~0.352 Zeros 2 = tjsee(Ph)(k= 1 to int{n/2) = 1), so 25 = 71.185 Hn(s) = KPy(5)/Qu(s) = K(s — 21)(8 — 22)/[(s — px)(s ~ Pa)(s - Pa)] So, Hy(s) = K(s? + 1.333)/(s* + 0.6755? + 0.2275 +.0.04) For peak gain of 1, = Qw(0)/Py(0) =0.04/1.333 = 0.03,252, Chapter 13 Analog Filters First, we denormalize w.rto unit passband edge using s = s/wp, where cosh {2 coch™ [apenk prs] } = 9.276 ‘Then, we use the LP2BS transformation s = sB/(s? +3). Together, we can directly use $= sBup/{e? + (oben) to get (tedious algebra!) ep = My, H(s) = (s° + bas* + bos? +b9)/(s° + a5s° + ags* + a3s? + aps? + a,5-+ a9), where ep = (1.33)10", ay = (3.06}10"*, a2 = (5.36)10°, a5 = (4.79)107 ‘04 = (2.26)108, as = (5.45)10?, bp = (1.33)209, by = (1.85)10°, by = (7.8104 18.28 (Solution) (a) Ay =2 dB, A, = 40 dB, fy = 2 kis, j, = 6 Kile, 20 vp = 1,4, =3 = (10% — 1) = 0.5849, 6% = (10°24+ — 2)/e? = (1.7095)10¢ v2 = i,p = 1/6? = (5.8495)10-* (rn) = 1.6174, K'(m) = 2.5286, K(p) = 1.5708, K'(p) ~ 6.2597 KR) 9.55 n= 3,k=1 to int(n/2), so k= 1 KO) snl(2k — 1) (mm) /n4m] = a(R (re) n,m] So, zeros of Ry are 2, ~ 0.8723 and poles of Ry aro pe = 14/24 = snf1.0873, 3] = 0.8723 4392 ‘mul 32 11.898 ‘The zeros of H(s) are the poles of Ra, £0 zyr = 53.4392 5.289 # The poles of H(s) are the LHP roots of AQ) (—v) = TE — pi)? — (ecu TI? - 2B)? = 0 z With int(n/2) = 1,N = (for oddn), and C = —45.289, we find 199.704 ~ 1824.78 + 670.961? + 139.9 =0 Iis LHP roots are py = —0.17626 + j0.92968, 0.38139 So, H(s) = K(s— zi)(s — 22)/[(s ~ pi)(8 - pa)(s — Pa)] H({s) = K(s? + 11.83)/(s? + 0.7345? + 1.025 +.0.341) Since n is odd, for peak unit gain, K = Q(0)/P(0) = 0.0289 We denormalize using wp = wp = 40007 and obtain, Ho(s) = H(s/1p) = (b25* + bo)/(s° + 028? + 018 + a9) whereChapter 13 Solutions to Problems 253. 20 = (6.78)10", ax = (1.68)10°, a2 = (4.22)10°, by = (6.78)10", by = 363 NOTE: Since n = 2.549, the design does not EXACTLY meet the passband specs. With n= 3, the actual stopband edge corresponding to Ay is 2.139 (not 3). ‘With this, m= 1/(2.139)%, Using this value, subsequent steps yield Ho(s) = H(s/op) = (bas? + b)/(s° + 038? + 035 + 09) where ‘09 = (7.1)10", a, = (1.64)108, ap = (9.18)10°, by = (7.1)10", by = 759 ‘This design now exactly meets passband specs. (b) Ay = 2 4B, A, = 40 dB fy = 4 Ki, f, = 1 Ke, 90 ¥, = 1,0, 2 = (1094 — 1) = 0.5840, 6 = (10°44 — 1)/2 = (2.7095) 104 m= l/r} = 1/36,p = 1/8? = (6.8495)10-° (mn) = 1.882, K'(re) = 3.1934, K(p) =1.5708, X(p) = 6.2597 ne Klra)K'p) K(m)K@) -sn{(2k ~ 1) (m)/n, mn] = sn{K(n)/n, m7] = sn[0.79094, 1/36] = 0.7006 So, zeros of Ry are 74 = 0.7096 and poles of Ry are pr = ¥4/24 = 8.4556 21974 n= 2k =] to int(n/2), sok inter cn Tf toe IE T6 ayy = O7150 ~ ‘The zeros of H(s) are the poles of Rn, 80 zy = 448.4556 The poles of H(s) ate the LHP roots of HQ)H(—») = Tie (0? — vB)? — (eo PTT 0 — 22)? = 0 With int(n/2)=1,N =O(for oddn), and C = -142, we find 1173444 — 1201917 + 8102 = 0 Its LHP roots are py = —0.4 + 70.82 So, H(s} = K(s — 21)(s ~ 22)/((s - p1)(s ~ p2)) His) = K(s? +715)/(s? +0.85-+ 0.83) Since n is even, for peak unit gain, K = Q(0)/{P(0)(1 + 2)°4] We denormalize using the LP2HP transformation s + wo/: p(s) = H(s/wp) = (bas? + bo) /(s? + a8 + a0) where Gq = (1.71)10?, a) = (3.63)10%, by = (1.58)10?, by = 0,794254 Chapter 18_Analog Filters 13.24 (Solution) fy = 100 Hz, A, = 3 dB(actually 8.01 dB), delay tp = 1 ms 628 For unit delay, v = Qn fpto = Approximate filter order n * 5:?/[4,1n(10)] = 0.28 +n = 1 ‘We now compute the actual attenuation and normalized delay, increasing n as we go, until the computed normalized delay is within 1% of unity and the computed attenuation is < A,. PETA) Ap = -10log}H?(v)} dB, ty = 1 — v?"H?(v) fa? Porn 1sfi= Ame) 020129, f= {-n—1,y) = 2.9848, om 1 (nv), ja = Xn -1,0),a = Q(0) We use : H%(v) , where jx For n= 2:1 = slr) = 0.02559, jo= X-n—1,v) = 12.964, a=3 Forn=3: f= ny) = 0.00231, jz = {-n—1,v)=—100.18, a= 15 nn Ay (4B) ty (computed) Meet requirements? 1 1485, on No 2 0.603, 0.985 No 3 0.848. 0.9998 Yes Son =3, and Hy(s) = K/Qu(s) = K/(s° + 6s? + 15s +15) For unit gain, K = Qy(0) = 15 ‘We denormalize using s = sto = s/1000 to get H(s) = (1.5)10"®/[s® + 60005? + (1.5)107s + (1.5)10"") (b) fp = 100 He, Ay = 0.3 dB, delay to = Ime For unit delay, v = 2nfyto = 0.628 3 Approximate filter order n=: 51? /[Apln(10)] = 2.85 We now compute the actual attenuation and normalized delay, increasing n as we go, until-the ‘computed normalized delay is within 19 of unity and the computed attenuation is < Ay 10log|H?(v)| dB, ta HPV) /a® Forn= An, v) = 0.00231, jo = {—n — 1,v) = 100.18, = 15 For a= 4:51 = gfn,v) = 0.00016,52= ifn —1,v) = 1103.1,0 = 105 We use : H?[v) = where jr = itr), Ja= jn 1.9),a= Qa(0) n 4, (dB) t, (computed) Meet requirements? 3 0348” 0.9908 No 4 024 10 Yes So,n=4, and Hw(s) = K/Qu(s) = K/(s +108 + 455? + 105s + 105)Chapter 13 Solutions to Problems 255 For unit gain, K = Qu(0) = 105 We denormalize using s = sto = 5/1000 to get H(s) = (1.05)10"4/[s* + 10%? + (4.5)107s? + (1.05)10*4s + (1.05)10*4) 13.25 (Solution) (a) For a Butterworth filter, | H(v) |? = 1/(1 + eu") So, with u? = 2, R(2) = N(2)/[N(2) + 42"), 90, N(v) = 1(and A = ©) (b) 2 =2,N(v) = by + av, 80 H(v) = N(v)/[N(v) + Av” wits y= Abe? : Algebra gives: H7’(v) = ae So H'(0) = 0 as required for maximal flatness No) bw NOS 4r ~ tvs a = 2A? + 6A byv5 Get aay he AAS Once again, 2”(0) =0 and H"(0) =0 as required for maximal fatness (0) n=3,N(e) = bay, 20 Hv) = ‘We Sind H'(v) = and HM(y) = 13.26 (Solution) (a) Ap =24B,4, = 40 dB, e? = 10°" -1 = 0.5849 So = (80,50), fe = 5,400), 0, f = [5,30,50,400), fo = 40, so 48 = 1600 Since fafa = 1500 < J, we change fa to /2/fo = 53.333 Hz Since faf« = 2000 > f2, we change f4 to f2/fi = 320 Hz So, f = [5, 30, 53.333, 320] Hz, Af, = 23.333 Hz, Af, = 315 Hz and - 915/23.333 = 13.5 with B = 2n(23.333) rad/s and wo = 2n(40) rad/ Jogi (0°24 — 2)/e5 log(¥s) y= 1,Y, ena 2un = (i/o = 1.1495 cosi(k=2)r/2n) _ cost }(e 0s) sin(ka/2n)_ ** ~ sin Tin) 4 =1/sin(}x) = V2. By symmetry, gz = go = 1 and Hy(s) = 1/Qu(s) = 1/(s? + V2s +1) We frst denormalize Hy(s) to Hyy(s/vs), then use the LP2BP transformation s = (s2-448)/sB, or together $ = [s? + (wova)?]/sBva, to get (tedious algebra!) Qw(s) = 90 + a18 + 9287, 40 = 1,94 Hk = 1,2 H(3) = Ke [(s" + a3s? + 025? + ais + 00), where = (2.81)104, a9 = (3.99)20°, a1 = (1.50)107,a2 = (1.54)109, a5 = (2.87)10?256 Chapter 13 Analog Filters (b) Ap =2.4B, 4, = 40 dB, = 10924 1 = 0.5849 fy = (20,40), f = 15,7}, 80, f = [5,20,40,7], 43 = fats = 800 We choose fa = J¢/fi = 160 He So, f = [8,20, 40,160] Hz, Afp = 20 Hz, Af, = 155 Hz and Up = 1, uy = 155/20 = 7.75 with B = 2n(20) rad/s and wy = 27/800 rad/s alltel: ~ 1y/e2)05 Yog(vs) m= 8,05 = (1/e)!/* = 1.0985 cosl(k— 1) /2n]__ coal — 1D} sin(én/2n) *~!~ ~~ sin(Tim) 7? k= 1,23: 1 =1/sin(Jn) =2. By symmetry, g, = q1 =2 and 93 = 99 = 1, 60 Hy(s) = 1/Qn(s) = 1/(s* + 28? + 28 +1) ‘We frst denormalize Hw(s) to Hw(s/vs), then use the LP2BP transformation s = (s7+u8)/sB, or together s = [s? + (uovs)*1/sBvs, to get (tedious algebra!) Ques) = go + 918+ 928" + 98°, 90 = Lid = H(s) = Ks? /(s* + ass° + 048° + a3s* +095? + 18 +09), where K = (2.60)10°, oo = (3.16)10", a1 = (2.74)10", a2 = (4.19) 10° 43 = (2.00)10", a4 = (1.325)10°, a5 = (2.75)102 (©) Ap = 24B,Ay = 40 dB, 2 me 1014 — 1 we 0.5849.f, = [15,7], fs = [5,50], f = [5, 15,7, 50), fo = 26 ‘We choose fy = f3/fa = 26.667 Hz f = [5, 15, 26.667, 50] Hz, Af, = 11.667 Hz, Af, = 45 Hz and 5 /11.657 = 3.86 with B = 2n(11.667) rad/s and wy = 2n(20) rad/s log{(10° 14+ ~ 1)/e7]°5 loz(vs) Ya = (Ife) = 1.0693, Qnls) =a tasters + +448 90 = 198 ela = a k ,2,8,4: 91 = 1/sin(}n) = 2.6131, 92 = cos(})/sin(}n) = 3.4142 By symmetry, @3 = g: = 2.6181, 94 = G0 = 1 and Hy(s) =1/Qu(s) =1/(s4 + 2.61315? + 3.41425? + 2.61315 +2) ‘We first denormalize Hy(s) to Hw(s/vs), then use the LP2BP transformation s = (5?-+u2)/eB, or together s = [s? + (ors)*]/sBvs, to get (tedious algebra!) H(s) = Kst/{s* + ars” +ags° + 0gs° + ags* + 035° +096" +018 +09), where K = (3.78)10", a9 = (6.22)10*, a5 = (8.10)10*, ag = (2.10)10", a5 = (1.73)10"" (2.20)10°, a = (1.10)107, ag = (8.41)10%, ay = (2.05)10"Chapter 13 Solutions to Problems 287 18.27 (Solution) (a) Ay =2 dB, 4, = 40 aB,e2 = 104» — 0.5849 fo = [20,50], fa = [26,36], 80, f = [20,25,36, 60), fo = 30 Hz, ff = Since fafa = 936 > f3, we change fz to J5/ fs = 25 Hz Since fifa = 1000 > #3, we change fs to 2/fr = 45 Hz So, f = [20, 25, 36, 45] Hz, Af, = 25 Hz, Af, = 11 Ha and 1,v, = 25/11 = 2.2727 with B = 2n(25) rad/s and w = 2n(30) rad/s n= 6,05 = (1/e)!" = 10457 Qw(s) = go bans + ns +... b 068840 = 19K = era = k= 1,2,3,4,5,6 Gs =1/sin(x/12) = 3.86,¢2 = cos(/12)/sin(x/8) = 7.45493 = cos(x)/sin( 4x) = 9.14 ‘By symmetry, gg = g2 = 7.46, 5 = 4: = 3.86 and gs = go = 1 and Hy(s) = 1/Qn(s) = 1/(e® + 3.8608 + 7.460 + 9.145? + 7.4657 + 3.8604 1) We first denormalize Hy(s) to Hiy(s/vs), then use the LP2BS transformation s = 9B/(3?+08), or together s = sBvs/(s? + (wors)"}, to get (tedious algebra!) H(s) = (s"? + byos!® + bys® + bgs® + b4s* + bas? + bp)/(s!? + aus” +,, +018 +09), with 2 = (2.01)107,a; = (3.29)107,02 = (6.08)10%,a5 = (6.01)10%,e4 = (5.89)10"°,a5 = (3.88)10"7 = (2.45)10¥5, ay = (1.09)10%?, ag = (4.67)10% ag = (1.34)208 ‘x9 = (8.81)104, ayn = (5.80107 by = (2.01)10, by = (8.40)10, by = (2.89)20, by = (8.97)10"* by = (1.8920, yo = (2.13)10° (b) Ap = 2B, A, = 40 dB,e? = 10914" — 1 = 0.5849 p= (60,7), fs = [80, 100}, so, f = [80,50,,100], £9 = fife = 3000 We choose fa = f3/fo = 60 He So, f = [80,50,60, 100] Hz, Af, = 70 He, Af, 1%, = 70/10 =7 with B= 2n(70) red/s and wp = 22/3000 rad/s dog( (1004+ — ye Test (0 Hz and 28,05 = (1/6)! = 1.0935258 Chapter 13_Analog Filters (ik — 1) e/2n] (2(k — 1)r) Outs) =tets+ ae tee tee = Ea = SH f= 1,2,3:1 = 1/sin(}x) = 2, By symmetry, g2 = gi = 2 and gs = go =1, 50 Hy(s) = 1/Qn(s) = 1/(e2 +25? +25 +1) We first denotmalize Hv(s) to Hiy(s/vs), then use the LP2BS transformation s = sB/(s?+u3), or together s = sBv9/|s? + (vot), to get (tedious algebra!) Hs) = (68 + bast + bas? + ba) (5! + aps! + cast + aps? + 03s? +38 +00), with 429 = (1.66)10!8, 01 = (1.13)20%8, a2 = (8.04)10"9, ay = (2.56)10°, ag = (6.79)20° (8.0410, bo = (1.68)10"° bp = (4.21)10%° bg = (3.55)20° (©) Ap =24B, As = 40 dB,e? = 104 — 1 = 0.5849 ‘fr = [80,7], fe = [60,200], so, = [50,80,7, 200}, fo = 90, so J? = 8100 We choose fa = f3/fa = 101.25 Hz Since fifa = 10000 > f3, we change fy to /3/fi = 162 Hz So, f = [50, 80, 101.25, 162} Hz, A fy = 112 Hz, Af, = 21.25 Ha and Y%p = 1,v, = 101.25/21.25 = 5.2706 with B= 2n(112) rad/s and uy = 2n(80) rad/s Yee nn = 3,09 (1/e)"" = 1.0085 k= 1,2,8: 9) =1/sin(x) =2. By symmetry, ga = q: = 2 and ¢9 = 991, £0 Hy(s) =1/Qu(s) = 1/(s3 +25? +2841) We frst denormalize Hw(s) to Hv(s/vs), then use the LP2BS transformation s = sB/(s?-+w8), or together s = sBis/{s? + (wora)*), to get (tedious algebra!) H(s) = (6° + bast + bas? 4 bo)/(s® + ass? + aqst +-a3s? + ans? + ane +9), with ag = (3.27)10°5, ay = (1.32)10™, ap = (6.72)10", a3 = (2.09)10%, ag = (1.79)10° 445 = (1,28)20°, bo = (3.27)10%S, by = (8.07)10%%, by = (9.59)10° —Chapter 13 Solutions to Problems 259. 13.28 (Solution) (a) Ap =2¢B,A, = 40 dB, = 109141 = 0.5849 5,400}, s0, f = (8,30, 50,400}, f 1500 < f@, we change fs to f3/ fo Since fife = 2000 > f@, we change fe to f3/f: So, f = [5,30,53.383, 320] Hz, Af, = 23.333 Hz, Af, = 315 He and 15/28.333 = 13.5 with B = 2n(23.389) rad/s and wp = 2n(40) rad/e cosh !(10°24+ — 1) /e2]05 me cosh a, Jey) ~ sin By + jcosth, Oe = (2k ~ 1)x/2n{ rad), (k= 1,2) = pa = -0.707 & 30.707 Now, a = (1/n)sinh“(1/e), Cheby poles = Re(p,] sinh(a) + jlm|p,]cash(a) So Chebyshev poles = ~0.402 0.613 n= 2,09 = coshl{1/n) cosh"1(1/e)} = 1.0741 So, Q(s) = (8 pes)(8 ~ Pea) = (s? + 0.8043 + 0.623) and H(s) = K/Q(s) = K/(s? + 0.8040 + 0.823) Since 1 is even, for peak gain of unity, K = Q(0)/(1 + 2)! = 0.654 ‘We use the LP2BP transformation s = (s? + w8)/s) to get (tedious algebra!) H(s) = Ks?/(s' + 035° + azs"+ 18 + a9), where K = (14ipiot, (8.99)108, a, = (7.44)108, a2 = (1-44)108, ag = (1.79)10? (b) Ay = 2 aB, A, = 40 dB,e2 = 10024 — = 0.5849 fo = (20,40), f= [5,7], 90, f = [5,20,40,7], 6 = foss = 800 ‘We choose fy = f/f: = 160 Hz So, f = (5,20, 40, 160] Hz, Af, = 20 He, Af, = 155 He and My = 1,v, = 155/20 = 7.75 with B = 2x(20) rad/s and wp = 2nV800 rad/s : ee + n= 8,5 = cosh|(1/n) cosh” "(1/e)} = 1.0827 Pk = —sin 6x + Joost, & = (2h — 1)n/2n{ rad), (k = 1,2,8) = -0.5 + 70.866, 1 Now, @ =(1/n) sinh™?(1/e), Cheby poles = Refp,] sinh(a) x jIm|py] cosh(a) So Chebyshev poles = [=0.184 70.923, -0.369] $0, Q(6) = (spas —pea)(s—paa) = (6° 4 0.746? + 1.028-40.927) and H(s) = K/Q(s) = K/(s° +0.74s? + 1.025 + 0.527)260 Chapter 13 _ Analog Filters Since n is odd, for peak gain of unity, K = Q(0) = 0.327 We use the LP2BP transformation s = (2? +u)/sB to get (tedious algebral) Hi(s) = KS /(s° +ass° + cas’ + ags" +075? + ays +a), with = (6.49108, a9 = (8.15)10", a = (9.25)10", ap = (8.50)10, ay = (6.51)10° 4 = (2.119208, 05 = 92.7 (©) Ap = 26B, Ay = 40.48, e? = 10°44—1 = 0.5849, fy = [05,7], fu = [5.50], f = (5,15, 2,50), fo = 20 We choose fs = f3/ fa = 28.667 Hz So, f= (5,15, 26.667, 50} He, Af, = 11.667 Ha, Af, = 45 Hz and Up = Livy = 45/11.667 = 3.86 with B = 2n(11.667) rad/s and wo = 2n(20) rad/s cosh (004+ — ay eA} cost for/up) n= 3,13 = cosh{(1/n) cosh™'(1/e)] = 1.0827 Pk = ~sin dy + Jeos9e,84 = (2k ~ 1)r/2n{ rad), = 1,2,3) = -0.5 + 30.866, -1 Now,a = (1/n)sinh™(1/e), Cheby poles = Relps]sinh(a) + jmlps] cosh(a) So Chebyshev poles = [-0.184 + j0.928, —0.365] $0,Q(3) = (spats ~ pa) (s —paa) = (59 + 0.745? + 1.025 +0.827) and H(s) = K/Q(s) = K/(s? + 0.743? + 1.026 +0.827) Since n is odd, for peak gain of unity, K = Q(0) = 0.327 ‘We use the LP25P transformation s = (s? + u2}/sB to get (tedious algebra!) H(s) = Ks? f(s + ags® + a4s4 + a3s? +025? + 015-429), with = (1.29)10°, ap = (8.94)10", a; = (1.35)10", a2 = (8.95)108, a5 = (1.84)10° a4 = (5.29)104,a5 = 54.1Chapter 18 Solutions to Problems 261 18.29 (Solution) (a) Ap=24B, A, = 40 dBc? = 10" —1 = 0.5849 fy = [20,50], fs = [26,36], 80, f = [20,26,36,50], fo = 30 Hz, f2 = 900 Since fofs = 936 > f3, we change fz to f3/fs = 25 Hz Since fifa = 1000 > 3, we change fy to f2/f, = 45 Hz So, f = (20,25, 36,45] Hz, Af, = 25 He, Af, = 11 Hz and Yp = 1,vy = 26/11 = 2.2727 with B = 2n(25) rad/s and wp = 2n(80) rad/s px Comba ~ y/ers ‘cosh "(os /p) Pe = Sin + osby, Oy = (2k ~1)n/2n{ rad), = 1,2,8,4 ‘This gives : pe = —0.924 + j0.383, ~0,389 + j0.924 Now, (1/n)sinh™'(1/e),sinh(a) = 0.2741, cosh(a) = 1.0369 Cheby poles = Re[p,] sink(a) + jlm{p4] cosh(e) So Chebyshev poles = [-0.253 # 0.397, ~0.105 + 0.958] +1 = 4,5 = cosh{(1/n) cosh”*(1/e)] = 1.0184 $0, Q(s} = (8 — p(s — pea)(s — Pea)(8 — Pea) = (84 + 0.7288 + 1.2657 + 0.528 + 0.21) and H(s) = K/Q(s) = K/(st + 0.725% + 1.266? + 0.528 40.21) Since n is even, for peak gain of unity, K= Q(0)/(1 +2) = 0.1684 We use the LP2BS transformation s = sB/(s? + ug) to get (tedious algebra) H(s) = (bas + bos® + bast + bas? + by)/(s® ars” +,, H018 409), vith 20 = (1.58)10"8, 1 = (1.77)10%*, a2 = (8.7)10", a3 = (1.97)10? (a4 = (2.12)10", a5 = (5.55)10", a5 = (2.98)10°, ay = (3.94) 02 bo = (1.279208, be = (1.42)10", be = (6.02)10%, bg = (1.18)10° bp = 0.794 (b) Ap =24B, A, = 40 dB, 2 = 104" — 1 = 0.5849 Fo = (60,71, fe = [80,100], 0, f = [30,507,100], f2 = ffs = 3000 ‘We choose fs = #3/fz = 60 He So, f = (30,50, 60,100] Hz, Af, = 70 Hz, Af, = 10 Hz and yes “4 “n= 8,05 = coshi(1/n) cosh™?(1/e)] = 1.0827 — sing + jose = (2k ~ 1)/2n{ rad), (k= 1,2,3) = 0.5 J0.866, 1 Now,a = (1/n)sinh™!(1/e), Cheby poles = Re{p,] sinh(a) + jlm[ps| cosh(a)262 Chapter 13 Analog Filters So Chebyshev poles = [~0.184: 0.923, ~0.369] $0, Q(s) = (s = per)(8 — Pea)(s — Pes) = (s° + 0.745? + 1.028 + 0.827) and H(s) = K/Q(s) = K/(s* + 0.743? + 1.028 +0327) Since n is odd, for peak gain of unity, K = Q(0) = 0.327 ‘We use the LP2BS transformation s = sB/(s* +3) to get (tedious algebra!) H(s) = (s° + bast + bps? + bo)/(s® + a5s° +. +ar8-+a9), with 9 = (1.66)103, a; = (1.98)10", ap = (9.38)10%°, a = (5.86)108, 24 = (7.92)10° 5 = (1.375)10°, bo = (1.66)10", by = (4.21)10" by = (3.55)10° (©) 4p = 24B, A, = 40 dB,e? = 10° — 1 = 0.5849 fy = [80,7], fs = [50,200], 80, f = [50, 80, ?, 200], fo = 90, so f7 = 8100 ‘We choose fo = f3/ fs = 101.25 Hz Since fifa = 10000 > f3, we change fy to f/f: = 162 Hz So, f = [60, 80, 101.25, 162) Ha, Aj, = 112 Hz, Af, = 21.25 Hz and Yp = Ayu = 101.25/21.25 = 5.2706 with B = 2r(112) rad/s and wy = 2a(80) rad/s cosh HQ. — yee cosh s/o) +n =3,v2 = coshi(I/n) cosh"*(1/e)] = 1.0327 sin 8 + jeos6y, 64 = (2 ~ 1)n/2n( rad), (k = 1,2,3) Pee 5 + 50.866, -1 Now,a = (1/n)sinh"¥(2/e), Cheby poles = Relp,)sinh(a) = jImipe} cosh(a) So Chebyshev poles = {-0.184 0.928, 0.369] So, Q(s) = (s — paa)(s ~ rea)(s — pea) = (8° + 0.748? + 1.028 40.327) and H(s) = K/Q(s) = K/(s! + 0.74s? + 1.02s + 0.327) Since nis od, for peak galn of unity, K’ = Q(0) = 0.327 We use the LP2BS transformation s = sB/(s? +2) to get (tedious algebra!) His) = (36 + bast +25? + bo)/(8* + ass! +. +018 + a0), with (3.27)10"8, a1 = (2.25)10"*, a2 = (6.64)10",a3 = (2.47)109, ag = (2.08)10° _ 2.20)20°, by = (3.27)10% bo = (8.07)1044, be = (9.59)10° _Chapter 13 Solutions to Problems 263 18.80 (Solution) (a) 4, =24B, A, = 40 dB, = 1/(104+ — 1) = 0.0001 So = (30, 50], f, = {5,400}, 50, f = [5,30, 50, 400], fo = 40, so f3 = 1600 Since fafa = 1500 < j¢, we change fs to J3/ fz = 53.333 Hz Since fifa = 2000 > f3, we change fi to f3/fi = 320 Hz So, f = (5,30, 53.333, 320] Hz, Af, = 23.333 Hz, Af, = 315 Hz and Up = 1,U4 = 315/23.333 = 13.5 with B = 2x(23.333) rad/s and wy = 2n(40) rad/s cosh™#{2/(10°24r ~ 1295 ‘cosh *(ws/wp) 64 = (2k — 1)r/2n, (k = 1,2,3),0 = (1/n) sinh“4(1/e) = 2.6492 1 Pk = Tin(@a) ainh(a) + Jeos(@x) corbla) Zeros 2 = Hjsee(Bx)(k = 1 to int(n/2) =1), 20 2 = 1414 Hy(3) = KPu(s)/Qn(s) = K(s ~ a1)(s ~ zaf(s ~ ra) (8 ~72)] So, Hwv(s) = K(s? +2)/(s? +0.1995s + 0.02) For peak gain of 1, = Qyv(0)/Py(0) = 0.02/2 = 0.01 First, we denormalize w.rto unit passband edge using s = «/up, where ep = Up/ip = ftp = cosh {2 cosh? [arty] } = 8.1163, ‘Then, we use the LP2BP transformation s = (s? + w3)/sB. Together, we can directly use [P+ (onwn)']/sBun t0 get (tedious algebra!) sne2 = -0.995 + 70.1 H(s) = (bas + bas? + by) /(s* + 058° + an5? + a18 +9), where ‘aq = (8.99)10°, ay = (1.5)10", a2 = (1.55)10° 05 = (2.37)102 z by = (8.99)20", be = (2.96)20%, by = 0.01 (b) Ap =2 4B, A, = 40 dB, e? = 1/(10°!4+ — 1) = 0.0001 So = (20,40), f= 15,7], 80, f = [5,20,40, 3 = fafa = 800 We choose fa = f8/fi = 160 Be So, f = [5, 20,40, 160] Hz, Af, = 20 Hz, Af, = 15 Hz and Up = Ive = 185/20 = 7.75 with B= 2n(20) rad/s and wy = 2/500 rad/s pe SENT GO Me — 1VeIe8 oe Noslgy — F 8, = (2k 1) /2n, (k= 1,2,3),c¢ = (1/n) sinb“*(1/e) = 1.7662264 Chapter 13 Analog Filters 1 ~ Tsin(@i)siah{a) + jeos(@s) coshfa) Zeros 24 = sisec(Ge)(k = 1 to int(n/2) = 1), so 24 = 4f1.155 Hn(s) = KPw(s)/Qu(s) = K(s — )(s — 22)/[(s ~ 21)(5 — pa)(s — ps) So, Hiv(s) = K(s* + 1.333)/(s* + 0.6755? + 0.2275 + 0.04) For peak gain of 1, K = Qy(0}/Py(0) = 0.04/1.833 = 0.03 First, we denormalize w.r-to unit passband edge using s = s/wp, wher =%/ip = ty = cosh { 3 cosh™? [zor ay]} 3.278 Then, we use the LP2BP transformation s = (s? + ug)/sB. Together, we can directly use 6 = [s? + (eowp)*}/sBup to get (tedious algebral) Px = 0.161 + j0.296, -0.352 H(s) = (bss + bgs° + bys)/(s° + a5s° + a4s* + a38° + 0957 +018 + a9), where aq = (3.15)10"%, 01 = (2.77)10", ap = (4.21)10°,a5 = (2.08)107 4 = (1.88)10°, 05 = (2.78)10,b1 = (1.23)10%, by = (9.57)10°, 05 = 12.35 13.31 (Solution) (a) Ap =2B,A, 0 €B, 2 =1/(10°*4- — 1) = 0.0001 Fp = [20,50], fs = [28,36], s0, f = (20,26, 36,50], f Since fof = 936 > /@, we change fy to f2/fs Since fife = 1000 > f9, we change fy to f/f: So, f = [20,25,36, 45] He, Af, = 25 Ha, Af, = 11 He and Ye = 25/11 = 2.2727 with B= 2n(25) rad/s and we = 2(30) rad/s cook "/(044e — eres cost "(o,/ep) ,3),er = (1/n) sinh“ (1/e) = 1.3246 n=4 mais 4 = (2k -1)x/2n,(k = 1 ~~ sla@e) sini) + jeos(hs)cosh(a) — Zeros 24 = +see(O,)(k = 1 to int(n/2) = 1,2), 80 25 = 72.613, 4j1.082 0.505 + j0.241,-0.171 + 70.476 Hiy(s) = KPx(s)/Quv(s) = K(s ~ 21)(s — 22) ¥ 5 ~ 23)(s— 24) {(- pi)(8 ~Pa)(s~Pa)(s — Pad] So, Hw(s) = K(s* +85? + 8)/(st + 1.3559 + 0.915" + 0.378 + 0.08) For peak gain of 1, K = Quv(0)/Pr(0) = 0.08/8 = 0.01 First, we denormalize w.r-to unit passband edge using ¢ = s/up, where 6p = byl ip = fy = cosh { Leosh™* [Feaerb—aer] } = 2.195,Chapter 13 Solutions to Problems 265 ‘Then, we use the LP2BS transformation » = sB/(s? +8). Together, we can directly use 8 = sBup/|s? + (wow)? to get (tedious algebra!) H(s) = (68 + Bas? 4+ bas! + Das? + Bo) (3° + ars” +... tans? + 0:8-+60), where aap = (2.59)20"°, ay = (1.51)10"°, aa = (2.57)10"4,03 = (1.51)10 ag = (1.23)20", a5 (4.25)10", ag = (2.04)108, a7 = (8.96)10 ‘bp = (1.591088, by = (1.86)10", by = (7.96)10°, = (148)10° (b) Ap =26B, A, = 40.dB,e = 1/(10°+ — 1) = 0.0001 fp = [50,7], fa = [30,100], 80, f = [80,50,?,100], £9 = fifa = 3000 ‘We choose fa = J8/fa = 60 He So, f = (30,50, 60, 100] Hz, A fp = 70 Hz, Af, = 10 Hz and Ye = 70/10 = 7 with B= 2x(70) rad/s and up = 2xV3000 rad/s sae SORT (HOH — 2)S coah™ ying) . = (2k —1)n/2n, (k= 1,2,3), a= (I/n) sink (1 /e) = 1.7661 1 (Ga) sinb(a) + je0s(@q) cosh(a) — PRE 0.161 + 0.296, ~0.352 ‘Zeros 2 = tisec(®x)(k = 1 to int(n/2) = 1), 50 z= $71.155 Hiy(s) = KPy(s)/Qu(s) = K(s — 21)(8 ~ 22)/[(s —pa)(s — P2)(s ~ Ps) $0, Hy(s) = Ks? + 1.333)/(s* + 0.6756? +.0.227s 40.04) For peak gain of 1, K = Qu(0)/Py(0) = 0.04/1.833 = 0.03 First, we denormalize w.r.to unit passband edge using s = s/wp, where oa {hon [ apres] } = 8276 ‘Then, we use the LP2BS transformation s = sB/(s? +2). Together, we can directly use 5 = sBup/{s? + (enwp)] to get (tedious algebra!) H(s) = (s° + bes! + bas” + bp) /(s6 + ass® + ays + ass? +025" + 0,8 +09), where ag = (1.66)10"°, a; = (1.07)10", ap = (7.81)10", a3 = (2.41)10° 104 = (6.59)10, as = (7.62)10°, bo = (1.66)10"S, by = (4.37)10"9, be = (3.69)20°266 Chapter 13 Analog Filters 13.32 (Solution) H(s) = K/(s? + As+B), so H(v) = H(s = jv) = K/(B~? + 5Av +B) 8(v) = ~ tan“*[Av/(B - v?)] and t, = -#(v) With f(v) = 4v/(B - 14), and ~9{v) = #'(v)/[L +P), we obtain algebra = [AB + Av"|/[B? + (4? — 2B)p? +04] (a) For a normalized second order Butterworth flter, Hw(s) = K/Qu(8) cos{(k=1)r/2n] _ cosfd(k-1)e] Qn) = 9 bane 40860 = a las = Ey oank he gu =1/sin( $x) = V5. By symmetry, go = 9 = 1 and Hwy(s) = K/Qu(s) = K/(s? + Vis +1) Comparing with H(s) = K/(s?-+ As + B), we find A= v3, B =1, and t= [AB + A7)/[B? + (A? 2B)? 44 (b) Ay = 14B, 60 & = (10°44e — 1) = 0.2589, ¢ = 0.5088 vin va +A) = 2,0. (I/n)sin(l/e) = 0.74.snh(a) = 0.762 cnb(a) = 1.2659 8% = (2h~3)x/2n{ rad)(k = 1,2) = Chebyshev poles = —sin(0s) sinb(a) + jeos(#x) cosh(a) = [-0.549 + 0.895] Qls) = (s — pea)(s— pea) = (5? + 1.0985 + 1.1025) B(s) = K/Q(s) = Kj(s? + 1.0985 + 1.1025) Comparing with H(s) = K/(s?+Ast+-B), we find A = 1.098, B = 1.1025, and ty = [AB + Av*I/[BY + (A? ~ 2B)u? + 04] = (1.214 1.09817)/(1.22- v? +4) (c) For a normalized second order Bessel filter: H(s) = K/(s? +3s+3). Comparing with H(s) = K/(e?+As+B), we find A= 3,5 =3, and ty = [AB + AV*I/[B? + (A? ~ 2B)? +A] 3 (943,7)/(9-+ 907 + 04) ‘This has the meximally flat form N(v)/[N(v) + av"), with N(v) = 9+ 3v? and @ = 13.38 (Solution) We look for the following clues: Butterworth and Chebyshev I lowpass filters have a constant numerator. For a 3-dB Butterworth lowpass filter, the coefiicients of the denominator polynomial are symmetric about the midpoint. (If the passband edge is not unity, normalize the filter to unit passband.) For a Chetyshev II lowpass filter transfer function with unit stopband edge, the numerator poles are located at pk = s:jseedy, k= 2,2,-.-,int{n/2), where 6 DE. (if the stopband edge is not — unity, normalize the filter to unit stopband.)Chapter 13 Solutions to Problems 267. COMPUTATION AND DESIGN 13.34 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routines pp, Ip2af, téplot PROBLEN 13.94 %18€B/oct means 60 48/dec. So, require Sra order filter {n,d]=1pp(’by’ 3,3) ‘YLowpass prototype 3dB passband edge (oh,dh)=Ip2at bp’ ,n,a,2epieis) 1Highpass titer {a,p,t}=ttplot(’s? jah, dh, (0.1 100],1); {Freq response, log scale senilogx(f,n) grid 18.35 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routines af, minphase, bodelin ‘PROBLEM 13.35, PART (a) FROM THE DATA GIVEN: WPF specs Ap = [1 48) 4B tp = 20 Hz 15940 Hz TysButter WBPF specs Ap = [1 50] 4B fp = [150 200] Hz £8 = [100 900] He Ty=Cheb 1 Yiwo calls to af: {nt afJeata(?by?, 2p’, [1 45) ,20,40); fn2,a2]=ara(*c1? , "bp’ , [4 50] , [150 200} ,[100 300]) ; G=10"(12/20); n2=Gen2; Yultiply n2 by gain equivalent of 12 aB (3.9811) Wombine. Need parallel combination. So # = NP/DP = (21) (D2)+(N2(D1)/(D1) (D2) Wse conv for polynomial multiplication apsconv(nt,d2)+conv(a2,d1);Ilunerator of parallel combination apsconv(¢t ,¢2); Wenominator of parallel combination PART ©) subplot (1,2,1), Dh,p,f]=tfplot(’s? ,ap,dp, [0 400 401] 0,1); subplot (4.2.2) ,egplot(’s’ snp.dp, [1 1000] , 1,1) spause ‘YWesign verification: 4={20, 40, 100, 150, 200, 300}+1; Yindex for band edges fopecet (i); Ytrequency of band edges i“ alp=(1 45]; Yattenvation of LP stage abp=(50 11 50]-12; {Attenuation of BP stage (w x to peak attn of -12 €B) aspec=[alp abp)’; {Total specs. The ’ converts to a coluan vector ~20eL0gi0(h(4)); Actual attenuation at band edges [tspec aspec a] wbisplay design specs and actual values (3 columns) RW ‘he Attenuation specs are EXACTLY MET et the PASSBAND edges Gand attenuation specs are EXCEEDED at the other frequencies ‘Computation of maximm attenuation emin(h) ;i-find (he=m) 5 Pind winisum GAT and index of minimum gain [-20*1ogt0(m) 32 (09) Display ATTENUATION and frequency wPaRT (c) roots (mp) NOT MINZMOM PHASE (Some roots have real parts >40)268 Chapter 13 Analog Filters (npm,ndn)=winphase(’s’.np,dp); _—Wouvert to minimum phase TF (hat,hua]=bodelin(apa,ndn,0);pause {Bode plot info (true and asymptotic) part (a) {To compare the Bode plot of the minimum phase TF vith original, we use: ‘tEplot(’s! sxp.dp, [1 1000} .1,1)5 hold on, semilogr(hmt(:,1)/2/pi,hmt(:,2),?x?) Plot true Bode vs f (Hz) semilogr(hma(: ,1)/2/pi jtma(:,2),?g") Yasymptetic Bode vs t (H2) axis((1 1000 -120 20]),grid onChapter 14 SAMPLING AND QUANTIZATION 14.1 (Golutions) Refertothesketches. 2(¢) = os(4000rt), B= 2ktla, X(f) = 0.54(J-B)+0.55(F+B) a ) a T is rc amma - -t 2 2 Now, Xp(i) = So XIAX(F ~ &S) where X{k) are the Fourer series coeficients of the sampling coms function, (6) Udeal sampling. t, = 0.2 ms, $= 6 kis, X[k] = $= $000 X,(/)= > so00X(f—so00k) 2500) 500) | 2300) 500) (b) [deal sampling, t, = 0.25 ms, $= 4kiz, X[k] =S = 4000 X,(f)—= D> 4000X(y--4000%) ~ (©) Ieeal sampling. t, = 0.8 ms, $= 1.25 kil, X{k)= 1250 X,(f) ¥ 1as0x(4— 12508) (a9, ae ee 269270 Chapter 14 Sampling and Quantization (A) Natural sampling. tg = 0.1 ms, ty = 0.2 ms. So, $= 5 kHz, X{k] = O.Ssine(0.5k) xf) = So XUWX(F — 12808) fa 4 a Df ent tea 2337 (e) Zero-order-hold sampling. t, = 0.2 ms. $= 5 kilz. The spectrum of part (4) multiplied by sine(f/S). LAMA Ur WW 14.2 (Solution) x(t) = sine(4000¢), X(f) = gbprect( ahs), B= 2 kHe Sigal Spear -_- . ao) gm) ars v 2 , For parts (oc), refer to the following sketch, sity sm) fiw 02s - eye i i T sen Speer speewen : af | | gr st is sate 2etT os Ts (a) deal sampling function. ty = 0.2 ms, $= 5 kHz. X{A] = Values of the sampled signal =(¢) are = 5000 t(ms) 0 0.2 04 06 O08 1 1.2 x(t) 10.28 -0.19 0.13 ~0.06 0 0.04Chapter 14 Solutions to Problems 2m Also, Xp(f) = > SX(f—kS) = BR S rect (aay) kato (b) Ideal sampling. t, = 0.25 ms, $= 4 kilz, X[k] = $ = 4000 Values of the sampled signal 2(0) t (ms) 0 0.25 0.8 0.75 11.28 1752 x(t) too o © o 6 0 ° Also, Xp(f) = So sxu- kS) = 88 3 eee saree (©) Ideal sampling. t, = 0.4 ms, $= 2.5 kz. Xk] = $ = 2500 Values of the sampled signal 2(¢) ts) 0 08 08 1.2 16 2 x(t) 1 0.19 -0.06 0.08 .0a? Also, Xp(f) = = SX(f -kS) = BH D> rece Agente) fal (d) Netural sampling. tg = 0.1 ms, t, = 0.2 ms, So, §=5 kHz, X{#] = O.ssinc(0.5k). Refer to the following sketch penta spect ess40m cso ‘ aK, 9 m Lo“ ara Tisae A= > XWXF—S) = aS ze ssinc(0.5k)rect{ 2002) sme we (©) Zero-order-hold sampling. t, = 0.2 ms. $= 5 kis. The spectrum of part (d) multiplied ty sine(F/S). sea © Spec 1 : je “ha A Tet aie? Sa 2ssts272 Chapter 14 Sampling and Quantization 14.3 (Solution) (a) 2{n] = cos(ten/3), F= 3 + F = }-1=-} (principal range) So, 2{n] = cos(2anF) = cos(—2n}} cos(~3nz) = cos(3nz) (©) 2[0] = cos(den/7)+sin(@en/7), Fea}, Fe 2 (principal range) So, z{n] = cos(2nnF}) + sin(2xnF2) = cos(4n/7) + sin(—Ern/7) ——— 144 (Solution) (@) =) (b) 2(¢) = c08(800nt) ~ sin(300nt + 51° sin(800rt +7/3), B= 160 Hz. So, $= 300 Hz B=190Hs, $= 2B =300H2. (c) 2(@) = Scos(S00nt) + Ssin(S00rt), B= 250Hz, $= 25 = sooth. (A) 2(6) = 3.cos(300rt) sin(S007t). Now, X(f) is the convolution of two signals whose spectra cover £160 Hz and £250 Hz. So X(J) extends over +400H2. So, B = 400 Hz and S = 2B = 800H2. (e) 2(t) = 4c0s?(100rt) = 2[1 + cos(200nt]], B= 100 He, S>2B— 200Hs (1) 2(t) = 6sine(L00¢), Xf) = (6/100)rect(F/100), B= 50 Hz, $= 100 Hs, (z) 2{t) = 10sinc*(2002), X(f) =0.1tr(f/100), B= 100 Hz, $>2B = 200 He. (h) (t) = 6sinc(1001) cos(200rt). So, X(f) is the convolution of two signals whose spectra cover +50 Hz and 4100Hz. So the couvolution extends over 150Hz. So, B = 150 Hz and $ = 300 Hz, CE 14.5 (Solution) If x(t) = Acos(2rfot) is sampled at three times the Nyquist rate for six periods, the sempling rate is $= 3Sy = 6 samples/period. So, we acquire 36 somples over 6 periods. —— se 14.6 (Solution) If z(t) = Acos(2zfot) is sampled at twice the Nyquist rate, the sampling rate is S = 35y = 4 samples/period. So, to acquire 100 samples, we must sample for 25 periods. If we sample for 1s, the analog frequency is fo = 25 Hz, the sampling rate is S$ = 100 Hz and the digital frequency is F=0.25 SESE ey 14.7 (Sampling Theorem) If 2() and the Nyquist rate is Sw = sin(150zt) is sampled at a rate of five samples per three periods, samples/petiod (or 6 samples per 3 periods), the sampling rate is S= §Sy Since, fo = 75 Hz, Syy = 150 Hz and S = $5 = 125 Hz. So, the digital frequency is P= JB = 0.6 — (ie F= -04) aChapter 14 Solutions to Problems 273 14.8 (Solution) Refer to the sketches. In all cases, the spectrum is the periodic extension of Xp(f) with period equal to the sampling frequency §. If < 2B, we observe overlap of the spectral images and aliasing. ) sot S70H sst0 us S-H0 He 4 feats ili ; 2 paisa 19030 oN ‘S=50 Hz 4 S=30Hz / ASS: x 3 wo30 3070 m4 io 353000 (2) X(f) = rect(f/40), B=20Hz, $= 50 Ha(no aliasing), 40 He, 30 Ha (b) X(f) = til F/20), B=20He, $= 50 He(no aliasing), 40 Hz, 30 Hz 14.9 (Solution) Refer tothe sketches, is Tees mati a a ne te ee Vist (a) 2(2) =cos(200nt), B=100H2, S=450H, F= i= So, 2[n] = cos(2anF} = cos(énn/9) (&) 2(0) = sin(400nt~0.25n), B=200Hz, $=300H:, Fa} +-] So, 2[n} = sin(2enF —0.25r) = sin(—Znr — 0.25r) = cos(3ne + 0.75") (c) z(t) = cos(200nt) + sin(350nt), S=300Hz, A=}, R=HB=3--§ So, z[n} = cos(2enFi) + sin(2anFa) = eos(Jnr) — sin(Snx/6) (A) z(t) = cos(200r# + 0.25) +sin(250nt-0.25m), S = 120 He , =Welohe-} A-H-Boa-d So, x{n} = cos(2nnF, +0.25r) + sin(2mnFs — 0.252) = cos(—Lax +0.25x) + sin(nn/12—0.25n) — $0, z[n] = cos(Enx — 0.25n) + cas(n/12 — 0.757)2rd Chapter 14 Sampling and Quantization 1 Tap l= 14.10 (Solution) x(t) =e-*u(t), XU) = Tee MO=1 Refer to the sketch, The maximum aliasing occurs ot f = 0.5S. We require |X(0.55)| < 0.05|X(0)|. 1 1 we 14s? > 400, S> STH: x40 So. Taam § o0" 14.11 (Solution) z(t) =sio(150m), $= 80H. So, F= B= sin(—2nr/16) = cos(2nz/16 + 0°). Refer to the sketch for its spectrum, Magninde ins Ts tae F 5 Tse f Phase (a3) 2 TB 1 ie yaw F a (a) An ideal LPF with fe = 10 Hz recovers the 5 Hz signal cos(10nt + 90°) (B) An ideal LPF with fo = 100 He recovers the 5 Hz, 75 Hz and 85 He signals cos(10zt + 90°) + c0s(150nt ~ 90°) + cas(170nt + 90°) (c) An ideal BPF with passband from 60 Hz to 80 Hz recovers the 75 Hz component cos(150xt-90"), (4) An ideal BPP with passband from 60 Ha to 100 He recovers the 75 Ha and 85 Hie signal - c05(1507t ~ 90°) + cos(170nt + 90°). 14.12 (Solution) {x[nj} = {1,2,3,2}, t, = 1. Refer to the sketch for parts (a) and (b). cael (Seinen (a biter nepoliion ah ith It F (a) From the step interpolated signal, 2(2.5) = 3.Chapter 14 Solutions to Problems 275 - (b) From the linearly interpolated signal, (2.5) = 2.5. (©) For sinc interpolation: z(t) = }z{AJsine(t — kt,). Now, ty So, z(t) = ~sinc(t) + 2sine(t ~1) + Ssine(t — 2)-+ 2sine(t - 3) 80, =(2.5) = -0.1273 ~ 0.4246 + 1.9009 + 1.2732 = 2.6314 (2) For raised cosine interpolation (with R = 0.8): x(t) = J) x{kJsine(t ~ nee (coe ft ea), yal entbate-a) | sinct-a)estLetes so z(t) = Heeger de oO) yshet- Debye) gst rented) So, 2(25) = -0.0171 ~ 0.2401 + 1.8006-+ 1.2004-= 2.2498 14,13 (Solution) z(t)=#?, 0<#<2), t, = 0.1 s, four quantization levels (2) z)n] = (0,0.01, 0.04, 0.09, 0.16, 0.25, 0.36, 0.48, 0.64, 0.81,1,1.21,1.44,1.69, 1.96, ,2.25,2.56,2.89, 8.24, 3.61, 4} (b) Since z[n] varies between 0 and 4, the 4 quantization levels are one unit apart. So the quantized signal zg[n] using rounding is alr] = {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3,4,4} ‘The error signal is e[n] = [nr] — ze[n] So, eln] = {0,0.01, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16, 0.25, 0.36, 0.49, 0.36, ~0.19, 0,0.21,0.44, 0.81, =0.04, 0.25, -0.44, 0.11, 0.24, ~0.39, 0} (o) Now, D2" = ree LIA ete - SNRq = 1log nl 10 log( 22H) = 16.986 4B 2 72.266 and 5 e*[n] = 1.447, The actual quantization SNRg is stical estimate of the quantization SNRs is OlogPs + 10.8 + 20log(L) ~ 201og(D), with L=4 and D = 4 and N= 21, Ps =f S)2*[n] and SNRs = 10log Ps + 10.8 = 16.17 dB (e) An estimate of the SNR, assuming z(t) to be periodic is based on 2 2 Pond ff dt = 5 f tit =3.2 fo I So, SNRs = 10logPs + 10.8 + 20log L — 20logD = 5.05 + 10.8 + 15.85 4B276 Chapter 14 Sampling and Quantization 14.14 (Solution) Refer to the sketch. Sign se os [tp os} 1 T= 1 ms, so fy =1 kilz. So, the harmonics are 1 kHz part. For a filter cutoff frequency of 4 kz, only components to 4 kHz are passed and so S > 8 kHz. Bat the signal is halewave symmetric, so even harmonics are absent, so the highest frequency at the filter output is 3 kHz (not 4 kif), so S'> 6 kil 14.15 (Solution) 2(t) —s [analog LPF] — [ideal sampler] —- [Ideal fixer] — y(t) a(t) = tri(208), T=04, X(f) =0.05sinc*(F/20). So, X{k] = fFsinc*(Sk fo) = 0.5sinc*(0.5k) (a) If fo = 20 He, the output of the band-limiting filter contains harmonies up to kfo = 20 or k =2. Alter sampling, this spectrum is replicated at intervals of 80 Hz. The ideal filter recovers the original harmonics (in the +40 Hz range). Since X(2] = 0, one period of the periodic spectrum corresponds to the signal z(¢) = X{0] + 2X1} cos(20n¢).. (b) IF fo = 40 Hs, the output of the band-limiting filter contains harmonics up to kfo = 40 or k= 4. After sampling, this spectrum is replicated at intervals of 80 Hz. The ideal filter recovers the original harmonics (in the +40 Hz range). Since X|2] = 0 = X{4), one period of the periodic spectrum corresponds to the signal 2(¢) = X{0] + 2X1] eos(20nt) + 2X(3] cos( 60st). (©) If fe = 60 Hz, the output of the band-limiting filter contains harmonics up to k fo = 60 or k = 6. After sampling ot 80 Hz, the harmonics kfo above 40 Hz (for k > 4) are aliased to to frequencies fie = kfo~ MS, where [fre] <40 Hz. Now, X|2] = X[d] = X(6] =0 and the 50 Hz component (k = 5) is aliased to 90 Hz (and added to the component already present. ‘The ideal filter recovers the (original and aliased) harmonies in the +40 He range, One period of the periodic spectrum corresponds to the signal z(t) = X(0] + 2X[l] cos(20nt) + 2(X(3} + X[5]) cos(60x0). 14.16 (Solution) z(t) = Ssine(S¢), X(f)=O2rect(0.2F), S=10H2, fo=5 Hz. (a) 2() — [Sampler] — [Teal LPF] — y(t) ‘The sampling is ideal, so y(t) = 10z(). @ x0) [Sszsrotespecrum Yo as as Base ass (>) 2(t) — [Sampler] — [h()=u(e)-e(¢ — 0.1) | — [Tdeal DPF] y(t) Due to ZOH sampling, ¥(f) # X(f) but is a sine distorted versionChapter 14 Solutions to Problems 277 once wo Pye: : boy (© 2) — [Bempler] [AG © 35 (t)— u(t ~ 0.1)] — [EPF] > [I= peas J ott) Since the 20H is followed by a compensating filter, ¥(f) = X(f), and b0 y(t) = 2(t). ® ote pcr CEN tye oot. a5 4s 0 14.17 (Solution) (@) The magnitude spectrum contains impulse-pairs at bf, with strengths 0.5. The phase is —90° at fi, and +90° at —fx (pure sines). (b) US =140, components at fy > 70 Hz get aliased to fre = fe ~ MS where |faa| <70 Hz. The ccaly components that are not aliased are at 10 Hz and 40 He. ‘The digital frequencies are 2%, 2, 8. 72, 28, 28, BB, BB, Bo, am, me With [F] <0.5, these become thy to te Te Hs 2s fo fo fh Tf as Since sin(—2naF) = ~sin(2neF), the components at equal positive and negative frequencies cancel out and we are left with -7{n] = sin(2n/14) + sin(—4nx/14) = sin(2n/14) ~ sin(4ne/14) ‘The signal y(¢) reconstructed from [nis y(t) = sin(20nt)~—sin(40nt). The magnitude spectrum shows impulse pairs at f = 10 Ha and f = 20 Hz with strength 0.5. The phase is -90° at F = 10 Hz ond +90° at f = 20 He (with reversed phase at negative frequencies) (©) The spectra of 2(t) and y(t) are different due to aliasing. Only $ > 2B = 2(400) = 800 He, will allow perfect reconstruction 2(¢) from its samples. ——— 14.18 (Solution) The signal 2(t) = cos(100rt) is bandlimited to 50 He. (a) ¥(¢) = 2*() is bandlimited to 100 Hz. So, S > 200 He (®) y(t) = "(is bandlimited to 150 Hz, So, $ > 300 Hz (©) ¥(¢) = le(e)| is not bendlimited (a periodic, full rectified cosine) (@) ACG) = sine(2008). Since fo = 100 Ha, the Blter output is cos{100nt). So, $ > 100 Ha ° nt A(t) = 6(¢ ~1). Since JH(f)| = 1, the output is at 80 Hz, So, § > 100 Hz ino(500¢). Since fo = 500 Hz, the filter output is cos(200mt). So, $ > 100 Hz278 Chapter 14 Sampling and Quantization (t)cos(400nt) is bandlimited to 250 Hz. So, $ > 500 Hz. (h) v(t) = ulz(t)] is not bandlimited (it is a square wave). 14.19 (Solution) 2(t) = cos(2rfot +8), fo < 2.5 KHz. If $ = 400 Hs or S = 500 Hz, we recover a 150 He sinusold (a) If $ exceeds the Nyquist rate, ie., S > 300 Hz, then fo = 150 Hz? (b) If z(¢) is sampled ot a third sampling rate (say, 600 KHz) and leads to recovery of a 150 Hz signal, then no aliasing has occurred. (©) For no phase reversal, the aliased frequency is positive. So, fa = 150 = fo ~ 500K and 150:= fp ~ 400m where k and m are integers, This means that £= 4. Thus, or k=8, m=10, etc With k= 4, we find fp = 150+ 500k = 2150 Hz. Other choices (k = 8 etc) yield fo outside the allowed 2.5 kHz range. (a) If phase reversal occurs, the aliased frequency is negative. So, f = ~150 = fy ~ 500k and ~150 = fo — 400m where k and m are integers. This means that & = f, as before, Thus, or k= 8, m=10, etc. With k= 4, we find fo = ~150 + 500k = 1850 Hz. Other choices (k = the allowed 2.5 kHz range. ete) yield fy outside 14.20 (Solution) Refer to the sketches. site] (a) W3(@ = > s(t—¥), the FS coeicionts ofthe impulee campled signal are Xk] = with fo =0.25 Ha. So, X[k] =05, k odd and X[k] =0 otherwise, (b) 1 24( is passed thsough an ideal lowpass iter with a cutoff frequency of 06 He, the only fiequency that appears is 0.25 He (for k = 1). So, y(t) = 2X} cos(2n fut) = cos(0.Snt) (c) Iki) = > (~1)*é(t— 4), the sampled signal is an impulse train with T = 2 and X{k] = 0.5, f z4(t) is passed through an ideal lowpass filter with a cutoff frequency of 0.6 Hz, the de and 0.5 Ha (for k = 1) appear at at the output. So, y(t) = X(0] + 2X(1] cos(2n fot) = 0.5 + cos(at)Chapter 14 Solutions to Problems 279 ® =48H a ty We ye Ls 65 paasaeaeeace =e a (8) a(t) = 14 cos(20nt), fo =10 He ae $0, for a = 10, $= 4 = 9 He, With $ 9 Hz, the 10 Hz component is aliased to 1 Hz. (b) z(t) = 2c0s(80xt)+ cos(160xt). The sampling rate is chosen as $ = 48 Hz. So, a = 22 ‘The output y(t) will thus be a stretched (but folded) version of 2(¢) with y(t) = 2(-#/5).. With $ = 48 Hz, the 40 Hz component is aliased to ~8 Hz and the 80 Hz component to ~16 Hz. (©) If x(t) = 2c0s(80rt) + cos(100rt), then fy = 40 Hz, fo = 50 Hz and fo = GCD(40,50)=10 Hz. So, finax = 5fo = NF. We require a = zig, So, $= (O=BMle m IP m 9.5 He, This also satisfios $ > yfZg(~ 9.00). With $ =9.5 Hz, the 40 He component is eliased to 2 Hz and the 50 Hz component to 2.5 Hz. 14.22 (Solution) Refer to the sketches. AAA AA A... ANAM (a) fx = 500 Bz, fo =0, so S = 2fy = 1 kHz. We need a LPF for recovery. (b) fo = 300 Hz, so B = 500-300 = 200 Hz, N = int(fer/fo) = int( $2) = 2 2fn 2fo We require SH <<, For minum 5, k= and fy <8 -<2fi oF 50 Ex < $< 00 He So, choose $ = 500 He. We require a BPF with band edges at $00 He and 500 He for recovery: (©) fo = 400 He, so B= 500 ~ 400 = 100 He, NV = int(fiy/fo) =int( $2) = 5 We require “Lt Ha a a er i auene bot tad oat <5 <0.5f; or S = 200 He, We require e BPF with bond edges at 400 Hz and 500 Hz for recovery. ke 2 80 Hz to prevent aliasing (b) Since y(t) s a bandpass signal, fr = 280 Hz, fy = 360 Hz, B= 80 He and N = int(32) =4 Wo regia <5 <2, paint For minimum S, k= 4 and 0.5 fy < $< 0.5fr or 180 < S < 186.67 Hz. (€) Since g(t) i a bandpass signal, fz = 560 Hz, fy = 720 He, B= 160 He and N ire, 2H fe We require, YH 4B = 16 ki. (b) Attenuation at 4 kx (4 = 0.25) is 1 dB ~ 20]og sine(0.25}] = 1.92 dB. “Attenuation at 12 kilz ({ = 0.75) is 1 dB — 20log jsinc(0.76)| = 40.45 4B. (©) Ap=1aB, A, 4kilr, $= 12 kite, & log{(10°24+ ~ 1) /e2)} los(S/fp) (10914r — 1) Filter order n = =3%6n=4 14.25 (Solution) Peak value =4V, B = 12bits, With a full-scale range of 5 V, D = 10. Now, L = 2" and the signal power is Ps = 0.5(4)? = 8 So, SNR = 10log Ps + 10.8 + 20logZ ~ 20log D = 72.078 BChapter 14 Solutions to Problems 281. 14.26 (Solution) Refer to the sketch. tre fo. Pee buza “A - “Truncation Sign magnitude eoncaton For truncation, the error is equally distributed between —A and 0. The mean Is m = -0.5A. A fompankf coasaraen iff eh. 27? For siga-magnitude truncation, the error is equally distributed between —A and A. 80, 0° The wean is veo. 80,08 ef eae - ASI. s 14.27 (Solution) Butterworth filter: n = 3, half-power frequency = 4 kHz. B= 8 bits. So, A, = 20log(2°x/6) = 55.9468 4B. Let the passband edge be fy = 4 Kile With v = fe/ fy, we have A, = 10log(1 + v7") = 10log(t + v8) or vy = (1014+ — 1)¥/6 = 8.5593 So, fo = pte = 34.2872 Kis 14.28 (Solution) Amplitude level = 41 V. Butterworth filter n= 2, fp=4 Klis, B= 8 bits. a Now, Vig =2 and A= Me ‘= 0.0078, The quantization noise level is = 0.0023, ‘The aliasing level at the passband edge is (ese das” Equating the two, we find the minimum value of S as S = 88.2286 lit, ~ 14.29 (Solution) Butterworth filter: fa Allasing Jevel at 3 kil is iaesel 0.0785 Signal level at 3 kHz is 0.707. The ratio of the aliasing level and signal level is 0.0555 (or 5.55%) B= iabits 14.30 (Solution) Amplitude level = £1 V. So, Ves = 2. A ¥ a : So, A= e and rms quantization error o 1.4096(10)282 Chapter 14 Sampling and Quantization 14.81 (Solution) 2(t) = 2cos(2000et) — 4sin(4000x1). B = 12 bits. Signal power Ps = 0.5(2? +4) = 10. ‘We expect the peak vale of z() to be les than 6, So, choose D = 12, Then, A = 23% 0.0029 and A rms quantization error o 8.4873(10)~* With L = 2°, SNR = 10log Ps + 10.8 + 200g L ~ 20log D = 71.4636 4B NOTE: The peak value of x(t) is actually 5.4702 (and not 6). Then, D = 10.9404 and we compute @ = 7-7105(10)~* and SNR = 72.2668 dB 14.82 (Solution) Bandwidth = 4 kHz, B= 8 bits. Tq =20.ns, Ty =2 ns. 1 L_t%y-Ty= With $=8 kis, and $< ppp, wefind Zo < $~Tq-Ty = 0.128 ms 14.33 (Solution) fo = 10 Kz. Amplitude level = 1 V. SNR=d5 dB Now, signal power Ps = 0.5(1)? = 0.5, noise power Py 28 So, SNR = 10log( ££) = 101og(42) = 2oles (Fz) = 45 4B ‘This gives B = 7.77. So, B = 8 bits, With 5 = 20 kHz, the bit rate is SB = 160 kBits/s. 14,34 (Solution) 2 = 4. The signal level in the passband is attenuated by less than 1.2 dB due to the sine distortion. If Sis the sampling rate in kHz, then 20log|sine(4/S)] = 1.2 dB. So, sine(4/S) = 0.8710. Thus, 4 = sinc" '(0.8710) = 0.2858 and S = 18.0964 lis. S~4 lia wll be ~20log( S54) = 9.1557 aB™ So, the image rejection at the stopband edge f, 14.35 (Solution) B= 4 kits. The signal level in the passband is to be attenuated less than 1.5 dB and ‘an image rejection of better than 45 dB in the stopband is required With $= 16 KH, the sine distortion provides an attenuation of -20log($) = 0.9121 dB at the passband edge and ~201og($54) = 10.4545 dB at the stopband edge. So, the filter specifications are Ap = 1.5~0.9121 = 0.5879 dB at fy = 4 kElz and Ay ‘S~4=12 kHz. We find the Biter order as follows yyepe Leip) 45 -10.4545 = a s45an=Chapter 14 Solutions to Problems 283. 14.36 (Solution) f, = 4 kEiz, $= 20 kHz. The signal level at the passband edge (the half-power frequency) is 0.707. The aliasing level at the passband edge is freee!” 2 Te he insband lasing level eto be Bess 1% ofthe signal ee, [Eo ” 3.57. So, pick a 4th order Butterworth filter. ‘The image rejection due to sinc distortion at the stopband edge f, = S—4 kHz will be ~20log(£=4) = 12,62 B. So, for an overall image rejection of better than 50 dB, the anti-imaging fer must provide fan attenuation of at least 50 — 12.62 = 37.38 dB ———<—$—$—————— COMPUTATION AND DESIGN 14.37 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routine depot PROBLEN 14.37 ‘Fa4;t-0:0.01:T5 x7c05(0.5¢pist) jzn-cos(0.Sepientts); APART (2) Plot(t,x) hold on, deplot(nrts,x2,?.") Yctwal value at £=0.5 is L/egre(2)=0.707 Watue predicted by step interpolation is 1, by Linear interp is 0.5 res, nore samples vill improve results. PART (b) 1B=-10:10;ancos(0.5¢nspi) ;st-cun(en.+sinc(0.5-m)); -20:20;n=cos (0, S¢ntpi) ;a2esun(n.#sine(0.5-2)); nne-50:50;xucos(0.S#n+pi) ;s3esun(an. #sinc(0.5-n)); {51352553} wReruite approach true value but require many more signal samples, ——— 14.88 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routine éeplet, eri, sine {PROBLEM 14.38 +0:3;xn-c0s (0. S¢pita); N8;xu (en; zeros(1,4)] jrwsxa(:)*; PART (a) nue(0:468-1); hsvones (1,1) ;ysefiter hs 1,20); atplot(au,ys,'*?) held on, étplot (ael,xn,’0!,’m’) hold off pause ART ©) us ((0:40N-1)); bi=-WeN;bL*tri (at/¥) syl=fitter 1,20) ; acplot(nu-i,y1,"#°) hold on,dtplot (avin, °e', *) held off,pause PART (e) Med jne-tsMsbicsinc (u/) ;yintitter (hs, tu); Aeplot (nunt,yi,"*") jhold on, dtplot (aell,xa, "0! 'a") hold off pause284 Chapter 14 Sampling and Quantization M:M;hiesinc(m/W) ;yi=tilter (ht, 1,2); deplot(au-H, 73,74") ;nold on, dtplot(aell,2, 0’, 'm*) ,hold off pause ‘Wore signal samples neans more periods :T xn=cos (0. S¢pitn) ; eB jue [en zer0s(N-1,8)] jxusxu(:)! ynu-(0:84N-1) ; Me8 m=-H:Mhissine(n/M) jyi=filter (hi,1,x0) ; dtplot (au-M,yi,’#") bold on,dtplot(atN,xn, ’0”,’?),hold off es 14.89 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routine atplot, quantiz ‘YPROBLEM 14.39 PART (a) 1-0; 198; ts#0, OS;xnscos (2ensts=pi)-+cos (6enets*pi); t£0:0.01:10;x=cos (2#pist) +cos (Gepitt) ; subplot (1,1,1) ,plot(t,x) hold on,dtplot(nets,xn,’0"), axis([0 4-2 2]),hold off pause Beq;L+2°B; [y,ty,smri]=quantiz(m, {0 10],L,"r*,0)5 plot (t,x) hold on,dtplot(asts,¥,’0’) ,axis([0 1-2 2}),hold off, pause errex-y;snr=10+10g10(sum (xn. xn)/sun (err. err) subplot (2,1, 1) ,dtplot (nets, err) subplot (2,1,2) ,hist(err,10) ,pauce 12-0: 799;t2-0,08;xm-cos (2envt sept) +cos (Genetsepi) +%=0:0.01: 10;x=cos(24pist) +cos(6epiet); subplot (1,1,1) ,plot (t,x) ,hold on,dtplot (nats xm,"0?), axis([0 4-2 2) noid off pause Bad; L92°B; [y,ty,sn22]=quantiz(em, [0 10],1,’x?,0) subplot (11,1) ,plot(t,x) ,hold on, dtplot (aets,y, 70°), axis({0 1-2 2]) hold off pause orr-xn-y;s0r-10+1og10(sum (xn. ¢2m) /sua(err.terr)) subplot (2,1,1) ,atplot (nts err) subplot (2,1,2) hist (err,10} ,pause - PART (b) 2-0: 199;te=0.05;xn=cos (2enetsepi)+cos (6*nets*pi) ; £0:0.01:10;xeces(2piet) 4eos(6epitt) subplot(1,1,1) ,plot(t,x) bold on,dtplot (atts,xm, 0"), axis([0 4 ~2 2]) hold off pause BeB;L+2°B; (y,ty surf] squastiz(om, [0 10],L,°2”,0); subplot (1,1,1) ,plot (t,x) bold on,deplot(atts.y,’0°), axis([0 1'-2 2)) ,hold off,pause exrexn-y;sar=10t1og10(sus (en. xa) /sun(err.*erz)) oe subplot (2,1,1) ,dtplot (atts, arr) subplot (2,1,2) ,bist(err,10) pauseChapter 14 Solutions to Problems 285 799; t890.05;mn-cos (2enstsepi) tos (Sen+tstpi) ; 0:0,04:40;x=cos(2epist)+cos (6epire) ; subplot(1,1,1) ,plot(t,x) hold on,dtplot(nets,xn, 0°), axis((0 4 ~2 2}),hold off, pause B=8;L-2°B; ly, ty,s0r2}-quentiz(en, [0 10] L,*z?,0); subplot (1,1,1) plot (t,x) hold on, dtplot(aets,7,’0"), axis([0 1-2 2)),hold off,pause exr=xn-y;snr=10+Log10(sus (en. en) /oun(erx.*ez2)) subplot (2,1,1) ,dtplot(nets,erz) subplot(2,1,2) jbist(err,10) ,pause ae WPART (c) The signal power is Pet. The dynamic range is Ded Pe1;D=4;, Bed; SNR4=10=10g10(P)+i0.8+64B-2010g10(D) Theoretical SHR BB} SNRE=10*10g40(P)+10 .8+6+B-20+10410(D) want (@) 1n=0;199;ts=0.05;xn=cos(2eneesypi)+coe(Genttstpi) ; =0:0.01:10;xecos (2epitt)+cos (6piet): subplot (1,1,1),plot(t,x) old on,dtplot (n+ts,x2, 70°), axis({0 4 -2 2]),hold off pause Bed;L92°B;ly,ty,snriJ=quantiz.an, [0 10},L,'t?,0; subplot (1,1,1) ,plot(t,x) held on,dtplot (nrts,y, ’0"), axis([0 1-2 2]),hold off.pause errem-y;snref0edogi0 (sumGrn. +xn)/sun(err.¥erz)) subplot (2,1,1) ,dtplot (atts erz) subplot (2,1,2) hist (err,10) pause 20:79; ts=0 .05;xn-cos (2+nsts#pi)+cos (Ganetsepl) ; 1b90:0.01:10;=cos(2epiae)+cos (Septet) ; subplot (1,1,1) ,plot(t,x) hold on,dtplot(a+te,zm, 70"), axis({0 4-2 2]),hold off pause B=4;L-2°B; ly, ty,snr2]=quantiz(xn, [0 10],L,"t?,0); subplot(1,1,1),plot(t,x),hold on,dtplot (n¥ts,7,’0"), : axis({0 1 -2 2]),hold off pause errexn-y;snr=10+10g10 (ous (im, +n) /sua(ere.terz)) subplot(2,1,1) ,duplot(atts,err) subplot(2,1,2) ,hist(err,10) ,pause 05 :xnecos (2nttsepi)+cos (Gentteepi); 110;xecos (2apiet)cos (6epist) ; subplot(i,1,1) plot(t,x) hold on,dtplot(atts,xa,%0?), axie([0 4 -2 2]),bold off pause BeG;L=2°B; Ly, ty,snrt)=quantiz(x, [0 10),L,?t?,0); subplot(1,1,1) ,plot(t,x) bold on,deplot(aets, 7,0’), axis((0 1 ~2 2]) hold off pause exrxn-y;sur-10¢Logi0 (sun(xn.*xn)/sum(err.*erz)) subplot (2,1,1) ,dtplot (uets err) subplot (2, 1,2), hist(err, 10) ,pause286 Chapter 14 Sampling and Quantization 1-0:799; ¢s=0.05;xn=cos(2enttsepi)+cos (Senetsepi) ; 4°0:0.01:10;x=cos (2tpist)4cos(Sepiet) ; subplot (1,1,1) ,plot(t,x) hold on,dtplot(atts,xa,’0"), axis([0 4-2 2]),hold off,pause Be ;1=2°B; (y, ty snr2]=quantiz(ea, [0 10] ,L,%? ,0); subplot(1,1,1) plot (t,x) hold en, dtplot (asts,y, 70°), axia((0 1-2 2]),bold off,pause exrexa-y;snr=10410g10(sun(en. *xn)/sun(err.#err)) subplot(2,1,1) ,dtplot (atta, erz) subplot(2,1,2) bist (err, 10) —_—[———————————_<—<<—————_Chapter 15 THE DTFT 15.1 (Solution) (2) ain) = (1,2.5,2,1), XCF) = OF 4 29 434 De 4 nO ‘Using Euler's relation, X(F) = 3 +4 cos(2xF) + 2cos(4nF) So, X(0)=9, X(05)=3-442=1, X()=9 (b) ain] = {-1,2)8,-2,1), XCF) = -eFF 4 20itP gg iter 4 erste? Using Euler's relation, X(F) = j[dsin(2aF) ~ 2sin(4nF)] So, X(0)=0, X(0.5)=0, X()=0 (0) afr] = {0.2.2.1}, XCF) 1+ 20H 4b De HP 4 ester So, X(F) = e-3™F[es"F 4 2e-5F 4 Deh" 4 eMHF] = oF ogs(8uF) + 4ec08(nF)] So, X(0)=6, X(08)=0, X(1)=6 (A) lp] = {-1,-2,2.2}, XCF) = 1 20 PF 4 De HE 4 eink So, X(F) = —en HF ft9F 4 Dei F — 2e-3F _ e-S*F) = —je-0F (2 cin(3uF) + dsin(F)] So, X(0)=0, X(05)=2, X()=0 15.2 (Solution) 69 mer Spree Spear pak & % ce o « densnF () x)= Songmerrer i Yoaerery Sas (© XE) = Dyyeeser 2 Syeaey = Ag oy (a) X(F) = Sony eer = 287288 Chapter 18 The DIFT (©) (+ DB)"uln] = n(4)" ula + (4) uln, so TF n(destnF yng SO (Lecitenryn ye") 1 XB) = Daher s dey art oer (4) Start with yf) = (05)"wln] YUP) = eae Thea z{n} (0.5)-*ul—n] @ X(F) = ¥(-F) per 15.3 (Solution) =[p] « 5 (@) 2fn—2] @ 4exp(—j4nF)/[2 ~ op(-728F)] (b) nen] 4 (1/320) 2eX(F) = SEER (©) 2{-n] & X(-F) = 4/[2 ~ exp 2"F)] (@) 2{n] — 2[n— 1] of — exp(—j2 FIX (F) = [1 — exp(—j2nF)I/[2— exp(—s2nF)] (e) fn] + 2{n] <> XZ{F) = 16/{2 - exo(—J20F)F (2p expGne) & X(F — 3) = 4/[2— exp(—J2m(F ~ 3))] = 4/[2-+ exp(—J20F)] (6) z{p)cos(nn) + XCF+H) + XCF] Since X(F + }) =4/[2~ exp(—j2n(F + }))) = 4/[2 + exp(—J2xF)] = X(F — 3), we get [fn] cos(nm) + 4/[2 + exp(—j2nF)] (h) 2{n—1] + 2[n +3) <> X(F) exp(—j2eF) + X(F) exp(j2nF) =2X(F) cos(2aF), so a{p~ 1} + jn + 1] # Beos(2sF)/[2 — exp(—J2rF 15.4 (Solution) X(F) = (})"u{n] () X(-F) = sf-9] =)" (b) X(F ~ 3) 9 exp(—j2nnFe)z{n] = o*/7(2)ulal(Fa = 3) (©) XE + 3) + X(F - §) + 2cos(2nxFp)z{n] = 2($)" cos(nx)ulm| (Fo = 4) (4) X°(F) = ~j2ene fn] = ~2mn(4)" ula) () X3(F) = ala) ala] = (Buln) « (ein) = (n+ 1)(4) fn) () XOX) > hn] = Eula} = (Pale (g) X(F)cos(aeF) = }{z{n 2] +2[n + 2]} = (5) ula ~ 2} + (3)Puln + 2] (h) X(F + 3) - X(F~ 3) = exp(-j0.5nr) (0.5n)(0.5)"ufn]Chapter 15 Solutions to Problems 289, 15.5 (Solution) Refer to the sketches. The magnitude spectrum of a sinusoid is en impulse pair pair. @ xm ] | x) o) Phase (rad) One . | [pn I | p we ue (a) z[n] =cos(}7n), Fa}, impulse strengths ~ } at +}. Phase = 0 (b) 2{n] = cos(}rn)+sin(an), Fis}, Fao} (6) 2x} = cos(}rn) cos( rn) feos(snn/8) + Jeos(nt/4), Fi = 3/8, 15.6 (Solution) (2) Mo) = QYPatnh 0 HP) = pe = So, ¥(F)[I-ge-3*F] = X(F) and y{n}-2y[n — 1] = z[n](first order) () A) = 8-0" 80 H(P) = $6(F) + aber — i = HB SE LensteP) Berek FV. Sc eee ge ‘The product property of impulses makes the first term in the numerator=0, so fee (F) MO) mystery Teer = Sp YEN fe PF 4 fe HF) w (EGF) H(P) = $uln—1]+ Ay[n—2] = 3zjn —1)(second order) (©) i= nao HF) = ARE = pe YG 2°? ede) axiriger™ry vin] - 3uln—1] + gyn 2] faln—2] (second order) (€) fn} = 0.86[n), 20 H1(F) = 0.5 = ¥(F)/X(F), so v{n) = 0.62{n] W=-}e[n-1) (first order) ©) Ala) = ("+ nh 50 HOP) = ph + pclae = HB eS —_ SHB) YOR feh 4 fore) xR R— gery So, vln] - fube— a] + 3s =r [n~1] (second order)290 Chapter 16 The DTFT 15.7 (Solution) (2) vin] +0.4yin—1] = Sel], ¥(F)(L + 0.4e-#*F) = 3xX(F) $0, H(F) = a =poanser Mel=sl-04)"uln] (©) alpl-buln—2]-byfm~ 2] = 2ofn) + fn ~ 1) SoY(R){I~ fePF — fe} = XRD + oF} ¥ eee ‘ HE) = 0B = Ta fee 7 TSS re Al dy 0.4(-3)" Jul] : (© vin) =0.22{n), ¥(P)=02X(F), HUE) = ie = 02, Ain) = 0.26(n) (2) vlol = ain) + zim 1) taf —2], Ain) = 01,2,2) $0, Y(F) = X(FML be vei), ary = YD) yy cer yer x) 15.8 (Solution) (@ HP) = SSBB = predoen 77 HB nTecmA ¥(F)[L + }exp(-J2eF)] = 2X(F), 50 yln} + }yln — 1] = 2z[n} (0) HOP) = speatcea ~ BESS = ERE = RB So, 6y[n] + Syln — 1] + y[n - 2] = 92{n] + 2[n — 2] - 2[n ~2) 6 (9 BE) = eer HE YER 020-#rF) = ox(F) So, h{n] = 6(0.3)*ufn], _yfn} — 0.3y[n — 1} = 6x{n} (8) HUF) = qytbhtarnitstonon] = Treanai Pate 7 S0,H(F) = gpehistrarser = 3B. Sule] + 6yln — 1] + y(n ~ 2] = 4zfn] + 62/0 1) a ; HDF 84 BedHF 5.9 (Solution) 4/n] + 0.25y(n ~ 2) = 2eln) + 2e[n— 1), eee eee 15.9 ( ) uln] + 0.25yfn— 2} = 2ain} +22{n—1], HOF) = AT ee = ee (a) z{n] = Suln], F = 0,H(F = 0) = 16/5, s0 %aln] = 5(16/5) = 16 (b) 2{n] = Scos(Jnz}ufn], Fd, so H(2) = (8 ~ 38)/(4— 1) = 8V3/3-44 So, yes[n] = 3(8V2/3) cos( 3nx — }n) = 8VZcos(jnm ~ tn) (c) xin] = 3cos{gnr+Jn] — 6sin|gna-4n], P=4, so H(4) = (8 ~ 38)/(4—1) = 8v2/3L-4 $0, yin} = 3(8V2/3) cos( $n + dor ~ fn) ~ 6(8V/9/3)sin( rom — Bor — 80, vse] = 8VEcos(4nm) ~ 16V2sin( Jnn-4n) = 24/3 cos( Inez)Chapter 15 Solutions to Problems 291. 2eos|}na] + 3sin[Ine] 4) = (8 — 98)/{4- 1) = 8V2/30-40 (8 +82 —}n)/(4-j) = 3.5852 —8.5° So, Yel] = 2(3.585) cos(Enw — 86°) + 3(8V/2/3)sin( Ine — dx} So, ye ln] = 7.17 cos( dna ~ 86°) + 8V2sin(Lne — 3) eae eee CEE ELLE 15.10 (Solution) y{n] = }{2[n} +2{n- 1] +2{n—2)} (2) Alp] = ${1,1,2). (b) Refer to the sketch. H(F) = 3[1 + exp(—J2nF) + exp(-J4xF)] SoH(F) = fexn(-32rF)lown( s2rF) +1 + exp(2nF)] = fexp(-j2eF)[L + 2eos(2nF)] (€) 2{n| = cos( Jr + 4x), F = §,H(4) = § exp(—Jx/3)ll + 2cos(x/3)) = 32 — 7/3 So, vee[n} = Beos(}na + dx — 3x) = Foos(}ns ~ 7/12) (2) ale} = cones fs) in(dne + Jah = 20 HQ) = 3L—2/3 So, ven] = $cos(drur + dor ~ x) + Bsin(on + da — J) (e) 2[n] = cos(Jn + 3x) + sin(Gnm + 4m) Fa= §, 50 Ha(}) = } exp(—J2x/3)[l + 2c08(9x)] = 0, $0, sun] = Zeos{$nx + 49 — 2/3) = Boos(drem ~ x/12) 15.11 (Bolton), Ree tote sachs for magnitude pei ‘ o te Wd | | WWM, a 33 [x], so HUF) = 1/{h + 0.9e" ie 122(0.25)] = |p! 0.7, [27(0.5) = gh = 10. So, this is » HPF ) vin] + 08yin— 1 1H(0)| = (b) yln] —0.9y[n ~ 1] = fn], 50 H(F) = 1/[1 - 0.96-94F] HOO)! = gh = 10, |H(0.25)| = pplpgl = 0.7, [H(0.8)| = gly ~ 05. Soy this is an LPF (6) vin} + 0.9y{n—1]= fn ~ 1}, s0 H(F) = eF [1 + 0.9e- FF] ‘Since |e~/?*F| = 1 , the results of part(a) apply. This is a HPF.292 Chapter 15 The DIFT. (4) ylnj = z[n] — 2[n — 4], so H(F) = 1 — exp(—j8aF) = j2exp(—j40F) sin(4nF) We see that H(F)=0atF=0,4, d,and|H(F)|=2atF= 4, 3 ‘The response shows two humps. This describes a comb filter. — $e 15.12 (Solution) (a) (9) = {1, 0, 0, 0,0), X(F)=1, N=5. So, X1K) = EG, 1,2, 1,0) (b) sin) =, 0, -1, 0}, X(F)=1-e"F, Naa, k=0,1,2,8 So, X[k) = #X(F)|_ = Hd, 2, 0, 2} paki (821, 2), XP) 23420 eR p De, Nod = 0,1,2,8 So, XK = AX(FI,_, = HB 2 0, 2} (©) 20 Paki (€) ain} = (4, 2,3), X(F) a1 4200 ase, 3, b=0,1,2 So, X1K] = AXP], = HE, 15-3438, 0, ~1,.5-4 3433) 15.13 (Solution) yfn) = z{nj +z{n—1]4+2{n—2], ln) = {F, 1, 1). Create periodic extension of hf] and find response (periodic convolution) using regular convolution plis wraparound (a) 2h] So, vin] {1,0,0,0, 0}, m5, Ayinj= (1, 1, 4, 0, 0} An} higln] = {2,2,3,2,2,0,0,0,0}, ypin] = £4,2,3,2.2) (b) z{n) = {3 0, -1, 0), =4, pln) = CE, 2, 1, 0} So, ula} = afp} + Aeln] = (1,2,0,-1,=1,0,0}, vplr) = (8,2,0,-2) (©) sfn] yin} = (2, 1, 1 So, vf €5.5,6,3,2}, yea = 6.6,5}Chapter 15 _ Solutions to Problems 293. 15.14 (Solution) 2(¢) = cos(2rfet), zln] =cos(2enFa), Fo = fo/S, S=1 Wile fp = 0.5(e{n} +2{n ~ 1) = 0.5 cos(2enFe) + 0.5 cosl2n(n — 1)Fi] So, v{n] = 0.5 cos(2nnFo) + 0.5 cos(2xFa) cos(2anFe) + 0.5 sin(2x Fa) sin(2rn Fo). 1. If fo = 0.2 kilz, Fy = 0.2. With F =0.25 corresponding to f = 200 He, we recover y(t) = 0.5:0s(400rt) + 0.5 cos(0.4x) cos(400nt) + 0.5sin(0.4n) sin( 40074) 2. If fo = 05 kHz, Fy =055, then yin] = 05 cos(2xnFy) ~ 0.5 cos(2mnFy) +0 = 0 and y(t) = 0 3. Hf fo = 0.75 kHz, Fy = 0.75 => ~0.25, then yln] = 0.5 cas(0.51n) + 05 cos(0.5x) cos(0.5nr) + 0.5sin(0.5r)sin(0.5nn) = 0.5 cos(0.5nx) + 0.5sin(0.5nx) ‘With F = 0.25 corresponding to f = 250 Hz, we recover y(t) = 0.5 coe(S00nt) + 0.6 sin(600n4) 15.15 (Solution) (a) 2[n) = sin(0.2n). Since 0.2sine(0.2n) +» rect(F/0.2), X(F) = Srect(SF) (b) Ala] = sin(0.2nn). So, F = 0.1 and H(F) = (©) afr] = sinc?(0.2n). $0, G(F) = X(FOX(F) S{5(F +0.1) - 6(F -0.)) tri(SF) 15.16 (Solution) Sce the figure for spectre @t. my Cr (@yparetiate s (a) 2{n] = dja 3]-+ dfn 2], XCF) = oF 4 eFF = Zeos(2nF) (b) s{n] = §[n 43) — Sn 3), XCF) = oF — eHF a j2sin(2nP) (6) 2{n] = dln + 1] + 5p) + éfn—3], X(P) oF 41 be F 214 Deos(2eF) (2) ain) = un +3] —ufe— 1] = din 43]-+5fn), XCF) = oF 41 = DeoslaF err . (©) fn] = ulna] — ulm — 2] = dfn + 1] + 5p] +5fn— 1], _X(F)=1+2c0s(2nF) (Grompart c) (f) 2h) = 415.17 (Solution) Seo the Sgures for the spectra. (a) 2{n] = cos(0.tnn), X(F) = O.5[6(F +0.2) + 6(F -0.2)] (b) xin] = cos(0.2nn + $), X(F) = OS[6F + 0.1)eP4 + AF — O.)e*/4] (e) 2ln) = cos(n), X(F) = 0.5{6(F + 2) + 5(F - 2) xe |x), o) Phase (rad) (04x). as | as en! as al t|l @ le a 22 a or Tie ae == Gay, X(F) a1 + PF pe HeF we PF 4 Deos(2eF)]294 Chapter 15 The DTFT (A) xin) = cos(1.2nx + 2) = cos(0.8n7 ~ 3) (because F = 0.6 > ~0.4) 80, X(F) = 0.5{6(F + 0.4)e/4 + 5(F —0.4)e#/4] (e) {r] = cos(2.4nn) = cos(0.4n) (because F = 1.2 = 0.2) $0, X(F) = O.5(6(F +0.2) +4(F ~0.2)] (8) 2{p] = c0s?(2.4nn) = 0.5 + 0.5 c0s(4.8nr) = 0.5 + 0.5 cos(0.8nr) (because F = 2.4 0.4) So, X(F) = 0.55(F) + 0.25(6(F + 0.4) + 6(F —0.4)} xm] 8) Phase (rad) px OKO @5 | oo a} ]} 9 | eo 5 a4 025 i: 3 ne t ; aon a2 02 ae mn 15:18 (Solution) Refer to the figure for spectra. (a) s[n] = sino(0.2n), X(f) = Sreet(SF) (see Prob. 15.188) (b) a{n] = sinc(0.2n) cos(0.4na), X(F) = 2S5rect{5(F + 0.2)] + 2.5rect(5(F — 0.2)) (modulation) (e) fr] = sinc%(0.1n), X(P) = btri(SF) (see Prob. 15.15e) @ oy ©, ‘1 3 / 1 2s i E i F a1 er és oF ar er 0703 Bi we E {€) zr] = sinc(0.2n) cos(Onz), X(F) =2.Srect[5(F +0.05)]-+2.Srect|(5(F ~0.05)] (modulation) (6) 2{n} = sinc*(0.2n) cos(0.4nx), X(F) = 2.5ti[5(F + 0.2)] + 2.6tri[(S(F ~ 0.2)] (modulation) ©) ai) sinc"O:2n) co.nz), X{F) = 25tH[5(F + 03) + 25te(6(F - 0.2} (medulation) 4 (). 25 - —Si al ol, : F 15.19 (Solution) (0syrufn], X(F) Tr05aF (b) zfnj =2"uf-n}, X(F) stoase (folding property) (6) 2{n] = 0.5 = (0.5)"ufn] + (05)-ul—n] ~ din 50, X(F) os 1 1 Oe THF + TSA ~*~ TIS eos(aFy (ser simplification)Chapter 15 Solutions to Problems 295. (@) 2{p) = 08h(uln +1] -ufn -2)) = fos, 4, 05} So, X(F) = 0.50? 4140.5 1 +cos(2aF) (6) 2[p} = (08)" cos(0na)ufr. With (0.5)*uln] + =F aa and modulation 0s. os X) = rogaine ty rapemrver Simplifying, os. 1 X(P) = oe + oF = Dee = jasc FF + Ty jose * Thos oe inc(F) (2) {n] = c0s(0.5nr)(ujn-+ 5] ~ afm = 6)). With ufn + 5] —ufn— 6] = rect(0.4n) 2» 112) xe) = SSsinelE +025), S5sineft'F 928) sinc(F +025)" sinc(F ‘The DIPT of a real signal 2[n] is X(F). gla}, ¥(F)=X(-F) a[n]xa[-n], G(F) = X(P)X(-F) = |X(F)? (©) r{n] = 2[n/4] (zero interpolation), RUF) = X(4F) (compression) (@) sin] =(-ay"zin), S(F) = X(F -0.5) (©) Ain] = s2{n] = e"/25{n], H(F) = X(F - 0.25) (1) vip] =cos(anaFe)zin], VF) =0.5[X(F +) +X(F ~ Fo)] {e) vuln} = cos(nx)zin] = (-1)"2[n), W(F) = X(F- 08) (a) z{n] = [L-+eos(na)]fn], Z(F) = X(F)+X(F-08) () On} = (-1)"?2[n] = ein) = oh ein), BUF) = X(F 0.25) G) ple] = ehafn — 1], PUR) = X(F ~ 0.8)er HF 09) we xX (F — 0.5)e FF 16.21 (Properties) z[n] = tri(0.2n) = {0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1,0.8,0.6,04, 0.2,0) <> X(F) (a) The DIFT of the odd part of 2{n} is zero fa symmetric z(n}). (&) XO)=Daln) =5, X05 = D-ayrahn| = (c) The phase of X(F) is zero (even symmetric ze (A) The phase of the DTFT of z{—n} is zero (z[- {nl by even syrametry). © [,,¥mar =20)=1, [xe -osjar = yee, © [xentaer = Dem =34, at ox = -s2mne(n F) 2) aF = ST fanz? = 104.5522.296 Chapter 15_ The DTFT 15.22 (Solution) + (@) aha (1 1, ACF) 1, XG) = UF], = Ah 0, 0, 0, 0}, b= 0,128.4 4 So, Xp(F) =} X(2)6f — 4) = 0.25(F) = @) ain]= (haa, CF) <2, XE) = mF], = CE 0, 0, 0), k= 0,1,2,8 IPakn on KAP) ASKS e028 1)" = cos(nn), X(F) = 6 - 0.5) (nm even) and z[n] =0 (n odd). So, z[n} = 0.56(F) +0.55(F ~ 0.5) 1.5(1 + cos(ne)} XX eee ne 15.23 (Solution) Refer to the sketches. Ore a ae ia (a) X(F) = ret(2F), * (POF AF = oSsine(0.n) M6 © Xe meaderh ahl= [ter ermrar [" lePestenae 2c: so, x(F) =05 [ i (esl 2n)n] + eC +20) AF = (c) X(F) = tri(2P) = 2rect(2F)@rect(2F)]}. So, zn] = 0.Ssine*(0.5n) 15.24 (Solution) z[n} = na*y[n] (2) UF) = Sonate trek =F nfae Pent 1 OT acntF & & (©) Let rfp] = own), Then 24(F) + phage. By the times—n property, AXE) g —porae PF gene dF Goa TF PT Cae nal afr) o> £ (c) Exin} Pun] «auf (we Datum th then 2008) = aes and oF = azy{n— 1] 46 06-P*F X,(F] = OE ip] sania] 8 0 PF) =Chapter 15 Solutions to Problems 297 (@) Heal) = are +a ln) +1)a"uln), then 24(F) = ae and Pula), So, X(F) = X4(F) ~ 15.25 (Solution) (a) ufn] # 0.55(F) + len) 055(F) + 1 1 leF: [reir eink tim? ‘ufn) —uf-n] 1 ¢ TRF ~ 3 gtaeF a jasiol@nF) _ —jasin(nF)eos(aF) T= Deos(teF) ~~ dein"nFh ante): &) rect) » ME), M=24+1 Now, reet( sf) x rect(giy) = (2M ++ 1)tri(gyPg) = Meri) | Msine(MF) sinef So, snegy o [MSzetee) ee oy. So, ti(gy or faeces)? (©) Wrect( zy) « X1(F), by the modulation property, rect( Fy) cos(Z5) 9 0.52 (F — gy) +05Xi(F + gy). OSMsinelM(P— 7)) 0.5Msinl M(F + 3 So, vect( fy) ene( BR) 42 Oe eel 4 OSMsineiM(F + gy)] sin P+ —_———— EE) 15.26 (Solution) sfx} = (1, -2, 0, 1} (2) AA(F) = 1-26 *F + eoHF, X($) = XP Leanne 7 Ge 1458, 2, 1-39), k=0,2,2,8 80, X(F) = FO X(HAF— = (b) ln) = sino(0.8n). So, H(F) = 1.26rect(1.25F), The cutoff frequency is Fo = 0.4. So only the ~ components at F = 0.25 und F = 0.75 (ie. F = -0.25) appear at the Blter output. So, ¥(F) = 0.25(1.25)[(1 + 58)5(F 0.25) + (1 ~ 33)5(F +0.25)]. So, ¥(F) = 0.3125[6(F — 0.25) + 6(F + 0.25)] — j3(0.3125)[6(F + 0.25) ~ 5(F — 0.25)] So, yin} = 0.625{c0s(0.5nxr) ~ 3sin(0.Snn}} oa —————— 15.27 (Solution) H(F) = A(F}e*. (a) 2{p] = dln), X(F)=1, Y(P)= AF) =A(P)OMP, yfn] = 2fn] (b) afr] = 1, X(F)=4(F), Y(F) = 6(F)A(P ef = A(O)eH5(F), yin) = AO} (c) 2[n] = cos(2nm Fo), H(Fo) = A(Fo)e!*P), yn] = A(Fy) cosinm Fe + 6(Fo)] (@) 2lp] = (-1)" = cos(ne), Fo=05, yln] = A(05) costar + 9(0.5)) = 0.25[(1 + 33)6(F - 0.25) + 26(F-0.5) + (1 - §3)5(F -0.78)]298, Chapter 15 The DIFT 15,28 (Solution) H(F) = 2cos(nFlen#*F = 14 e~F, (0) afn]= sr], X(F)=1, YE)= HUF), ybd= 4 (b) z[n] =cos(0.5nm), Fy =0.25, H(0.28) = 2cos(0.25n)e-#"/4 = /Desa/4 $0, y[n] = VBcos(0.5n ~ 0.252) Sin] + én 1) {0 2{n] =cosina), F=05, H(05) =2c0s(0.5a)eH/*=0, yl] =o (@) zp)=1, H=0, H()=2, yn] tne, Fy = 0.2, H(0.2) = 2c0s(0.2m)e-", yin} = 2eos(0.2n)ens0nesd-4nn 2 =e, Fy 0.25, H (025) = 2e0s(0.25n)e75025", yn) m= V/FeW5025—30.5nx aS 15.29 (Solution) 2{n] = {i, 0.5}, fn] = d[n] - 26)n — 1] ~ 6[n — 2). Y(P) 1-2 PF ecto X®) FOE am 80, X(F) = 140.5e"F, ¥(F)=1-269*F —e-"F, HF) So, Ain] = (—0.5)*uln] ~ 2(-0.5)"“ufn ~ 1] ~ (~0.5)"2ufn — 2] This simplifies to, h[n] = d{n] + 54[n~ 1] + (~0.5)"uln — 2] 15.30 (Frequency Response) y[n] = 0.52{n] +0.52{n ~ 1}. Refer to the sketch for spectra. x (a) HUF) = 0.5(1 + oF) = e9F cos(nF). (b) 2[n) = cos(0.5n), Fo = 0.25. So, H(Fa) = VOBe~#2 and yin] = VOB cos(0.Snx — 0.257) (6) a{n} = din}. So, yln] = 0.55jn] + 0.55in— 3) (@) ap) =1, F=0, (0) =1. So, yin] <1 2{n] = 3426[n]—4cos(0.5nx). By superposition, yfn] = 3+é[n]-+5[n—1]—2V2 cos(0.5nz~0.267) (©) |H(P)| = cos(aFe) = Jp. So, cos(aFo) = (0.5)? or Fo = coc vo8) (£) For a cascade of NV such averagers, |Hw(F)| = |H(F)|™ = cos’ (xFo} Su cn" (Fo)= dy 8 ele) = (05) ox Fo = SENOSChapter 15 Solutions to Problems 299. 15.31 (Solution) fn) = }{1, 1, 1). Refer to the sketch for spectra, x) 1 a i : a eee 1 (2) H(F) = He™F 214 esFy 34 2eos(2nF) (b) Phase = 0. Phase delay = 0 = group delay (oven symmetric sequence). It is a linear phase filter. (©) 2A cos(n/3), Fo = }, H{Fo) = } + 3(0.5) = 3. So, yin] = § cos(nn/3) (A) z{n] = dfn}. So, vf] = Afr = 31, F, 1) = (6ln-+ 1] + 4fn] + é[n — 1) HP) = 3 = —4- 80, vir (©) ain] = (-1)" = cos(ne), F (f) Iinput is x{n] =1, Fo =0, H(Fo) Jeos(n) 1 and yfn] = 1. So, if z[p] = 3 + 35{n]| — 6 cos(nn/3), ln] = 8+ 6]n-+1] + dfn) + 5[n— 1) ~ dcos(ne/3) (by linearity and superposition) 15.82 (Solution) fn} = }{1, “1, 1}. Refer to the sketch for spectra. x (a) HUF) = fle ~1 + e-F°F) = - 3 + Fcos(2nF) (b) Phase = 0. Phase delay = 0 = group delay (even symmetric sequence). It is a linear ghase = filter. (©) fn] = cos(nn/3}, Fo = 3, H(Fo) = -3 + §(0.5) =0. So, yfn] =0 (A) fp) = din). So, yo) = Afr] = H{2, 2, 1) = H(6in+ 2) — din] + afm —2)) (e) 2[n) = (-1)" = cos(nm), Fo = 0.5, H(Fo) = —} - } = -1. So, y[n] = — cos(nm) = J and yin] =} - So, yin} = 3 cos(2nx/3) (£) HE input is 2[n]=1, Fo Lfafy] = cos(2nn/3), Fo $0, if z[n) = 3 + 35(n} — 3.cos(200/3), jo] =14 6{n + 1} — én] + 5fn— 1] + 2cos(2nx/3) (by linearity and superposition)300 Chapter 15 The DIFT. 15.93 (Solution) ln] = {0°5, 1, 0.5}. Refer to the sketch for spectra. x) F F wen (2) AP) = (0.5 + e72*F + 0.5e4F) = e771 + c0s(2nF)] (b) Phase = filter. ‘2nP. Phase delay = 1 = group delay. Even symmetric sequence, so linear phase (©) 2[n] = cos(0.5nr), Fy =}, H(Fo) = e-%*/?. So, yfn] = cos(0.5nx ~ 0.5n) = sin(0.5nz) (A) a{n] = g{n 1). So, pln) = Ala — 1] = {0, 055, 1, 0.5} =0.55[n ~ 1} + én —2) + 0.56{n —3}) (6) tt fal (0) =2. So, vin] =2 Ifahn| = os(nn), Fo = 05, H(Fe) =0. So, yn] =0 So, if xin] (@) Te xfp] = 3+ 25)p} - cos(nx/2), ln] = 6 + dn] + 26[n — 1] + 4m ~ 2] — 4sin(0.5n7) (by linearity and time invariance) + (-1)", yin] =2 (by superposition), 15.34 (Solution) ln] = dln] — dfn — I]. Refer to the sketch for spectra. xe) B F (a) H(F) = 1407 = j2sin(nF)e*, This is « HPF (14(0)| = 0, |2(0.5)| = 2) (b) Phase = ~rF-+0.5z. Phase delay = —zk +0.5. Group delay = 0.5. Even symmetric sequence, so linear phase filter. (©) afp) = cos(0.5na), Fy = 4, H(Fo) = VAje™#4 = VBI. So, yl (@) z{n vicos(0.5nx + 0.257) fn]. $0, ul] = ul} ~ wfn — 1} = dfn] (e) Ifa{n] = (-1)" = cos{nn), Fo =0.5, H(Fo) = 2. So, yin] =2 () Hain] =1, Fo=0, H(0)=0. So, yfal = 0. I z{n] = 3-4 2ufn)— dcoe(nm/2), lp = 25{n} ~ 4VFcos(0.Snx + 0.25n) (by linearity and superposition) —_——_—Chapter 15 Solutions to Problems 301 18.35 (Solution) A{n] = H{f, 2, 3, 2, 1}. See figure for spectra. po i 5 05 (@) HGP) = YL + 2-9 F + Be HF 4 Dect 4 est So, H(F) = Je-**¥ [3-4-4 cos(2nF) + 2eos(2eF)). This is an LPF (|i(0)| = 1, |27(0.5)] = 3) (b) Phase = ~4nF. Phase delay = 2 = group delay. Symmetric sequence, so linear phase filter. {n} = cos(n/4), Fo = §,, (Fo) = ete 0/2 = 3(5,8284)e~7/2, So, yfn} = 2 (6.8284) cos( 32 — 0. (6.8284) sin( 2B (4) IE z[n] = dfn), vin] = bln). (e) Ian] = (-1)* = cos(na), F = 0.5, H(Fe) = 3. So, yl] = 3(-1)" (€) IEz{n] = 1, Fy =0, H(0) = 1. So, y[n] = 1. zim] = 9 + 96{n] — 9cos(nm/4), fn) = 9+ S[n) + 25m ~ 1} + 36fn — 2} + 25(n ~ 3] + dfn — 4] ~ 5.8284 cin(3F) 15.36 (Solution) y{n] +0.Sy[n ~ 1] = 0.52{n} + zn — 1). See Bgure for spectra. xe) F Téa emer (2) YORU HOSEA) = COSI), HR) = PERE . 0 allpass filter. Not a linear phase filter, 0.75 aa (Gee Eq. 18.45 and 18.47 in text). Now, AF) = (b) ty = gp tan""{} tan(nF), (©) a{n] = co(0ne), Fy = 025, #(R) = 225% = 12 ~ 369%. So, uf = cos(.5nx ~ 30.0") as (2) 2fp) = din). So, yin) = An] = 0.5(-0.5)"ui + (-05)-Fufn = 3] (e) aln} = (-1)" = cos(non), Fo = 0.5, H(Fa) = —1. So, yln) = - cos(nz) (8) Wafn]=1, Fo=0, H(0) = 1 and yf] = 1. Ee afp] = 4+ 26 fn] ~ deos(0.5nz), uf} = 4+ (—0.5)"ufn] + 2(—0.5)"-2ujn — 1] - 4c0s(0.5nx ~ 36.9°)302 Chapter 15_The DIFT 15.87 (Solution) yjn}-0.5yfn— 1] =3zin— 1], Aln] = 3(0.5)"u(n)- 3(0.5)" Its periodic extension with period NV is hy[n} a . So, hgln] = O48, 4, 2, 1). G0, 2, 1}, 2 2 $0, sin] + holn] = (23.8,6.4,9.6,8,3.2,1.6,0.4} and y, 15,8,10, 8} (by wraparound) 1)" = (1, =I}, N'=2. So, hpln) ©) st 6 $0, 2[n] * hgln) = (4, ~2, -2} and pln} = (8, —2} (by wraparound) 3, 2 4, 2, 0} and ypin} = (4, 2} (by wraparound) (©) 2{n} =1 (n even) and 2[n} = 0 (n odd). So, N= 2 and he So, 2{n] + hala] 4(0.5)"(uln] - ufn — N)). IEN = 3, 2[n) =14{1,0.5,0.25} and hyfn] = (1, 0.5, 0.25) @ So, z[n] +h, (ds, 48, 36, 12, 3} and ypfn| = (60, 51, 36} (by wraparound) 15.38 (Solution) [x] = (4, 3, 2, 3}, N=4, X(F)=4+9e72F 4 20H 4 3e-stF HK) = ACF yp = TB 2s 8D = OLDS So, Xp(F) = 4 SX (HVELs ~ §) = 36(F) + 0.58(F —0.28) + 088(F - 0.75) = So, with F = 0.75 ++ -0.25, we get Xp(F) = 36(F) + 0.58(F ~ 0.25) + 0.58(F + 0.25) (a) Aln} = sine(0.4n), H(F) = 2.5rect(2.5F). Its cutoff frequency is Fe = 0.2. Only the de component is passed. So, ¥(F) = X(F)H(F) =7.56(F) and y[n) = 7.5. ‘As a sequence (with N =4), yn] = {7'5, 7.5, 75, 7.5). (b) H(F) = tri(2F). Its cutoff frequency is 0.5, It lets through de (with a gain of 1) and the components at F = +£0.25 (with a gain of 0.5) So, ¥(F) = 36(F) +0.255(F - 0.25) + 0.256(F +0.25), yin] = 3+ 0.5cos(0.5na) ‘As a sequence (with V = 4), y[n] = (35, 3, 25, 3} awe (©) vin] =z[n) + 2[n~a]zfn—2]+2[n—3}, Al] So, a{n} + hpln] = (4, 7, 9 12, 8, 5, 3} and ypln} = (12, 12, 12, 12} (by wraparound)Chapter 15 Solutions to Problems 303) 15.89 (Solution) Refer to the figure xin [rites |} yt) {} (@) hubs) = din) —éhn— 1}, HE) =F From the figure, yl (2{n] ~ yl ~ 3]) * hale] = ln] —2[n~ 1) —y[n~ 1) + yin ~ 2] fea, HUF) = 5 ‘The overall system is unstable (one root of 1+ z~} — 2-? = 0 is outside the unit circle). (b) Ailn) = 0.85(n] +0.55{n—1), Hi(F) = 050. + -P*F) From the figure, vfn] = (2{n]—y{n—1))hifn] = 0.52jn) + 0.52(n~1] - O.5yln— 1] 05 +05 T3050 IF are inside the unit circle). So, yln] + y[n— 3) ~ yn 2) = O.5yin— 2] ? So, yin] +0.5yln—1} +0.5y[n—2} = 0.5z{n]+05z[n—1], H(F) ‘The overall system is stable (both roots of 1 +0.52-! 40.52? 15.40 (Solution) fi} (a) In parallel, o = 0.5, So, Hp(F) =140.5e9"F + alr] = (0.8)*ufn dfn] + 0.55fn— 1] + (0.5)"ufn). 1 fr] — 0.56fn ~ 1] + (0.5) (b) In parallel, a= -0.5, helm] So, Hp(F) = 1 ~0.5e-F + ee (c) Cascade, «= 0.5, he[n] = hy fn] + hafn} = (0.5)"uln] + (0.5)(0.5)"~2ufn — 1} 05 7F So, Hol) = me (8) Cascade, a= -0.5, hel] = (0.5)"ufn} — (0.5)(0.5)"4uln — 1) = fn}. So, Ho(F) 15.41 (Solution) hy (a) Parallel, « Fadin—1], hela] = (0.5)ufn], 2[n) = (0.5)"ufn} 05, pln] = Slr] +0.55[n — 1] + (0.5)*uln} So, uln} = x[n]» hen] = (0.5)"uln] +05(0.5)"-4ufn — 1] + (n +1)(0.5)%ufn) (b) Parallel, = ~0.5, Ap{n] = Sn} —0.55[n—1] + (0.5)" ula}, yfn] = xf] « hele] So, vfn] = (0.5)" ulm] — 0.5(0.5)"Fufn — 1} + (rm + 1)(0.6)" ul} = dj] + (n+ 1900.5)" (©) Cascade, a=0.5, he{n) = han] x haln} = (0.5)"uln] + (0.5)(0.5)"~uln — 3] So, yln] = z[n} + hela] = (n+ 1)(0.5)"u{n] + 0.5n(0.5)"u/n — 3] (2) Cascade, a=0.5, cin} = hifn] + hala] = (0.5)*uf} - 0.5(0.5)"-Yuin — 2] = dfn} Soy se} = slp] + Aen] = (0.5)"unl304 Chapter 15_The DTFT cos(0.Snr), Fy = 0.25 (0.5)™ 15.42 (Solution) fy{n} = é[n] +ad[n~ 1), haln) (a) In parallel, a =0.5, Hp(F)=140.5e-°7 4 —paF (see Prob 15.40) 2.0125 cos(00.Snx — 26.57°) 012542657, fr So, (0.25) = 1 ~ j0.5+ rlyg Se FF 4, (see Prob 15.40) 1 T05ea5F | sales = 1.8028/3.18°, yfn] = 1.8028 cos(0.5n +3.18°) a . _ 1+ 0Se iF (©) Cascade, a= 0.5, Ho(F) = 7a rer (see Prob 15.d0e) = 14-53.13°, yln] = cos(0.5nw ~ 83.13") So, H(0.25) = (A) Ceseade, a= -05, He(F) =1 (see Prob 15.404). $0, y{n] = cos(0.nn), —_—$—$——$— $$ 15449 (Solton) =) ere), = YEH, 51/5. Abo, (a) X(N= oe XE) = at par: Also, with 6(0) 21 and the shifting property KAS) a1 eae etal g Helle 4 gate tte yn See aefts) 80) 5 a (b) Since ft, = S, Xi(f) and X,(F) are identical (©) Xp(F) is the periodic extension of X(J) with period S = 1/t, because the Fourler trensform of the ideally satmpled (analog) signal is 37 SX(f — kS). In general, X(f) equals the central petiod of X,(F) only if x(¢) is bandlimited to 0.88 4), Refer to the figure. = 15.44 (Solution) #,(F): ideal LPF (F, = 0.2), H2(F): ideal LPF (A, = o ow © @® Q . fa} i puehe- [me > ame Sine (a) Ideal HPF with Fo = 0.2: H(F) =1—Hy(F) ~ B(F) (b) Ideal HPF with Fo =04: H(F) (©) Ideal BPF with passband 0.2 10 is an integer in Kla), the smallest value of $ is S = 12 Klis for which N = (1.25)(12) = 15. So, yin] = z{nj-+0Sz{n — 19] and H(F) = 140.56 9%F (@) The frequency response describes a comb filter. The transfer function of the inverse system is HAF) =e ‘This describes an inverse comb filter. ‘The difference equation of Ty ber the inverse filter is y[n} + 0.5yfn — 15] = z[n]. The frequency response of the overall system is He(F) = H(F)Hi(F) = 1 15.47 (Solution) Bandwidth of 2(t) is 4 kHz and $ = 10 kHz to obtain z{n). The passband of the digital filter is 0.08 < F $0.8 (a) For f= 60 Hz, F= (b) For f = 360 Hz, F = 0.036. This frequency will appear in the output of the BPF. (©) For f = 8.8 kilz, F = 0.88 = 0.12. This frequency will appear in the output of the BPF. (A) For f = 9.8 Kila, F = 0.98 + 0.02, This frequency will be blocked by the BPP. —_————— 15.48 (Solution) H(F) = rect(2F)e~5"F = rect(2F)e“PO29F, (a) Aln] = 0.5sinc(0.5(n ~ 0.25) 0.52[n—N] where = 0.0006. This frequency is blocked by the BPF. (b) 2(¢) — [Sempler] — [H(F) | — [Ideal LPF] — y(t) 2(t) = cos(0.2514), $= 1 Hz. So, 2[n) = cos(0.25nn), Fe So, H(Fo) = e-2*. Thus, yfn] = cos(0.25nx ~ §). So, u(t) = cos(0.25rt — %) = cos[0.25x(¢ — 0.25)] = x(t ~ 0.25). So, ¥(f) = X(f)eee* ——306 Chapter 15 ‘The DTFT 15.49 (Solution) z(t) = cos(2nfot) — [Sampler] — [H(F) | — [Ideal LPF] — y(t) $= 6082, Ale) = HUT), H(F) = Yl +2eos2eFl), f= 40 Be (a) fo =20 He. So, Fy =4, H(Fo)=0, yin} =0, y(t) =0 Joos(nm/3), y(t) = Fo0s(20mt) $23 AH) = 3 ula) 4, ule] = Jeos(nn/4), lt) = 4 cos(d0ne) 25 = 0.25, (Fo 1.50 (Solution) z(t) = Stri(20¢) —+ [Pre Filter] — [Sampler] —[ H(F) ]— [Ideal LPF] — y(t) $=80H2, H(F)=Ui(Q2F), fo = 40 Bz (for LPF). Now, X(f) = 0.260in0%(f/20). With T = 0.1 (the width of =(¢)) and fo = 10 He, X[H] = BX(kfo) = 2.5sinc*(0.64). (a) B= 20 He: Only de and findamental (k= 1 at 10 He or F = }) component are pasted. Now, X[0] =2.5, X{1] = 2.5sinc(0.) = 1.0132, H(0) =1, (2 So, y(t) = 2.5 + 0.75(1.0132) cos(20nt) = 2.5 +0.76:0s(20rt) (b) B= 40 He: The de, k= 1 at 10 He (or F = }) and k= 8 at 30 Hz (or F = $) are passed, Now, X{3} = 2.5sine?(1.5) = 0.1126, H(§) = 0.25. With (0.25)(0.1126) ~ 0.028, So, y(t) = 2.5 + 0.76cos(20nt) + 0.028 cos(60x4) 18,5, are passed. However, the 50 He (F = §) ~). (©) B= 80 Hz, Tho de, and harmonies at & ‘and 70 Hz (F) will be aliased to ~30 Hz (F = ~$) and —10 Hz (F = With X{s] = 2.5sinc"(2.8) = 0.0405, X[7] = 2.Ssinc?(3.5) = 0.0207, we find ult) = 25 + 0.76 + (0.0207)(0.75)] cos(20mt) + [0.028 + (0.0405)(0.25)} eos(60mt) So, y(t) = 2.5-+ 0.7754 cos(20nt) + 0.0563 cos( 6074) 15.51 (Solution) For 2(¢), B= 5 kHz, For LPF, fo = 4 kliz (a) Uzy(0) is to be sampled to generate y[n}, the minimum sampling rate that will permit recovery = of zy (¢) from y(n] is $= 8 ki (b) If z(t) is first sampled to obtain z\n], we require S = 10 kHz. For the filtered signal z[n) to be Identical to y{n), the digital filter cutoff frequency must be Fo = 0.4 (to correspond to 4 kB}. ‘Thos, H(F) = rect(F/0.8) and hn] = 0.8sine(0.8n) 15.52 (Solution) (a) For step interpolation, h(t) = 2[u(t) — u(t —t,)] = bi So, H(f) = sine(ftJeio tlt (b) Transfer function of the compensating filter is Ho(f) = a oH = aeegelChapter 15_ Solutions to Problems 307: 15.53 (Solution) (a) For linear interpolation, A(t) = Leri(d.) and H(f) = sinc*(st,) LL 15.54 (Solution) Refer to the figure for spectra, Sings, Tek | os 5 (2) Simpson's rule: yjn] = yin ~2|+ Hain] +42{n — 3} + 2{n —2)} 7 p fhe INF 4 oo | He(F) = 4 [e ‘Ticks Rule: pln] = yln—2] + {.3584z{n} + 1.28322{n — 1] +.3584z[n~ 2} 0.3584 + 1.28326~°F + 0.58405 saaEaereeeeee = ae Pee eeeeoeeeese Fr(F) (b) The sketches compare |#7s(F)| and |Hr(F)| with the ideal integrator |(F)| =1/|J2xF | (e) Yes, Tick’s rule does yield a good approximation for 0 < F< 0,25, 15.55 (Solution) Refer to the cketches, e fe 7 : re aay ; : 7 : ; z(t) = sinc?(10t) — [Sampler] —~» [H(F) = reot(2F) | —+ [Reconstruction] — y(t) (a) The reconstructed output will match the filter output (b) Because of the zero-order-hold, there will be sine distortion,308 Chapter 15 The DTFT 15.56 (Solution) X(F) =tri(4F), H(F) = rect(2F). Modulating signal is e0s(0.5n7) (2) 2{n] — [modulate] — 2[n] [HF] = rect FD | pata) Refer to the sketches for the spectra. x) im 05} F we ta as (b) v:ln] — [modulate] — yein] — [2 (F) Refer to the sketches for the spectra. 4 x) 1 h ai 4 035 oh les cuca ry (€) ofp] is an amplitude scaled (ty 4) version of 15.57 (Solution) z(t) — [Sampler] —+ [fn] = 27[n]] — [Ideal Reconstruction] — y(t) Since 2(t) is bandlimited to 4 kHz, the spectrum of z[n] extends to F, = £ (Sin kliz). The spectrum of yln] = 2%{n] extends to Fp = §. To ensure y(t) = x*(t), we need Fz <0.5 or S > 16 ke. 15.58 (Solution) x(t) = sin(200xt) cos(120nt) = 0.5.in(300nt) + 0.5sin(60rt), f= 150, fa = 40 Hz (a) Sampling rate: Sy = 400 He, So, after sampling, F, = 32, Fy = 49. No aliasing, Reconstruction rate S; = 200 Hz: Upon reconstruction, fe = 200F; = 75, fe = 200F2 = 20 His. So, reconstructed signal is y(t) = 0.5 sin(1607¢) + 0.5 sin(40nt) (b) Sampling rate: S; = 200 Hz. So, after sampling, Fi = M8 = 382, F, = f& (aliasing) Reconstruction rate $; = 100 He: So, f, = 100F = ~25, fy = 100F, = 20 Hz. So, y(t} = 0.8sin(—50rt) 40.5 sin(40nt) = —0.5 sin(50rt) + 0.5 sin(40nt) Z (c) Sampling rate: S; = 120 Hz. So, after sampling, Fi = 42 = 3%, F, = $ (aliasing) Reconstruction rate Sz = 120 Hz: Upon reconstruction, fg = 120F; = 30, fy = 120F; = 40 He. So, reconstructed signal is y(t) = 0.5sin(60rt) + 0.5in(80x1) ————— 15.59 (Solution) X(/) = tri(f/4000). Refer to the sketches for spectra xm 1 as aT Te Wee TB nei 2s T x(t) = 4000sine?(40008) —s [Sampler] ~ 2{n| — [Up-sample TV] — yfn} esChapter 15 Solutions to Problems 309. 15.60 (Solution) For (a), X(f) = ©) fy Ox IAAL Srect(2.5F). Refer to the sketches for spectra. x » AV, VAI ® ©, po va \ P, paso 02 Os t wt 16 15.61 (Solution) z[n| — [Up-sample | V] —~ [Filter h{n]] — yin} (a) For linear interpolation by NV = 2, we require hn] (b) H(F) = 2sinc®(2P), Refer to the sketch for part(c) to see H(F) (c) X(F) =reet(2F). Refer to the sketch forthe spectra x) Speco of ta) psp gal 1 4 F ] L [ F F a 05 a5 a w oF = tri(n/2) = (05, f, 0.5} 15.62 (Solution) {x} —- [Upsample TN] — [Real LPF] — yx} Refer to the sketches. tm ® he 6) ve wee OPO am xo ff ielieaea 1 ‘ JALAL. [ii MV « area! rc ot My (a) «| (b) X(F) = wi(4F), N = sine(04n), X(F) = 25rect(2.5F), N= 2, Fo =04. 2, Fo = 0.876. 16.63 (Solution) =(¢) = 2cos(100nt) — [ideal sampler] —+ xin] — [Desimate 1, S = 400 Hz. So, Fy = $5 N= 3, Decimation by NV scales the gain by txe 3 ain) Hye) Nea wa anlan am as 5) — ln) YR NB as) a ‘cos(0.25n7). Refer to the sketch for spectra for N = 2 and310 15.64 (Solution) z{n] — decimate TV] — vin) Chapter 15 The DIFT (@) 2{n) = sinc(04n), X(F) = 2.5rect(2.5F), N = 2, Refer to figure for spectra, xe) ye) 2s 7 c 2 | F [ Lf F sj asar aos asa a bs 7 (b) X(F) = tri(AP), N= 2. Refer to igure for spectra. xP iF) 4 \ fie F aT eT (©) X(F) = tri(3F), N= 2. Refer to figure for spectra. xe 16) J y F sx F wie eT ‘Note that ¥(F) is the periodic extension of the stretched principal range. 15.65 (Solution) =[n] —+[Up-sample | NV] — [Digital LPF] — [Down-sample | M] — yln] (a) X(F) = ti(4F) and Fo =0.125. Refer to figure for spectra. xm elon Fitering Desinasoaf YOR 1 A 1 ] we FAAAAL | AL 3 uF wo laa 3 (b) X(P) = ti(QF) and Fo = 0.25. Refer to figure for spectra. xe) oerplon — empl F F F i i uF me FT Ta 3a T ‘The outputs are not identical. In part (b), Y(F) is the periodic extension of the stretched principal range of the Bltered signal 15.66 (Solution) X(F) = tri(4F). Digital LPF: Fp = 0.25, gain (a) 2{n] — [Up-sample TN = 2] — [Digital LPF] — [Down-sample 1 Af = 2] — yin} xe inepsinicn Fierce Decimation YO) NEON ie IVE ee \ LL ALL\ Le F r ve a wT a wT maChapter 15 Solutions to Problems 311 (b) 2{n) — [Downsamaple | M = 2] —+ [Digital LPF] — [Up-sample TV =2]— yln] xe) ecinaton {Peng Talon] YO) ql 1 : 7) AG AMAL a wT mt F win a int (©) 2{n] — [Down-sample 14 Upsample TV = 2] — [Digital LPF] — yf xe icdmsion —_nepnion Phine YO) 1 4 1 i he : : A : a wo a tT uw wt ‘The outputs are identical for part (a) end (c). 15.67 (Solution) X(F) = tri(3F). Digital LPF: Fo = §, gain = 2. (a) s(n) — [Upsampte 1 N= 3] — [Digtal LPF] — [Down-sample 17 = 2] —> vin] XA Fineriaion Fieras Decmaloo YP) 1 \ 1. 4 A / eA F : F i wot wo wo wa — [Upsmeke 1 xm va fosinaion Fiecing Teraiion FY) YZ iff F F F F i wo FT may FT wat 3 We ia (©) 2{n] — [Down-sample 1 M29] — [Upsample N=] — [Digital PF] — yfp) xe eames RR, feo F ! F F c F a Bo mast x iat 7 wiaT None of the systems produce identical outputs. 15.68 (Solution) Method 1: z{n] — [Up-sample TN] — [Digitel LPF] — [Dowo-semple |W Method 2: xin] —+ [Dowa-sample 1] — (a) x) Up-sample TN] — [Digital LPF ri(4F), N . Digital LPF: Fo 0.25, gain312 Chapter is The DTFT eriop 1 2 teen Feng Desnatae Ye) 4 rey \ 4 \ H F \ | | Le l F F T wo a Ronin’ “tomaaat® 9 ie iim | “Taepctatan ane (YO, Mereee wl “A ! F F | F F a Tr Hae at F uF wt Method 1 and method 2 produce identical results. (b) X(F) = tri(9F), N= 2. Digital LPP: Fo =}, gain = 2. METHOD 1 fx ryan Fiteng Decimation YF) 7 AAKAL \ AL NAN METHOD 2 {XF) \ Bocas oc ‘Filtering Wh - r BF Too 2 isi Method 1 and method 2 produce different results (©) For identical results, decimation by NV must produce a spectrum restricted to |F| < 0.8. So, the spectrum of X(F) must be restricted to [F< 9B 16.69 (Solution) 2(0) — [Sampler] — (a) Refer to the figure for spectra. 15.70 (Solution) X(F) = tti(4F). Refer to the figure for spectra. {n] —+ [Upsample 7 2] — [Digital LPF] —. [I-rample Daley]15 Solutions to Problems bam) 1 F ve agide i i cy {in Nine slope = 20 spsaeple finece ae ; ie an a ONESAMPLEDELAY DOWN F F oinse a iz x “i flop = 2 313. magical L\__F Wee SAMPLE ase VE ‘Assume that the LPF has a gain of 2. ‘The slope of the phase after the L-sample delay is -2nF and after decimation the slope Is ~xF. So, ¥(F) = X(F)e"2*F or yln] = z[n — 0.5) 15.71 (Solution) a 3 [Hi(F) a Fy tenga" [Fata] ) > ~aelimmiama ee ae) 1) _R Holly, Hilla) HAP) — HYP) a\F) lag (- Paral (El, HF)e ate, Hea at cos(enF), Qn sin(QnF), H} =—2ncos(2aF) HPP) ~ HYP) RF) 1+ acos(2nF}) 2a HC)P Ty 2acos@eF) +a () HUF) = 1+ ac, Hp =itacos(2eF), Hr=~asin(2nF) So, Hh = —2nasin(2nF), Hy = -2racos(2nF) Hp PVH (F) - EAP)Ha(F) __ 0? + xcos(2aF) ERO” HR $0, tya Sot = OPE = Te acos(nF)+ a2 (©) H(F) = SEE go, 1, aoe * ye accF ~ t= Ty tacoslinF) ea? Hy = ~sin(2eF) ss COMPUTATION AND DESIGN 15.72 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routine depot ‘PROBLEM 18.72 waRT (a) 2-0:100;F=0.1:xuecos(2epiansF); subplot,dtplot(n,xn,’,’) ,axis({0 30 -1 1)),pause weaRt (6) bis[0.25 0,5 0.25) ;h2=[1 -10; ytefitcer at, t,x) jy2efitter(h2,1,¥2) subplot(2,1,1) ,deplot(n,yt,?.°) axis({0 30 -1 1)) subplot (2,1,2) ,dsplot(n,y2,?."),axis({0 30 -1 1]),pause34 Chapter 15 The DIFT. wPaRT (c) yanfilter (h2, t,xn) ;yb-filter(ht,1,ya); subplot (2,1,1) ,dtplot(a,ya,’.’),axis({0 30-1 12) subplot (2, 1,2) ,dtplot(n,yo,”.),axis([0 30 -1 1]) pause Weversing the order gives sase overall ourput weaRT (a) ylexa. ton; y2=filter(h?,1,y1)5 Subplot(2,1,1) ,dtplot(n,y1,’.’) ,axis(f0 30 -1 11) subplot(2,1,2) dtplot(n,y2,’.’),axis({0 30 -1 1]) pause YReverse yasfilter (b2, 1,20) :ybeya. ya; subplot (2, 1,1) ,dtplot(n,ya,’.”) ,axis({0 30-1 1) subplot (2, 1,2) ,drplot(a,yb,’.’) ,axis([0 30 -1 1)) ‘Reversing the order does not give same intermediate or overall output 15.73 (Solution) PROBLEM 15.73 PART (a) reget (1) shi=[1 2 1) ;h2*E2 0 21; F+0:0.005:0,5;Hiefreqe(ht,1,2pieF) :H2efreqz(h2, 1, 2¢pieF); subplot (2,2, 1) ,plot(F,abs(H1)) , subplot (2,2,2),plot(F,abs(R2)) subplot (2,2,3) plot (F angle (Ht)) ,eubplot(2,2,4) plot (F,angla(ii2)) ,pause HL is lowpass and H2'is bandpass PART (&) HP1+H10H2; HP2-HL+H2. sexp(~j+2epieF); subplot (1,2,1),plot (Fabs ([HP1;HP2])) subplot (1,2,2) ,plot(F,angle((HP1;HP2])),pause Glaim is false. PART (o) hptehieh2; np2m(t 2 1 o]+[0 2 0 -2); BPistregz (hpi, 1, 24pi+F) jHP2-treqz(hp2,1,2+pi4F) 5 subplot (1,2,1) plot (Fabs ([HP2;1P2])) subplot (1,2,2) plot (F,angle((HPA;HP2])) ,pause wart @) HC1=H2 42; HC2+HL + (H2. texp(-j+24pieF)) subplot(1,2,1) ,plot (Fabs ({HC1;#C2])) subplot(1,2,2) ,plot(F,angle([HC1;HC2])) pause Claim is true. wPART (e) heteconv (ht ,b2) ;he2-conv(ht, [0 221); Hetmfreqz (het ,1, 2xpisF) ;HO2=freqa (he2, 1, 2apsaF) 5 subplot (1,2, 1) ,plet(F, abs ([HCt 02} )) subplot (1,2,2) ,plet(F,angle ((HC1;HC2])) a _Chapter 15_ Solutions to Problems 318 15.74 (Solution) YPRODLEM 15.74 ‘WPART (a) Be'0.8 .7 a weaRT (> 0.008:0.5;H+freqz (C1 0}, {1 ~0.8) ,2epieF); :2ht=0.8 .~ njHTafreqz(ht.4,2epivF); 3 term truncation subplot(1,2,1) ,plot(F,abs([H;8T])) subplot (1,2,2),plot(F,angle({H;RT])),pause ART (e) ne0:9;ht-0.8 .* njHT=freqz(ht,1,2epi+F); 10 term truncation subplot(,2,1) ,plotC® abs (#HT)) subplot(1,2,2) ,plot(F, angle((H;HTI)) 15.75 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routine sinc ‘PROBLEM 15.75 WG) Filter 2 is FIR and Filter 2 ius IIR PART (b) Fe0:0.005:0.8;Hiefrega({1 -18 11/16,1,2+pi«F); Hamfreqz([9 0]/8, [8 1]/8,2episF) ;HS=(1)./sinc(P); subplot (1, 1,4) splot (F, abe ((H15H2;15})) WART (c) 'Sinc boost is provided up to about F-0.3 by each filter 15.76 (Solution) PROBLEM 15.76 PART (@) 12=0:100;L=Length(n) ;n=cos(0.24n+pi)+0.5tcos (0.4emtpi ; F40:0.005:0.5;kefreqz(xa,1,2«pi#F) jeubplot(2,2,1) ,ploe(F,abs(X)) PART (b) yas [xa ;zeres(size(xn))] iyneyn(:)? sYefreqe(ya,1,24pieF); ‘subplot(2,2,2), plot(F,abs(¥)) PART (e) zormn(t: -troqz (en, 1,24pitF); subplot(2,2,8) ploz(F,abs(Z)) weART (@) gnsmn(1:3:L) ;Getrege (gn, 1, 2epitF); subplot (2,2,4) ,plot(F,2bs(6)) tote how the frequency F+0.2 => F+0.6 and is aliased to F-316 Chapter 15 The DIFT 15.77 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routines urect, tri ‘PROBLEN 18.77 PART (a) --W:Nsherones(1,N) shl=tri (B/N); (Onfreqz (hc, 1, 2episF) jHL=freqe (hl, 1,2¢p\+F); HeNeurect (NeF); Ideal interpolation subplot(2, 1,1) ,plot(F,abs(IHC;HL) FH) NeB;me-W :Nhemones (1,1) shl=tri (a/W) ; F40:0.005:0.5;HC=fzeqe(he, 1,24pt#F) ;llLndreqs(hi,1,2*pi+F); HeNturect (WF); {Ideal interpolation subplot (2, 1,2) ,plot(F,abs((HO;1L]) ,F,E) ——$—$—<$— $$ —$ 15.78 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routine dtplot, tri, sine, dtploe ‘PROBLEM 18.78 n=0:3;xn=c0s (0.Sepisn) ; =8;xur (xmjzeros (N-1,4)] ;xuexa(:) "5 ‘PART (a) nue (0: 46N-1) ; stones (1,0) jys=filter(ns,1,x0); aeplet (nu, ys,’#?) hold on,dtplot(neN,xn, ’0",’n’) hold off, pause PERT () sue (0:4eN-1) ; stones (1,N) ;ys=filter(hs,1,mu)jysc=filtfilt((1 -18 11/16,1,ys); se fi1tilt for Linear phase filtering dvplot (nu, yse,"**) hold on,dtplot (nei xn, "0", "m*) hold off pause PART Co) nue((Os48N-1)) ale-N:Njhl=tri (n1/N) ;ylefilter (e120) ; drplot (auti,y2,’#") hold on, dtplot (a#N,xn,’0”,’n’) hold off pause ‘PART (a) Med jme-M:Msbissinc(n/M) ;yiefitter (hi, 1,24); aeplot (nu, yi,’*?),hold on, étplot (neN,mn, 0’, ’n’) hold off pause NeBime-H:4 shivsine(a/M) jyimfitter Cat, 12); atplot (au-M,yi,*") hold on,dtplet (nal, 2m, "0", ’m?) ,nold off pause 2e16 je: jhi=sinc (m/W ;yi-fitter (bi ,1,20); Yavplot Cau-N, yi,’4?) hold on, dtplot (n+N,xn,’0? ,’m’), hold off pause Wore signal samples means ore periods n*0:7 ;xn=cos(0.5epivn) ; NeB;xus [enjzeres (W-1,8)] jxuexu(s)/ gnus(0:8*R-1) ;Chapter 15 Solutions to Problems 3at Me8 jme-M:M;himsine (a/M) jyinfilter (hi ,1 20); atplot (mu-tl,yi,"¢?) hold on,dtplot(n#il,xn,’o?,’m?) hold off Le 15.79 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routine atplot WPROBLEM 15.79 F0=22.5/180;F1~60/180; 2Filter gain should be zero at Fi ‘Ma(n)=(a,a,a) ;For unit gain at FO, aei/(itsqrt(2)) ae/(i+sqrt(2)) shela a a); 2=0:50;x=cos (2apiensFO) ;s°3kcos (2epimneF 1) sgnets y-titter(h, 1,8); subplot (2,2,1) ,dtplot (m,x), subplet(2,2,2) ,atplot (n,s) subplot (2,2,3) ,dtplot(n,g), subplot (2,2,4) ,€tplot (a,y) Fe0:0.005:0.5;Y=treqz(y, 1,2#pi#F) ; kefind (F-=FO) ;phasedogranglo(¥(k))*180/pi So, yecos(2epieneFOsphasedeg) _— 15.80 (Solution) PROBLEM 15.80 See problen 18.28 for analytical details Winter H(z)=2/(2-0.5); F0-0.1;2-exp(je2episFO); Hez/ (20.5) ;Awabs (H) ,teangle(i) ; tp0=-t/2/pi/FO;tp=-tpO; ‘lleed delay of allpass filter to balance out tp0. Wor a tizet order allpass filter H(z)=(itaz)/(2ta) and Yarein((1-tp)*pisF0)/sin((i+ep)4piaFO) Exact result (See Prob 18.28) ansin((i-tp)+pisFO)/sin((istp)*pieFO) XExact result HA=(zea+i)/(z+a) ;tarangle (Ha) ;[t ta] [Actual/allpass phase at FO ‘est the filter i Nels 0] Delt ~0.5);NA=La 2)/A;DAeLt J; 12°0:50; x=cos (24pisFOen) ;yi=filter(N,D,x) ;y2efilter(MA,DA, yI); plot (n,x.n,72),pause WNOTE that |a|>1 and the filter is unstable. So a vorkaround 4s to add pi to the phase of H(F) and also add pi (~ sign) to HACz) tp0=~(t+pi)/2/pi/FO;tp=-tp0; arein((1-tp) ¢pisF0)/sin((iitp)¢pisF0) Exact result HA=-(zwavi)/(z+a) jtanangle(BA) ;[t ta] Yketual/allpass phase at FO ‘Test the filter N=(1 0} ;DE1 ~0.8) sWAe~(a 11/A;DAeL1 al; 2-0:60;x-c0s(2+pieFOr) 5 yisfilter (W,D,x) ;y2=£41ter(NA,DA,y1); plot(a,z,n,y2) Aldentical results except for startup transients —_————$—$ $—318 Chapter 15 The DIFT. 15.81 (Solution) Uses the ADSP routine randist ‘PROBLEM 15.81, 12°0:200;x=1~(0.6."a) janextrandist (x, ?uni? ,0) ;F#0:0.008:0.5;u=2¢pi4F; ea jke:1-1 hones (18) /Nsh2*(2/A/ (U41))* CR) -eones (4,8) ; ar(t-2)/ (ite) ;D9e[1 ~a] N3=Lt-a O15 Bisfreqz (ht, 1,0) ;R2=freq2 (h2, 1,1) ;H3 plot (Fabs ( (ii H2;1])) pause xf iefilter (ht, 1xn) xf2*filter (b2,1 am) xf9=fi2eer (09,030); plot (a, (x;xf1)xf2;x13]) pause We 9;xeO2-1 jhimones (11) /;R2=(2/¥/ (N42) )# (Ne) tones 1,3) 5 a=(N=1) / (41) ;D3"[4 =a] 3° L1-a ]; F*0:0.008:0.5;u=24pieF Misfregz(ht, 1,4) ;H2=treqe(h plot (F, abs ({H1;12;3})) pause efletilver ht, xn) xt2+t41ter (h2, 1 xn) jxfSefi1er (3,03, x0); plot (a, (xixttixf2;2131), —_—_S$:.s —$ ‘reqz(¥3,D3,¥); 18) ;H3*freqz(N3,D3,¥) ;Chapter 16 THE DFT AND FFT 16.1 (Solution) (8) a(n] = (1,2,1,2). So, N= 4, j2enk/N = jnko/2 NOTE: In simplifications, use e~#*/? om ea 4s 2 Xper{k] =) ainjerit/? = 20) + a|tJen*/? + alae H*™ 4. xfs]e-FASr/? 2 k=O: Xperll] =) aij = > zin} = keds Kopel] = Sobel 3 42H 4 eh a 20 2 F24142=6 Xpee(2] = Dozinle Mt = 14207 be 4 Dee = 2 ke3: Xperl]= > Ea So, Xprr[k] = {6, 0, -2, 0} Jen? a 14 De FHI? 4 0 IIR a D9nsPn/? 9 4 (b) 2[r] = {2,1,3,0,4). $0, N= 5, Xperit] = )>z[nje#rn/s cad k=O: Xper(O)= Sef] =2+1484044=10 InjeS™2H/5 m7 4 oI26/ 2 Ze FAO/S 4 go38r/9 112-4 f1.09 k=: Xperii}]= Ey Deine = 24 eH 4 er H0/8 4 g-HOH/S — 1.194 54.02 a Now, X{é] = X*(N - kj for k > 0.5N =25. So, Xppz[3] = Xbp7!2), Xperi4] = Xperlll So, Xpex[t] = {10, 112+ j1.09, -1.12+ j4.62, -1.12~ $4.62, 1.12 1.09} k=2: Xperi2) 319320 Chapter 16 The DFT and FFT. (©) [n] = {2,2,2,2}. So, N=4, Xper[k] = y afnjenshr2n/4 Ss NOTE: In simplifications, use e~"/? = —j, e737 e245 2 k=0: XperlO)=Sozin) =2424242=8 + 3 Xperlt] = So zine? 2 + 20H? 4 De 4 20H = ke2: Xperl] = Doinfeo™ = Now, X[k] = X"IN — KJ for k > 0.5 =2. So, Xoerl3} = Xfprll] = 0. So, Xprr{k] = {8, 0, 0, 0} + 22°F 4 262 4 Dense (a) alr) {2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0}. So, V=8, Xppx[t] = S>z[nlesn2-/8 ‘Now, only 2[0] is nonzero and e-J*#"/ = 0 forn=0 1 80, Xprr{t] = > = 11,41, 14,1, 1} inlet™**/4 w= x0] = 1 for every & So, Xper[k] = 16.2 (Solution) 3 So Xpenilenrre (@) Xprslhj = (2, -J,0,3}. So, 2 2 DXvrrikl = 4@-j +s) =05 be = ned: z[0)= 2 ali) = So Xperiklel™™? = 12 ~ joi" + jolt") 2 Soxorritle™ = H2- jel" + je} 08 ms 2 DXpre 4 So, 2{n] = {0.5, 1, 0.5, 0} Since Xprr[k] is conjugate symmetric, we expect z[n] to be real (but not conjugate symmetric). Only if Xp7[] is real can we use conjugation to find zr] (with z[n) = 2*[N~n)) forn > O.5N. JID = 140 ~ jeSPH/9 4 je5P/2) m0Chapter 16 Solutions to Problems 321 (b) Xper{k} = {4,-1,1,1,-1}. So, N=5, $0 Xpen[aleinls & n=O: 2[0)= 25> Xppr[Al(atways) = $4—14141-1) =08 n 2] = f DL XperlkleM/5 = fd — e005 4 eHt0/8 4 efOrl5 — pste/5) 2 0.35 mad: l= f Dene Xperiklet els = ffa— jell + jel 4 eitte/9_ eft0r/5) = 1.95 Since Xper{A] is real, xin] = 2°[N - a} forn>05N=25. So, 2/3} 1.25,z(4] = 2*[1) = 0.35. So, 2[n] = {0.8, 0.35, 1.25, 1.25, 0.35} (© Xorrll]= (1, 2 1, 2}. 80,.N=4, z{n] 3 2 Xorrltle™"/" a m=: zi] = £5 Xpenfkl(elways) = H(1+2+1+2)=15 nal: af]= } Dp Xperite? £2eI8/ 5 oS 3 aeite/2y 9 n=2: z= } Dyno Xperitle™ = 21+ 26! + oi" + 26!) 205 Since Xprr{k] is real, fo] = 2°[N ~ n] for n > 05N =2. 80, 2[3] = 2°] <0 = (18, 0, 0.5, 0} So, ah (4) Xprr{k] = {1,0,0,3,0,-3,0,0}. 50, N , ale] = § > Xper keer ims Since only Xprr{0), Xprr/3j and Xprri6] are nonzero, ain] = §(Xperlo] + Aper[s]e™""4 + Xper[s]er*=/4}) = s{0)= H1+5-3} = 0.125 all] = B{L + jel elt — jet80/4} = a2] = B{L + eel ~ jelt96/4) = 0.375 ais] = 214 jet — jest) — 0.052 - a[d] = Bf. + je — jel} 0.125 BB] = JL4 joel — jes9/4) = 0.302 a6] = B{1 + jor */4 — je590°/4} = 0.195 (7) = JL + jeM*/4 — jes8°/4) = 0.302 ee 16.3 (Solution) The DFT of a real sequence is conjugate symmetric with Xprrik] = Xbpq(N — kl (a) Xprr[h] = (0,%1,2 + 4,-1, X45}, N= 6. So, Xy= Xp =—j and X= XP= 2-5. (b) Xperik] = (1,2, X2,%3,0,1-5,-2,%7}, N= 8. So, Xo = Xe Xy=Xp=l4j, X= XH? a 31 seine — jetmterty322, Chapter 16_The DFT and FFT 16.4 (Solution) Xprr[k]={1, 2, 3, 4}, N=4 (a) 2[n—2] Xper[ke "4 = XpprfkleH** = (1, -2, 3, 4} (b) ofp +6] & Xoenihexp{-sk2(6)/4] = Xoex(klexpl-s884] = (1,~2,3,~4} (6) z[n-+1] < Xoeslll exp[-sk2n(1)/4] = Xora expl-shr/2] = (2,52,-3,-F} (A) e9*/?zn] e Xperlk ~ 1] = (4,1,2,3}(circular shift) (€) z{nl@zln] XBeqlHl = (1.4,9,10} (£) 2*[n] 4 3 Xprrl@Xver{A] = 4{26, 28,26, 20} = (6.5, 7, 6.5, 5} (g) 2{-n] Xprr[-k] = Xper[¥ ~ #] = {1,4,3,2}( Periodic extension of folded version) (h) stip] 2+ Xppr[-H = (24,3, 2}eonjugate (i) P{-n) & fXperl-k@Xverl-H = 4{26,20,26,28} = (6.5,5,6.5,7} 16.5 (Solution) x(n] + {1,2,3,4,5}. N-fold replication of z[n] yields an amplitude-scaled ty N, zero interpolated DFT. N-fold zero interpolation of z{n] yields N-fold DPT replication (2) {2ln], 2fnl) 4 {2,0,4,0,6,0,8,0, 20,0} (b) {2{n}, afr), 2[n]} € {3.0,9,6,0,0,9,0,0,12,0,0,18,0,0} (©) {eln/2]) + (1.2,3,4,5,1,2,3,4,5) (A) {afr /3]} 4 (1,2,8,4,5,1,2,3,4,5,1,2, 4,5) 16.6 (Solution) z(t) = sin(2n/ot + 4). Its phase is ~30° or ~§ or e~#*/8. Its nonzero DFS samples are O5eri7/® at fo and 0.50" at ~ fo. The DFT magnitude is 0.51. The Nyquist sampling rate for a pure sinusoid is $= 2fy or 2 samples per period. (a) 4 samples/period over 1 period. So, $= 4fo, N nonzero camples isk = 1 (at fa) and k= N—-1=3 So, Xpws = {0, 0.5e7#/%, 0, 7/5}, Xper = {0, 26-4, 0, 2er*/8} $= fo. Sorindex of | Spectral specing (b) 4 samples/petiod over 2 periods. So, N'=8, 5 = 4fo. Spectral spacing = of nonzero samples is k = 2 (at fo) and k=.N—~2=6 80, Xnrs = {0, 0, 0.57", 0, 0, 0, 0.5¢*/®, 0} So, Xprr = {0, 0, 4e#/8, 0, 0, 0, dei*/®, o} (c) 8 samples/period over 1 period. So, N= 8, S nonzero samples is (at fo) and k= N ~ $0, Xprs = (0, 0.5¢-%/*, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.562*/8} So, Xper = (0, 4e7F*/8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, dei!) fo. Spectral spacing = fo. So index of _Chapter 16 Solutions to Problems 323. (A) 6 samples/period over 3 periods. So, N = 18, 5 =6fo. Spectral spacing Mp. So index of nonzero samples is k = 3 (at fo) and k= N—3=15 So, Xprs = {0,0,0,0.5e-#*/S,0,0,0,0, 0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0.5¢4*/8,0,0} So, Xprr = {0,0,0,5e"¥/8,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, e'*/8,0, 0) (©) 1.6 samples/period over 5 periods. So, N= 8, $= 1.6/o, There is aliasing. Spectral spacing $= Hie. So index of nonzero samples is k = 5 (for the component at fo) and k= —5=3 80, Xprs ={0, 0, 0, O5ef*/*, 0, 0.5¢7%/6, 0, O} So, Xprr = {0, 0, 0, 4ei"/8, 0, de-¥!%, 0, 0} (£) 1.6 samples/period over 10 periods. So, N = 16, $= 1.6fo, There is aliasing. Spectral spacing, = qhfo. So index of nonzero samples is k = 10 (for the component at fo) and keN-10=6 So, Xprs = {0,0,0,0,0,0,0.5¢/°,0,0,0,0.5¢"#*/°,0,0,0,0,0} So, Xprr = {0,0,0,0,0,0,8e*/8, 0, 0,0, 8e-4*/9, 0, 0,0, 0,0} 16.7 (Solution) (a) z(t) = cos(int), fo =2 Hs, $= 25 He. So, F'= . To prevent leatage, we must sample for 2 fall periods. So N = 25 and spectral spacing = $= 1 Hz. The nonzero DFS semples are 0.5 and 0.5. Their index is k =2 (st 2 Hz) and k= -2=23. So, Xpee = {0, 0, 0.5, (20 zeros), 0.5, 0}; Xprr= {0, 0, 12.5, (20 zeros), 12.5, 0} (b) 2(C) = cos(20nt) + 2sin(40rt), N= 15, $ = 25 He. Spectral spacing = § = } He. Now, ‘Fi = 10. So the index of nonzero DFS samples is k = 6 (DFS value = 0.5) and k = NV —6 = 19. ‘Also, fo = 20 Hz, so k = 12 (DFS value = e~!*/? = ~3) and k= N-12=13. S0, Xpps = {0, 0, 0, J, 0, 0, 05, 0, 0, 0.5, 0, 0, ~J, 0, O} $0, Xprz = {0, 0, 0, J15, 0, 0, 7.5, 0, 0, 75, 0, 0, ~15, 0, OF (© (8) = sin(a0rt) + 2sin(40xt), N = 25, 5 = 25 Hz, Spectral spacing 1 Hz. Now, 5. So the index of nonzero DPS samples is k = 5 (DFS value = 0. Se~/? = 70.5) and = 5=20. Also, fo = 20 Hz, so k =j) and k= N-20=5 (DFS value = €°/? = 3), So, the combined DFS value at k= 5 is 70.5. (because the 20 Ha > component gets aliased to 20~ $= -5 Hz) So, Xprs = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40.5, (14 zeros), —J0.5, 0, 0, 0, O} So, Xper = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, j128, (14 zeros), —J12.5, 0, 0, 0, OF ‘This result is identical to the DFT of y(¢) = ~sin(10rt) sampled at § = 25 He with N (0) = sin(40nt) + 2sin(60rt), ts = 0.004 s. So, S = 250 He, Now, {i =20 le, fa= 30H, So, fo = GCD(i fa) = 10 He. So, T= 0.15. So, if we sample over 4 periods, N = £ = 100 end spectral spacing = $ = 2.5 He For fi = 20 Hz, we find k = 8 (DFS value = 0.5e74"/? = ~J0.5) and k= N-8 = 92. For Jo = 30 Ha, we get k= 12 (DFS value = e-/*/? = ~j) and k= N~12 = 88 a So, Xpes = (0, (7 zeros),—J0.5, 0, 0, ©, ~3, (75 zeros), 5, 0, 0, 0, 40.5, (7 zero8)} So, Xper = {0, (7 zeres),~J50, 0, 0, 0, —J100, (75 zeros), $100, 0, 0, 0, 360, (7 zeros)} @324 Chapter 16_The DFT and FFT 16.8 (Solution) To avoid aliasing, sample at higher rate. To avoid leakage, sample for integer periods {a) fo=100, 5 = 400 Hz. So no allasing. Fy = }. So sampling for 2 periods causes no leslage. (b) fo = 100, $= 70 He, So, Fy = 22. There is aliasing. There is leakage because we are not sampling for multiples of 10 full periods. (©) fo = 100, 5 = 400 Hz, Fh = }. We obtain 10 samples by sampling 2.5 periods, so there is leakage. Because of leakage, there is also aliasing (even though $ = 400 Ha) 10 (4) fo = 100, $ = 70 Hz. So, Fy T ‘There is aliasing. There is leakage because we sampled for 25 periods. (©) f= 100, fa = 150 Hz. So, fo = 50 Hz or T = 20 ms. So, for 100 ms, we are sampling for 5 Full periods. So, no leakage. Since S'= 450 Ha, there is no aliasing. (8) fi = 100, fo = 150 Hz. Since we are sampling for a half-period, there is leakage, Because of leakage, there is also aliasing (even though $ = 400 Hz) (g) Square wave with period 7 = 10ms for 2 periods ot 400Hie. Lealage absent but aliasing present. (h) Square wave with period T = 10ms for 1.5 periods at 400Hz, Both leakage and aliasing present. —_————$—— 16.9 (Solution) N= 500, $=1 kiiz. So, spectral spacing —_——— 16.10 (Solution) Signal duration = 1 s. B = $0 Hz. So, $ = 100 Hz (a) N= (5)(duration) = 100. Spectral spacing Af = § =1 Hz (b) Spectral spacing Af = § = 0.5 Hz. So, N = 200, But the 1 s record yields only 100 samples. So, padding zeros = 200-100=100. (©) Spectral spacing Af = § = 0.5 Hz. So, NV = 200 + NV = 256 (for FFT). So, number of padding zeros is 256 — 100 = 156. —— ee 16.11 (Solution) L,=12, Ly = 20 (a) Their regular convolution has length Ls = Le-+Ly~ zer0s, y[n] requires 11 padding zeros. (®) 1 2{n] is padded with 8 zeros, both sequences have 20 samples. ‘Their periodie convolution also has 20 samples. This regular convolution has 39 samples. To find the periodic convolution, * 19 samples are wrapped around. So, the 20th sample is left uncontaminated. Since the last 8 samples of the regular convolution are zero (due to padding), the 12th and 19th samples will ‘thus also be uncontaminated after wraparound. ‘The (nine) uncontaminated semples thus correspond to the index k = 11 to k=19. OE 16.12 (Sotution) (2) {1,2,3,4} = {00,01, 10,12} — {00,10,02,11) So, the bit-reversed sequence is {1,3,2,4} (b) {0,~1,2,-3,4,-5,6,~7} = (000,002, 010,021, 100, 101, 20, 123} So, the bitreversed sequence is (0,4,2,6,—1,~5,~3,~7} V— 31. So, z[n] requires 31-12=19 paddingChapter 16 Solutions to Problems 325. 16.18 (Solution) z{r] = {1,2,2,2,1,0,0,0). W = e-H"/8, So W=1 Wiel Weep Weaty (@) Refer to the flowchart forthe 8-point DIP algorithm. 210) =1 x10 8 xtlle 0 x0 A A+B ° i xtepasviy 2 aE" xtIen0 Vip DIF Bucy xBle pov? en a * He 2anley (b) Refer to the fowchart for the 8-point DIT algorithm. x10) 1 xO)= xi)et xt}e-pas iy 2B)=2 x0I=0 A “A+ BW 216120 XG) paw? 4 ae Xitle 0 ’ aw! x(5] 20 xisle aa Vi) DIT Bonety ale xi6=0 oars xO pel 16.14 (Soh duration =1 5, B= 100 He. So, $ = 200 Hs. Spectral spacing Af < 0.5 He (a) 4, 05, So, N =25 = 400 With IV = 400 the actual spacing is Af = = 0.5 He, as required (b) Af = § =05. So, N= 25 = 400 = 512 (for the FFT). ‘With N = 612 the actual spacing is Af = $f 0.30 Hz, less than required. 16.15 (Solution) fn] = {1,2,1}, Afr] = {1,2,3} (a) Using the sum by column method,Chapter 16_ The DPT and FFT 326 x12. hi2 3 rei 246 3.6 3 Tas 3 3 (b) The DFT requires both sequences to be zero-padded to the convolution length N = 5 So, zifn} = {1,2,1,0,0}, Aafn] = (1 Index ° 1 DFT 1 4 0,81752.49 DFT 2 6 -0.81-33.67 Product Y 24. =9.78-30.95 The IDFT of ¥ gives yf () So, za{n] = {2,2,1,0,0,0,0,0}, hain} ‘The FFT requires both sequences to be zero-padded ta N = {1,2,3,0,0,0,0,0} ,2,3,0,0} We compute the DFT and their product 2 3 4 -0,81-30.22 314J0.22 0.8152.49 0.314j1.68 0.31-j1.68 -0.81+33.67 0.28-J0.59 0.284j0.59 | -9.78+}0.95 {1,4,8,8,3}, #8 before. We compute the DFT and their product. We list results only up to the index & = 4 Index ° 1 DT 1 4 2.4tnj2-4t DFT 2 6 2aij4.a1 Product Y 24. ~4.82-516.49 ‘The IDFT of the &sample ¥ gives y{n] 2 3 4 9.00-J2.00 -9.41-J0.41 _9.00430.00 ~2.004}2.00 -0.414}1.59 2.00+30.00 4.045400 0,820.49 0.00+50.00 = {2,4,8,8,3,0,0,0). Note the 3 trailing zeros. 16.16 (Solution) [n} (a) 2{n} + Ata ={L2.0, Aln} {154,8,8,3). So, afr] (b) Using the DFT, We compute: Xprr[t] = {4, —0.50 — j0.87, —0.50 + j0.87}, {6,-1.50 + 30.87, 1.50 — j0.87 1,2,3) {9 7, 8} (by wraparound) -. Borr(h] ‘Their element-wise product gives Yorr|k] = {24, 1.50 + 0.87, 1.60 — 0.87} Its IDET gives ypln] = {9, 7, 8} (©) For the FFT, z{n] So, Xperlhl = (4, 32, 0, 32), So, Yorr{k] 1,2,1,0}, Al 24, 4-4 FA, 0, 4 ~ 38} {1,2,3,0} (by 2ero-padding to N= 4), Hori] = {6, -2— 32, 2, 2432} veln] = {4.4.88} ‘This result does not match the previous two. Reason: the sequences are now assumed to be periodic with period 4 (not 8)Chapter 16 16.17 (Solution) = (a) ) Solutions to Problems 327. 1,2,1}, Alp] = (2,2,3) = x{n]« {1,3,2} (by elxcular folding) {1,5,9,7,2}, rpenln) = {8,7,9} (by wraparound) ran = an) «hl So, z|n} + fn} Using the DFT, we compute Xprr{t] = (4, -0.50 30.87, 0.60 + 30.87, Hprr{k] = {6, —1.50 — 30.87, -1.50+ 30.87}. So, Rexlk] = XpeelkHper(k] = {24, 1.732, -71.732 and reenln] = {8,7,9} 16.18 (Solution) {x} = {1,2,1}, Alp] = {1,2,1,3,2,2,3,0,1,0,2,2} (a) (b) ©) eo (Overlap Add) Split Afr) into fale] =(1,2,1), hale] = 18,22}, alr] = (8,0,2}, afr] = {0.2.2} Find their regular convolution with x[p] and shift successively by 3 samples to get wey 146 41 zrhe 38962 zths 36421 athe o2662 geht fe 7 oe oS ET S66 F (Overlap Save) Let Create the zero-padded sequence h;|n] = {0,0, k[n}} of Jength 14 (L + N —1). Choose M- and create overlapping by 2(V — 1) 5-sample sections of ‘y{n] (ero-pad the last section to length 5, if necessary) to generate {0,0,1,2,2}, {22,822}, {22.3,0,1}, {0,1,0,2,2},42,2,0,0,0) ‘Zero-pad z{n} to length 5, find its PERIODIC convolution with each of the above segments, discard the first 2(NV— 1) samples from each convolution and concatenate. Here ate the results Periodic convolution Result Save {1,2,1,0,0}@{0,0,1,2,1} {4,1, 14,6} {1,4,6} {1,2,1,0,0}@{2,1,3,2,2} {8,7, 7,9,9} {7,9,9} {1,2,1,0,0}@42,2,3,0,1} {4,7, 98,4} {9,84} {1,2,1,0,0}6(0,1,0,2,2} 46,3, 2.3,6} (2,3,6} 7 {1, 2, 1,0, O}@{2, 2,0,0,0} . {2,6, 6,2,0} {6,20} ‘Glue the saved samples together to give y[n] = {1,4,6,7,9,9,9,8,4, 2, 3,6, 6,2, 0} ‘The extra zero at the end is due to 2ero-padding of last section of hin. ‘Using the sum by column method, we get xt21322301022 bi21 T2is??soTro2 24264602044 121322301022 yi ferTesos aes 662 ‘This agrees with the previous results.328 Chapter 16 The DFT and FFT. 16.19 (Solution) If z[n] is real, Xprr{o] = Dz[n] will always be real If N is even, Xper(0.5N] =D a[nle~* will always be real (because e~#*¥ = -41) For odd NV, there is no integer index corresponding to k = 0.5N. ‘Thus, 2 DFT samples are real if N is even, and 1 sample is real if Wis odd. 16.20 (Solution) Xperif] is the DFT of a (possibly complex) signal (a) If Xper(k] is conjugate symmetric, then z(r) is real (b) Xppr{A] is real, then z[n] is conjugate symmetric. (©) Xper[i] is real and even symmetric, then z[n] is real and even symmetric. (A) Xper(X] is real and odd symmetric, then z[n] is imaginary and odd symmetric. (e) Xper[t] is imaginary and odd symmetric, then z[n] is real and odd symmetric. 16.21 (Solution) (a) {Gio} 8.40.2) <> (5,[%i}-128—j4.30,[Re] 878 s14}, Nas, So, Xj =X"[dJ = 878414, Xs= Xf] = 1.284549 (XIk] = X[V—a)) 20 = bY Xprsik] = 4 or Xprr[0] BS So, 5=29+3—442orzy=4 (b) {Ga} 3. ~4,2,0,1) es (4,54 -55.2,[ Re] Pea] 51.73}, =e $0, X, =X") 4451.78 Nem X44 75.2 (X[k = X[V- A) Xprr[0) San] = 20+ 3-44241. So, zo =2 ‘ EL Averlt] = [A444 444444 XG), So, 12 = 204 Xp and Ke = cad En Note: We could also use Parseval’s theorem 3 27(n] = 1) XZpr[t] to find Xs é 16.22 (Solution) x{n] ={1, -2, 3, -4, 5, 6}, N=6. - : (@) X=" zIr] 243-445-6= &) OA = Nelo] = mo (©) XB] = 2-1)"sfn] = 1424344454 6=21 5 ie 5 (a) SOix(el? = 7 fy = 6(01) = 546 & & = (©) Cpe xia = wel 3