Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SUBMITTED BY-
GARIMA GUPTA
III- YR
ROLL NO- 14
Modern architecture
INTRODUCTION
MODERN ARCHITECTURE IS A TERM APPLIED TO A PERIOD IN
ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY DURING THE 20TH CENTURY.
MODERN ARCHITECTURE BEGAN WITH ADVANCEMENT AND THE
MODERNIZATION OF EFFORTS TO RECONCILE THE PRINCIPLES
UNDERLYING ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN WITH RAPID TECHNOLOGICAL
SOCIETY.
MODERNISM IS BROADLY CHARACTERIZED BY SIMPLIFICATION OF
FORM AND SUBTRACTION OF ORNAMENTATION FROM THE STRUCTURE
AND THEME OF THE BUILDING.
ST. JOHN’S ABBEY CHURCH BY MARCEL BREUER BAUHAUS BUILDING BY WALTER GROPIUS
LE CORBUSIER
INTRODUCTION
CHARLES-ÉDOUARD JEANNERET-GRIS, BETTER KNOWN AS LE CORBUSIER (OCTOBER 6, 1887 –
AUGUST 27, 1965), WAS AN ARCHITECT, DESIGNER, PAINTER, URBAN PLANNER, WRITER, AND ONE
OF THE PIONEERS OF WHAT IS NOW CALLED MODERN ARCHITECTURE.
HIS CAREER SPANNED FIVE DECADES, WITH HIS BUILDINGS CONSTRUCTED THROUGHOUT
EUROPE, INDIA, AND AMERICA.
HE WAS A PIONEER IN STUDIES OF MODERN HIGH DESIGN AND WAS DEDICATED TO PROVIDING
BETTER LIVING CONDITIONS FOR THE RESIDENTS OF CROWDED CITIES.
HE WAS AWARDED THE FRANK P. BROWN MEDAL AND AIA GOLD MEDAL IN 1961.
LE CORBUSIER ADOPTED HIS PSEUDONYM IN THE 1920S, ALLEGEDLY DERIVING IT IN PART FROM
THE NAME OF AN ANCESTOR, LECORBÉSIER.
LE CORBUSIER (OCTOBER 6, 1887 – AUGUST 27,
1965),
STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE
MECHANICAL ANALOGY
LINGUISTIC ANALOGY
FIVE POINTS OF ARCHITECTURE
PILOTIS IN CORBUSIER‘S
BUILDINGS
1
LE CORBUSIER CHRONOLOGY OF CORBUSIER
CHARLES-ÉDOUARD JEANNERET-GRIS AKA LE
INFLUENCES ON CORBUSIER CORBUSIER WAS A SWISS-BORN FRENCH ARCHITECT.
LE CORBUSIER WAS AT HIS MOST INFLUENTIAL IN THE SPHERE OF URBAN 1907 – WORKED UNDER AUGUSTE PERRETE AT PARIS.
PLANNING, ONE OF THE FIRST TO REALIZE HOW THE AUTOMOBILE WOULD
CHANGE HUMAN AGGLOMERATIONS, LE CORBUSIER DESCRIBED THE CITY OF 1908 – STUDIED ARCHITECTURE AT VIENNA.
THE FUTURE AS CONSISTING OF LARGE APARTMENT BUILDINGS ISOLATED IN A DURING WORLD WAR I HE CAME UP WITH DOMINO
PARK-LIKE SETTING ON PILOTIS. HOUSE.
FOR THE DESIGN OF THE BUILDINGS, LE CORBUSIER CRITICIZED ANY EFFORT 1918 – 1922 - DEVELOPED PURIST PAINTING WITH
AT ORNAMENTATION. OZENFANT.
HE CREATED BETTER LIVING CONDITIONS AND A BETTER SOCIETY THROUGH PARTNERING WITH HIS COUSIN, THEY MADE A SERIES
HOUSING CONCEPTS. OF VILLAS.
LE CORBUSIER‘S IDEAS SANCTIONED FURTHER DESTRUCTION OF DIED WHILE SWIMMING IN MEDITERRENEAN SEA ON
TRADITIONAL URBAN SPACES TO BUILD FREEWAYS THAT CONNECTED THIS 1965.
NEW URBANISM TO LOW DENSITY, LOW COST, SUBURBAN AND RURAL LOCALES
WHICH WERE FREE TO BE DEVELOPED AS MIDDLE CLASS SINGLE-FAMILY
(DORMITORY) HOUSING.
GUSTAVO CAPANEMA PALACE, CHAPELLE NOTRE DAME DU ASSEMBLY BUILDING, CHANDIGARH, SECRETARIAT BUILDING, CHURCH OF SAINT-PIERRE,
RIO DE JANEIRO (BRAZIL) HAUT, RONCHAMP, FRANCE INDIA CHANDIGARH, INDIA FIRMINY, FRANCE
2
LE CORBUSIER
VILLA SAVOYE
3
LE CORBUSIER
VILLA SAVOYE
Construction
Estimates of the cost in February 1929 were
approximately half a million Francs, although this
excluded the cost of the lodge and the landscaping
elements (almost twice the original budget).
4
LE CORBUSIER
VILLA SAVOYE
DESIGN FEATURES
THE COLUMNS SET BACK FROM THE FACADES, REINFORCED CONCRETE PROVIDES A
INSIDE THE HOUSE. THE FLOOR CONTINUES REVOLUTION IN THE HISTORY OF THE
CANTILEVERED. WINDOW.
THE STAIRCASE AND THE RAMP IN THE
THE FACADES ARE NO LONGER ANYTHING BUT HOUSE WINDOWS CAN RUN FROM ONE END OF THE
LIGHT SKINS OF INSULATING WALLS OR FACADE TO THE OTHER.
WINDOWS. THE FACADE IS FREE.
5
LE CORBUSIER
VILLA SAVOYE
DESIGN FEATURES
THE PLAN WAS SET OUT USING THE PRINCIPLE RATIOS OF THE
GOLDEN SECTION: IN THIS CASE A SQUARE DIVIDED INTO SIXTEEN
EQUAL PARTS, EXTENDED ON TWO SIDES TO INCORPORATE THE
PROJECTING FAÇADES AND THEN FURTHER DIVIDED TO GIVE THE
POSITION OF THE RAMP AND THE ENTRANCE.
THE HOUSE, DESIGNED AS A SECOND RESIDENCE AND SITED AS IT
WAS OUTSIDE PARIS WAS DESIGNED WITH THE CAR IN MIND.
THE FOUR COLUMNS IN THE ENTRANCE HALL SEEMINGLY DIRECT
THE VISITOR UP THE RAMP. THIS RAMP, THAT CAN BE SEEN FROM
ALMOST EVERYWHERE IN THE HOUSE CONTINUES UP TO THE FIRST
FLOOR LIVING AREA AND SALON BEFORE CONTINUING EXTERNALLY
FROM THE FIRST FLOOR ROOF TERRACE UP TO THE SECOND FLOOR
SOLARIUM.
6
LE CORBUSIER
UN HEADQUARTERS
THE HEADQUARTERS OF THE UNITED NATIONS IS A COMPLEX IN NEW
YORK CITY.
THE COMPLEX HAS SERVED AS THE OFFICIAL HEADQUARTERS OF THE
UNITED NATIONS SINCE ITS COMPLETION IN 1952. IT IS LOCATED IN THE
TURTLE BAY NEIGHBORHOOD OF THE BOROUGH OF MANHATTAN, ON
SPACIOUS GROUNDS OVERLOOKING THE EAST RIVER.
7
LE CORBUSIER
UN HEADQUARTERS
Planning and construction
THE PROPERTY WAS ORIGINALLY A SLAUGHTER HOUSE.
THE DIMINUTIVE SITE ON THE EAST RIVER NECESSITATED A
"ROCKEFELLER CENTER" TYPE VERTICAL COMPLEX, THUS, IT WAS A
GIVEN THAT THE SECRETARIAT WOULD BE HOUSED IN A TALL OFFICE
TOWER.
AS PER AN AGREEMENT WITH THE CITY, THE BUILDINGS MET SOME BUT NOT ALL LOCAL
FIRE SAFETY AND BUILDING CODES. THE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL IS ON THE
38TH FLOOR.
CONSTRUCTION ON THE INITIAL BUILDINGS BEGAN IN 1948, WITH THE CORNERSTONE LAID
ON 24 OCTOBER 1949, AND WAS COMPLETED IN 1952.
8
LE CORBUSIER
UN HEADQUARTERS
Design features
9
LE CORBUSIER
THE SECRETARIAT
INTRODUCTION
LOCATED AT THE OTHER END OF THE CAPITOL, SEPARATING THE PALACE OF JUSTICE AND AT THE
WESTERN END OF THE GOVERNMENT, CALLED THE SECRETARIAT IS A LONG BAR OF 245 M LONG
AND 42 HIGH, WHICH CONTAINS 8-LEVEL ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICES OF TWO PROVINCES PUNJAB
AND HARYANA.
THE SECRETARIAT BUILDING IS A LONG, HORIZONTAL CONCRETE SLAB FORM, 254 METERS LONG
AND 42 METERS HIGH, AND MARKS THE EDGE OF THE CAPITOL COMPLEX ON THE LEFT SIDE.
THE BUILDING IS COMPOSED OF SIX EIGHT-STORY BLOCK DIVIDED BY EXPANSION JOINTS AND
MEASURES OVER 800 FEET LONG, BOOKENDED BY TWO SCULPTURAL RAMPS PROVIDING
VERTICAL CIRCULATION THROUGHOUT THE FACILITIES‘ LEVELS.
Location map of the secretariat THE MASSIVE, HORIZONTAL COMPLEX IS COMPRISED OF 8 STORIES OF ROUGH-CAST
LOCATION CHANDIGARH CONCRETE.
FUNCTION
GOVERNMENT
CONTRIBUTED BY BRUNO_VANBESIEN
10
LE CORBUSIER
THE SECRETARIAT
STRUCTURAL AND DESIGN FEATURES
THE WHOLE STRUCTURE IS CONSTRUCTED IN ‗BETON BRUT‘ (ROUGH-
CAST CONCRETE) WITH CORBUSIER‘S SIGNATURE ‗BRISE-SOLEILS‘
FACADE.
11
LE CORBUSIER
THE SECRETARIAT
TO MAXIMIZE NATURAL LIGHTING AND INCREASE CROSS-VENTILATION, A LONG AND
NARROW PLAN WAS IMPLEMENTED BY CORBUSIER — THIS APPROACH ALSO HELPED
DELINEATE BOTH THE ACTUAL AND THE IMPLIED BORDERS OF THE CAPITOL COMPLEX
AS A WHOLE.
TO VISUALLY REDUCE THE SCALE OF ITS MASSIVE FAÇADE, THE SECRETARIAT WAS
DESIGNED WITH A MODULAR FAÇADE THAT FRAGMENTS THE ELEVATION INTO
LEGIBLE, PROGRAMMATIC ELEMENTS.
12
LE CORBUSIER
THE SECRETARIAT
DESIGN FEATURES
13
Walter Gropius INTRODUCTION
WALTER ADOLPH GEORG GROPIUS (MAY 18, 1883 – JULY 5, 1969) WAS A GERMAN ARCHITECT
BORN IN BERLIN AND FOUNDER OF THE BAUHAUS SCHOOL, WHO, ALONG WITH LUDWIG MIES
VAN DER ROHE, LE CORBUSIER AND FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT IS WIDELY REGARDED AS ONE OF
THE PIONEERING MASTERS OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE.
EARLY CAREER
•WALTER GROPIUS, LIKE HIS FATHER AND HIS GREAT-UNCLE MARTIN GROPIUS BEFORE HIM,
BECAME AN ARCHITECT. GROPIUS COULD NOT DRAW, AND WAS DEPENDENT ON
COLLABORATORS AND PARTNER-INTERPRETERS THROUGHOUT HIS CAREER.
•IN 1910 GROPIUS LEFT THE FIRM OF BEHRENS AND TOGETHER WITH FELLOW EMPLOYEE ADOLF
MIYER ESTABLISHED A PRACTICE IN BERLIN.
• TOGETHER THEY SHARE CREDIT FOR ONE OF THE SEMINAL MODERNIST BUILDINGS CREATED
DURING THIS PERIOD: THE FAGUSWERK IN ALFELD AN DER LEINE , GERMANY , A SHOE LAST
FACTORY.
•ALTHOUGH GROPIUS AND MEYER ONLY DESIGNED THE FACADE, THE GLASS CURTAIN WALLS OF
THIS BUILDING DEMONSTRATED BOTH THE MODERNIST PRINCIPLE THAT FORM REFLECT
WALTER ADOLPH GEORG GROPIUS (MAY 18, 1883 – JULY 5, 1969)
FUNCTION AND GROPIUS'S CONCERN WITH PROVIDING HEALTHFUL CONDITIONS FOR THE
WORKING CLASS.
•OTHER WORKS OF THIS EARLY PERIOD INCLUDE THE OFFICE AND FACTORY BUILDING FOR THE
WERKBURN EXHIBITION (1914) IN COLOGNE .
IN 1923, GROPIUS DESIGNED HIS FAMOUS DOOR HANDLES, NOW CONSIDERED AN ICON
OF 20TH-CENTURY DESIGN AND OFTEN LISTED AS ONE OF THE MOST INFLUENTIAL
DESIGNS TO EMERGE FROM BAUHAUS. HE ALSO DESIGNED LARGE-SCALE HOUSING
PROJECTS IN BERLIN, KARLSRUHE AND DESSAU IN 1926-32 THAT WERE MAJOR
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NEW OBJECTIVITY MOVEMENT, INCLUDING A CONTRIBUTION TO
THE SIEMENSSTADT PROJECT IN BERLIN.
15
Walter Gropius
FAGUS FACTORY
THE FAGUS FACTORY, A SHOE LAST FACTORY IN ALFELD ON THE LEINE IN
GERMANY, IS AN IMPORTANT EXAMPLE OF EARLY MODERN ARCHITECTURE.
IT WAS CONSTRUCTED BETWEEN 1911 AND 1913, WITH ADDITIONS AND INTERIORS
COMPLETED IN 1925.
16
Walter Gropius
FAGUS FACTORY
INFLUENCES
THE BUILDING THAT HAD THE GREATER INFLUENCE ON THE DESIGN OF FAGUS WAS AEG‘S TURBINE
FACTORY DESIGNED BY PETER BEHRENS.
THE FAGUS MAIN BUILDING CAN BE SEEN AS AN INVERSION OF THE TURBINE FACTORY.BOTH HAVE
CORNERS FREE OF SUPPORTS, AND GLASS SURFACES BETWEEN PIERS THAT COVER THE WHOLE
HEIGHT OF THE BUILDING.
HOWEVER, IN THE TURBINE FACTORY THE CORNERS ARE COVERED BY HEAVY ELEMENTS THAT
SLANT INSIDE. THE GLASS SURFACES ALSO SLANT INSIDE AND ARE RECESSED IN RELATION TO THE
PIERS. THE LOAD-BEARING ELEMENTS ARE ATTENUATED AND THE BUILDING HAS AN IMAGE OF
STABILITY AND MONUMENTALITY.
IN FAGUS EXACTLY THE OPPOSITE HAPPENS; THE CORNERS ARE LEFT OPEN AND THE PIERS ARE
AEG TURBINE FACTORY BY PETER
RECESSED LEAVING THE GLASS SURFACE TO THE FRONT. BEHRENS, 1910
17
Walter Gropius
FAGUS FACTORY
DESIGN FEATURES
THE BUILDING THAT IS COMMONLY REFERRED AS THE FAGUS BUILDING IS THE MAIN
BUILDING.
IT WAS CONSTRUCTED IN 1911 ACCORDING TO WERNER‘S PLAN BUT WITH THE GLASS
FACADES DESIGNED BY GROPIUS AND MEYER AND THEN EXPANDED IN 1913.
THE FAGUS BUILDING IS A 40-CENTIMETER HIGH, DARK BRICK BASE THAT PROJECTS
FROM THE FACADE BY 4 CENTIMETER.
THE ENTRANCE WITH THE CLOCK IS PART OF THE 1913 EXPANSION. THE INTERIORS OF
THE BUILDING, WHICH CONTAINED MAINLY OFFICES, WERE FINISHED IN THE MID 20S.
THE OTHER TWO BIG BUILDINGS ON THE SITE ARE THE PRODUCTION HALL AND THE
WAREHOUSE. BOTH WERE CONSTRUCTED IN 1911 AND EXPANDED IN 1913.
THE PRODUCTION HALL IS A ONE-STOREY BUILDING. IT WAS ALMOST INVISIBLE FROM THE
RAILWAY (NORTH) ELEVATION AND ACQUIRED A PROPER FACADE AFTER THE EXPANSION.
APART FROM THEM, THE SITE CONTAINS VARIOUS SMALL BUILDINGS DESIGNED BY
GROPIUS AND MEYER.
GROPIUS AND MEYER WERE ABLE TO ENFORCE ONLY MINOR CHANGES IN THE OVERALL
LAYOUT OF THE FACTORY COMPLEX. OVERALL, WERNER'S INTENDED LAYOUT FOR THE
INDIVIDUAL BUILDINGS WITHIN THE COMPLEX WAS CARRIED OUT; GREATER UNIFORMITY
AND COHERENCE WERE ACHIEVED, HOWEVER, THROUGH GROPIUS AND MEYER'S
REDUCTIONISM IN FORM, MATERIAL, AND COLOR.
18
Walter Gropius
GROPIUS HOUSE
INTRODUCTION
THE GROPIUS HOUSE WAS THE FAMILY RESIDENCE OF NOTED ARCHITECT WALTER
GROPIUS AT 68 BAKER BRIDGE ROAD, LINCOLN, MASSACHUSETTS.
THIS HOUSE WAS HIS FIRST ARCHITECTURAL COMMISSION IN THE UNITED STATES.
HE DESIGNED IT IN 1937, WHEN HE CAME TO TEACH AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY‗S
GRADUATE SCHOOL OF DESIGN, AND IT WAS BUILT IN 1938.
68 BAKER BRIDGE ROAD,HE CHOSE THE AREA BECAUSE OF ITS PROXIMITY TO CONCORD ACADEMY WHICH
LOCATION: LINCOLN, HIS DAUGHTER, ATI, WAS GOING TO ATTEND.
MASSACHUSETTS
IT REMAINED GROPIUS' HOME FROM 1938 UNTIL HIS DEATH IN 1969. THE HOUSE
AREA: 5.51 ACRES (22,300 M2) CAUSED A SENSATION WHEN BUILT.
NRHP REFERENCE#: 00000709 IN KEEPING WITH BAUHAUS PHILOSOPHY, EVERY ASPECT OF THE HOUSE AND ITS
SURROUNDING LANDSCAPE WAS PLANNED FOR MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY AND
SIMPLICITY.
19
Walter Gropius
GROPIUS HOUSE
20
Walter Gropius
GROPIUS HOUSE
DESIGN FEATURES
HIS SCREENED PORCH WAS PLACED IN SUCH A WAY THAT IT HELPS TO DIVIDE THE LAND
AROUND THE HOUSE INTO MULTIPLE ZONES, COMPARABLE TO ROOMS INSIDE A HOUSE.
THE HOUSE STRUCTURE CONSISTS OF A TRADITIONAL NEW ENGLAND POST AND BEAM
WOODEN FRAME, SHEATHED WITH WHITE PAINTED TONGUE AND GROVE VERTICAL SIDING.
TRADITIONAL CLAPBOARDS ARE USED IN THE INTERIOR FOYER, BUT ARE APPLIED
VERTICALLY. STRIKING AS IT IS, THE HOUSE WAS BUILT WITH ECONOMY IN MIND, AND TOTAL
CONSTRUCTION COSTS WERE $18,000.
21
Post-Modern architecture
aim INTRODUCTION
--MODERN ARCHITECTURE HAD FEW LIMITATIONS, POSTMODERN ARCHITECTURE BEGAN AS AN INTERNATIONAL STYLE, THE FIRST
THEREFORE POST MODERN ARCHITECTURE EMERGED. EXAMPLES OF WHICH ARE GENERALLY CITED AS BEING FROM THE 1950S, BUT DID
--MODERN ARCHITECTURE HAD MONOTONY IN THE NOT BECOME A MOVEMENT UNTIL THE LATE 1970S AND CONTINUES TO INFLUENCE
BUILDINGS. PRESENT-DAY ARCHITECTURE.
POST-MODERNITY IN ARCHITECTURE IS SAID TO BE HERALDED BY THE RETURN
--BASICALLY POST-MODERNISM ADDRESSES THE
LIMITATIONS OF THE MODERN PERIOD ARCHITECTURE OF "WIT, ORNAMENT AND REFERENCE" TO ARCHITECTURE IN RESPONSE TO THE
FORMALISM OF THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE OF MODERNISM.
THE FUNCTIONAL AND FORMALIZED SHAPES AND SPACES OF THE MODERNIST
STYLE ARE REPLACED BY DIVERSE AESTHETICS: STYLES COLLIDE, FORM IS
HIGH-TECH ADOPTED FOR ITS OWN SAKE, AND NEW WAYS OF VIEWING FAMILIAR STYLES AND
ARCHITECTURE
LATE POST-MODERN SPACE ABOUND.
POST MODERN
ARCHITECTURE
DECONSTRUCTIVISM PERHAPS MOST OBVIOUSLY, ARCHITECTS REDISCOVERED THE EXPRESSIVE AND
EARLY POST-MODERN POST MODERNISM SYMBOLIC VALUE OF ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS AND FORMS THAT HAD EVOLVED
THROUGH CENTURIES OF BUILDING WHICH HAD BEEN ABANDONED BY THE
MODERN STYLE.
CHARACTERISTICS
VANNA VENTURI HOUSE BY ROBERT VENTURI
THE USE OF SCULPTURAL FORMS, ORNAMETS, ANTHROPOMORPHISM AND
MATERIALS WHICH PERFORM TROMPE DÓEIL- (TECHNIQUE THAT USES REALISTIC
IMAGERY TO CREATE OPTICAL ILLUSION, THE PORTLAND BUILDING (1980) HAS PILLARS
REPRESENTED BUT THEY ARE NOT REAL.
PLURALISM, DOUBLE CODING (BUILDINGS CONVEY MANY MEANINGS
SIMULTANEOUSLY-THE SONY BUILDING IN NEW YORK, IT BRINGS THE CONNOTATIONS
OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY YET AT TOP SECTION CONVEYS ELEMENTS OF CLASSICAL
ANTIQUITY), FLYING BUTTRESSES AND HIGH CEILINGS, IRONY AND PARADOX, AND
SONY BUILDING BY PHILIP JOHNSON CONTEXTUALISM.
THE FORMS ARE NOT REDUCED TO AN ABSOLUTE MINIMUM; THEY ARE BUILT AND
PORTLAND BUILDING BY MICHEAL GRAVES SHAPED FOR THEIR OWN SAKE.
MIES VAN DE ROHE “LESS IS MORE “ POSTMODERNISM FOLLOWS- COMMUNICATING A MEANING AND THE CHARACTERISTIC
ROBERT VENTURI “LESS IS BORE” OF SYMBOLISM.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF POSTMODERNISM WERE RATHER UNIFIED GIVEN THEIR
“FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION” DIVERSE APPEARANCES-PLAYFULLY EXTRAVAGANT FORMS AND THE HUMOUR OF THE
“FORM AND FUNCTIONS ARE THE SAME” MEANINGS THE BUILDINGS CONVEYED.
PHILIP JOHNSON
INTRODUCTION
HIS WORKS
PHILIP CORTELYOU JOHNSON (JULY 8, 1906 – JANUARY 25, 2005) WAS AN INFLUENTIAL AMERICAN
GLASS HOUSE (1949) NY CITY ARCHITECT.
EARLY CAREER
•IN 1930, HE FOUNDED THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN AT THE MUSEUM OF MODERN
ART IN NEW YORK CITY.
•PRODUCED THE LANDMARK SHOW ―THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE: ARCHITECTURE SINCE 1922‖ AS AN
INTRODUCTION OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE TO THE AMERICAN PUBLIC.
•IN 1978 HE WAS AWARDED AN AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS GOLD MEDAL AND IN 1979 THE
FIRST PRITZKER ARCHITECTURE PRIZE.
•HE WAS A STUDENT AT THE HARVARD GRADUATE SCHOOL OF DESIGN.
•JOHNSON DIED IN HIS SLEEP WHILE AT THE GLASS HOUSE RETREAT.
GATE OF EUROPE (1989).MADRID, EUROPE
•HE LIVED WITH HIS LIFE PARTNER OF 45 YEARS, DAVID WHITNEY ,WHO DIED LATER THAT YEAR AT AGE
66.
CHARACTERISTICS
PHILIP JOHNSON‘S STYLE WAS EVER-CHANGING 1. EMPHASIS ON ARCHITECTURAL VOLUME
STYLISTIC ADHERENCES, WHICH PASSED FROM OVER MASS (PLANES OVER SOLIDITY).
MODERNITY TO DECONSTRUCTION THROUGH 2. REJECTION OF SYMMETRY.
ABSTRACT CLASSICISM AND HISTORICIST 3. REJECTION OF APPLIED DECORATION.
POSTMODERNITY:
INSPIRED BY MIES VAN DER ROHE‘S FARNSWORTH HOUSE, THE GLASS HOUSE BY PHILIP
JOHNSON, WITH ITS PERFECT PROPORTIONS AND ITS SIMPLICITY, IS CONSIDERED ONE OF
THE FIRST MOST BRILLIANT WORKS OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE.
JOHNSON BUILT THE 47-ACRE ESTATE FOR HIMSELF IN NEW CANAAN, CONNECTICUT.
LOCATION: NEW CANAAN, CONNECTICUT
THE HOUSE WAS THE FIRST OF FOURTEEN STRUCTURES THAT THE ARCHITECT BUILT ON
THE PROPERTY OVER A SPAN OF FIFTY YEARS.
BUILT: 1949
ARCHITECT: PHILIP CORTELYOU
JOHNSON
ARCHITECTURAL STY MODERN MOVEMENT
LE:
GOVERNING BODY: NATIONAL TRUST FOR
HISTORIC PRESERVATION
JOHNSON SPENT THREE YEARS DESIGNING THE THE HOUSE WAS DECLARED A NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK IN 1997.
STRUCTURE, WHICH WAS ORIGINALLY ONE OF TWO THE HOUSE WAS THE PLACE OF PHILIP JOHNSON'S PASSING ON JANUARY 25, 2005 AT
BUILDINGS (ALONG WITH THE BRICK GUEST THE AGE OF 98.
HOUSE) ON WHAT WAS THEN AN 11-ACRE JOHNSON PASSED ON OWNERSHIP OF THE GLASS HOUSE TO THE NATIONAL TRUST
(45,000 M2) TRACT FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION, WHICH OPENED IT TO VISITORS IN APRIL 2007.
PHILIP JOHNSON
GLASS HOUSE
THE BRICK HOUSE ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
SERVED AS A
GUEST HOUSE THE CLEAR GLASS PANELS CREATE A SERIES OF LIVELY
REFLECTIONS, INCLUDING THOSE OF THE SURROUNDING
TREES, AND PEOPLE WALKING INSIDE OR OUTSIDE OF
THE HOUSE, LAYERING THEM ON TOP OF ONE ANOTHER
ENTRANCE TO THE CREATING EVERCHANGING IMAGES WITH EACH STEP
PAINTING GALLERY TAKEN AROUND IT.
"DA MONSTA" THE ONLY OTHER DIVISIONS IN THE HOUSE BESIDES THE
BATHROOM ARE DISCREETLY DONE WITH LOW CABINETS AND
BOOKSHELVES, MAKING THE HOUSE A SINGLE OPEN ROOM.
TYPE OFFICE
ARCHITECTURAL
POSTMODERN SONY BUILDING
STYLE
ADDRESS NEW YORK CITY, USA
CONSTRUCTION
1981
STARTED
SONY SONY
COMPLETED 1984
HEADQUARTERS TECHNOLOGY LAB
COST $1.1 BILLION
ARCHED ENTRANCEWAY
OWNER THE CHETRIT GROUP
HEIGHT IN OCTOBER 1978, AT&T WAS GRANTED PERMISSION TO ADD 81,928 SQUARE FEET
(7,611.4 M2), THE EQUIVALENT OF SOME FOUR FLOORS OF SPACE ON ITS PROPOSED
ROOF 647 FT (197 M)
BUILDING, IN EXCHANGE FOR AGREEING TO PROVIDE OPEN PUBLIC SPACE AND A THREE-
TECHNICAL DETAILS STORY COMMUNICATIONS MUSEUM.
FLOOR COUNT 37
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION THE FIRM WAS GRANTED AN ADDITIONAL 43,000 SQUARE FEET (4,000 M2), ABOUT TWO
FLOOR'S WORTH, AS A BONUS FOR CREATING A 14,000-SQUARE-FOOT (1,300 M2) COVERED
PHILIP JOHNSON AND ARCADE ALONG MADISON AVENUE THAT WOULD INCLUDE SEATING AND RETAIL KIOSKS.
ARCHITECT
JOHN BURGEE
PHILIP JOHNSON
SONY BUILDING
IN 1992, SONY SUBMITTED IN WHICH IT WOULD TAKE SOME OF THE OPEN SPACE IN
THE BUILDING'S ATRIUM THAT HAD BEEN USED TO OBTAIN APPROVAL FOR
ADDITIONAL FLOORS ON TOP OF THE BUILDING, AND CONVERT THOSE AREAS INTO
RETAIL SPACE.
SONY ACQUIRED ADDITIONAL SPACE ACROSS THE STREET, A 445,000 SQUARE FEET
(41,300 M2) BUILDING BUILT IN THE 1960S THAT UNDERWENT RENOVATIONS OF ITS
LOBBY, WINDOWS, BATHROOMS AND OTHER COMMON SPACES IN CONJUNCTION
WITH SONY'S LEASE.
SONY CONNECTED THE TWO BUILDINGS USING FIBER OPTIC CABLES THAT WERE
RUN UNDER MADISON AVENUE AND INSTALLED MICROWAVE COMMUNICATIONS
EQUIPMENT ON THE TOP OF THE 555 BUILDING.
DOUBLE CODING
SONY WONDER TECHNOLOGY
LAB
THE SONY WONDER TECHNOLOGY LAB IS A
MULTIMEDIA, HANDS-ON TOUR THROUGH THE
WORLD OF MEDIA, LOCATED IN A FOUR-STORY
ANNEX ACCESSIBLE THROUGH A GLASS-ROOFED
ATRIUM THAT CONNECTS 55TH AND 56TH STREETS
IN MID-BLOCK.
OPEN TUESDAY THROUGH SATURDAY, SONY BILLS
THE FREE EXHIBITS AS A "TECHNOLOGY AND
ENTERTAINMENT MUSEUM FOR ALL AGES".
SONY WONDER REPLACED INFOQUEST CENTER,
A PERMANENT TELECOMMUNICATIONS EXHIBITION
THAT HAD BEEN BUILT BY AT&T.
GLASS ATRIUM
TOP VIEW
ROBERT VENTURI
INTRODUCTION
HIS WORKS
ROBERT CHARLES VENTURI, JR. (BORN JUNE 25, 1925) IS AN AMERICAN ARCHITECT, FOUNDING
PRINCIPAL OF THE FIRM VENTURI, SCOTT BROWN AND ASSOCIATES, AND ONE OF THE MAJOR
ARCHITECTURAL FIGURES IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY.
THEIR BUILDINGS, PLANNING, THEORETICAL WRITINGS AND TEACHING HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO THE
EXPANSION OF DISCOURSE ABOUT ARCHITECTURE.
CHARACTERISTICS
VENTURI'S BUILDINGS TYPICALLY JUXTAPOSE ARCHITECTURAL
SYSTEMS, ELEMENTS AND AIMS, TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE
CONFLICTS OFTEN INHERENT IN A PROJECT OR SITE
SAINSBURY WING OF THE NATIONAL GALLERY, ROBERT VENTURI IS KNOWN FOR INCORPORATING STYLIZED
(1991), LONDON CULTURAL ICONS INTO HIS BUILDINGS.
STRUCTURAL DETAILS
THE FIVE ROOM HOUSE STANDS ONLY ABOUT 30 FEET (9 M) TALL AT THE TOP OF THE
CHIMNEY, BUT HAS A MONUMENTAL FRONT FAÇADE.
A NON-STRUCTURAL APPLIQUE ARCH AND "HOLE IN THE WALL" WINDOWS, AMONG OTHER
ELEMENTS, WERE CHALLENGE TO MODERNIST ORTHODOXY.
GENERAL INFORMATION
THE HOUSE IS DESIGNED AROUND A CHIMNEY THAT IS CENTRALISED AND GOES ALL THE
TYPE RESIDENCE
WAY TO THE TOP OF THE HOUSE.
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE POSTMODERN EXTERNALLY, THEY HOUSE IS BUILT SYMMETRICAL.
PHILADELPHIA, VENTURI HAS DISTORTED THIS IDEA OF SYMMETRY.
TOWN OR CITY THERE IS ALSO A BASEMENT UNDERNEATH THE HOUSE THAT IS OFTEN NOT UNCOVERED BY
PENNSYLVANIA
PEOPLE.
COUNTRY UNITED STATES
CONSTRUCTION
1959 (DESIGN)
STARTED
COMPLETED 1964
COST $43,000
CLIENT VANNA VENTURI
TECHNICAL DETAILS VIEW FROM THE SIDE (SOUTH-
EAST)
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM LIGHT WOOD FRAME
FLOOR PLANS OF VENTURI RESIDENCE
FLOOR COUNT 2 PLUS BASEMENT
FLOOR AREA 1,800 SQ FT (170 M2)
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
ARCHITECT ROBERT VENTURI
REAR ELEVATION
FRONT GABLED ARCH STAIRCASE LEADING TO UPPER FLOOR DRAWING ROOM AREA
INTERIOR OF THE HOUSE
ROBERT VENTURI
PROVINCIAL CAPITOL BUILDING
THE CAPITOL IS THE HEART OF THE MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE FRENCH CITY OF
TOULOUSE.
IT IS DESIGNED BY THE ROBERT VENTURI ALONG WITH HIS WIFE DENISE AND ASSOCIATES IN
1999 FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF HAUTE-GARONNE.
THE BUILDING IS TWO NARROW 6 STORY WINGS JOINED TOGETHER BY TWO GLASS-CLAD
BRIDGES, GLASS CURTAIN WALLS WERE UNIQUE AT THAT TIME FOR TOULOUSE WHICH IS
MOSTLY BRICK TOWN.
THE CURRENT FAÇADE, 135 METRES LONG AND BUILT OF THE CHARACTERISTIC PINK BRICK IN
NEOCLASSICAL STYLE, DATES FROM 1750, BUILT ACCORDING TO PLANS BY GUILLAUME
CAMMAS.
THE EIGHT COLUMNS REPRESENT THE ORIGINAL EIGHT CAPITOLS. IN 1873, EUGÈNE VIOLLET-
LE-DUC BUILT A BELL TOWER TYPICAL OF THE STYLE OF NORTHERN FRANCE ON TOP OF THE
DONJON OF THE BUILDING.
GENERAL INFORMATION
GOVERNMENT
TYPE
OFFICES
ARCHITECTURAL
POSTMODERN
STYLE
TOWN OR CITY TOULOUSE
COUNTRY FRANCE
COMPLETETION 1999
COST $80,000,000
FLOOR PLAN OF THE CAPITOL
DEPARTMENT OF
CLIENT SITE PLAN
HAUTE-GARONNE
THE BUILDING CONSISTS OF AN ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGISLATIVE COMPLEX INCLUDING OFFICES
FLOOR AREA 760,000 SQ FEET
THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY CHAMBER, PUBLIC SERVICES, VARIOUS PUBLIC AND GOVERNMENTAL
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION SUPPORT SPACES, THREE LEVELS OF UNDERGROUND PARKING FOR PUBLIC AND STAFF, AND
VENTURI, SCOTT OUTDOOR AND INDOOR CEREMONIAL SPACES.
ARCHITECT BROWN AND TODAY THE CAPITOLE HOUSES THE CITY HALL, AS WELL AS THE THÉÂTRE DU CAPITOLE DE
ASSOCIATES TOULOUSE OPERA COMPANY AND A SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA
ROBERT VENTURI
PROVINCIAL CAPITOL BUILDING
DESIGN
• THE BUILDING IS ARRANGED IN TWO SLENDER SIX-STORY WINGS OF FLEXIBLE LOFT
SPACE LINKED BY TWO GLASS-CLAD BRIDGES.
• THESE LINEAR ADMINISTRATION BUILDINGS FRAME A PEDESTRIAN WAY, A "CIVIC
STREET" THAT CROSSES THE SITE DIAGONALLY AND CONNECTS THE SITE OF AN
HISTORIC CITY GATE NEAR THE CANAL DU MIDI BRIDGE - REPLICATED WITH TWO
COLUMNS.
• AT THE CENTER OF THE SITE ONE WING BOWS OUTWARD TO CREATE THE NORTH ENTRY & ―STREET THROUGH
THE BUILDING‖
CRESCENT-SHAPED PUBLIC SPACE ALONG THIS CIVIC STREET, THE FOCUS OF
VIEW INTO COURTYARD
BUILDINGS.
• THE SURFACES OF THE INTERIOR COURT CONTAIN THE SAME WINDOWS, AND ARE
OF BRICK SO THE "STREET" EVOKES THE ROSY AURA OF THE HISTORICAL STREETS
OF TOULOUSE.
• IMPORTANT FORMS SUCH AS THOSE OF THE HALL D'HONNEUR AND SALLE DU
CONSEIL GÉNÉRAL ARE SHEATHED IN GLASS CURTAIN WALLS.
ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
EXTERIOR OF ASSEMBLY HALL
THE BUILDING'S SITING IN CENTER OF SITE, FRAMED BY LANDSCAPED PARK AND INTERIOR OF THE BUILDING
GARDENS, SOFTENS ITS IMPACT IN THIS NEIGHBORHOOD, WHILE ALLOWING THE
POSSIBILITY OF FUTURE EXPANSION OF SMALLER INCREMENTS NEARER THE
PERIMETER OF THE SITE.
A LARGE PARK FACING THE CANAL DU MIDI ENHANCES THE NEIGHBORHOOD AND
PROVIDES A SETTING FOR THE BUILDING ALONG THE CANAL WHERE ONE CAN SEE
THE GREAT CURVED SECTION OF THE BUILDING AS A REFLECTION OF THE CURVE
INTERIOR OF ASSEMBLY HALL OF THE GARONNE IN THIS AREA, AS IT FLOWS TO THE SEA.
AERIAL VIEW
COVERED BRIDGES IN GLASS SPAN THE PEDESTRIAN STREET
CONNECTING THE TWO WINGS OF THE BUILDING AT TWO LOCATIONS.
THEY OFFER DRAMATIC VIEWS FROM WITHIN THE COMPLEX AND, BY
THEIR FORM AND SILHOUETTE, SERVE AS SYMBOLIC GATEWAYS TO THE
CIVIC CRESCENT.
DISTANT VIEWS OF THE BUILDING IN CONTEXT
THE COURTYARD
DECONSTRUCTIVISM INTRODUCTION
DECONSTRUCTIVISM IS A DEVELOPMENT OF POSTMODERN ARCHITECTURE THAT
EVOLUTION BEGAN IN THE LATE 1980S.
DECONSTRUCTIVISM CAME TO PUBLIC NOTICE WITH IT IS INFLUENCED BY THE THEORY OF "DECONSTRUCTION‖ , WHICH IS A FORM OF
THE 1982 PARC DE LA VILLETTE ARCHITECTURAL SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS.
DESIGN COMPETITION (ESPECIALLY THE ENTRY FROM
JACQUES DERRIDA AND PETER EISENMAN AND CHRACTERISTICS
BERNARD TSCHUMI'S WINNING ENTRY). IT IS CHARACTERIZED BY FRAGMENTATION, AN INTEREST IN MANIPULATING A
STRUCTURE'S SURFACE OR SKIN, NON-RECTILINEAR SHAPES WHICH APPEAR TO
THE MUSEUM OF MODERN ART‘S 1988 DISTORT AND DISLOCATE ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE, SUCH AS STRUCTURE
DECONSTRUCTIVIST ARCHITECTURE EXHIBITION IN AND ENVELOPE.
NEW YORK, ORGANIZED BY PHILIP JOHNSON AND THE FINISHED VISUAL APPEARANCE OF BUILDINGS THAT EXHIBIT
MARK WIGLEY. DECONSTRUCTIVIST "STYLES" IS CHARACTERIZED BY UNPREDICTABILITY AND
CONTROLLED CHAOS.
AND THE 1989 OPENING OF THE WEXNER CENTER
FOR THE ARTS IN COLUMBUS, DESIGNED BY PETER
EISENMAN.
ARCHITECTURAL
STYLE
DECONSTRUCTIVISM IS FOLLOWED
IN HIS BUILDINGS.
POST-STRUCTURALISM AS HIS • HIS BUILDINGS, INCLUDING HIS PRIVATE RESIDENCE, HAVE BECOME TOURIST ATTRACTIONS.
DESIGNS HAS ABILITY TO GO BEYOND • HIS WORKS ARE CITED AS BEING AMONG THE MOST IMPORTANT WORKS OF CONTEMPORARY
CURENT MODALITIES OF ARCHITECTURE IN THE 2010 WORLD ARCHITECTURE SURVEY, WHICH LED VANITY FAIR TO
STRUCTURAL DEFINITION. LABEL HIM AS "THE MOST IMPORTANT ARCHITECT OF OUR AGE".
SOME FAMOUS
THE GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM IN
WORKS THE TOWER AT 8 SPRUCE STREET IN
BILBAO, SPAIN WALT DISNEY CONCERT HALL
DANCING HOUSE IN
LOWER MANHATTAN PRAGUE
FRANK OWEN GEHRY
GEHRY‘S RESIDENCE
INTRODUCTION
THE GEHRY RESIDENCE IS FRANK GEHRY'S OWN HOUSE.
IT WAS ORIGINALLY AN EXTENSION, DESIGNED BY GEHRY, BUILT AROUND THE EXISTING
HOUSE.
THE GEHRY RESIDENCE IS LOCATED IN SANTA MONICA, CALIFORNIA. IN 1977, FRANK AND
BERTA GEHRY BOUGHT A PINK BUNGALOW THAT WAS ORIGINALLY BUILT IN 1920.
GEHRY WANTED TO EXPLORE WITH THE MATERIALS HE WAS ALREADY USING: METAL,
PLYWOOD, CHAIN LINK FENCING, AND WOOD FRAMING.
IN 1978, HE CHOSE TO WRAP THE OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSE WITH A NEW EXTERIOR WHILE
STILL LEAVING THE OLD EXTERIOR VISIBLE.
HE HARDLY TOUCHED THE REAR AND SOUTH FACADES AND TO THE OTHER SIDES OF THE
VIEW OF GEHRY RESIDENCE HOUSE HE WEDGED IN TITLED GLASS CUBES.
GENERAL INFORMATION
CHARACETRISTICS:
TYPE HOUSE
ARCHITECTURAL IT MAKES USE OF UNCONVENTIONAL MATERIALS SUCH AS CHAIN LINK FENCES AND
DECONSTRUCTIVIST CORRUGATED STEEL.
STYLE
IT IS SOMETIMES CONSIDERED ONE OF THE EARLIEST DECONSTRUCTIVIST BUILDINGS,
SANTA MONICA, ALTHOUGH GEHRY HIMSELF DENIES THAT IT WAS DECONSTRUCTIVISM.
LOCATION
CALIFORNIA
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
ARCHITECT FRANK GEHRY
CONSTRUCTION 1978
THE FLOOR OF THE STAGE IS MADE OUT OF BEAUTIFUL CEDAR WOOD AND FEATURES FOUR
CONCENTRIC CIRCLES THAT ARE SET ON RISERS, WHICH CAN BE RAISED OR LOWERED WITH LIFTS
UNDER THE STAGE.
THIS ALLOWS A GREAT DEAL OF FLEXIBILITY IN PERFORMANCES AS DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF THE
ORCHESTRA CAN BE PLACED HIGHER THAN OTHERS SO THEY CAN BE HEARD MORE EASILY.
THE BOTTOMS OF THE CHAIRS WERE SPECIFICALLY CREATED TO HAVE FABRIC ON THE BOTTOM
PANELS RATHER THAN METAL.