er rae ~! tear Je gies | The Complete Guide To IELTS Student’s Book Band 5.5-7+Introduction to the IELTS Test Page 4 Introduction to The Complete Guide To IELTS Pag) LISTENING MODULE Page About the ListeningTest 6 Listening PreviewTost s TASKTYPE 1 Sentence Completion 2 National Geographic Video 1; Meca Green Museum 16 TASK TYPE 2 Note, Form, Table and Flow chia Completion ard Shor Answer Questions 18 National Geographic Video 2: Sangs Linder Big Sky 24 Gales ene numbers: Phrasal and prepositional volbs, Compound nouns, jrclau king: Rasearch deta: Com’ i: Th natural eo 6 TASKTYPE 3 Map/Plan/Diagran Labeling 20 ‘National Geographle Video 3: Ecodsicclives a4 TASKTYPE 4 Multiole Choice 36 National Geographic Video 4: Picture 40 VOCABULARY 2 Dosoridont propositions; Recosnising and organising synonyns and antonyms Formal rdbnfermé| synonyms; Guessing the msaring fern cortex Werdbulking: Connon IELTS top Acadkeric Wo 42 TASK TYPE 5 ‘Viitiple Choice (with more then ane answer 48 National Geographic Video 5: Kiiebosrcing 50 TASKTYPE 6 Matching 52 ‘Notional Geographic Video 6: Solaepovsered Water Heater 88 VOCABULARY 3 |n-arme! and acaderis languaee, Views ard opinions; Synonyms: azodern'> angiage, 8B Exorassitg rasoonsiblitvi verb + prepasilin; Recogn sing and identifying paraphieses, Common IELTS, ‘topics nines Listening Review Test a ACADEMIC READING MODULE Page About the Academic Reading Test 66 Academic Reading Preview Test cy TASKCTYPE 1 Identifying Information (TiusiFalse/Not Given} % TASKTYPE2 Note, Table, Flowchart Completion and Diggram Labelling aa TASKTYPE 3 Short Answor Questions 92 VOCABULARY 4 Collocation; Common IELTS topie: History, 98 TASKTYPE 4 Matching Headings 100 TASKTYPES Matching Information 106 TASKTYPE 6 Matching Features 12 VOCABULARY § Prefixes andl suffixes; Synonyms end parephrases: Antonyms; Dependent prepositions; Worabulldine; Common IELTS topic: Industcy and technology 18 TASKTYPE 7 Multiple Choico (with more than one answer) 12TASKTYPE 8 Senionce Completion 128 TASKTYPE 9. Summary Completion (1) 134 VOCABULARY 6 Academic vocabulary, Allixes; Common IELTS topic: Human behaviour 140 TASKTYPE 10 Summary Completion (2) 42 TASICTYPE 11 Matching Sontenc> Endings 148 TASKTYPE 12. Multiplo Choice 154 TASKTYPE 13 entiving the Writers Views and Clsime (Yes/NoiNet Given) 162 VOCABULARY 7 Identifying the wirter's views and claims; Collocation: adjoctive + noun Commonly confused words; Synonyms; Antonyms; Commen IELTS topic: Agriculture 170 Academic Reading Review Test m ACADEMIC WRITING MODULE Page ‘About the Academic Writing Test 160 ‘Academic Writing Preview Test 162 TASKC1 Line Graphs 184 TASK 1 Bar Charts 198 TASK 1 Tables 202 ASIC 1 Pie Charts and Multiple Charis 208 TASK 1 Diagrams 218 TASKC1 Maps and Plane 28 TASK 2 An AgrootDisagrse Essay 24 TASK2 A DiscussionOpinion Essay 20 TASK 2 A ProblomiSolution Essay 248 ‘Academic Writing ReviewTest 388 SPEAKING MODULE Page About the Speaking Test 260 Speaking: Preview Test 282 PART 1 Introduction and interviaw 264 PART 2 Individual LongTurn 270 PART 2 Twowisy Discussion 28 Speaking ReviewTest 788 Practice Test (Listening, Academic Reading, Academic Writing, Speatcing) Grammar Resource Bank Writing and Speaking Band Descriptors Sample Writing Answers SpeakingTest Video 1 Worksheet Speaking Tost Video 2Workshoot Speaking Test Video ScriptsBackground If you're preparing (o take the IELTS test, you're not alone Over two millon people all over the world take the tes ‘each year, knowledge of Englsh i increasingly portant ‘people whe want 0 enter higher education, ar work in countries where English isthe fret lnquage, and IELTS is widely od by universities and culleg9s, 0 layers, immigration authorties end other rrimant agencies. You can find 8 list of over 9,000 jons whieh recognise the test on the IELTS website ‘Academic and General Training tests “There are two varsions of IELTS, Acecemic and General Training (or BT), When you enrol, you can choose which version you want to take 2 IELTS Ac You should femic if you want to study inno ucation, for example on an underareduate or postgraduate course ity where the teaching is in Engl ah Yo ‘should take the General Iaining version f you inten to ive and work in an English-spaakng country and need to show the migration authorities that you have the required level of English. Your teacher can advise you on the version which is appropriate for you, er you can contact the organisation yo intend t apply 10 and find eur whieh one they require TheTest Thoro aro four parts to the tost; Listening, Roading, Waiting and Speaking, and you must take tham all. The total tos lume is two hours and 49 minutes, The tests of Listening and eaking are the sarne for all cancidates, but the tests of Reading ano Whiting are dfferant denending on whether you fied the Academic or Gaharal Trabsing versions, You othe: Listening, Reading and Writing tests on the same day, ane usually the Sp st is done a few days before or ater the other components The testis ava yuently, typically ance or twice each month, and yau can find your local ¢ information about how to register fo ond he test on the IELTS website at wwwiiets.org Scoring IELTS assesses your lenguage knowledge end skis and gives you a Band Se: 1 t0 9 in each of the four parts of the ‘oxatn, which is an average of tha is no pass fallin IELTS becaus corganiseton you': you need 10 achieve, and also an overall Band Seore from 1 7a 9 for the whole oF each part. ere IELTSBAND SCORES Bando: Expert user Has fully operational command ofthe language: appropriate, ‘acburete and fluent wth complete understanding Bond &: Very good user Has fully operational command ofthe language with only ‘ceasional unsystentie inaccuracies and inppprapriacios. Misundetstandings may eccur in unfamillar situations. Handles complex detalied argumgntation wel, Band: Good user Has operational command of he language, though with ‘occasional inaccuracies, inegpropriaces and misunderstandinas iin'some situations. Generally handles complox janguage wll and understands dotaild reasoning, nd 6: Competent user Has gonrally offective command of te language despite some inaccuracies, inappropracies and misunderstandings. Can use ‘and undarstand fairy complex language, pertieulerty in familar shuations, Band 5: Modest usor Has partial command of the language, coping with overall ‘maning in most stustions, though sly to make many ‘mistakes. Should be able to handle asic convmunicatin in own fale Band ¢: Limited user Basic competence limit i familiar situations. Has froquont| problomsin understanding and expression snot able to use ‘omplexlanguaye. Band 3: Extremely limited user Convey and understands only general mesning in very fmiiar situations. Frequentbreskéows in communication occur. Band 2 Intermittont user Noreal communication is possible excopt forthe most basic information using isolated words or short formulae in familar Sivations and to meet immediate needs. Has great dificult understanding spoken and witten English. Band 1: Non-usor Esserially has no ebilty to use the language beyond possibly a few slated werd Band 0: Did not attempt the test No assessable infomation provided The t progr you iston rers andh this Acede Gene! Thee of 1 andi vat peeThe Complore Guide To IELTS offers a step-by-step Btograrnmie that gives you lots af practice inthe various tasks jou will have to do in the IELTS xan, The aim af the book Isto help you get the best possible score in each part of the [ELIS exam dy showing you what skills are being tested ardhovy you can dovolop them. The practice materials in 4s book are designed to help you get a high score in IELTS eademic. Band Score 6 to Bis tho sort af score usually fequited for university entrance. Specific material for the (General Taining version is found on the DVD-ROM The main body of the book: is divides into four moduli, cting tho four test papers in the exam. For each of the Bills (Listening, Roading, Wiring and Spasking) there is 1 An About’ Section: This gives information about the test land some genera| advice about haw 1a do yout best on the day of the teat 2 Proview Test: This allows yau to see how tha tests organised and gives you the chance t0 $6 how wel you're daing in each of the tasks. 3 Task-specific lessons: Ths provides separate lessons on aadh 0! the task tynas which you may nave to loin the te3t with specific advice an how to approca the ‘questions, Each lesson is divided into four sections: A. About the task: explains how the task works and wat you Nave 10 60 B_ Sample question: an example ofthe task for you 1 © Tips and tacties: evvice 07 how to approach tho task D Skills building exercises: exercises to hela you ‘develop the skils you ried, and a futlenath IELTS prattice task for you to do 4 Review Test: This allows you to see how much progress you have mate and if you need 70 da more work on some: For each of the tasks, there is further pectic FOM There is a ‘on the DVD. a complete IELTS Practice Test at the end 13 good to work through each lesson irom stat to finish, but You can approach the lessons in any order you lke, Working fivoush the lessons in te book wil halp you to + inerease your general knowledge of English knew wher the exem tasks ere testing and how to do, your best in them be familie with tho format ond instru + meke the most of your praparation time + use time wisely during the tast + know how to complete the answer shoot ialyse your strengths and weaknesses confident the dey of the teat ere seven separate Vocabulry lessons which deal with commen veeabulary araas anc lexical Iealures cf the IELTS reading aassages and listening sections, for exan wordoulding, callecetions, synonyms end anotonyms, srefives and affixes. Those lescons 2is0 cover comnton |ELTS ‘9ples such 28 the netural worl, academic ifs, business and dustry and teshnology. National Geographic Video lessons here aro six National Geoarepnc videos which cover # range of topics, The videos heve cted {0 provide ongaging ‘an motivating video lessons which inevease femilrity with the Listening task types, as well as providing you with ‘opportunities 16 speak about the topics on the videos Resource and Reference section The Resource anc Re‘erence section includes Grammar Resouree Bank snd additions! Speaking test video worksheets and seripts. Thera is no gremmar syllsbus for IELTS a5 itis @ skis based exam, Howowor, grammatical accuracy and va'ige ate part Of the marking eritena in the Writing and Speaking tases. The Grammar Resource Sank provides a comprehensive grammar ‘torerice and practice exercises cowering key grammar nestled for he 13, There are two Speating test video worksheets which corraspond to the two rede! |ELTS Speaking test videos on the DVD-ROM, You cen use these to analyse the Speaking test videos in more ‘depth Full scripts for the IELTS Speaking test videos ara also, Provided, DVD-ROM The DVD-ROM contains Six National Geographic videos * two model IELTS Speaking tos * cownlaadabie Fi © the audio for the Student's Book and tor the adltione! practice activities on the DVD-ROM IELTS Speaking test videos The aim of the mode! Speaking test videos is to show you seal studerts completing a full Spoaking teat interview. There 2/0 ‘wo imerviews, with “wo ailforont candidates, As you weich the interviews, you can see what the Sueeking testis ike and you can lso analyse the stucents’ strencths and waaknesses. Ths wil hela you te improve your awn performance in the Speaking teat Downloadable PDFs Extensive adittona) practice exercises forall the tesk types wered in the Student's Book (Listoning, Academic Reading, demic Writing, Speaking) is provided ‘an the DVD-ROM. There is also practice material for the General Training Reading and Writing test, a8 well 25 General Haining Reading ane! Writing to posers Ths DVD-ROM also erevides complete audiasivipis end answer keys as downloadable PDFs, There are {ul instructions on the VD-ROM for Howto downioad these materials Intensive Revision Guide The Intensive Revision Guide covers common ertors made by Candidetes taking IELTS, and provides targeted practica and SUBDENT to help you gain the best passible score. You sould use his i the Weeks leading up to the exam and it will help you avoid losing marks, The common ertors that are doalt with sre: ‘+ Listening: Spelling mistakes; Numbers, cates and timas; Sinavlar or plural?; Not following instructions; Probloms with ‘meps; Background knowledge is dangerous! Juming to ‘conclusions; Not usine the time etfectivaly * Reading: Speling mistakes; Not folowing instructions; Jumping to conclusions; Using the wrong stretegies; Coreless reacing, Inoomplete reading, Missing clues in questions, Gramm * Writing: Including too much detail: Not ida ides; sing the wrong tenses; Not answering the question: Not giving supporting examples; Using the wirong reg ster, Flepesting words from the question; Lage af conasion ‘+ Speaking: Feeling nervous; Not ariswering the question, Not using plannina time; Using the wrong tenses; (Qvercompicating your answer; Not extending your answer Repeating yoursell, Grammar mistakes nilying the main (On the msde trom caver cf this Book you will find login details and Instructions for how to aanoss the Intensive Revision Guide Nn nC nnn ccc6 AThe Test ‘Listening Description Interaction Setting ‘ae eal eel tee — = — Section! 10 questions dialogue Work and social situations. Section2 1Dquestions monologue Work snd social situations Section 1quostions twoor ——Acadomic or three educational speakers situations Section 1Dquestions monologue Academic situations The IELTS Listening Test tests your ability to understand spoker glish in diferent situations, The test lasts for approximately 30 sand hes four sections. In each eaction, you listen to a reccrding and answer ten questions. Before each section, you heer irfarrration about who 's speaking, the situation and the topic. The voice en the nen els you which quastiane to look at and you tad ns for the task on the question pape: The recordings in each section are diviged im is. generally a pause between each part so that you da the questions bafore you listen. Alter the pause, you haar a continuation of the seme recording. You shoule use the pause to read tha task s0 that you'te ready 70 enewer the questions. pasand there cad Yu hear each section o the recording ONCE only. You shou ansiver the questions as you listen, andl write your answers es atthe siteetly ento the question peger You have ten i tend ofthe test to copy your answers on to the separate enswe! sheet Section 1 In this part of the test, you heer a people. The conversation is generally about ving, studying or ‘warring in an Englisn-speaking country, For example, you may hear a conversation between an ampiayer and an employes, ‘or one between 3 student and a college adm {lands talking about how to spend their free t Tho conversation has a purgose, such as giving instruc ‘esking for information, making a booking o- making olens. Most of the questions test your ability 70 uncterstard the led infarmarion that is exchengad between the ‘and the conclusions they reach. You often have to complete ‘the missing information in a form, a table or a set of notes, Sometimes, you may have to choose the correct enw f list of aternatives (A, B,C, e1¢) Section 2 in this pert of the tost, you hear one speaker giving & tak @ group of people. The talk is generally about line, staying ‘or warking in an English-speaking country, for example an ‘employer talking to 2 group of employees or someone making ns, The talk orennouncement has an ain, instructions. Most of the questions 10 understand detailed information. arolore, test your ability USTENING The questions usually 9 rem @ bs of alternative rau may have 10 ‘onswor multiple-choice questons, for example, or match the information you hee’ to one answer in a longer lst of options the questians in Saction 2 are based! on vieual material and you may, for example correct answer nave to choose the correct labels 10 go on a map. Semetimes you may have to completa missing information in a set of sentences. Section 3 inthis pat ofthe test, you hear e conversation between two ar three people in an écatemic setting. The corwarsation is generally about an academic topie anv fare exchanging both information and ide the conversation may involve two peoole w logethet on a research project, of 2 meeting between a tu dents reporting on their progress. ey agree or disagree on certain points before 9 fa conclusion. Mast af the questions lest you abilty 1 folaw tha ideas being discussed, to identity each speaker's paint of view and to understand the outcome of their discussions, You nee {0 listen 10 what the speakers say ‘bout each issue to be sure of the answer. The questions usually ask you to choose the correct answer fromallst of options (4, B, C, te). You may have to answer ‘ubiple-choiea questions, for axample, or match thi information you hear to one answor in longe’ list of options. Sometimes the questions in Section 3 are based on visual vial and You have to choose the correct labels to go on 2 cliagrem or flowchart Section 4 Inthis part of the zest, you hear one 9 €or presentation. The talk is about en acade the spaakar is discussing the topic in daptn. You could, for exemple, hear 2bout some research that the speaker has been involved in, or the speaker may be ci 9 differont people's ideas end opinions on a subjoct seakor giving a locture nie topic and entat the audience on develog ina field of rescarch oF providing students with an overview of an area of study. Most Of the questions test your abilty to understand and make a note of the detalled information the speaker presents, as we a following the arguments, yas a purpose, such as updating ren Most of the questions esk you to write a word or short to show that you've undarstcod the informavon igumeni that you hes, You often have to compiete the missing information in a set of sentences or notes that summarise the main daas discussed in the tak, Sometimes, ‘you may nave te choose the correct answer from a ist of alternatives (A.B, C, etc) 00 list310 aici the ‘options, visual 2 enect ole tion's speakers pl, king sbelore aur faach ne of hers say answer ‘options. ul goona fecwre nd 5, fo! has ferent dating r dy. Most ke a 8 wall rt > cial limes, tot B Marking Each numbered question in the Listening test is worth one mark. if you write me correct answer, then you got the mark Nomerks are taken of for ywang answers, 80 i akvays 3 good dea to write an anwar, avan if yau'e nat sure whether tS conect or not Thoinstructions tell you how many words you can writ. he nstuctions say WRITE ONE WORD for each answer’, then ou must only write ane werd. If you wate ovo words, you Seritgar the mark, even ifthe Information is carer The words you write rst be spalled correctly, Most of the serds you have to write ore feria words that mast su now Now to spel, Both UK and US spelings are accepted 2s cortect. Tha answars aren't technical words or wards that ave dificult spellings. Sometimes the nemes of reople and tleces sre snellac cut for you on the racarding. This tests your fnowladge of the aiphabe! Famember to write clear tf your hendwriting fe unctear, or if ifvidua!lerers are not clearly written, you dort get the mark, Femember thet the words you need to write are the words spuhear on the recarding, Dor‘t try to us your awn sword, Far example, the word you fwear on the recording jjaecibie" and you write ‘unbeievable’ as your answer, you dort get the mark This is why fs important to wtte the words ss you listen. If you try to rememoer afterwards, you may fs understood wht you heard, but not remember the act ord the speaker used, Youcan write your answers in eithar UPPER CASE ar lowe ‘292 — both are raked corroet, and you dont need to worry {out punctuation. Far example, if the answer to the question s ‘online’ and you write ondine, you stil get the mar. In questions where the answer isa letter, you only ate the fnrract ter next to the number on the answer sheet C Strategies Before the test + Famine yourset wth the format ofthe Listening test. Nake sure you know exacty whar you have to doin each part — then you cen fee convent and prepared on the day oft + For exampl,isten to whole tests o know what you nave 9 {on cach part, what infomation is gwen an the recording and ‘what information fs given on the question paper + The information youheer about the speaker ad tho topic can help you 79 be ready to understand what yeu hear + Proce + Praniso using the time during the pauses between the seetiorsand parts to road the tesk onthe question pened + Praviso prdicng the type of words and iermation thal is missing in tsk where youheve to write the ansver. + ermember that ceading the task aso helas yoU ta know about the tye cf ntomaten youte going tohear and the ocr the infrvtion i going to comin + Tiy to make the mos of every opportunity te practise you tering. For example, ston io broadkasts ane podsasis i Englsh 2s often 28 you can. e ype cf vocabulary and information that you're ‘= Usp the Intoret fo kaop up withthe latast news and affairs in Engi. While you listening, think about the type at lanquege the speakers use to meke the'rpomts. rent During the test Tha voice onthe recording aves you al the instructions during the test and guides you through the four parts ‘+ Remember that you hear each recording ONCE onty ‘+ Remember thatthe questions folow the order of information in the recotcing ‘+ Remembar that you har words and information from the © the racoreing these will lp ‘question paper as you is you to keep your plac. ‘+ Remember there are pauses between each part anc halfway through each pant so you can read the tasks and gat ready co anawe + Always write.an answer tile you're ltering, even if you're it sure whether it’s right or not * De time to check that Ister~but write caarly so thal you can read your ov ansivar later * Don't stop to think # you'te not sure of en answer You need 1obe ready to answer the next ane + Do frry abou! spalling wile you'e stoning - you have panic, You have plenty of time At the end of the test When the recorsing has fnisned, you have ten minutes 10 ‘0p your answers on to the Separate answer shee * You have timo to chock your answers, expecially he spelling s'the words you wrote while you wera Istaning Try notte change your answers at his stage, What you ‘wrote while yeu wera listening is prodaby covract, Remember you have to write one answer IF you're not sue, n't put two answers. If youd that, you darts get the mark: Check very carefully that you put your answers next tothe correct numaar on the answer sheet, end Keen checking that| you haven't made a mistaka in the numbering, Ifyou dortt know the ight ansviert a question, always ‘rite somotiing. You may have understoce! more than you think Only write in the ealumn tothe right ofthe numbers ~ dor vite anything in the columns marked + ifyou finish befor the ten minutes is us, deulble check that your answers aren the corect boxes, tthe enc of the test the question pepe and the answer sheet are both colleced in Only the answers cn tha answer sheet court: the ques oye. papers do USTENING ?8 USTENING o SECTION 1 Questions 1~10 Compierte the form below. \Wiite NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for cach answer. Questions 1-10 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Surmame First name: ID number Gender Email address flephone numbe Course attending: date: Accommadstion type Room type: Type of bathroom Vehicle Amount of deposit ACCOMMODATION REQUEST FORM Blake “4 Daniel V2..412) xs x6...el€_ sceckess wyoe SECTION 2 Questions 11-20 Questions 11-16 Where oan you find each of the following iterne? Choose FIVE answers from the box ar ArH, next to questions 11-16. write the comect f aly insida the kitchen in the manager's office near the back door A B c D beside the entrar E behind the ba’ F _undemeath the cash desk G outside the stattroom H inthe food poration area Useful items 1 cutlery G0 12 clean tablecloths 13 spare menus Dum 14 fresh flowers gee, 15 caper towels 16 first-aicl kit BG Questions 17-20 Who should each type of complaint be referred to in the first instance? A. Bor€, noxt to quastions Wis A the manager B the head ch © the head waiter 7 complaints received before the meal Sv 18 compleints about a particular dish Bow 19. complaints abouta whole mea A... 20 complaints ater paymenthes been made ...Pe UsTENINGos SECTION3 Questions 21-30 Choose TWO Which TWO sources of data will Mark YA. local history 0 eve paper reports e ning applications, D E goolagical survey Questions 23 and 24 Choose TWO jelters, AE Which TWO tasks will Kissty do n {AV approach individual ie a plan of the site look at previous research stuci EV gat permission from the management Questions 25-27 Shoose the correct letter A, Bor. 28 What will their research focus on’ A the productivity of the land Vay the attitude of the garce © the problems facing the gerdeners 26 They A. belore sgree to consult their tuto 9 any further. 'BY when a delaied plan 's in place © once they have set up some interv 27° They agioe that theit main dfic y will Be writing an adequate proposal 'B. constructing a valid questionnaire. ‘© deciding now many interviews to conc 0e| the diagram below. 2 the correct letter, A-G, next 10 question (CREEPING BUTTERCUP 28 no sopels 3 29° polyganal shape © 30 10 LISTENINGoa SECTION 4 Questions 31-40 Questions 31-26 Complete the santences below. Wite NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS fo: 222h ansiver 7 X Frogmenighatizn Problems affecting small areas of rainforest 31 A crocess called .8! ‘has @ negative effect in these areas. 32 There is less food, especially frwi $X for animals to eat, 38 Larger animals may s0@ a fallin yreduelés, because o lack af contact with othor populations. ro seme Oe Taree ‘34 The ‘edge effect’ can chenge both the TY". ang the amount of light at the forest inne Mag ke Panga ratere 35. There is probably more - sobvity in forest areas clase to farmland. 36. Small animals which have particular .<.ct.&..1/ may be most at risk Questions 97-40 Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answor ASSESSING BIODIVERSITY | Basic method: + Wolk through the forest _ = Some animals make a lot of noise, for example 37..WLonkel@S + Some birds have easily identified nests * Some animals lvaye hic in cortain placa, for example BB etait My Kes buckets Trapping methods: ” + Simple trons using a shoot of olastic end 39. 6.8... for smal | animals, © Mist nets can trap birds + Camera traps for other species + A so-Games--tuap__ can be used to identity enimals rapoed more than once: Mieso chap UsTENING 11| bout the task 1 Read the information about the task type.Then look at and correct the notes a student made about the task. The student has made four mistakes. The Sentence Completion task tests your abiity to locate and record specific information from @ recording. It's offen used to test your understanding of a lecture or'talk about a specific subject. You usualy hear facts about ¢ subject, and you may bo asked to write words or numbers. Some of the information you hears already writen ‘on the quastion paper, your job isto listen and complete the gags. On the question paper, you see @ set of ‘sentences that report th information you hear on the recording. In each sentence, some key words are missing You listen and write the missing words in the gap. Here are the basic rules for the Sentence Completion task: Tho spoken instructions toll you about tha spaakoris) and the topic. The written instructions tell you how many words to write in each gap. The sentences coma in the same order as tha information in the recording, You con't hear the same sentences that you read on the question paper, but yo When you listen, you hear the words that you need to write, You write: the words in tha samie form as you hear them on the recording (e.g. singulas/olural need to change ther in any way Spelling counts! The words you write must be spelied corectiy You hear the recording ONGE only hear the seme information i's especially Important to read through the sentences before you listen, and think about the type of infermetion you'te listening for. You heer different words thet could fit logically into each gap. You have to liston carefully to choose the correct information, so that the sentence reports the meaning of the recording exactly. Somotimes you see the set of sentences presented as a summary (a piece of continuous text) but the rules of the task are the same, (See IELTS Practice Task Questions 610 on page 75.) You slays heer one spe: ‘2 Now are listening fer facts and figures, 3 You sivays have to wnte three words 4 = ‘The questione are inthe came erder as the information onthe recerding, You hear the sentences read out on the recording © ou have to spel the words correctly 7 You can isten again you dovit understand the fist tne USTENINGB Sample questions 2 05 Listen and complete the sentences. Use the rules about the task from Section A to help you, Then check your answers. Which questions did you find difficult? Questions 1-5 | 4 thee and Islands IELTS PRACTICE TASK Compete the sentences below. \ultic NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER jor each ensiver. 4. The namo of the country where squash was first played is | 2 The name ‘squash was first used to describe the 3. The material used to make the first squash racquets was... low jour used to indicate an advanced level ball is. VeMow, Inen advanced squash mated, the ball generally travels at THE SPORT OF SQUASH shew E+. koet\.__ which is used in the game, 26%, ~- Klometies per hour. a student “its out a ten sing, mation Ho cf C Tips and tactics 3 Work in pairs. Read the tips and tactics and discuss these questions. ‘a Which tips and tactics do you think are the most useful? Did you use any of these tips and tactics when you answered the sample questions in Section B? ‘© Which tips will you use in the future? 1. Before you listen, you have time to read the heading and the sentences and think about what you're going to hear 2. Think about the type of information that’s missing in each sentence. For example, ere you listoning for aname, a number, a specific term or something else? 3. Lock for clues in the sentence that tell you what to listen for, #.g.'a total of” and ‘what's callad a 4. Sometimes the sentence tells you what to listen for, €.9. A beaver is... in colour, But you may hear a numoer of colours in the recording. Listen carefully to know which one is correct. 5 Mast of the missing information is facts about the topic, so the words you need to write fre mostly either numibers oF nouns, If they are nouns, think about whether your answer needs to be singular or plural. The sentence may helo you to decide, 6 The word or words you neod te write are on the recording, Don't ty to put the information you hear into your own words. 7 The instructions tell you how mary wotds to write if you vite mors, your answer will be marked wrong, Most answars are single nouns, €.9. ‘water’, or compound nouns thet include two words, e.g. ‘water quality 8 There's ro need to write words thal are already in the sentence. 9 Write numbers as figures, ©.g, "104 — not as words, @.g. ‘one hundred and four’ 10. The santances follow the arder of information in the recording, ‘1 When you listen to the racording, you hear some wards or ideas from the sentence, ‘These tell you that the words you nead to write are coming, 12 You won't hear exactly the same sentences that you aad on tha question paper. This task isn'ta dictation, Think about the meaning and listan for the inforrnation 19 Don’t just write down the first ward you hear that fits the gap — kpap listening and keep thinking about the meaning. 14. You should think about your spelling, If you spel! a word incorrectly, your answer will be marked wrong. But the words you need to write are words which you knovy, and which are easy to spall 15 It you eran’ Sure, always write something, No marks are taken off for wieng answers. 46 Remember, you haar the recording ONCE only, LISTENING 3D Skills-building exercises Identifying the. target information 4. Read the sentences (1-4). What type of information is missing in each of the gaps? 1. You could see a total of _- motorcycles at the museum when it first opened. 2 There was a at the musaum in the year 2003, 3. The spesker mentions the up-to-date facilities in the conference contre, 4 The museum's oldest nwa-wheeled bike w2s built In the year. 5 06 Listen to a short talk about about a motorcycle museum and make a note of this information: 11 You hear information about the number of motorcycles in the museum et different times. Write down the numbers you heer. 2 You hoar three dates when things happened at the museum. Wiite down the things that happened, You hear about different facilities for visitors al the museum. Which three facilities do on You hear about old motoreyeles in the museum and when they were built. Wunite dawn three years you har. >) 06 Look at the sentences (1~4). Listen again and complete the sentences. Use your answors from Exercise 5 to help you. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/ OR A NUMBER for each answer. 1 You could see a total of .....—-....-. motorcycles at the museum whan it first opened 2 Therewase _ ‘at the museum in the yen 2003, 3. The speaker mentions the Up-tO-Cate vawnyn-»--». facilities in the conference centre A The museums oldest two-wheeled bike was builtin the year. |) 06 Listen again and look at the oudioseript on the DVD-ROM. Think about why ‘the answers to the questions in Exercise 6 are correct, and why other words and numbers you hear are not the correct answers. ‘Work in pairs. Look at the sentences and photo below. What type of information is, missing in each of the gaps? ‘The Brough Superior Th Bg Sue shi sks nrunpum dotnet hoy88 ener NETS CE Bah otelchod a ew voeceee cs he ereckonde WS Bra WO) Aa ota eoech Ss Evan Ser RE en me ce A ae er Each Brough Superior was designed to match the..axsc2/2.., height and riding style eae ints prodelvery ta eve, th $5100 model reached atleast TBO. blohaben vestane 6 stewie9 07 Listen to a tour quide talking about the motorcycle museum and complete the sentences in Exercise 8. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for the gaps? each answer. first opened. 10) 07 Listen again and look at the audioseript on the DVD-ROM. Discuss these questions. ie centra 1 How did the sentences on the question paper help you to find the correct information? 2. Why do some words you hear fit the gaps and othars do not? anote of 11 Work in pairs. Look at this student's answers. Why were they marked wrong? Herert e things 1 nineteen thy eight 292 ates do Sicrenien 4 around thea tite down 5 wat 6 50 5.Use 30S AND/ Stoponed Pentre IELTS PRACTICETASK Itwhy (08 Questions 1-10 ee E | Questions 1-4 Complete the sentences below. Wits NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each ansver SCOTTISH BEAVER TRIAL 1 There:have been no beaversin the UK SiC the nme enn COMB 2 Because they MeKE nmw-ye-nn- ne Dotter, Beavers are regarded as a keynote’ species. 3 Atotal Of ne families of beavers are now living in Knapdale Forest 4 What's called &.yeenerne... Will tell scientists how the beavers affect the local environment Questions 510 Complete the summary below. White MO MORE THAN TWO WORDS jor each answer Elleen is spending 2 short period at the Scortish Beaver Tial on what is called an 5 ayes She iS actually a post-craduate student and her particular area of reSBarCh iS 6.wwrenrvwn mye, Which is why She finds the beaver project so interesting, On the project, Eileen has the job of studying the 7 behaviours of the beavers, Eileen was fortunate enough to see some beavers when she went out 00 @ 8 sewer her first evening in Knapdele. Eileen's particular task is to 9. the dems and other things that the beavers make, and she has set up what’s called a 10. a6 thet she can observe them more closely. \ee! contident about doing Sentence Completion tasks. getle | did OK, dut | still need to do more work on Sentence Completion tasks. | need more practice with Sentence Completion tasks. | need to feeus on Roce a rovesLSTENINGBefore you watch 1 You will watch a video about the Califomie Academy of Sciences Natural History ‘Museum, which has been described as ‘a groon building that breathes” Brainstorm answers to the following questions: 1 What kind of exhibits might you see in this kind of museum? 2 What things give a building the label ‘green’? While you watch 2 Watch the video. Check your ideas from Exercise 1. B Read the sentences about the museum's green credentials. Then watch the video (from 01.50-03.16) and complete the sentences. Write MO MORETHAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. 1 The musoum’s roof is covered with flowers and plant life and allows from inside the building to escape. The building is constructad entirely fOr. -ponane- meters, The domes which contain the planetarium and the rainforest are Tho museum's 1007 also DONTAINS ween. SOlar panes Watch the whole video and complete the summary of the architect Renza Piano's design process. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. ‘The first stage of an architect's job is to visit the site and understend the topography of the 1 emrmewmen« FOF RONZD Piano, the Next Stage Is tO MAKE a SIMOIE 2 oeaennnemnny SKOCCH of the building, The simplicity of this sketched design does nat reveal how 3 xmaqusmenenthe building sctuelty is. In fac, in this.casa, its one of the largest 4 vvyermnrsun-etBulldings in the world. The 5 if the museum is one of the most innovative design feetures and once enzo Piero hes approved this, work can starton the next phase, After you watch 5 Work in small groups. Think about a building which has inspired you. Which of these ‘terms you heard in the video apply to this building? Yelegance innovative vike a fiying carpet _ living architecture low srvranmental nwt. voimptaty “tatecHtheett unity visu pact Sustainable nique isionary 6 Toll your group about your chosen bi was and how it made or makes you fee!. ing. Say whore it is, what your experience of it 7 Workin pairs, Look at the lst of modom building developments. Can you add any more to the list? Choose one development and discuss the questions (1-4) with your fogether decide if the overall impact of the development is apo: nogative one. 1 What is the impact on the local environment? 2. What is the impact on the local eommuniny? 3. How sustainable is the development? 4. What benefits does the development bring? Modern building developments La Défense Business District, Paris Olympic Parc, Rio de Janeiro Shipping Container Student Heusing, Amsterdam ory Museum USTENING 4718 TASK TYPE 2 Note Completion, Form Completion, Table Completion, Flow-chart Completion and Short Answer Questions ‘Gondoliers chat to each other, Venice, Nal jon about the task type.A friend who missed the lesson has emailed ‘you some questions. Look at your friend’s questions on page 19 and answer them. Compioticn, Flow-charl Completion and Short Answer Questions ¥¢ specitic inlormiation ‘tome recording, You sometimes listen to her end sometimes you listen to a lecture some of the info you hear is already writion on ‘You see 4 set of notes that inclutles the information you hear on the recording. In each sot o umers sre missing. Your job isto listen and fill n the gap: conversation ne per: or presentation ebout a specif the gue ate re the basie rules for these tasks The spoken instructions tell you at The written insttuctions tell you hovy many words to write m each gap. 1 Vyhen you listen, you bear the words that you need to writ. mt You won’: hee’ exactly the same words that yotireéad on the question paper, but you will hear the same Information 19 the samme orca . tular/olurel) - you don't Spelling cou fm You hear the recording ON Its very important to read through the notes before you listen, and think about ths type ef information you're listening for You! hear different words that couid fit inte Sach gap. You he :on carelully to croose the comtect information, so that the notes maich the meaning of the recorcirg execily wih The sete? nowes may be presented inc fen ways, For example, you could see f= notes with subheadings and bullet points 5 feblo wit information under heacings fxm that somebody has partly hiled hart wih infoimation in #1 07 of questions with spaces to write the answers USTENING 1EL Que! Com ati ToD Wh whe His Year Mains Hi there Help! | missed the lesson Can you tell me about the Note Completion tasks, please? 4. How many speakers do you hear? 2 Could the answers be numbers? 3 How do you know how many words to write? 4 Do you Near the answers in arder? 5 Doos it matter if you make a spalling mistake? 5. How many times can you listen to the recording? Thanks! B Sample questions 2 © 09 Listen and complete the notes below. Use the rules from Section A to help you. ‘Then check your answers. Which questions did you find difficult? IELTS PRACTICE TASK Questions Complete the som Wite NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for cach answer Ferien aly THE YAVARI: AN INCREDIBLE SHIP TopAY visitors con do: + tukead ss emailed. he ship now: close toa 1 ‘at Puna Bay in Peru, them, Bee sialon ka Bion to HISTORY ee Yoor when the ship was bul: 3 stot Nain material used in building the ship: 4 How it wes transported to Poru: by see m small sections Ho ansported across Pru + ys © on horseback WORKING LIFE Rawr tried by the ship + precious metals ' 6 Joe of engine fist fitted on the ship: 7 USTENING 19C Tips and tactics 3 Workin pars, Reed the tips and tactics and cscs these questions 2 Which tips and tactics do you think are the most useful? fying 2h b Did you use any of these tips and tactics when you answered the sample questions jayget inform in Section B? ) © Which tips will you use in the future? |e | 1 Before you listen, you have time notes and think about what you're going to he 2. Think 2bout the type of information th sing in each g istening for a name, a nurrier or enother type of word? 3. Look for clues in the notes that tell you listen for, €.0. the information already written under each heading, 4 Sometimes the notes tall you what to listen for, for example, ‘type of engine’ But you ma heer move than one type of engine mentioned in the recording. Liston carefully to know which is correct Most of the missing information is facts about the topic, so the words you need to write are mostly either concrete nouns or numbers, I the words are nouns, think ebout whetha your answer needs to be singular or plural The rest of the notes may help you with this. 6 The word ar words you need to write are on the recording, Don't ty to put the informatioy you hear into your own words. The instructions tell you how many words to write — if you waite more, your answer will bE marked wrong, Most answers are single nouns, é.g, iron’, or comeaund nouns that inclug two words, 2.6, ‘guided tour 8 Wite numbers as figures, ¢.9. "104" = rds, 2.9, ‘one hundred and feu 9. The notes follow the order of information in the recording, The question nu! bering will he 0 se8 how the information is organised, especially in tables. to the recording, you hear some words or idees from the notes. These s you need to write are coming, There's no need to write the words thet yi 0M you that the wor are already in the notes 1 Use the headings in the task to help you. Think abou ideas ~ headings can help you with this, 2 Dor't just write down the first ward you hear that fits the gap ~ keap listening and keep ut the meaning, 18 You should think about your spelling. If you spell a word incorrectly, your answer will be marked wrong, But the words you need to write are words which you prabebly know, and) 1A. Some words, lke the names of people and places, may be spelle recording 18 I youaren't sure, always write something. No marks 16 Remember, you hear the recording ONCE an you list 1@ meaning and listen for the main out for you on the taken off for wrong answers, SSyg to hear, you aay ut you may tokiow {to write sit whether vat this. information wer will D2 that includ ring wll hel 6. Thase tell words that the main nd keep r vil bo know, and athe iswers. Eo D Skills-building exercises 4. Look at this task. Which kind of tosk is it? @ set of noias with subheadings and bullst poin’s @ table with informatien under headings a form that somebody has partly fi ‘sel of questions with spaces to writ the answers TITLE: Mr FIRST NAME(S); Jot Paul SURNAME: 1 HOUSE NAME OR NUMBER: Room 42 2. ‘lal of Resid HERSE RANE OE NEMERM SGT EZ STREET ADDRESS: 3 Street POSTCODE: CD3 768 FACULTY: STUDENT ID: JPRA40021 DATE OF BIRTH: 5 NATIONALITY: 6 ANY DISABILITIES: none OTHER SPORTS CLUBS JOINED: 8 5 Look at the numbered questions in the form in Exerci 1. In what order do you expact to hear the infarmation? What holed you to kiow this? 2 In which questionis! are you istening for numerical information? b_ an adjective describing ability? © thename of an activity? da word which is ikely to bg spellod for you? 6 ©) 10 Listen and complete the form in Exercise 4.\Write NO MORETHAN THREE WORDS AND/ORA NUMBER for each answer. 7 © 10 Now check your answers with the answers on the DVD-ROM. Are your answers exactly right? Why?/Why not? 8 ( t0LLsten agsin. Look atthe audioscipton the DVD-ROM and think about the following, 2 How did the words in capitals (TITLE, FIRST NAME(S), ete.) on the set of notes helo You to find the correct information? b_ Why-de some of the words end information you heer fit in the gaps end others do not? LisTENING a9 Look at this task. Which kind of tasks it? Iaentying the 8 setof notes with subheadings and blot pons target information table with information under headings ° © a form thet somebody has partly filled in da set of questions with spaces to write the answers CONFERENCE PROGRAMME [rime vVonue | Speaker == Subject, 10.80” Main Auditorium | Pedro Novak 1 engineering Green, Room Grace2 copyright law 4 3 Maria BEST | international banicing 2 [48.00 Lunch break [ents 4 14.00 Main Auditorium | Alex Lorusso —. biology 4 Geeecnemeed 9] Kale uae (| Dexan apa _ i “i8a5 Main Anaitoriam | Professor Malkin ; 76.00 Main Auditorium |The Vice Chancellor | ceremony | 10 Look at the numbered questions 1-8 in the notes above. ‘ In what erder do you expect to hear the information? What helps you to know this? t 2. Inwhich question cr questions are you listening for: 2 a location? bb partof compound noun? ¢ a word which is likely to be spelled for vou? 11 11 Now listen and complete the notes. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/O} A NUMBER for each answer. 12) 11.Check your answers with the answers on the DVD-ROM. Are your answers exactly right? Why?/Why not? 13 Work in pairs. Look at this student’s answers. Why were they marked wrong? 1 eetia! 5. prenumteeon 2 ENDVUMA © Intteredroom 3 Nelo Library 7 Bolne ceuses not werk placements 4 Lie Colencen B dong 14 © 12Listen to speaker giving a presentation about the work ofthe biologist Dr Gray. Make notes. Idanttying the ‘target information 1 Write the names of animals you hear o 2 Write the numpers you hear 15 | 12 Listen again and answer the questions. 1 Which animal did the research mostly focus on? WE 2 Which of the numbers you wrote in Exercise 14 are: | a distances? b periods of time? helghts? 16 Look at the Practice Task on page 23, What kind of task is it? a set of notes with sulshaadings and bullet points a table with information under headings a form that somebody has partly filed in a set of quastians with spaces to write the answers. 17 Now listen to the complete presentation and do the Practice Task on page 23, 2 usTenineIELTS PRACTICETASK 1 | On Qvestons 1-8 = Answer the questions below , \Wito NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for o2c> answver . PRESENTATION: ARCTIC HARE RESEARCH . Which other animals dd the researchers study? a What term is used 20 catogarise Dr Grays study? A 2 3 What was the approximate height above sea level of the area studied? 4 Which part of the animals body makes the clearest marks in the snow? - 5 What isa good place to leak for hare dropnings? 6 he hares? 7 8 hat wes pul inside traps to attrac What isthe masimum distance for identifying indivi Which was the best shift for sa0ing hares in breading season? al animals with a telescope? IELTS PRACTICETASK 2 Ou ow this? Questions 1-6 Complete the flowchart helow. ite NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer Five stages in the process of designing a building RDS AND/OR| ‘Schematic Design Stage: Architect uses various tools to ass0ss the 1 answers t Design Development Stage: Dasign starts te take shape and 2 are chosen, ng? Construction Documents Stage: _ mplete set of 8 is produ; ed inchiding dagrammatic and written information, L Bidding and Negotiations Stage: Owner looks for 4. from varous contractors Construction Administration Stage: losist Architects reSp0nsibl6 £95 onwnrnne me naythe diagrammatic information and dealing with unforeseen aroblems. ee! confident ehour doing these “asks, V {id OK, fut | stil need to do more werk en these tasks I need more practice with those tasks. | need to fecus on Emre USTENING 23,VIDEO 2 Songs Under a Big Sky usTeniNeBefore you watch 1 Look at the photo. Do you know which regions of Europe are associated with Celtic music? 2 Work in pairs. Tell your partner about the kind of musie you like to listen to and/or play. Explain why you like it and how affects you. Try to use these adjectives in your diseussion. adyp iF) — mea diy 6 ‘acoustic instrumental jazzy light melarcholio passionate relaxing soulful upbeat pling ¢ i % gh Bon uP saddep ressing Swofto yen u PAssigne +e White you wateh uinires raomarians = 3 Watch the first part of the video sree ae rat {00.00 to 00.32) about the singer nee aria © Lionaird, How would you describe his music? Do you like it? 4. Watch the video and complete the missing information from the concert promotion. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS ~ * AND/OR A NUMBER for each CNS In concent “> answer. “Tho unique voice of theman from 5 Work in pairs. Watch the video again fies and make notes to answer these ‘xescamianbicon questions, Then discuss your anew. Praise for aria 1. Haw id lara’ family backgroun ‘Divine scuads. He's been singing sinoo Persson a aul boy, dooe i show’ 2. What style af singing is Sear-n9s? nies femeee 3 In whot wey was lero’ first teacher, ‘io pinging, he's a mastan partormer ‘Mrs Mac’, important in is fe? ‘Through his exparionoe of singing with 4 Whan laria grew up there wes @ they AteosLieh) Rowe Syste Jah Lal crsis inhi Wo. What form dd itiako |g DORRAMMDNOR HY Atsoa and how did his life take @ new CT Gitection? After you watch Work in small groups. What do these sentences from the video mean? 1. "There wore shoas there waiting for me to put my fest into? 2 ‘Ifelt ike = museum pico" 3. ‘He found himsalf on a doad-end street: 4 “There's a genuineness and a largeness of hearin African music 7 Make notes on ONE of the following topies. Then talk for a minute or two to your partner about the topic. 1 Your family heritage: what do you know about previous generations of your family and tow has this influences your ite? 2 Formative experiences: haw have your scheo! days influenced you? Wis ite positive or nogeive experience? in what wey? 2 Key people: think about a gerson ~ a teacher, tional or family member ~ who is or hes bboen important 6 you. Explain thair importance, & Work in small groups. Discuss the questions. To what extent do people in your couriy follow in the footsteps of their parents or grandparents? 2. Whet are the biggest influences these days cn young people 2s they grew up? USTENING — 25Times, dates and numbers 1 Read the information about times, dates and numbers in sentence completion tasks. ln the Listening paper of the IELTS test you frequently have to lsien end campiete sentences including times, dates or numbers, These cen appear in different farms in the listening so it's important to recognise phrases that have a similar meaning 2 Match a word or expression from column A (1-8) with one from column B ( has a similar meaning. A B 1 instant af adding up to 2 wmeanwtilo b5 1980-1890 2\over a twenty-year period o> et first 4 (the early 1900s dé at loast B bithe late 1900s ey immeciate 8a minmmum of fs, 1900-1930 7eoriginaly (97 more than twenty Bea total of ha.etthe same ime 99ever warty 12 for twenty years Which of the words are more formal/academic (column A or column B)? 3 Complete the sentences below with a word or phrase from Exercise 2, 1 The new design was al) handled in 3 handed through 3. "The lake was monitored over a period of six months in order to, a picture how the newly introduced fish were interacting with the existing species: 4 weigh up B make up — C getup D build up USTENINGci data, pat icture oF 4 "My cove cael orederaton to number of pasate ates orth rosa poet aun iieord ° aon inthe Souter Ape of Non Zel a putun ve wort O qusaut 5 After many years of vulnerable to dit A. worked through VB figured out — © brought about D came aver ssaarch the tearm finally why the birds were so 8 ‘The team should be congratulates for ir research dospite weather conditions: A. carrying on wath ~ B. putting off © goiting over D getting avvay with ‘Your reseerch projact on climate change is £0 detailed and well written that you should consider degree, B going by going in YD eoing on — 8 "The eco-tourism business was in 2008 and has built up an international ‘epulation for goed practice since then: A sat by 3 sat it set out 40 sat up— Wordbuilding 16 Put the word in brackets in the correct form to complete the sentences. In order to complete the will recreate the fish’s natural habiter inside the laboratory, However The increase in bird numibers around the cetro-chemical plent is a good {ilustrato) of the benal ciel environmental effect of the conservation programme 3. There are = number o "Nerious) between the species that have b particular interest to researchers. lechecre jnacke 4. Poor review discovered so many sdequate) in the research dosign that the programme was cancelled, { itwas ‘2.5 1.\3 {correot) reported that the spocies was extinct when in fact @ smell population was sill ving in'@ remote corner of the rainforest. 6 Thora was no. ‘cvtindieate) that storms in the region could be 50 sever the weather thet night was unexpectec. 7 Researchers were astonished to find that birds such as lL. 2 ent 4. tinteligencer; several of the birds were observed u fe ed 8 Many locel people Viel sn 12° voluntary} to take part in the research despite the cold ‘and uncomiorteble conditions in the forest tools 10 access 9. The work of Professor Steiting transformed our understanding of the subject and was mene! S1 44 Iben quent researcher in the Antarctic. it) 10 avary subs =e art 10 | W201. theory, an earthquake i highly unlikely in that part‘of the continent, but the researchers decided not to teke any chances, USTENING — 29TASKTYPE 3 Map/Plan/Diagram Labelling es eek aa ast 3 r TELTS | ‘Questio ‘Label th Witte tt School buss parked fe row, Washington, Ul formation about the task type. Then look at the notes on page 31 made | by two of your classmates. For each point, who is right (Classmate A or Classmate B)? | The Mop(Plen/Diagram Lobeling tsk tests your ability to use the information ing vacordny to label a map @ plan 7 @dagiam. ris chen used to test your understancing of e comvestion o ak in which ¢ pace, a aren or a ] sce of equipments described. On the cuestion paper, yousses a maa, a plan ora agram thst romrosets tha fomtion you har en the recording Your leis to listen anc lave he map, lan er dagiam by ooasng the comect letter There ate two diferent types of man/olava agram labeling tes Toy look sigh deren, but ‘hey both test the same stoning skis the sere vey, Here ae he basi es forthe Map/PlnyDiagram | aban ras 1 The spoken instuctons tel you about the speakers) ana che op 1 On the question paper you see map, plan or Gaaram with ntrmaton in the form of lavets 18 The labels are sometimes or ten iret onthe mo, Bian er dlagtam. oF comatims tay ao trang around it~ with arcons pointing 1 i= Some orall ofthe labels contin a eter of number instead of writen information it There are five to eight numbered questions. 1 Whon you fston, you hese information sbout the mep, pln or dagram, 1 Yourmay heer ore person or wo people talking, 11 Tha questions folow the order ef information he recording ff Youlisten ane decide wnat infermetion each label snoulé contain Wt There are more ieters than questions end you can use eeth etter only an fre only the correctletir onthe answer sheet Type 1 On the question paper, you see the numbered questions an the map, plan or diagram and @ set of labels a 18.9. AHE) in @ box. You listen to the recording and decide which label from the box fits in each numbered gap. | oN (Bee the diagram nthe IELTS Practice Tesk on page 33 fr an exarale 3 Th Type 2 On the question paper, you se the numbered questions secerte from the map, olan ordagram Tho labels | & Re Sh tho map, plan oF dacrar have lets to show where information miscing You lston ‘othe recering ae 5 Fe pase he lel 9, ALE) foreach question. (See the mao 1 tne [ELIS Pacis Task page 31 lar an exarme os 1 30 LISTENINGNotes Pe eas es SE Caanieé Teptien) teria Cevncntercnig Classmate A There are. more letters than numbered questions. Claccmate A” You can use thelerters only once. Clasomste A Vou have to write the correct words on the answer sheet B Sample questions 2 15 Listen and label the map. Use the rules about the task from Section A to help you. Then check your answers. Which questions did you find difficult? ELTS PRACTICE TASK Giestons 1-8 aba! the map below - hte the correct letter Ady, next to questions 1-6, woos 1 Peasy Gon 2 Now Library L J) Theave ® phbele I | & Hiestaurens EL ce $ focutyorMedcne =. 6 CarPark 4 # ustenING 31C Tips and tactics 3 Worcin pairs. Read the tips and tacties and discuss these questions. a Which tips and tactics do you think are the most useful? b_ Did you use any of these tips and tactics when you answered the sample questions in Section B? Which tips will you use in the future? Before you listen, you have time to look at the map, plan or diagram and think about wh ‘you'te going to hear, Look st the list of numbered questions oF list of labels and think about fiow the labels, relate to the map, plan or diagram Remember that the information in the recording comes in the seme order as the numbered questions. ‘Acthe beginning of the recording, you figar information about where to start looking at the map, pian ar diagram, ‘When you listen to the recording, you heer seme words or ideas from the map, plan or diagram. Look at it as you listen and follow the information, You may alse heer some of the words from the labels in the recording, This tells you that the information you need is coming 7 Remember, the correct answer reports the meaning of the recording, but doosn't alway ise exactly the same words and expressions — listen for the meaning I you aren't sure, always write something. No marks aré taken of for wrong answers, Fsmember, you hear the recording ONCE only D Skills-building exercises leninaie. 4 16 Listen to a museum guide talking about an exhibition. Number the rooms 1-5 a i xhibition, ms 1 fear the order you hear them mentioned. 8 9 Corridor 5 16 Listen again and decide which label (A or B) gives the main theme of the ‘exhibits in each room. Room 1 A rainforest environments B marine environments. Room 2 A. polar environments B_ mountain environments ~~ Room 3 A polarenvironments ~~ B_mauntain environments Room 4 A. hostile environments B_ tropical environments Room 5 A desert environments ~~ B river environments117 Listen to two friends who are visiting the second floor of the museum. Listen and label the plan below. Jeter, AG, next to questions 1-5, Ie] is tarease 7 stores 0 Generel Astronomy Big Bang Thoory Manned Specetl Space Exploration Planet Mars ap wr 8 ——~ op maune ee bh RR Jat uthat nays. IELTS PRACTICETASK On Questions 1-8 Latel the diagram of tho bike below Fs Choose FIVE answers front the box and write the correct letter, AGH, next to each one soft material gives extre comfort sas a standard design special shape reduces weight made from old kitchen equipment relatively narrow allows rider to change eosition exceptionally light recycled from ol¢ bikes zommooa> eel confident about doing Map/PIan/Diagram Labeling tasks. | dia OX, but | stil need to do mare work on Map/Pian/Diagram Labelling tasks. | need mora practice with Map/Plan Diagram Labelling tesks, | need to focus on UsTENING = 33Before you watch 1. Where in a house would you expect to find these domestic appliances? Can you add any more to the list? oles machine dichwasher OVD player foodrnixer fridge freezer hairdryer kettle toaster TV VCR washing machine water heater 2 Which of the things mentioned in Exercise 1 do you consider to be essential in your life? While you watch 3 Watch a video about energy efficiency in the home. Are the sentences true (T) or false (F)? 1 Inthe USA, houses and buildings consume almost half of al the energy that is used. 2. Many homes waste mare energy then they consume. —T 3. We cart save energy and keop the conveniences we are used to. 4 Vampire loads con't actually was YF 5 Temperatures in the area where Amory Lovins lives can r as 6 Lovins’ house can tun on about he seme power as one ligt bul. | —T 4 Watch the video again and pay attention to these expressions. Try to explain what they 1 energy-eating monster 2. ecodetective 3. innocent-looking thing 5 vampire loa good old commen sense 8 the climate problem 5 After watching the video, how energy efficient do you think your home is? After you watch 6 19 Listen to a tour of an eco-house by its new owner. Label the plan below. Choose FIVE answers from the box and write the correct letters, A-I, next to the spaces 1-5. bathroom kitchen leundry 1000 ling room ro7moa wD 7 Think about the place where you live at the momont. What do you like or dislike about. it? What would you change, if you could? Make notes of your ideas. & Work in small groups. Talk for about a minute each, using your notes from Exercise 7. Answer any follow-up questions your classmates have. en, Connecticut usTenIna 36 Ki OE esi rt ee en ee a IB iad aR el aera ‘Giraffe and wildebesss 1 A About the task 1 Read the information about the task type. Then look at an online quiz. Choose the correct options to complete the quiz. The Multiple Choice task tests your ability to understand detailed factual information, as well as the speakers’ attitude and opinion, it’s used to test your understanding of both monologues and dialogues. On the question paper, you see @ set of question stems with three possible answers, Your job isto listen to the recording and. dec da which one of the three opticns correctly answers the question, There are two types of question mA question which hae three different answers (A, B or C), An incomplete sentence which has three possinie endings (A, 8 or C) Here are the besic rules for the Multiple Choice task: The seoken instructions tell you about the speaker(s) and the topic You may hear one person or two people talking, The quastians follow the order of the information in the passage. The question stem tells you what ta listen for When you read the question stems, you see some words and nares that you also hear on the recording, These help you to know when relevant information ang ideas are coming. The wording of the options 's not exactly the same es the wording of the recording, You hear information relevant to all three options on the recording, but only one oy of the recording exactly, You write the comact letter on the answor sheet Multiple Choice You have to choose one / by6 of the three options in each set The questions are in vandém/rder| the same offer as the infe the passage. Z oar a The incorrect options refer to information you heer / do ngt hear ifvche recarding, . You are t tw hear the words used in the options in the recording. nusxber on the answer sheet. USTENINGB Sample questions 2 >) 20 Listen and answer the questions. Use the rules about the task from Section A to help you. Then check your answers. Which questions did you find difficul IELTS PRACTICE TASK iGiestions 1-6 Ghcase the comect leer, A, Bor C. urprised the speaker? Ah The majority of phone owners fil 10 use simple security measures. BA large number of lost phones end up in the hanes of criminals G Most paople who find lost phones look at the deta on them. \With regard to shopping apps, the speaker suggests that her listeners A eric al arate erate Fon Jog out of them when they're not in use, C choose those which are most secure, ‘Tho device known as a ‘scream’ is mostuseful w @ a phone has been left in a public place. ' phone has bean temporenty misiai. © a phone has been stolen. 4 What does the speaker think of he ‘completes datewie feature offered ty some apes? zie the, ‘m, It may not offer value for money. Ee preteens ascot tos em | YA They make it harder to recover missing phones. People find it citicult to rememoer them, pene © They can also be tost or stolen. § What service des the ‘global ostanctound’ service offer? trerenges the retum of lst phares to their orginal overs, it provides finance revrds fr peopl roturing lost phones. itenables people who find lost phones to got in touch with owners. C Tips and tactics cing. 3 Work in pairs. Read the tips and tacties and discuss these questions. a Which tips and tacties do you think are the most useful? b Did you use any of these tips and tactics when you answered the sample ‘questions in Section B? ‘¢ Which tips will you use in the future? 1 Before you listen, you have time to reed the question stems and options and underline the most important words and iceas. 2 Remember that the questions follow the o1der of the information in the recording. 3 When you listen to the recording, you hear words and ideas from the question stems. These help you to know that the relevant infarmation is coming, 4 Remember, the correct answer reports the meaning of the recording, but doesn't use exactly the same words and exoressians ~ listen for the meaning, 5. Don't use your own knowledge of the subject to heln you to choose an option. Remember, you are being tested on your understanding of the recording. 6 Remambor to write one letter on the answer sheet 7. Always answor all the questions, even if you're not entirely sure, 8 Femamber, you hear the recording ONCE oniy. neering USTENING 37D Skills-building exercises (GUE 4 100K atthe question stems (1-4) and undertine the main words and ide ‘centiying the 1) What main point is the tutor making about proposals? “tataet information 2. Interms of topic, the tutor suggests beginning with 3. The tutor says that the best procedure 10 adopt is one that 4 What does he say ebout the outcome of a research project? 5 Look at the excerpts from the recording (A-F]. Choose the excerpts which best match the question stems (1-4) in Exercise 4. (There are two extra excerpts.) A. After you have. topie, you'll want to focus on the procedure that you'l follow to do the resea EB Inorder te complata yaur idea for research, you need to have @ possible outcome far ya research in your head. 2 The topic you start with should be quite wide, so that you can narrow it down 2s you ga more ideas, -eD_ For space exploration, your outoome right revolve on whether the space prosramme i moving forward 4 E One of the key aspects of the proposal is getting olf on the right track Whereas if you're researching an author, you might strive to find out what his motivatio was, oF what her enduring influence will be. 6 |) 21 Look at the questions. Listen to the university tutor talking about student research projects. Choose the best answer (A or B) for each question. 1 The tutors main point bout proposals is 3_He says the best procedure By suit them by the ceadtine draws on the exoerionce of other rs () think them through ceretully. ¥'(3) supports your intended conclusion. 2 Ha suggests stating with 4 “The outcome of the research project ‘Ja broad eres of esearch J AA, tiiecome evident one is unr wal B a specific area you're familiar with. should be clear to you from before youl | 7 Look at the question stems (1-6) and decide what you wl listen for inthe recording . or line the main wo - Tecttangtietosls (A, B or C), Then underline the mait rds or ideas in each stem. ‘of the question ‘A factual information one speaker's point of view C both speakers’ point of vie When should the research projects be submitted? How does Graeme organise the notes he takes during background research? \Whet probiem does Lise have with detailad rerences? Greeie agreas with Lisa that mind maps... Graeme and Lisa agree thet when using direct quotes from another writer Whet point does Lisa make about oral presentations? — 8 (22 Look at the questions. Listen to two students discussing a research project. Choose the correct letter, A, B oC. 1 When should thé research projects be submitted? ‘A Tuesday “(B)Wedhesday — C Thursday 2 Howe does Graeme organise the notes he takes curing backaround research? A. onhis reading ist "“B) on his outine plan -€6# in a seperate file he sets up 3._Whet problem does Lisa have with detaled references? keoping accurate records deciding what n‘ormation to include © fincing her notes whan she needs them Haag team arent a useful 36 some paople suagast. help keep you focussed en the mais top. € can creat a false imprassion ef whet’ important. 5 Graeme and Lise agree that when using another writer's das it alvays bast to roword the information. i's importante Keep a clear recordin your notes direct quotes can be an affective way of meking 3 pont. 6 "What paint dees Graeme make about eval prosentat ons? ‘A. Nou naed to make a new set of notes. (ES Er some aee ‘our original notes can bo a good source of reevence. 38 LISTENINGtivation nt nese ject. 9 IELTS PRACTICE TASK Oz Questions Ch 4 The original aim of Fione and Jack's research was VA) whether tho migration pattems of robins changad overtime. B_ how robins knewe which direction to fly in at diferent times of year. © ifthe findings of provious etudies of robin rnigration were accurate 6 ose the correct ettes, A, B or €. > find out 2 They agree that the most surprising aspect of the birds! hehavio how much it changed 'B) how quickly it changed © how regulally it changed B pores eo ‘was that the birds had been affected by ‘A, something they had eaten. (B) something thay had heard, someting they had breathed in 4 How dll Fiona react initially to Jack's suggest She realised that the birds ‘mu sitive to them. B_ Sho thought it was en unlikely explanation She refused 10 teke it seriously 5 How cic Jack teel immediately after the experiment with the Faraday Cage? @Y relieved to ba able to get back to his narmal task B sure thal they hac uncovered something sicnifican © soubtful whether they hed drewn the correct conclusion 8 Whet implications have Jack and Fiona drawn from their furthor resarch? {K.) Othe: forms of communication could have the same eifect 8 It's only a maner of time botore all birds are at risk (C Birds in cities are more likely to be affected ion about radio waves? | feel confident about doing Multiple Choice tesks did OX, but | stll need ta do mare work on Multiple Choice tasks. I need more practice with Multiple Choice tasks, Iniged to focus on . usTeniNeUSTENINGBefore you watch 1 You will watch a video about the photographer Steve McCurry, who has had many of his photos published in National Geographic magazine. What kind of photos do you associate with National Geographic? Compare with your partner. 2 Wort in pairs. Answer the questions about taking photos. 1 What do you ike pictures of ~ speciel ageasions ar pacple (e.9. family anid fends), things that speak to you personally or are visually interesting (2.9. landscapes or erchitecturel, or something else? 2. What do you use to take photos? A digital cemera, your phone, a tablet, or something else? 3. How often de you taka photos? Do you print your phatas out or store them digitally? While you watch 3 Watch the video about Steve McCurry and sy which statements are ‘rue according to what you hear Write NOT GIVEN if there is no information about the statement. He stuclod photography college, TT He's retving efter 30 veers with National Goog He's looking fr 36 shoe to take on tha rol of fim. He's docices te shoat ell the fares at Grand Con‘tal Station. Watch the video again and choose the correct letter A,B or 1 het was Steve McCurry arition? (3 soca screteovonn stencerenar B_ to take pictures for a newspaper © to rave genres tne werd 2 How does he descibe loading the lst lof Kodachrome int bis carne? WA It reminded him of the past BItfettunforr toi Het na on 0s hs adja hes 3. What does he say is fun about photography? tang ete vB \ooking for the unexpected Clearing about life 4 What does he think might lead to @ good photo at Grand Central Station? AC the activity in the main hell 3 the interesting light conditions. ions between the people there 5 What do you think of the shot he takes at Grand Central Station at the end of the video? After you watch © Work in pairs. In the video, the narrator asks, ‘What would you take pictures of If you had the last roll of Kodachrome film ever made?’ Discuss your answers to this question. Now think about each of the following. Then compare your ideas with your partner. Explain the reasons for your choices. Do you have any items in common? ‘+ two things you always take with you when you leave the house ‘three things you would seve from your house in fioad or fi ‘© five items you would put inte 2 time capsule in your town er schoo| Work in small groups. Discuss TWO of these questions. 1 News stories ere usually made up of both images and words, Which do you find is more informative? Why? How do changes in technology chenge the way we liva our day-to-day lives? Give exemples Does the Ist of things which ara important to you change at different times of your lite? In what wey USTENING 41Dependent prepositions 11 Read the information about dependent prepositions. Prepositions have various funetions in English, such as indicating time, direction or place. Additionally, certain ‘sibs, Nouns and adjectives are followed by particular prepositions, forexemple, depend on. Inthe Listening paper of the |ELTS exam, being aware of which prepositions to use is important. Correct use if prepositions is also valuable in both the Speaking and Writing papers of the IELTS exam 2 Complete the table. Match the verbs (1-8) with the correct prepositions. Some verbs ‘match with more than one preposition. divide to foous 08 deal wit conduct research Crrer- (AT 2 look at -inte-en-ouf © oe ante rout oe ~ Crem fest, aereF- ON) st gn — AN at into, on out of/trom | with 3 Complete the sentences below with a verb and preposition from the table. Use the correct form of the verbs. 1 Thecourse isaivded, in Seven modules: inte 2 This year we are Facusins. cove subject 3 Each student conducts his cwn “esac... his chasen topic. 4 The department secretary dan sL.any scheduling problems, Recognising and organising synonyms and antonyms 4 Look at the following words used to describe bikes in the listening on page 33. Find ‘three pairs of antonyms and one pair of synonyms. 5 Match the remaining words from Exercise 4 with their antonyms {2-c), a iow hall b hea wight 8 POU angst 42 USTENINGFormal and informal synonyms Read the information about synonyms. Listening and Reading tasks rely on you recagnising synonyms and peraphrases. Build your awareness of ¥ ranyis by collecting words into pairs and groups with similar meanings. Match the words from column A with the words from column B to make pairs of synonyms. Which column has more formal words {column A or column B)? a 8 1 many 2 lose 3 easy 4a 5 [simpie — sale 5 | select. choose 7 | secure think about 8 a large number (ol find 3 \ consider—— important Use a word from column A to complete the following sentences. Use the corroct form of the word as necessary, Select 1 Tho speaker syggested ther phone owners should GxresiJet. secure apes. 2 A Gosh S55, d pase co nt us gprs ora pene, jofi*has been temporarily a(S. A¥e@ you should stil reaort it es lost a 3 Evonwheh 2 Guessing the meaning from context Look at the following extracts fram the IELTS Practice Task on page 37. What is the meaning of the words and phrases in bold? Match them with the words in the box. os ake ae ‘fra itis obi 2 — | pthate teke the trouble 1 We generaiy keep aia of sansiive infomation on aur phones 2 70% of peoplenevar bother to lock their phone. Tweets neat yar ee ae 4 goes without saying Yat you need io have your dts backed un b (racabol Wovs avon Aran Fans ne ind porton who goree across the phone by carci to ratun e -omplete the following sentences with your own ideas. 1 Itgoes without saying that 2. can be a pain, 3. | don't usuelly bother UsTENING a“4 USTENING Wordbuilding 11 Look at the word or phrase in bold in each sentence. What part of speech is it? a noun b verb © adjective You should submit your proposal in writing Your ideas should relate to your field of study. ‘You should do plenty of background reading You should ete reierences at the end of the paper You should keep your reading relevant to the main topic You should use quctation marks to avoid plagiarising another person's work. 12 Complete the table. vor ‘submit 1 Submitia Ad 2 velguante relate a celotien/ ser olagianee 4 Planitia 5 Yovbe quotation research research 6 cite citation 13 Complete the sentences with a word from the table in Exercise 12 1 Wtsimportant fc... 88... our relerences accurately 2. The .22\b'aua. between your research question and the outcome should be very o 3 pS} A.C AMS Taken very seriously. You can fail 2 paper or lose 2 percentage of mars You have to Sula =... yor papar on time, mesting any deadline sot 5 Staying en topic is Important, so keop your rgading £28820) & Always acknowledge your Saurce if you "someone in your paper eek, 44 Look at the adviee in Exercises 11 and 13.Which Ideas do you agree with? Write th pieces of advies for developing academic skills, using words from the table.Common IELTS topic: Academic life Formal and informal synonyms 15 Look at the word or phrase in bold in each sentence. Replace it with the word or expressions with a similar meaning (A, B, C or D). 1. Ifyou lose your key to the laboratory, you shauld infarm security immediately A unlock B mislead — C destroy YD misley 2. The examples on display in the exhibition show the students’ wide range of backgrounds. VA illustate Baroque C tell «explain 3 Il you are unable to hand in your assignment on time it is essential that you apply for an extension . A propose — Bwumout vt submit —_D apply 4 The idea tend sis pantcular course is forthe students to got reel world experiance by ‘peng aero: egos ens verang ne roducton proces theses ao Dhilsopty C pubiceton D practice 5 eis del irom te fap that most students a the university evo a pre ob A thepurlot 8 theminortyot C tnesignificance of 0 the maonty of 8. Students whose essianmerts ars copied from enetner soutso wil savory Poisgarses @ repeated C ted auoted 7 The researchers then did a second study with @ much leroer group of subjects. A composed conducted —C collaborated DD corruated 8 Remember, in order to continue as a member of the spats club, your membership foe must be paid each year. A monthy —B quertety promptly) annually 9 ln my view, each student should set themselves clear goals at the boginning of each Atrooreings objectives svploments 0 regulations 10 Onto ier andthe ure or sublvarepe use batiaen ZOD om, we 40D a ssreewelyami Rredetale take VE minor D moderate 16 Complete the sentences by writing in the correct preposition. In some cases there may id bbe no preposition. The course consisis OF... two leeures each week and a weekly tutorial 2. We have bean forced to restrict qf the number af students who can aoply for esch 3 lam not convinced that this quotation is relevant 0... the point you ere trying to mate. 4-1/5 essential that we persuade the government to invest .,4A...the university's research and developmant programme 5 In particuat, your essignments should focus 2H. research before 2010, & The university has deciced not to reguiate...-=..the number af additional classes studonts take this semaster 7 Scientists have nov confirmed. ..--..the findings of previous researchers at the University of Edinburg 8 Research subjects were divided «fs. four grours based on their ege and each group ws then observed fora period of seven weeks 9. itis ossential rat candidates respond...fc.. tre question that is actualy seked, so you should read itcarefully. yi 10 This department doasrit deal _... research ofthat type Rosoarthors looked fs2- six ferent ties and found that most respondents nald similar views, at 12 The report concluded that the research had had no significant impact..20.. the local environment. USTENING 4546 TASKTYPE 5 Multiple Choice (with more than one answer) Pair of botlenose dolphins, Honda Read the information about the task type. Then look at and correct the notes in the email from your classmate, Your classmate has made three mistakes. The Multiple Choice (with more than one answef) ask tests your ability to understand detailed fectual information, 25 well as the speakers’ atitude and opinion. It's used to test your understanding of both monologues end dialogues On the question paper, you see a question with five possible enswers, Your job is 10 isten tothe sording and decikle which No of the five op ions correctly answer the questi Here are the basic ruias for the Multiple Choi task | you about the Spaakerls) and the topic, ‘or two people speaking you what 10 listan for fecording, These help you ta knows when relevant information and ideas are coming. = The questions You hear informatio the recording exact there are two speakers, the question often focuses on what they both say ab Whether they agree or no! You write the two coract letters on t m There are two question numivers on the anewor sha dorm order of information in the recording, but the options {A-E) come in ‘ol five options on the reccrding, but oniy two options match t the topic, ang bu can put your answers in either order Hithero ‘Are my nétes about the Multiple Choice task corect? 1 You always near two speakers. © 2 Thvee of the answers ere corect and two are wrong. 3 The options (A-E) follow the oréer ofthe recordin. ¢ 4 You write the correct eters on the answer sheet. -¢ 5 You cen write your answers in eny order Thanks! UsTENINGB Sample questions 2 | 24 Listen and answer the questions. Use the rules about the task from Section A to help you. Than cheek your answors. Which questions did you find difficult? | IELTS PRACTICETASK | Ghocse TWO letters, AE. Which TWO fecilties in the student residence have bean upgraded recently? the study bedrooms the main omrance the shered kiteher the bathrooms the laundry room 5. Which TWO services are proviied thee of drarge to resicents? replacement key parking place ‘weekly room cleaning alectrity extra bedding Bite Be D TWO probloms should be reported io the managamont? lost or stalen items ‘autty equipment poor internet connection problems with other residents famplints about staff B € C Tips and tactics Fon the: 3 Work in pairs. Read the tips and tactics and discuss these questions. Which tips and tactics do you think are the most useful? Did you use any of these tips and tactics when you answered the sample questions in Section 8? Which tips will you use in the future? Before you listen, you have time to read the cumbered questions end options and Underline the most important words and ideas. ‘The numbered questions follow the order of the information in the recording Rernember that the five options (A-E) are in random order, and may use words as the recording. When you listen to the recording, you hear words and ideas from the questions, These help you to know that the relevant information is coming Remember, you a’e often listening for the speakers’ ideas and opinions ~ not ust individuel words and facts, If there are two speakers, the questions often test your understanding of things they ‘ee and disagree about. Listen to what both speakers say about the ideas. Don't use your own knowledge of the subject to help you choose an option. Remember, you a’e baing tested on your understanding of the recoraing. Remember to write TWO letters on the answer sheet ‘Always answer ell he questions, evan f you're not entirely sure, Remember, you hear the recording ONCE only cre ring ofakan Identifying ha ‘target informetion Ideenitying agreement and disagweament USTENING. wth mate than ono ancwer) D 1. Look at the exam task and answer the questions. @ Wha is speaking? bb Whats the tooic? (© What do you have to do? 1 Underline the main information in the question and eptions. You haar a teacher telling her class about 4 quest speaker wno's coming to thelr college. Which TWO piaces of inforination does she give about the event? ®) the venue > B where to get tickers 2 “Ye} now to obtain a written copy of the talk “ iho speakers backaround (E) the subject matter ofthe take 5 Look at these words you will hear an the recording. Match the words (1-5) with the. options in Exercise 4 (A-E). 1 transcript 2 tosign up 3 held (in) 4 thetopic & biography 6 ©) 25 Listen and do the exam task in Exercise 4, When you hear the words above, list to what follows and decide If the information in the options (A-E] is given or not. pressions. For each one, decide if thay are agreing or disagreeing with something. Write A fagreing) or D(elsagreeing). J \couldn’tegree more. | would egpute that ectully, 1890 along oth hat doa ~ A Thats arch tue in tis case. ( gt 93 eoled oe VB. | wouldn't be so sure actually. ("2 = gave pecs palnethere. PX yao 7 \car'saultthavisea. %% There's no doubt in my mind that Py V9 There's no denying that 10. | think that's rather cabatabie. D)B 26 Listen to two students discussing the issue of CCTV cameras in public places. Which TWO points do they agree about? (8) CCTV cameras protect the CCTW cameras invade people's priva 5 CCTV cameras Gisdourege criminals: ¢ CCTV cameras Stop FECpie behaving badly CTV cameras shouldiTBe hidden. eallege. 9 26 Listen again. Which of the expressions in Exercise 7 did you hear? ELTS PRACTICETASK Biastons 1 and 2 Grease TWO iors, AE A Ithas inks 10 other populer websites B tran be used by non-aaademios It soves researchers time Ithaloe rosearchars ro organise ther date itis spaciiely designed fo help studonts 1 ae 2 eB Ahestons 3nd 4 Grosse TWO leters, AE. otic TWO lsacivartages ofthe website do the two spockors agree about? | ‘The database is now getting teo large. Itdoasn't offer complete reliability. The ‘suggest’ feature is not very effective. Data can only ke uploaded in one format, I doesr’t pravide information free of charge. fre / | feel confident ahout doing this type of Multiple Choice tasks, | did OK, but | stil nged to do more work en this type of Multiple Choice tasks. need mote practice with this typa of Multiple Choice tasks, | need to focus on mi a raoing USTENING 49A kIteooarder jumps high over the Pamlico Sound, North Carotina usTENINGBefore you watch 1 Look at the photo. Which of these sports is it? “bodyboarding jet skiing _Kiteboarcing parasaling watersking windsurfing 2. Work in pairs, Discuss the other sports in Exercise 1. 1. How do these sports get their names? 2. What oquiprnent do you think you nied to do them? 3. What else do you need — water, waves, surt, wind, sunshine, atc? 3 How would you feel if you were the person in the photo? While you watch 4, Watch the video about Cory Roeseler as he does two sports in the Columbia River Gorge in the United States. Answer the questions. , der KG 1 How does the narrator describe the weather?" 2. What sport is Roeseler doing in the first part of the video? 3 Why Is the wind 30 importent in this sport? 4. Does Roeseler’s new invention work? 5 Watch the video again. For each question, choose TWO letters, A-E. 1 / Why dogs he lke the Columbia River Gorge? J He enjoys himself there. 3 Ho went thora a lot a a teenager ©, it's close to is home in Washington State (Baers aroma Is where he expenmants with new sports equipment, 2. How is Roeseler’s wakeboarding boat different from anyane else's? A His invention is the only one that has worked, AS Its been entensieiy tested on the water ) Its tower gives it more height than other boats D- Nobody else has used 2 tower. ) Theaddition of a sal gives it more stability. After you watch 6 One of Roeseler's friends says he's nervous because he's ‘never seen anything like that before: Tell your partner about an experience you had that made you feel nervous. 7 Complete these sentences with your own ideas. Then talk for a minute or two to your partner about each ono. as 1 ereonaly think advernure sports .ave gute SED v1, oy 2 Mybest sports experience wee —plaorvd "Seva mbne wager’ Vy , 3 The typical things | enioy doing wth my Tiends incidents SUEY °°) 4 Things (have in earmon with my frends are ob ch 8 Work in small groups. Discuss the questions. 1 What kind of things might pacplo loam about themselves doing adventure sports? 2. Do people who enijay adventure sporis have a negative or a positive impact on the ‘environment? How? USTENING 51Bright yellow ear parkad in front of matching house, Read the information about the task type. Then look at some information you found) on two websites, on page 53. For each point, which is right Website A or Website Bl The Matching tasks test your ability te listen ta @ fovarding and understand the main ideas as wall as detailed information an a a 5 are used to test your understanding of both monologues end dialogues. There are tw: Matehiing task. They look sightly cifferent, but they both test the same listening skills (9 the seme way. ‘Type 1: On the quesiion paper, you 86¢ @ focus question and a box containing a set of options (for examin, A which answer it. The options can be features of a place ar opinions about something, and they are groupad und @ heading. There are than fiva numbered questions, also grouped under @ heading. The questions could be a list of places, expariments of any other feature that is found in the re job is to /sten to the recording and matdh the information or ideas in the questions to the correct © Jere ate the basic rules for tha Matcting Type 1 task: The spoken instructions tell you about the speakers] and the topic ‘The ist of numbered questions follows the atder of information in the recording The answer to each question is the jeter thal appears next te the relevant option in the box. ‘There are more options than questions Each letter may be used once only You waite the correct lett on the answer sheet ‘ype 2: On the question paper, you see a focus question and a box containing a set of options (A-C) which aria it. There are fewer ootions than in Type 1, however, and it may be possible to use them more then once. ‘As in Type 1, your job is to listen to the recording and match the feetures in the questions to the correct options |See page 58, Exercise ® fe are the basic rules for the Matching Type 2 task: The list of numbered quastions follows the order of intormatian in the recording, ‘The answer to each question is the letter that appears the relevant ontion in the box There ere fewer options than questions, Eech etter may be used more than once. You write the correc: latter an the answer sheet. USTENINGThee is aways one speaker. The numbered quastions ususly folow the order of the recording. “There are more letters than numbered questions n Type 7. ‘You car use the letters only once in Type 7. ‘You have to write the correct words on the answar sheet. [— Website B “There may be one or two speakers, T “The numbered questions always follow the ordor of the recording, | “Thora aro mors letters than numbered questions in Type 2. You can use each letter enly once in Type 2. You have to waite the comect letter on the answer shest. ng house, He B Sample questions 2 |) 28 Listen and answer the questions. Use the rules about the task from Section A p you found: to help you.Then check your answers. Which questions did you find difficult? Website B?_ detelled and pithe 1b does each of the Following people do in the hotel? box and write the correct latter, AGH, next to questions 1-5 ample, A-G) juped under id be a list ot fe Head Receptionist Bookings Manea Events Co-ondinater Catering Manager| Head Chet | Personnel Manager| Head ofAccounts | Hoad Waiter wiih than once, 1 options. Damion Rose } Ciara Ford alg. Fetra Snell D. | Oliver Ansel rC. ae UsTENING 6aC Tips and tactics 3 Work in pairs. Read the tips and tactics and discuss these questions. @ Which tips and tacties do you think are the most useful? b Did you use any of these tips and tactics when you answered the sample ‘questions in Section B? Which tips will you use in the future? Before you listen, you nave time to ee the question these of pons in he boxe the numbered questions, Underline the most important words end idea: 2 Remomior thar the numbered questions folow the order of tne infornation in the passage. 3. When you listen to the recording, yau heer words and ideas from the numbers ‘questions, These help you to know that the relevant information is coming, 4 Remember, the correct answer reports the meening of the recording, but doesn’t use exactly tha same words and expressions = think about the overall questian and listen the meaning, Don't use your own knowledge of the subject to help you choose an option. Rement: ‘you are being tested on your understanding of the recording, Remamber to write ana letter for aach numbered question on the answer sheet Remember yau can use the letters more than once in Type 2 tasks. Always answer all the quastions, even if you're not entirely sure Remember, you haar the recording ONCE only. D Skills-building exercises Resitieg te fee lent y02 4 Look at these words and expressions which can be used to talk about a course of dy thes tte hos gnu Uc Bar G)soconding to whet they ao kay owe Bo 4 co By Sq ys outs GiGi REG aes ae Sartahyoeaen suubesteghnens uipeetun 8 Awsbequigied eassroims Fkesio pear eedoxc ones suppor enalsogamenspeseetons % Athe venue B the course.content teaching methods usTENING5 29 Look at the names of the institutions (1-6). Listen and decide what the speaker recommends about the course at ech of the institutions. You may use each of the letters (A-C} more than once. A the venue B the coursa content € teaching methods 2 box and J 1. Pikington College Ayr inthe 2 City Study Centra inh 3 Giovstons University Ee ed 4 Roseborough College Bat, 5 Intortona Leann Gente 2A. a, est use 6 Bavington Unversit 3 diate FO se aA _ IELTS PRACTICE TASK On “Questions 1-6 “What view o' interpreting does each zcedemic or group of academics 1-5) hold? “Choose FIVE answers from the bow and watt the correct letter, AGH, next to questions 15. An interpreter must know the orginal language pafacth, Client seisaction Is the best way to measure qualiy, Interpreters and ther clienss often have diferarr aims. Clients associate quality with esaeets of de ver SGecesstulcommmuniastog is the main ai’ of nterpeting Innerprters often'risirerpret cients needs, Clents sometimes erties imorpreiers Sovintapreter must seeak the targt lau =o7mooe> Russian School Paris School Kalina ee Buhier Hee! confident akout doing Matching tasks. [did Of, but I stil need toda mare work on Matching tasks. | need more practice with Matching tasks. | need to focus onISTENINGBefore you watch 1 Look at the photo of Cairo. in what ways is it similar or different to your own hometown or city? 2 You will watch a video about a community project in Csiro, Look at the list of words. Find five pete of words witha similar meaning. Yu will hear allt one onthe video. 4 3 & 2s e oF homeowners eee golémine livestock garbage reused trash urban dwellers repyrposed treasure as While you watch 3 Wateh the video and make notes to answer the questions. Then compare your answers. residents traditionally use their rooftops for? ‘Tahe Culhane hope to cemonstrate with the system you see en the 1) What do these Cai What does Thor video? 3 What improvements do the water heaters provide? 4 Watch the video again. Which things mentioned in the video match the descriptions? Choose FOUR answers from the box and write the correct letter, A descriptions 1-4. jext to the A. rootap 1 vorsidersdvatustlo yp B sate! | 2 funded oy grants Ee. © anaural resource 3 clentiful € D_ the hot water system 4 made by hard Bo E solar 5 According to the video, anyone can build a water system like this. Can you remember what you need and how it works? Watch the video to check your answer, After you watch 6 Culhane says ‘One man's garbage is another’s goldmine: What does this statement mean to you? 7 Look at these slogans which encourage people to recycle. Do you think they are effective as slogans? Why? NEVER REFUSE TO REUSE. Recycle today for a better tomorrow. Recycle your trash or trash your Earth. When there is doubt, don't throw it out. Why recycle glass? The answer is clear. 8 Work in pairs. Develop a short survey to find out about your community's experience of recycling. Then work with a new partner. Ask the questions on your survey and note down their answers, 9 Work in your original pair. Report the findings of your survey to each other. Each person should speak for about a minute. USTENING 57UsTENING Informal and academic language 1 Look at the expressions. Match an expression from column A with an expression from column B. A B get on with ?7-——— 2 belongings quite sfewS | b paya small fee allow im | © severe! stuff d atee e pay extra b report a (oma charge? 4 continue with tel © sive access to fall out with h have an argumant (with) Which column in (A or B) has formal/academic terms and which has informal terms? Ay 2 Complete the sentences below with an expression from column A in Exerc ‘Make sure it fits grammatically as well as for meaning. 1 The bills 95 lactricity gfe included in the rent but there is #2. chara“or cleaning. 2. This year | 484. out 1. Hy roommate and so | had to move aut of our shared house. 3 Esch student has to sybmit dull. fetessays each term. 4 hose loo yur stu lente unl your oem cay Views and opinions 3 Read the information about views and opinions. In certain listening tasks, you hear speakers discussing various issues and expressing ‘their views and opinions. The spaakars may agree or disagree on certain points Sefore ‘coming to a conclusion. Try to identily the language used {0 oxprass views and opinions 4 Look at the expressions in bold in the sentences below. Match them with the expressions in the box. : ‘Teeak ehegee TR ah Nae SSI ste recognise it Idon'tlike it Idon'tagree it'simportant locate Ik puts peorte of Meg) eure ‘You shouldn't miss this event. His name isnt familiar to mo. \'m hoping 49 get hold of the information | would dispute that actually It’s a deterrent to crime ‘There's no doubt in my mind. V'm not keen on he ice 5 Complete those sentences with your own ideas. 1. I'm not keen on 2 ld ike to get hold of 3. Uisitors 10 my country shouldn't miss 4 There's no doubt in my mind thatal terms? 01. eaning ghouse. Synonyms: academic language 6 Match a word fram column A with its synonym in column B. A 8 1 to catalogue? a tospot 2 tosmepteG b soargansephabetcay 0: oherwisel 3 10 flag € toads comments t a document 4 tocite + — ¢ tomark for (someone's) attention 5 tonstwork3 @ ecisscvantace 8 acownsds® + to quote or reterence another work 7 todownloadh 9. to make contect socielly or professionelly & tonovceG —h toget trom the internet 7 Use the expressions in Exercise 6 to describe academic processes in your country. Expressing responsibility: verb + preposition B Choose the correct proposition to make expressions. +. be in charge for at/ with 2. be responsible 2061 Of With oeneneonmean 3 deal for! aff with 4 WO fOr / Off With nnn 5 lise for/ off with... & havefteke responsibilty for \at/ wath Which of the expressions take an object (someone or something)? 9 Look at the sentences from the listening in the Practice Test on pag verb + preposition phrases, 1 Now one person you've elready had dealings with is Damien Rose, He's in charge of recruitment and staff issues, 2 W's 2l80 important to know who's who snd who's respansiole for what areas. 3 Clara doesn’t deal with the detalls of guest bookings in terms of room allocation and. special requests, but she does deal with quotes for events and for invoicing. 4 Luce’s in charge of front of hoUSB, so TF you are working there ... you'll certeinly be _warking with him. 5 “Ti you're in the kitchen or the dining room, you'll need to liaise closely with Petra Snell, & Shelllbe teking direct responsibility for those of you on work placements in those areas, ‘What is the difference between work with and work for? Highlight the 10 Complete the sentences (1-5) with the duties in the box. Add your own ideas. A.chet usually nas responsibly for. th 8 Ceosiei? ‘personne! manager usually dels with .on.viicils 0025 Aheed of accounts tekes responsiblity for 5a. lau). op yet! Ahead cnet 20m nr he Areceponatisincbageot anehinany OetERecognising and identifying paraphrases 11 Read the information about recognising and identifying paraphrases. Inthe IELTS exem you frequently have to listen and evaluate speekers’ contributions. These can be expressed differenty in the listening text and the questions, so i's importent to recognise paraphrases — expressions thet have a simifar mening. 7 12. Look at the words and phrases in bold. Complete each sentence with a word or from the box that acts as a paraphrase. interpreting is Gone at the same time - is important in translation, as the interpreter tries to capture the exact meaning o* the speaker. Usually you should be more... ......-in the original language, which is the one are better at. ‘A good interareter should be easily understood, So -.......... 6 essential Interpreters who speak quickly are considered «ei in the languaga Interpreters who pause a lot are thought of as weaker because... 2/0 noi associeted with good quality ransietion, What the cent and the interareter are interested in is not alweys the same. Thoit re different. Common IELTS topic: Business Paraphrase 13 Look at the pairs of sentences below. For each one, complete the second sentence with the best option, A, B, C or D, so that it has the same meaning as the inf in the first sentence. 1 The pape who live in the area around the business will be its rin customers. The local Ps. Will be the business main customers. tenants residents landlords properties “The overd has decided to make improvements tothe factory in ordr to boost productivity. The factory will be... #1... 10 boost productivity, according to the board uplifted ‘located downsized inaracod We ata stil trying 10 ake uo our minds where fe hold the conference The...... .... for the conference hasn't baen decided yet. piace site neighbourhood You should include some facts about yourseit and your its experience in your portolia Your portfolio should include «Pn... information biographical historical experimental eritical = gomR co 2 0Oom> oe GOmDT com> 60 LISTENINGsed ys that are nat Their foost board, nyour Info! The amount our customers have to pay to get into the event has not chenged for too years, There hes been no change in the entry wn. for three years. money ticket fee cost One of the things thet our company thinks is realy important is protecting the environmen. Protecting the environment is ane of our company’s... products incipios processes promises ‘You need 10 100k carefully at alot the data before you make your decision, Only make your deasion after YoU have on. the data quoted complad analysed recorded itis against the law to menipulere the share price using cont dental inforration. ‘Manipulating he share orice with confidential information is disloyal unconident imemeral ilegal 2 g0eRSe ooe> > DADE c® Goore mal and academic language 14 Look at the sentences below. Replace the informal words in bold with a more academic word from the box. 10 aA Key GF B 3 accommodation assist colleague istibute instal investment false, ie Ei sary, ‘They are going to Have to do up the hotel i they went to remain in business, The interior designs very clé-ashionad Now that IVir Conway has resigned, we're going to have to find a new drivar a3 soon as possible. ‘You will have to talk with the operations menager each morning to ensure that you know which orders need to be filled that day. When | first started work my pay was berely enough to cover my rent and food, but fortunataly I'm making more maney. \We are going to have to put in tire detection equipment before the plant can reopen Don't forgat to hand out the rote to every member of the new shit when they stert work, —— Part of your role is to help the marketing team to increase our merket share in East Asia. tis large amount of money nut | am confident that the company will see that i's been \warthwhale in the long term, One serious issue for employees moving into the area is finding a place to live in the already evercrowded housing market. She has been 2 workmate of mine for twenty years now and ever that time she has become a good friend. LISTENINGLISTENING 31 SECTION 1 Questions 1-10 Questions 1-6 Complete the nates below, White NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/ORA NUMBER for cacti answer. Student Health Centre ‘Appointments: ri . / Prone 21.2232. toy eame-day appointments Ofek ring ugaytora samesncrebems 7 Standard consultation lastsor 3 wanna 2 Home visits mast be requested befowe 4.2 Tomoke sppointmemts online you mustheve: 05 wsecnern@.~ a6 pesiseameds Questions 7-10 Complete tho form bots Wite NO MORE THANTWO WORDS AND/ORA NUMBER for e2° ans Student Health Centre Nain: Oavid7..owwort Wh Address 0.642. Sanlect Ss ry Student: 9..41L22¥. # Faculty: 10 & 5 eience32 SECTION 2 Questions 11-20 Questions 1-76 Label the map below White the correct let 1 ACV. next to questions 17-16. Second floor First floor a a stairs E c D ——= H F 6 J I main entrance exit > Whore can you see each of the following? 11 trophies © 12 photographs z B ‘4 14 an imera €. 15 posters 16 films Questions 17-20 Choose the conect letter, A, Bor @ 17 When will the tour of the stadium finish? a3 et B 330 © aco | 18 What isnot allowed euring the tour? A using acamea | B talking tothe players consuming refreshments: x 19. Inthe otsnging reom, vistors A should not touch anything B can see where esch playsr usualy sit ve 7E may 06 prarogtsahed next to tha favourite ployer 20. wis can vistors ask questions? fA btoro avin each 2768 £8 chbsnever they tink oF on © atthe end ofthe complete tour USTENING 63,33 SECTION3 Questions 21-30 Questions 21 and 22 Choose io letters, AE Which TWO ‘ects reported in the media are tue? 4 Tho amount of domestic gupbish being recycled has fallen More commerta”ubtisH i Tecyced than domestic nubbrahy People dislike haviig iwo rubbish bins at home. ————** ‘Some rubbish from recycling bins is transported to other countries, Tha lecal eeyaing plant cart cope wih the volume of uSEBTE Questions 22 and 24 Choose TWO laters, ACE. \Whot does the mele student agree t9 co? Ya give apresentation present statistical nformation graphically proce a flowchart write the body of a report E compile references and appendices Questions 25-30 Compicte the Hlow-chart boiow. Choose FIVE answers from the box and write the correct letter AH, next to questions 2 Beyond Repair Route Redistribution Cactre CRT Recycling Unit Imaging Consumables Unit Segregation Area Testing Area Direct Destruction Area Dismantling Area ooeD Zomm Recycling Electronic Items a nafitn HOE All recyclable items pass though the 25 2. Hers unaabe in their curent state poss to the 26,1). KA Items are segessed in the 27 #4 + Unrecyseble components are renioved in the 28 2. + Tierd coches kv and tonerare deat wih by haze EAD Monta and sreans go tothe sa = £E + Metals and plastics go to dedicated recycling units.31 SECTION 4 Questions 31-40 Complete the sentences below u 32 33 34 35 38 7 38 39 40 10 NO MORETHAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for savh answer mabe yoative veconsteuct Ve a eure x \wilarn Jemes used the word net” ‘to desetine memory in 1890 covets rita mncrecnareaamnaiiee a/Sbee.Cll nent in the yer taku’ ‘Gsed @ fim of car accident. Lofus was responsible for what's called the dant... technique, whigh is ysed by pole forces. Meena the wales tao e's experi ius end Palmer found that when thay used the word Cun tees students remembered the car traveling mere slow. fo Ta rifempsors sary one wocren'smeinay fa rw wi tad oF 08 shold just been warehing, guider 7 “The speeker says thal B18 A... new regarded as more reliable than eyewitness reports shee irg Cente In another experiment, Lotus used detals of a visit toa Sea." "" to influence peoples memories. oss pftus found that as many a8 £28... »... of peaple in the experiment thought they remembered the vis S2OS5io" false confe’ The soeaker uses the term 10 doscribe a situation in which innocent people claim to have committed crimes, USTENING 85AThe Test Passage 1 ISquestions 20 minutes about 960 words, Passaga2 1Zquestons 20 minutes about 950 words PassageS taquestions 20minutes about 950 worits ‘The IELTS Acactemic Roading Testis designed to test your ablty t road and understand passages on academic topics ‘rom journals, books, newspaners and megazinas,The test lasts 07.60 minutes end there are 40 questions to answer on three separate passages Thore aio two or three differant tasks on ‘ach postage, and these tasta range of diferent reading sills ‘As you can sae Tram the lessons in this book, there are 13 main {types of reading task in IELTS (a.g. multiple choice, sentence completon, ete and you may find any of these tasks in ary par of the exam, Passage 1 tends 10 incixie simpler language and dees tran the: ‘other nao passages, whereas Passace 3 tends to include the ‘most complex language and ideas. The tasks and questions also tend to deeame more challanging as you work through the test The tesks end questions mastly folow the order a inforrnason in the passages. Soine of the tasks require you to leok ot ‘¥sual inforration, euch as a dearer or fiowechenr, and rele ‘he informatian ine reading passage to this. The instructions acvise you to spend about 20 minutos on oach Reacing Pessage. All your enswors have To 09 copied on to the answer sheat within the 60 minutes of tae test You 6o not have exe time atthe ond ofthe test to transter your answers Passage 1 In this pat of the tast, you reed @ passage thet contains mostly factual information about @ topic. There are tw or three tasks and ¢ total of 13 quastions jor you to answer. ‘order to answer tho qusstions, you need 10 use the Skil of slerming and scaring to locate spectic formation ana then to answer dtalad questions relaing to that information For example, you may be asked 10 read taterrents about the passage Sid decide i they ae tive, false or f ne. formation is given about thom, Altematively, ou may be asked to write ‘he missing infrrnation in geps ina table ora act of rts, Passage 2 In this part of the test, you read a passage that contains hestly factual information ebout a ‘apie, but may also contain Some opinions and arguments. There are two o* three tasks ‘and a total of 13 questions for you to answer In order 10. answer the questions, you need 0 use global reading skils inaddtion to the skis of skimming and scanning to locere “specific infosmstion. Tasks in this part of the test ofteo {23K your ability t> match information in Bye questions with {he relevant section or Faature of the passege. There are ‘also citen tesks where you have to complete the missing information in a set of sentences or notes, for example when the ideas rom one section of te passage are summarises, [ACADEMIC READING Passage 3 In this part of the test, you read a passage that contains mostly dateiled information and arguments about e topic, ‘where the waiter may ba expressing an opinion or report ‘and commenting on the opinions of others. There are tweak thioo tasks and 8 total of 14 questions. in order to answer ‘the questions, you need to use a wide range of reading sil including skimming and scanning to |acate spectic ees information, globel reading skis and reading to understen otal arguments, Tasks in this part of the tast ota ask {0 choose the correct answer froma list of alternatives iA , ete, You may have to answer multiple-choice questions 4$5r example, or match the idoas ang information you read ta ana answer ina lst of optons. Often there are quasi ‘which require you 10 reed statements and decide wiethe) they agree with the views of the waiter or nat, or whether thete is no information about this in the passage. ‘There are thineen Academic Reading lessons, which dea by one with the different task types in the Reading paper B Marking Each numbered question in the Academic Reading tes: worth one mark. I you write the correct answer, then you ‘the mark, IF your answer is wrong for any reason, you dei the mari: No merka are taken off for wrong answers, Now 0 its always @ good idea to write-an answer even i you ‘sure whether is correct or net In questions where you have to write a word, @ numberor shont phrase, i's important to read the instructions caret Tha instructions tel you how many words you can ware instructions say Wte ONE WORD for each arsine, then ‘musi nite enly cre wore. If you vatite two words, you dan ‘get the merk, even ifthe information is cerrsct ‘The words you write must be spaliad correct. Most ot ‘words you have to wa are taker ditectiy from the pe 30,y0u enly have to.copy the spalling correct y, Both UK e% spelings.a'e-acoopted as correct. Remember to wie ci ‘50 that your answers can be read easily if your hendwi ‘undleat of individual eters are not ceaily written, you ‘get the mark ‘You ven wite your ansiversin ether UPPER CASE oF | case ~ both are mared orect, and you don't need to ws ‘bout punctustion, For exampvs, i the answer to the que 's ‘onlin and you write ‘orine’, you stil gat the mark. In questions whore tha answer is a lstter ora Floman nur you only vite tho coreact latter or numeral next to the ru On the enswer sheer. Never write the words next to the ina set of options.CStrategies ore the test IiSagood ieee to familie yours if with the format ofthe ae sang Les Make sue you know exacly wha you have to do 2200 pathol erent ns yoes— thn you can fel content seo 8 MB steer onthe doy oF he es ero Pacis dca the tasks within the me limit. You can sae ity skilsNER/ og itakes YoU to complete ech of te passages an the renee orden ast types, Use th practioe ests in the book andthe néerstond $09 the DVO-ROM ta help you vith your timing ten ask YOURE yt frding ne ofthe task types particulary flu — sivas (A, By Yalaking to lone, cr getng the answers wrong —a0 hack questions, Yiecp8 ard actos section and chack tet youre ising the yu read spree questions, yeheshor Tiytomske the most of every opportunity ta practise your fi For exemple, raed newspaper and mogazina articles i iehae otto as you oan and use the Interna: to keep up with altest ews anc curr afairs in English b Whe you's reading articles, think ebout the type of nich deal O98) ry paper ¢ Bags ocganised into paragraphs, and how tho ideas in Se a8 developed and inked together c something. Read a testis srdevery word the fist te you re then you ga ond out how the writer has owganised the inforreton, you denitg cb wich sections you need to read in more detail en if you're! ing the test esto reae the passoges in exer Remamber Passage number oF @ east complicated, s0 dont spend mare then 20 minutos ns carefull fF evcantinih the questions on Passage 1 in ess than an site If you have more time for Passage 2, which is more ver, thon ye ds, yeu dort vost of the: she passa Bain UK and 2 wits cleanly handwriting i nen, you dr et taks rofor to a spocifie pan of @ passage. Your fst job sre you've loceted the correct par. reading skis forthe Hacks iwele difoent reading skis: skimming and find the relevant pert af the passage, then reading pe caetly to answer the detelec questions, (io write onthe questian paper In Tac, i's a goo question nuerbers in the margin and mark tye ‘hich sectors are relevent to each task and e=xh ASE oF loner reo to Wort Roman ume? xt to the null ecto tho lai Wiriove on toa ned task, you usually need fo look jon of he passage, (Some matching tasks ara the fo) er you have to write one answer. If you're nat sure, feo answers, I youd that you dart get the mark that you have to enter all your answers onto the sith the 60 minutes There is ne extra tne to afavers inthe Reading tast ‘= Youcan wtte your answers an the question paper, ucts beso copy’ tham on tothe answer sheet as you complete each task. you leave al fie copying unt the end, you may run out of, tum or ake 3 mistake if you're unde time prsssure, ‘Check very carefully that you put your enswars next to the correct aumber on the ansvier sheet, and keep checking hat yeu haven't mace a mistake in the numinering ‘If you don't know the right answer to a question, ohaays rive something, You never knew, you ray have understood ‘moro than you tir ‘= Only wort in the eolurnn to the right ofthe numbers — dont ‘write anything in the columns marked ‘+ If you finish before the 60 minutes is up, go back and couble- check that you have out your answers inthe correct boxes. At the end of the test ‘+ Atthe end of the tast the question oaper and the answer shee: are both collected in ‘© Only the enswers on the arswer sheet count the question peper is destryed ACADEMIC READINGtil ee 1 arise yoursell with the format ofthe ee i, Make sure you know axactly what you have to da Frio the day ofthe test. ing the tasks within the time limit You can see types. Use the practice tess inthe book and tha |EYD-AQM to help you wit your timing ie frcing one of the task typos partiouaty sificult — 1160 long, or geting the answers wrong ~ go back tactics section arc check that you're using the ie the most of every opportunity to practise your |@campe, read newspaper and magazine articles in use te Internet to keep up with end current affairs in English reading articles, think about the type of fers re using vo make thei points, how the ed ito paragrephs, anc how the ideas in the ‘developed and inked together, ging and scanning skits. Don't try to word tha first Une you read something, Reed fut ow the writer has organised the information, Horoad the passanes in order. Remember Passage Biromplcated, so don’ spend more than 20 minutes Mins the questions on Passage 1 in les than Youllneve more time for Passage 3, which is mare the tasks follow the order of infexmation in fs best to answer the questions in numerice) of to a specific part of a passoge, Your Fist od uve located the correct pert g 20Usa the most approoviat resin skis for the Boing. ciffetent roading skis: skinning and elovant part ofthe passage, then reading answer the detailed questions fe on the question paper, In fact, its @ good an numbers inthe margin and mark the sections are rolovant to aach task and each passege is usally only tasted once, 20 Moa new task, you usually ned to lok at the passace. (Some matching tasks are the and formation in the questions and the tesk relevent inforration, to wite one answer. you're not sure, Hf you do that, you don't gat the mark. {you have to ortor all your answers onto the ithe B0 minutes. There s no extra ima to the Reacing test. * You can write youranswers on the question paper, butts ‘best io copy thom on fo the answer sleet as you eamplete each task. ff you leave all the copying unt the end, you may un out of time or make 8 mistake if you're under time pressure, Check very cerefuly that you put your answers naxt to the Correct number on the answer sheet, and keep checking that you havon't mado arnistake in the numbering * Ifyou don't know the right answer to a question, vays vite something, You nover knows, you rrey have understood ‘more than you think, © _Oniy write in the column to the ight of the numbers — dont write aryaing in the calurins marked /x ++ Ifyou finish before the 60 minutes is uo, go back and double check thas you have put your answers in the correct bores, At the end of the test + _Atthe end of the test the question peper and the answer sheet are both collected in, © Cniy tho answors on the answer shaet count the question paper is destroyed, ACADEMIC READING 67READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1. Black Bears and Grizzlies in Canada Bleck bas and giz bat arth oui th Non Ano, rd bss he ok ute hii cir hr ct ii dol sd havi, a oa a ea gu ii of the contusion arises out of the fact thet hota species are characterised by gonsidereble colout variations, and ara ela varaens nat are welt. o ing ose eer oe ena eyo aie: Age Mer xl, cul De apa Ec i could oar paler Ble baetewra lr ecornilarerae dx ain ren kar huey Cann proves scr Pec evr Tay giles ae burda westr an nore Coad ad sal podtersel he west Uni State Bleck on te ial date orto areas nd ter ees ana corngs Aibeugh ola mate substan effec res, hey doo ote much ro tee cf ope, norfreata meecors en alles hen aches do. Black bas hve shar, cured cons beter suited to climbing tees then digging In contest, grizzly bears hewe.loncer, less curved claws and a larger shoulder muscle mass more suited to digaig then climbing, This enables grizzlies to forege efcerty Feo rt raft va Sar, aD bureving rodents, The pay afrocobetwoe he etary heb of 8k be’ anda bats 18 ars, a sd i Sr td We me AT an ater ‘eat more plant material ‘bahia tferarce between lack bars rin boar sho lagi fina cbs aura te rather ct, Blac bea ibs ef bam hte wer hdoraton dn, pene sane floeng tit with hi ether soy ther nbar en asin neha seperate om het the nent eur aevelinge, wheves giz bw eubacon spend up io tvapend al yas unr hor mothers cr ete oan lick tsar neta ih SSSR i RN Sa an HY Ht eb ator rte at cubs To cap rears sachet asthe oes Cz barre reve BR ISttfaette Svar opreosvaac atone and hwo stam preseorst abel penod is Onelehaiou ference between he two vats eo issgicartf you Hien he beckon Thre ere tole beak aaa Dad edi cae Tote a when hikers are walking into the wir \at bears do not smell rs i on ws rato a ih hr ad tne ton You hfe react cefeay on on ok ur eorex posse st The epee lf youre reser senate hvac ese ures WF tp em tude This enforces the impression to the grizzly thet you are not a threat nd the beer most often walks away once te preeved resis gove The rede atak one oe hae most ot laud by Bok bears isis tral metieg of huntnaoimas Wie highly antalya peo wl be ted by a creat bac boar thay oe, the tecomrmanded responses jut the oposte tthe fr a defrsve stack Shaul Woe your ato are byt ses es geo posse, Doran Hecualy acd, ton red thom Alber prof rt shave fat hei an ouput wp asveng enough defence they oe you dno ACADEMIC READINGQuestions 1-8 Do the following statomants agrae with the information given in Reading Passane 1? tn boxes 1-8 on your answer sheer, write TRUE if tha statement agrees with the information eal FALSE if the statement contradicts the information not Part NOT GIVEN if there is n0 information on this ations 4 1. Incen be aificult+0 distinguish a lack baar from a grizly bear “Y 1, and so 2. Grizzly bears have fewer colour variations than black bears. ref @ Black dears are generally noaviar then gia bears, © 4 Both types of beer Gan be Tound in forested ere0s. 5 Genoa back oars ar tor apne hen ay bear. Ze f= 1 “Boil types of ber eat ich i referencd to oter foods. pv) 7. The ce: Gi gzly bears includes a ager proportion of most. —T 8 Both types of beer build a hibernation den.» Questions 9-13, Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS froin the passage fo/ sach ansvver Vitite your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, fhack boars Yo if threatened by predators? Clin frees olefeasy 10 What te of eeck.bn humans is move typical of grizaly bears? abfecch “1. What ae poopo advised todo if mother grizly bear defending cubs ctacks ahem? gaan ot desl, 412 What shouldn't people do ita predatory block bear threatens them? Ae Cersrive—obhete 13. What weapon shoul you use to counter blac bear anack? Phased — Puy) CB) ACADEMICREADING 69,(©) READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend abou 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 wich are based on Reading Mess Questions 14-20 Reading Passage 2 hes seven paragraphs, AG. Choose the comeet heading for paragraphs AMG from the fist of hesaings below. White the corect number, bx, (n boxes 14-20 an your answer sheet || 4 Apossibie explanation for why 3 dssovery was made in @ part.cular location | i A recent study casts doubt on an accented interpretation of events iit Analysis reveals the ofigins of objects discovered by chance Iv Documentary avidence that supports the study's init findings How the current study is going to be organised _W¥Bvidence suggesting that waders once Id onthe Wessel Islends vii Alongstending susgeston that further discoveries are possible vii The significance of a chence aiscevery goes undetected (@®) Tha aims of the eurrent study x Wilton and anecdotal evidence of ealy tad inthe region | el 14 Paragraph A Heh | 15. Parageenh B il 16 Paragraon ¢_vi 17 Paragraph DIMER >< 38. Paregraoh E i 49° Perageaoh F Vii 20 ParagraahG eg VO ‘ACADEMIC READING= r Le 3 aay Coins Groat Britain, ft sper ha, cntary to popu myth, he may not etal have ben te fst European 19 $a foat onthe connai new oxpedton, lod by ah Avtar antropaops investing the posstilay hat ancient explestion cry nave taken dade ong before Coot ane tt Fun eer jurnyad 10 he continent. Te expedition vl folow a soventyyearot esate map ta andy bos wre a cache of mysterous ancient cons vas dscoveredin the TO4Ge, Tho researchers ar sti 10 discover how the coins ended up in the sand; whether they washed ashore following shipwret ‘whether they ean provide mare details about ancient trade routes, B The coins were originally found by an Australian soldier named Maurie Isenberg, whe was stationed ina remote area know 2s the Wosso! Islands. Tha Wosse! Islands are part of Amnhern Lend, a region in Australia's vast Northem Temitory. Isenberg was assigned lo @ radar station located on the Wessel Islands, and during his off-duty hours, he often went fishing along the idylic beaches. One day in 1944, 188. @ few old coins and put them in a tin. He marked the spot where he'd found the coin’ with an X.on a hare-drewn map, but did't think thai he'd unearthed anything of atest rote Indeed, it wesn't unt 1979 thet Isenberg sent the coins to be authenticated and lsarned that some her were estintied mabe of aa a ‘As it turned ou, five of them hed been oroduced inthe, sultanate of KilWa in East Africa and aré thought to date back to tha tweltth century. Kilwa wes @ josperaus trading centre in those days, located on an island that is part of present-day Tanzania jstfalian anthropologist Mike Owen, a heritage consuitant in Darwin, is leacing the upcoming expedition, and he says that the coins, ‘have the capacity to radkatt Australian history’ The copper coins which were seldom usad outside of East Africa, probably hold very lita monetary value in Kilwa: “Yet, there thay were — on a baach ten thousand kilomatres-to the east Along with the African coins, there were a number of seventeenth and eighteenth-century Dutch coins in the cache of tha type known as duits. The first record of European activity in the isiancs actually detes back to 1623, when sailors aboard 2 Dutch ship,called the Wese! gave the islands thoir current ‘same, However, oral history fram the indiger nivha inhabit the islands suggests that they played hst to many visitors over the centuries. The expeditions main researcher is AUSTTaTan” anthropalogist Dr lan Mcintosh, who has spoken in depth with the Yolngu people, ‘There was much talk of the Wessel Islands.as place of intense contact history, he ses, * ‘Meintosh points out that Northern Australia may have drawn early vistors because it lies close to the fermnus ofthe ancient indian oven uede route thet linked Africe’s east coast with Arabia, Persia, inca Gnd the Spice Islands (now part of Indonesia). "This trade route was already very active, a very long ime ‘aga, and this find exploration by peoples from East atiice of the Middle East’ Acconing to Mcintosh, the shape of the Weasel Islands serves as @ big catching army for any Ships” ‘.own off course, which may point to the coins coming froma shipwreck, or aver multiple shipwrecks iis dul to tell whether there was routine contact with the wuside weld ar whether thee is any ‘arnecton hetween the Dutch coins and the far elder ficen coms, which may simpy have andod up ifthe same plece, but iis honed *het mere evidence may com to light. Addira tothe sense of _anichaion is @ persistent rumour thal, in one of tha many caves inthe lands, there are move coins and Besse weaponry: a ‘The expedition is sponsored by the Australian Geographic Society end intends to follow the hand-crawn ‘ay givon to ther by Isenberg. Included i the team i a Geomiorphologist, whese task isto examine How the coesiallanscape has-changed overtime. If shiwiracks a invahtd, how he coins woshea to1ay provide cues 10 1he location of « vrack, say the experts. Meanwhile, a heritage specialist has “ino ob of looking after the documentation and ensuring Hat the ste is pretected, endl anthrogologists ‘Working wit oval indigenous people hope to idantiy likely sites oF contact with foreign vistors, “There “is greet interest on the part of the Yolngu in this project, and in uncovering aspects of thelr awn past! 1996 Melntosh y ACADEMIC READING nR ‘ACADEMIC READING Questions 21-26 Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/ORA NUMBER from the passage for each answer. White your answers in boxes 21-2600 your ansiwer sheet 21 Maurie Isenberg first discovered the coins in the year... [PA 22 The African coins which Isenberg found were made of l 23. The African coins ate thought o have bean made in the... 12! century 24 The later coins Isenberg found are called dusal of. “s 26 <8 wall as more coins on the ist Local people think there may be -nn-peonneeREADING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 6 for each When Tablet Turns Teacher |temember the day, years ayo, when | took sn iPed home fer the firs time. It was @ humbling experience. Within minutes, my two young daughters had seized on the device, and were handling it with far more \ecterity than me. So much so, in fact, that after thet, whenever | felt flummoxed by @ phone or computer, It ‘8 1 straight to my kids to sort out. And if wa ware ever trapped in @ cer, train or anything elso, | was act to hand over whatever device | was using at the time, and let them explore its functions ~ something people of Ini generation never seem to have the skill or patience ta ce, But does their dexterity arise because my children are ‘digitel natives’ - kids who have grown up in a world both the animals were common betterase dolphins, and =vered sofa, oth of them in the state of Victoria. ~ that thelr dferences were due to one being male and the d a hundred have been located in Port Phillip Bay, “other female, After reviewing the female dolphin’s skeleton p area very cose to Melourne, Australia’s second recent though, Chavton-Robb's team determined she was populous city, while another fity are known to frequent “a Burrinan, var coastal akes ofthe rural Sbesland region, Because so few invcuals belonging to the new doin ple of handed miles nay species have been dented the research team has 9 og been inn that cstincdlphin populations roam petione the Australan government to ist the animals f south-eastern Australia. But now DNA tests have shown as endangered. ‘Given the small size of the population," 3€ dolphins are genetically very Gfferent from the Charlten-fobb says ‘i's really crucial that we make an ettort two local species, the common bottlenose and the “® to protect them. @ ‘Work in pairs, Do you have the same answers for Exercise 137 Discuss any answers that are different. Then compare your answers with another pair of students. ACADEMIC READING Z ENG atIELTS PRACTICE TASK ‘What price fresh flowers? Flowers heve long been symbols af love and caring. People send them to express sympathy, to apologise, or just wish someone well, But today, flricuture ~ the growing and selling of flowers —is very big business, worth £2.2 billion a year in the UK alone. The majority of the cut-flowers sold there are imported, ‘these days mostly from countries such as Colombia andl Kenya. The Netherlands is the traditional contre of {lower production in Europe, and remains a maior supplier of flowers. In recent years, however, 2s labour and production costs have soared, attention there has shifted from flower production to fewer tracing Meanwhile, the Kenyan cutfiower industry nas grown rapidly, and now provides @ vital income for around {wo milion people. Itis the country’s largnst agricultural foreign exchange eamar after tea, producing E165 milion annusily For the environmentally conscious, it might seem wasteful that 8 commodity such as flowers should travel hattway around the world before ariving at @ supermarket or florist shop. Just as some anvironmmentalists say that i's better to buy uit and vegetables grown locally, some elso advocate the buying of locally crown ‘lowers. Thanks to globalisation, however, tho UK cul flower industry now supplies just ten per cet of the country’s needs. Twenty years ago it wes more like half, What's more, itis suggested that reversing this trend would actually have serious environmental consequences. Research published in 2006 by Crantield University in the UK showed that the produetion of Kenyan flowers, including delivery by air freight and truck, resuited in a carbon footprint nearly six times smaller then that caused by the production of Dutch flowers. Kenya has optimal growing conditions and the warm ‘African sun provides heat andl light, whereas growers in the Netherlands and other developed countries requite significant inputs of gas and electrccy 10 grow flowers ysaround in artical clmaie-contrelled ‘environments, But there ara other environmental factors to sonsiter. A vast range of pesticides, ferilisers and fummigants Are used in producing cut flowers. Lake Naivashe, the cent’e of Kenya's flower industry, is the ideal place to gFOW rose, thanks to its high altitude and abundant sunlight and water. However, environmental damage has resulted from the development that has followed in the wake of floriculture. Lake Naivasha itself has shrunk 10 hai its origina) size, with water lavels dropping by three metres, fish catches falling end the native hippopotamus feeling the effects of pollution Meanwhile, tensporting flowers over long distances poses its own set of challenges, Rosas, for exemple, have to he shipped by air rathar than saa because they require constant refrigeration and! wilt quickly Transporting other types of flowers by Sea can elso be tricky compared to air freight. Demands difficult to predict, which means entire shipping containars can seldom be filed with a single species, but mixing flcwers is often inadvisable because some varieties emit gases that spol atners. One strategy isto opt {or heartier breeds suc 2s carnations and lilies which ere easier to ship and require less refrigeration then roses.‘Guestions 1-8 Do the following statements agree with the information given in tha Reading Passage? Next 10 each question, 1-8, write ™ TRUE if the statement agrees with the information po FALSE if the statement contradicts the information Pi NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this - 1 In rocant years, cut flowers have become more expensive to grow in the Netherlands, 2 Mote people are employed in the cut-flower incustry in Kenya than in Europe, bour 3 Flowers represent Kenya's most valuable agricultural export, | a 4 The UK hes seen a mericad decline in the proportion of localiy-erown cus flowers on sale, Re 5 The Cranfield study concentrated on the environmental effects of transporting cul flowers. i 8 The Lake Naivashe region procuces a rance of cut flowers including roses. | | E165 7 Supplies of some lacal food items have bean affected by the impact of floricuzure araund Lake sl confidant about doing Tue/FalseyNot Given tasks | did OK, ut | stil need to co more wark an TruefFalseyNot Gwen tasks. I need more practice with True/False/Net Given tasks. | neod to foous on .. ieee ACADEMIC READING — 83TASKTYPE 2 Note, Table, Flow-chart Completion and Diagram Labelling Se Se ear ay nl eee ge A Read the information about the task type. Then look at the list of questions on age 85 that a classmate has emailed to you. Can you answer them? ‘The Note, Table, Flow-chart Completion end Diagram Labelling task tests your ability to locate and ecord specific Information from @ reading passage. I's often used to test your understending of factual passage about @ specific subject. You usually read facts about @ subjeci. and you may nped to write wards er numoers. Some oF the information trom the passago is airaady writtan o7 the question peper, your job is to read the passace and find information to complete the gaps. On the question paper, you 98¢ 2 sat of notes that report the information ‘rom the passage. In the notes, some key words are missing, You ‘ead and write the missing words in the aep. The notes may take the ferm of ma set af notes under heedings ascot of notes ina table a diagram or flaw chant with labels Here are the basic rules for these tasks: | The instuctions tell you how many words to write in each gap, The words you need to write in youranswors are ound in the passage. The informetion in the notes is prosanted in a difierent way from the passage, but it usually comes in the same ordor (diagram taske may be in a different order) The words you write must be spelled correctly You write the words in the same form as you see them in the pessage (e.g. singular/plural|~ you don't need to change them in any way. 4 Wate only the missing words on the answer sheet. Its especially important to reed thraugh the notes before you read the passage, and thirk about the type of information you're-looking for. In the passage, you may see differant words that could ‘it logiealy inte oach gep. You tiave to read carefully 10 choose the correct information, so thet the notes report the meaning of the passage exactly, 8 ACADEMIC READING;nswor tneso questions about the Note, Table, Flow-chert Completion and Diagram Labeling tasks, please? mostly reacing for facts and figures? B Sample questions 2 Read the passage and complete the notes on page 86. Use the rules about the task from Section A to help you. Then check your answers. Which questions did you find ditficue? LTS PRACTICE TASK ‘Types of Ports ping to the World Bank, there are five distinct types of sesports: service ports, tool ports, landlord ports, corpovatized San parvata ports. The basic cifference between the five madals is tho ammount of government contra porsare mest often found in developing countries; the port of Dakar in Senegal, for example, isa service por. At one nn 10st of the ports the world ware servieo pots. A service polis contralladley the central government, usually by the ij of Fangporiation or Communications, Tha government owns the land andl the port's assets ~ al the infrastructure feos. Apart’ essots nciuds roads, docks, terranal bukiings, conteinerFacilties, vehicles end eergo handing ecpapenent schas cranes and foxcift tucks. The dock workers who load and urload the ships in service pors are all govern ment 8. Some suplementary services, such as food forthe workers, can be in the hends of private compenies, Econorric gencies nave led 10 a dectine in the number of service ports in recent years. hie oo" cort mods an agency, usvally caled the Port Authority, owns and managss the land and assets on behalf ofthe “Huiveve, the dock workers are employed by private companies. Ale patts in Portugal, meny in Bazi, and the Francs onaf Ls Havre are tool pons, For many ports, the tool port medel represents e transitional stage on the waay to becoming a cipor Tha transition generally requires that fundamental laws geverring nor be chanced, end that process often takes ime, bref port recresents the dominant made! today, ais the on recommenced by the World Bank. Landlord ports de tie word lergest pon, Rotterdam, the port of New York nthe USA, and, since 1987 the porte Singaxore. The city gens ownership of the lad and the infastuctre, butlezses these 10 priate comoarw oF companies which actully ats he por The workers eta employediby these prvata compenies. The mast cornman fom of taasa is # concession rit where piv company is granted & long arm lease in exchange for rei The ims that operate the pr fastias ‘nanan port equipment ane keg it update, zed porthasibeen almost entirely privatize The port authority is essential @ privete enterprise which owns and eno te port, However, pubic agencies ~ either locel cr retinal own a majoity ofthe stockin the compeny managing {por and can use their controling interest to stoer ha develoomant ofthe por. As n't ancord mode, the privatized ext gulorty must keep up and improve the infestructure, but must agres only to develop port activites. It could na, for example, sna enter storage ya into a block of xury apartments. Corporaizad pars car found in Poland, in Austra, and ithe pmstized par mode, governments have no direct mvolvememt in port activites, Tre land and a the assets are owned managed by prkale companies, which ikewise employ the dock workers. The government oparates st na regulatory foacty, aking sue lwvs are folowect, However, pubic erties can be shareholdess. This mode! is in use in various ports in United Kingdom, such as Felixstowe, anc in several ports n New Zeeiana, The Vier Bank does notin generel approve of system The bank advises agains: completely giving up public owershia, espacial othe lend. ACADEMIC READINGQuestions 1-9 Complete the table below. Choase NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS tio" the passage for each answer Type ofport | Role of govemment Role of private companies | Comments Servee port | -ownsend raneges al assets_| vay ony provide fever of these todey ~employees are public workers | 1 due to 2, ©9, cating Joo) port an ageney known asa emplowthe workers | actaasa 3 4 wns tana botwoon tees other models Imanagesthenfascucnne | Landlo port |-government owns the nd | ~operatas the port ~ deminer rede today ed assets rempoys ne werkers | -endorsed ay the Word Bank -leases themautiengtem | “keeas6 SFOCRNESB nn | goed Odor Comporatzed pa [goverment agencies on | -wnsche and and asses | ower agrees reset ise ‘most the portaumortys | ~manages the cor 8. 7 Privatized port government has a ‘owns the land and assets | not recommended by the 2 role management othe por_| Weld Bank C Tips and tactics 3 Work in pairs. Read the tips and tacties and discuss these questions. a Which tips and tactics do you think are the most useful? b Did you use any of these tips and tactics when you answered the sample qui in Section B? © Which tips will you use in the future? 1. Bofore you read the passage, [ook at the notes and think about wat you're going 10 2. Think about the type of information that’s missing to complate the information. For example, are you ‘ooking for a name, @ number, a specific teem or semeti 3. Look for elues in tha notes that tell you the tyne of information you're locking for, 8.0. headings or the words already on the page. 4. Somatimes the wording of the notes tells you what to look for, 9.g. iF "Year’ is a head you may s2e references to a number of years in the passage 5 Mosi of the missing information is facts about the topic, so the words you need to wi ara mostly nouns. Check if the ward is singular or plural in the passage, 8 Remember that the notes follow the order of information in the passage. In tables, and down, In diagrams read the labels lockwise order — the question numbers follow the ordr of information in the pass 7. Go through the numbersd questions in order. Read the rofavant saction of the passa again and find the words io complete the gaps ar answer the question, 8 The word(s) you need to wnite are in the passage. Don't put the information you read road the information from laf to right, not u ‘your own words, 9 Don’t just write down the first word you find that fits a gap ~ keep reading and think: ‘about the meaning, 10. Romamibor, the instructions tell you how many words to waite — if you write mare, answer will be marked wrong, 11 Write numbers as figuras, @.g, “104” — not as words, ag. ‘one hundred and four" 12. If youarer't sure, always write something. No marks are taken off for wrong answers, ACADEMIC READING4 Look at the words and phrases in the box. What does this vocabulary describe? assembly ine electronic t usireldecanter ladders heayy stones _hemmermil hitragen woaden spoons nas fans fibre dis large nets rmilstones 5 Read the passage and underline the words from Exercise 4. 1 models aditional and commercial ways wore Rank | ‘can live to be hundreds of years old and _stirring causes the smaller croplets of oll released ‘amounts of uit in theirlifetime, People ‘by the milling process to form larger ‘drops. The Bs making olive oil in countries around the _‘larger drops can be separated from the paste more an Sea for many centuries, and this easly. Heating the paste during the malaxation by simply crushing the olives. Modem Stage increases the yield of oll. However, the use ici extraction is a more complex process, of higher Neat affects the taste and decreases shelf ihesame besic principle of crusning the uit _ fe. To compromise, commercial producers usully the ol Is in pl. hheat the paste to only about 27 fervest is the first step = : degrees Centigrade. Oxidation ‘live cil. Traditional also reduces the flavour, so use a number of low. , commercial producers mey fil ns to gather the olive the malaxation chamber with common method is an inert gas such es nitrogen 50 ‘on ladders to simply the paste avoids contact with ves by hand and put oxygen. ‘Next, the oll must be separated ple questh iS. OF workers may beat from. the paste. Traditionally, ies with broomsticks, the paste is spread onto fibre the olives on the discs that are stacked! on top of “Commercial processors each other in a cylindrical press. ® coing %0 arc tongs to strip olives , Heavy stones are placed on top tion. For aches and. drop them of the discs, squeezing out the ng else? nets spread out below liquid. The oil thus produced is Sit § then important to a called first press o° cold press il. The paste is then mixed with ‘hot water or steam and pressed See one more. The second press ol he favour of the oll, doesn’t have such an intense arvested olives have been brought to the frou The monary comme a avec cles hove been brought 0 the | meted af olve ol extraction uses a machine ced tit leaves and twas. Commercia’ | af. MCustral Cecanter to separate the oll from the tise cleaning machines to accomplish ee ae ee oe at Gaga ot) ay : fevolstons ner minute. The paste and ol are e231 geal Fans Blow any the malty of | Ceraratac because of thelr afeent cartes T98 5 larger bis The cles are then tumed | essertilly the same method that is used to senarate ate a5 they pass through the mill Large | Twlk from cream. ‘ate Used for this purpose by traditional | Alter the separation process, the all is bottled, and the bottle is capped and labelled. Smell, traditionel Fa mechanised alternative, known asa | producers often do this by hand, while commercial ‘Once Milled, the clive pasto is ready | Droducers use assemily line techniques. The leftover talled malexation. in this stage of the | paste Is sometimes used for enlmal feed or it can be ‘lied paste Is stired anc mixed for 20 | further chemically processed to extract more olive This Is done with waoden spoons by | oil, which is usually blended with other ails or used ducers, while commercial producers | for processes such as soap making, machine with a metal spiral blade, The ACADEMIC READING 87‘ACADEMIC READING chert Completion and Diagram Labelling Which of the words from Exercise 4 on page 87 are used to describe the traditional method? Which words are used to describe the modem commercial methad? Look at th llow-chart below. Choose the correct words to complete the notes. the passage again to make sure you have reported the meaning exactly in the notes Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS trom the passego for each ensiver —— HOW OLIVE OIL IS MADE TRADITIONAL METHOD Harvesting ‘Manual labourers limb 1... ‘each the olives. Picked by hand. to I COMMERCIAL METHOD Harvesting 2 are used to remove olives] from the trees, on the grourd v | Cleaning | Dirt, leaves and twigs removed by hand. nn 2 Malaxation Paste stired with 7 10 create larger drops of ail within the peste. Pressing Paste applies to ® cylindiicel press. 10 used to force the oil out of the paste a —— Final stages Gil bottled, capped and labelled by hand, L_ Cleaning Mechanical methods. 4 remove most unwanted material, ee? iting A machine called a 6 used Malaxation | Paste mixad in a machine. Pasta heated to about 27° C, 8 __ig used to rerain flavour Pressing An tt from the paste. is used 10 1emowol mettiods ara used to bottle, cap and label the cil & Work in pairs. Look at this student's answers. Why were they marked wrong? 1 baskets 5 Mistenes Industry decantor 2 byhandIELTS PRACTICE TASK 1 (Note Completion) | in 1977 the Voyager 7 and Voyager 2 spacecrett photographed the outer planets of our solar system bafore ] erin ovordinersar sone. Bath are curentin the Heloshonth the exroma ctr ade f te Si Sfslem. They are curtecty about 1B billon kiometres from the sun, traveling at aout 86,000 kiomotres an hour. Inzdtion to the scientific equipment aboard these spacectet, both carry ‘Golden Records. These ere “phoroxyaph records containing sounds and images that portray life and culture on Earth, They are imnced for | int gertextrataractra ie frrs who may find them anciare kindof tme capsules intended to communicate | tre story of humans.on earth, | The Golion Records are 1Zinch go¥t plated copper cisks sozled in aluminum jackets, They ere accompanied by “asus and visual instructions on how to play the record and to convert some oF the information on the disk into irene The contents of the record were selected for NASA by a committee. This was chaired by the late Car! Sagan ot | Cerrall University. Dr Segen and his associates assembiad 115 images, greetings, musical selections and sounds, wal zs printed messages from the LIS President and the UN Sacretaty Generel | he 11 mages are encoded in anlog ferm. The remainder ofthe records an aucio recording, signed to be “dese et 6-26 revolutions por minute, 1077 wes long detore tne ete oF OVDs, CD-ROMs, of MIPS fla) Pe collection of images incluckes photographs and diagrams both in black and white and colour. The firstimases showing mathematica and physical quantities, the solar system, UNA and humnen anatomy, Care was taken to include pictures nat only of humanity, but also of animals, insects, plants drdlenescanes. [meges of humanity depict a broad range of cultures, These images snow food, architecture end ‘humans going about their day-to-day lives. The audio partion begins with spoken greetings in 86 languages — six ip languages and 49 modern ones, begining with Akkacian, a lenguage spoken about 6,000 years ago, fi ending wih Wu, ¢ rrodem Chinese dialect, These greotings tellus something cf the attitudes of the regions se hese languages are epoken, The greeting in Farsi roads: ‘Hello to the residents of fer skein Amoy (Chinese clalea Frencs of soace, how ere you al? Have you eaten yot? Come visit us if you have time’ In rap ‘Let there be peace everywhere’ In English: ‘Hello from the children of planet Earth’ in French, simply is Halo everybody! bulk oF the recording space is taken up by music. The records have the inscription To the makers of emu iy the space on the racord between the label end the playable ce Musical selactions wete painstakingly chosen. Sagan's beste direct ve was that the music oe ‘diverse “apdgo0d Tho frst Eorth masic aliens will hear is the First Mavernent of Baci’s Brandenburg Concerto No. 2, Tinesion to such classical pieces, rock is represented by Chuck Berry's Johnny B, Goode and jazz by @ Louis sstong Sang, Segen wanted to inchide the Beatles’ song Have Contes the Sun. The Beatles agreed0 the os but for some reeson their publis"ing company refused Jest the musical section is predominantly what we would call ‘world music’ tocay,Itis one of the most compiations af music ever put together. it includes Navajo Indien chants, pane music from Peru, @ {Shouse song Tem Nek Guinee, Australian aboriginal didgeridoo rrusie, and the intation song of Pyary gts the Condo. ral portion ofthe audio recording features s variety of sounds from the plenet Earth, both netural and man te sounds of thunder and volcanoes; the sounds of wind and rain; tha songs of humpbeck wheles and Jéater of chimpanzees; of aunornobiles, vactors, horse-drawn carts, jet planes and rockers, The final sound is. ofa kiss hough nol aie at any particular stars, Voyager | wll pass rolatvely close to Gliase 445, and Voyoger 2 wil drift pastthe star Ross 248 ~ in about 40,000 veers. Sore scientists estate that by that time, celisions with micro fas in sep space will have cnade the Golden Record unplayabie. At any rate, since the probes are extremely rll compared to the vastness of interstellar spece, the probablity af an extraterrestrial cvlzation encountering ‘sinintesimel, especially since the probes will stop emitting any kind of electromagnetic radiation by 2025. =ilS2oan noted thet, The spececraft willbe encountered and the recerd played only if thera are advanced fesrg civlizetions in interstellar space, But the launching ofthis "battle" into the easmic “ocean” says lineling very hopeful avout fe on this plenet! Thus, the record is best seen 8s @ symizolc statement rathor 12 Sevious attempt to communicete with extraterrestrial ie, ACADEMIC READING cya Questions 5-10 Complete the notes below: (Choase TWO WORDS AND/ORA NUMBER tyo1n the passage f 1 each answer The Golden Records Location on Voyager spaceetet ow bythe name 1 0 outer spac simade mocty of2 Content 1 chosen oy 4 vided into four cea Section 1: Images + begins with images of a5... nenwe Section 2: Spoken Greetings + srsialof? Section 3: Music * beains with an example ol the 8 ty of amples canbe defined as 9 Final section 19d 102 vanaty of sounds 4 ends wath a sound made by 81. IELTS PRACTICE TASK 2 (Diagram Labelling) The giraffe towers above ell other mammals in the werd Floaming the Atncan grasslands on long, thir legs, an adult mele can reach a maximum height of six matras ‘But oniy about half of that hight comes from its ower body ~ the rest is accounted for by tha neck. The aiatfs Uses its heiant to fead on leaves and buds in traetons that few other arimals can reach. The leaves of acecia trees are a favourite; these traas typically Glow 10 bo sixor seven metres tall. And the girafe has yet anotier 1001 to exoand its reach — its longue ven stretch as far as tony-six centimetres, A oratfe spends most ofits ime eating, consuming hundreds of Klograms of leaves par long distances in search of food, The anima height also helps ite keep a sharp lookout for predators across the wide expanse of the Anca savannas, end it can move is head through 180 degrees in order to see wiht is behind t Butitis the girtie's neck that is ts most noticeable feature, The neck hes seven bones called the cervical vertebrae, and these are joined tagether by wnat ore known as bal-and socket joints —of the sort that jon man ats and shoulders. These cints alow movements through 360 degrees, Another Key anatomical ‘feature is the girae's thorecic vertebrae — the ones that join the neck to the back. These have the seme typ ct joints as the cervical varebrae, which gives the cireffe greet flexlity, as well as explairing why it has is jleristic hump. These bones support muscles thet nol the neck upright, in the same way that cables hole up crane on a construction site ‘The gitaffe has the highest known blood pressure ameng animals because it must pump blood, ageinst all the way up its lang nec to the brain. To pump blocd an that long joumay ta their heads, girtfes nave ‘enormous hears, 0 twelve kilograms. Their enlarged lungs compensate for the length af thair trachess. The giraffe also has 2 high concentration of red blood cells ard tight skin, especialy araund the leg, ‘which prevents blood from pooling in tha lms. It serves tho same purpose as the G-suit worn by astronauts ‘who are subjected to excessive G forces, or tight elestic stockings warn ky psopla with leg circulation problemaeT } Wie cratfes don't need to chink very often ~ they mastiy gat watar from the leaves that they eat —they do {20d 10 do 80 every few days. To do this, giraffes must splay out the logs an lower their heads. The extremely ‘gh dood pressure, couied with gravity, could cause a potential lethal rush of blood ta giraffes’ brains when “Bey bond tner heads. This doesn't happen beceuse of one-way valves that stop exness blood fram flowing too ‘ply down their necks to ther heads. Tre aiafe's neck is a'so integral to the animal's movement anc moves back and forth with its stride, That's ecsuse the weight and motion ofthe neck guides the animal's cante of gravity. The giraffe also tosses its neck and fro ta helo it se to standing position on its spinal legs. This is comparable tothe way people Swaing ther ams up over the heeds to pul lnerselves out of bed in the retin Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for the cassage fer each ensvver. ‘The Anatomy of Giraffes Ability to move head by 3s much as Bacti nee RIES ‘Keep the animal safe, o Boos connactad ay what are cae Eranextend to lost 50 om, Feu joints, N\A im Lo adopt 3 8. — vn ens ood fom eoltectng in th legs alti ow 0 blood wien head of | eel confident about doing these tasks. | did OK, but | stil need to do more work on these tasks | need more practice with these tasks. | need to focus on... For further practic, see the DVD-ROM.Mae Rs ed the words that you need to w Visitor views Chugach Mountains A A About the task 1 Read the information about the task type. Then look at some notes two of your classmates made about the task. For each point, who is right: Classmate A or Classmate B? Choose the correct answer. sts your ability to answver questions on factual informetion using words takea 1's often used to test your understanding of a factual passage about a spocific subject, You usually feed fact outa subject, and you may be asked to write words or nunibars. On the question paper, you sea. sot of questions sbeut tne passages. Your job is to recd the passage and lind information to answer the quest ons. Hore are the basic rules for the Short Answer Questions task: The questions follow the order of infermetion in the passage, The instructions tell you hoi many words to wwite in each ensuer The wording of the questions includes some wore and ideas that you can find in the passage. The words you need to write in your answer are found in the passage. You write the words in the same form as you see them in the aassage (e.9. singular/plurel) - you dor't need. 10 change them in any way. Spelling counts! The words you write must’ce spelled correctiy It's especialy important to read through the questions before you read the passaye, and think ebout the type of information yau're looking for. You have to read the passaga carefully fo find the eartect informa Short Answer Questions jassmate A iy reseng for fas an Aire Classinate B You sre teadng co understand the writes cphion Classmate A Thesmestore somtimes low the order ehe psage Classmate 8 Tha sin Ww the erdanof thepasca, Classmate A VYouhas pstnictineta see how mary werde you can rte Inssmate B Youalivays haves write tHe nord Classmate A Youssef ace your ovn Words te evga the Measin the passage, Classmate 3 Yo luke te write che exact y Fain the pase, Blassmate A Al aiwersrnust be sped correct ACADEMIC READING coast The su “meking plate i Scienti plete, ¢ the pes his res project first co ‘subdue The evi “and cor the cor togethe ‘causing collisicrB Sample questions 2 Read the passage and answer the questions. Use the rules about the tesk from Section A to help you. Then check your answers. Which questions did you find difficult? ELIS PRACTICE TASK A Crack in the Earth hers working off the coast af Portugel in western Eurone have discoverad what could be the birth of a new sibliction zone. Subcuction zones hapgen when the large tectonic plates that make up the Earth's crust crash into jeercther, and one slides, or subducts, below the other eortng to a renort published in the journal Geofagy, this new subduction zone could signal the start of an extended that fuses continents together into a single land mass ~ or supercontinent — and than forces them apert again, fb process has occured et least three times during Eorth’s approximately tourbillion-year history, with the most Renl evidence coming from the spliting up of the single land mass callod Pangaea about 200 milion years ago. Ezentist at the University of Monash in Austra feeantly discavored subduction zona is located in the Allantic Ocgan about 200 klomatres off the southwest gst Portugal, It is made up of six distinct segments that tegether span a distance of about 300 kilometres sulsuction zone is actually a newly formed crack in the Euresian plate, which is one of the main tectonic plates is breaking in two, says Duarte fats have long suspected that a new subduction zona was forming near the western margin af the Eurasian tf the coast of Portugal, Part of the reason is thet the region hes been the site of significant eanhquakes. Over 3120 years, several scientific tears from diferent countries have been mapping the region's saatloor. As part of esearch project while et the University of Lisbon, Duarte gathered! tocether the data from these different mapping sand combined tham to create @ new tectonic map of the sealloor olf the coast of Portugal. This provided the slsive ind cation that the ocean floor aff the coast of Iberia is indeed beginning to fracture, and thet a new ition zone is starting to form. ‘It is nat a fully developed subduction, but an ambryanic one’ says Duarte, 309 collected by Duarte’s team suggests that the Eurasian plate could eventually split into separate ocoanic ortirental sections. If this hapoens, the oceanic section —which is mace of denser rock — wil dive beneath the questions below NNO MORE THAN THREE WORDS jvorn the passage for each answer “Wet term describas the situation in which a single land mass exists on Eerth? lora has it baen since the lest single land rnass existed? iat isthe size ofthe aree otfocted by the new subduction zone? hat heppened to rake scientists think that the new subduction zone existed? it name is used for the type of image Ovearie produced of the region's seabed? Which word does Duara use to indicate the new subductian 2one’s stage of development? ding to Duerte, which section of the Eurasian plate is likely to move? oning to researchers, what might disapoeer as a result of the new subduction zone? ACADEMIC READINGC Tips and tactics 3 Work in pairs, Read the tips and tactics and discuss these questions. 2 Which tips and tactics do you think are the most useful? b_ Did you use any of these tips and tactics when you answered the sample ques in Section B? Which tips will you use in the future? Bofore you read the passage, look at the questions and think about whet you're goings read, Underline the most important words in the questions and think about the type of information you're looking for For example, ere you looking fora name, a number, 8 specific term ar something else? Most of the answers ere facts about the topic, so many of the words you need to wt are nouns, Check if words are singular or plural nthe passage, Read the passage quickly. Remember that the questions follow the order of infarmatian in the passage Then go through the questions one by one. Use the underlined words 10 help you find Felevant sections of the pessege. Read these sections in detail and find the informa answar the question, The word(s) you need to write are in the passage. Dov't put the informetion you reed your awn words. Copy the spalling of the words exactly and check it carefully, Ban't ust write down the first ward you find that fits the gap ~ keep reading and keep thinking ebour che meaning, Remember, the instructions tell you haw many words to write —if you write more, yo answer willbe marked wrong, ‘Write numbers as figures, ¢.9. “10¢" not as words, © 9. ‘one hundted and four’ If you aren't sure of an answer, always wnita something. No marks are taken off for wrong answers, D Skills-building exercises Sean 4 Read the questions and look at the underlined words, What type of information are the focus of Shart looking wnswer each Answer Questions yall feeling fortoia question? ho discovared that white light breaks into component colours? ‘Which part of the human ays is sensitive to colour? How many colours is the human eye able to distinguish? Which eolours are dogs unable to perceive? What tye of light can baes see that humans can't see? Which animal has the mest complicated colour vision? Now underline the other important words in each question in Exercise 4. Work in pairs. Discuss what each question focuses on and what kind of information you would look for in the reading passage. (NB There is no reading passage for questions.) $4 ACADEMIC READINGfay we know exactly what features of their al make-up allow animals to move at ess well-known is the role of motion ggraphy in helping us to understand @ features. Before moving images could ‘captured on film, it was difficult 10 know how animals’ bodies moved at speed. is Was beceuse the movements happened too erstanding of the processes involved only in the 1880s with the pioneering work of ad Muybridge (1830-1904), who was in the development of early motion phy. bridge was an Englishman who went to USA at the age of 20 in search of fame and iortine. By 1855, this search had taken him as far e land of opportunity. The region tad just M the rapid development associated with SGold Rush, which attracted many ambitious g men like Muybridge to the region. San joridge initially set himself up as a bookseller tity, He also took up photography, working J This led, in 1868, to his appointment to a ernment post as Director of Photographic As part of his new role, Muybridge ied to Alaska, which had just become US mitory, to produce a photographic record, work for which Muybridge is best jenbered, however, began in 1872, the year a racehorse owner, Leland Stanford, asked bridge to try and establish whether or not all {irof¢racehorse’s hooves left the ground when sunning. Muybridge rose to the challenge, that photography could provide the ary evidence. But his first efforts, using plate techniques, were not conclusive aise the images were not clear enough. As orked on the problem, however, Nuybridge's fascination with the idea of rapid motion photography grew and its further development now. became his main work. In his next experiment, he Positioned 50 cameras alongside the track before a hotserace took place. Through the use of devices called electrically-controlled shutters, Muybricge was able to capture a split-second Image from each camera as the horse ran past. His findings answered Stanford's question definitively: all four hooves leave the ground at the same time, as could be seen from the photographic images. What's more, by projecting the images on to a screen, and showing them one after another at great Speed, the horse's actual movements could be recreated, Muybridge's public demonstration of this technique in 1882, using a device called a Zoopraxiscope which he also invented, is crecited with being the birth of the moving picture industry Fortheremainder ofhislif, Muybridge concentrated on the further development of the techniques he had developed, and is regarded as having inspired Thomas Edison, who was to invent the cinecamera, Indeed, Muybridge’s groundbreaking work paved the way for a new art form, making it just as important as Josheph Niépce’s pioneering. stil photography had been back in 1825 ACADEMIC READINGFOCUS Checking that answare aro coven ‘ACADEMIC READING 7 Read the passage on page 95 and the questions (1-8) below. Put a tick (/) next to the correct answers. Put a cross (X) next to incorrect answers and write the correct answer. 1 What historical event had just ended when Muyoridge anived in San Frencisco? The Gold Rush What was Muybridge’s first job in Son Frencisca? commerclal photographer What type of photograahs did Muybridge originally become wellknown for? landscape, ‘Where did Muyisidge serve as a government photogrepher? ‘matiod did Muybridge use to take his first photos of moving racehorses? electricaly-controlled shutters What was the purpose of the zoopraxiscope? projecting the images When was the first moving picture en by the public? nie Whe was influenced by Muybiidge? Josheph Nigoce & Workin pairs. Diseuss why you marked some answors incorrect.ITS PRACTICE TASK ‘Staying cool... naturally nheatwaves orcpina much ofthe plenet every sume, electricity companies wary thet they may not be able f¢ enough energy to meet demand! during the warmest months because aircanditoning systems Uso 3 icuis amount of energy. Howaver one group of forwardkthinkine Gesigners believe tet they may be able 19 answer by studying the wey other creatures function. Trough # procass known as biomimicry, they’ aim to ‘nscired by the natural world to adoress human problems, is thet ver billons of years, natu itso has solved many problems which are sinilar to those that humanity yn natural systems, nothing is wasted, since everything can be used by something ciso. Hurnan, 2fS,on the ater hand, use args inputs of non renewable energy, produce toxic dremicals 3s by-products ship finshed goods across the globe. Neture makes what it needs, where t heads i using watcrbased The folowing designs are examples of haw this aporaac right be aopled to the issue of airconditioning tiation inspired by termites ps the most femaus examnle of biormimiccy when it comes te heating end cooling is entation inspired by A few years ago, Scientists observed that big termite mounds in Africa stay remarkably cool inside, even heat. The insacts ecoomplish that faat by creating air pockets in stretegic places in the mounds they This dever design crostes 2 natural vontiation sysiom, driving air trough the mound through the process faction. Architect Mick Paarce and engineering firm Arup borrawed thet idea ta build the Eastgate Centre, fica and shopping centre in Zimbatnye that is cooled with the outside air. The system uses only 10% as ne (gy as conventional aicconditioning intercurrent heat exchange inspired by birds anitra’s core and cooing the blood at its extremities. By keeging cooler blood claser to the snow and icy i Sucn rds lose less body heat overall. Heat exchergers in industria scale heating and cooling systems use er type of principle to mexirize efficiency. ire absorption inspired by ticks fem celled eliqud desiccant dehumiditar is designed to pull humidity rom the air insideva building ional sieconcitioning also recuces humidity. It uses a iquid salt solution ~ something similar to the uid Bt perestic insect called the brown dog tick sacretes to absoro watar from the ai. | ent fans inspired by whales | or take on better fan design, « company called WhalePawer is developing fan blades that produce greater vend therelore meve more ai, thanks to an idea inspired by the burnpy design ei e humpback whele’ flier. falPover says its fans move 25% more ar than converniana fans while using 20% less energy. The company So woiking on more powerful wind turbine blades. 18 | er the questions below. ose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer What name is given 10 the idea of taking ideas from nature to serve humen needs? What do industrial processes consume in a wasteful way? What do termites create in order to cool their mounds? fn which part of 2 panguin’s body does warmer blood circulate? “What mechanism used by air-conditioning units is inspired by penguins? Which creature produces a fluid that can take moisture from the i? Which feature of one spacias at whale ca WhalaPawver fans copy? How much more effective are WhalePower fans? | fee! confident about doing Short Answer Questions tasks. | did OK, but | stil naed to do more work on Shiort Answer Questions tasks. | need more practice with Short Answer Questions tasks. I need to focus Exo ACADEMICREADING 97,Collocation 1 Read the information about collocations. ‘When two or mare words go together frequently, is called a collocation. There are several diferent types: of collocation made fram combinations of vais, nouns, adjactives, etc. Some of the mast common types are: © adverb ¢ adjective: complataly wrong adjective + noun: 2 gokten opportunity + noun + neun: @ bunch of bananas © ert + noun: play the guiter Collocation: verb/noun/adjective + preposition 2 Many verbs, nouns and adjectives are frequently followed by certain prepositions. Look at the sentences about the text on page 79, Complete the sentences with the correct preposition. ater ih ino 6 van The recines were eallegted . pate. book 1,500 years age. The book is named obb@Morcus Gavius Apicus. fs The Yooeis cpu irvice They wold nose strane aol us dey. Thoy call Ger _ingredionts thst we don’t nave tocay The book givs us insight.(AS. italian cuisine, To reo9es re Mented pat sion Go back to the text on page 79 and chock your answers, or use a dictionary Collocation: verb + noun 3 There are also verb-+ noun eollocations (play the guitar. Match the verbs (1-8) with the nouns in the box to make eollocations. Then go back to the text on page 80 to check. & machinery me fae suogentiahiaiionat an essay agama oi chess. Soest machine (chess-playing) computers 7 B14 develop cownloed create play operate waite plot win Write your own sentences with these collocations. 1. download from the Internet 2. winolaya came 3. wiiteen essay Look at the verbs. Which weather word do they collocate with? Go back to the text on page 77 and check. Then write your own sentences with the collocations. fall 2 melt 3. freeze 98 ACADEMIC READINGCollocation: adjective + noun Many adjectives and nouns form collocations too (a golden opportunity, a lucky break, a bitter argument). Complete the sentences with an adjective from the box. The noun in bold that follows forms the collocation. 3 5 4 G6 bade controlling developing direct distinct private Burmaisa country. “hove ate publ compayjes and... companies, Tho gowertment hae act.. Involvement port eiatios The majnty stegk olde hes a Govatrdenyhntrast the company. This. Dist type of bag is very easy to distinguish from others available. The _ibasie-diference'sthesio. Go back to the text on page 85 and find the eollocations in the text. Then choose three or four of these collocations and write your own examples. Common IELTS topic: History Suffixes B Complete the sentences below. Farm the words by choosing the correct suffix from the box for the words in brackets. -al ally ion ity -ment 1 Tha steam engine was perheps the most significant... InverntiOn__. of its time (invent, “Te ost important consideration forthe country at that periac oF is history was ‘economic _-uuoaw father than political reform. (devalaplevess T ‘The technologies avallzle et the time were no: Serious ait and water pollution. (environment ¥ {tiondly, which led to The countty’s....-.---. eles ofered immediate support aiter the disaster. (reditiona L In some western countries, the idea of expressing your own popularity among young people during the 1860s. (indivicuall 4 When the explorer set sal, he had 2 clear from the government regarding what routs to take, linstuctiion The government adoated 3 ox. port of tha country. regioni@l ‘Soma colleagues questioned the ‘of our approach, but boliove that our ‘Success has proved it was the right course 10 ta4e. (validity Most people agree that the ‘so many respected exports was one of the conference's mejor achievements, involve) ment Tha awne sked for a meating with the fnanoe director pecifclay ‘economic policy, with a different focus for each Wordbuilding 9 Complete the sentences using the word in brackets in the correct form. Add a prefix and/or a suffix, and maka changes to spelling where necessary. 1. itseems unbelievable (believe) to us today that ancient structures lke the Pyramids were ‘ult using the resources that were availaois at the time. The country’s vast supply of natural resources including coal and oll were... (essence) to its recovery after the economic downturn. ‘The majority of shareholeers were opposed to the schema and their .dhis....sasew al (approve) ultimately persuaded the managing diractor to review it The .--i2%...... reste) of the new port wes the most important reason for the region's economic development. The growing sense cf enw...) (Secure) led to tighter airport security controls, By tne end af the cpnsury any ofthe country's ober industries Fad ecome ws. “| [econemy) because consumers were no longer buying these oreduets. | People never know when the next bus will come because the timetable is highly WO ade... regular} 2 acre ee covloginew Maude tor) of petresistanc pensar nad a huge impact on farming = Varieties ACADEMIC READING 3900 é words in the heading reflect the main ideas in the passa Footbridge reflected on a eanal surface, Yunnan Province, A About the task 1. Read the information about the task type. Then look at a quiz about the task from website, Choose the correct options to complete the sentences. ‘The Matching Headings task: tests your ablity to reac ancl understand the main ideas in a passage. On the uestion Peper you see a set of headings that report infarmation and ideas from tiie passage. Yout job is the passage and decide which of the headings best describes the information and ideas in ac paragraph oF section of the passage Here are the basic rules for the Matching Headings t The list of headings in the box are in random order There are mote options in tre box than you nesc to anewer al the questions . . You can use each heading once only. The words in the headings summarise the main ‘You reed each parearaph or section of the passage carefully and find the main idea, Yeu then decide whien of the headings in the box reports that idea exe: numeral (¢.a.) i ii iy, ete, on your snawer sheet, iin the passace, but do not use exactly the seme ‘the correct Roman [MATCHING HEADINGS a | 1) You ean cannot use the headings more than once. 2 You should read the passage quickly! carefully. | 3 There are more / fewer headings than paragraphs. j | You are fkely / uniiely to see the words in the headings reposted in the passage. || |'5, You write a letter namerat on the enewer sheet | ACADEMIC READING 2s wal crop ir pero E The fi welled Cimin identi pris,B Sample questions 2 Read the passage and answer the questions. Use the rules about the task from Section A ta help you. Then check your answers. Which questions did you find difficult? '§ PRACTICE TASK stone 1-5 g Fading Passace has five peragraphs, A-E. pose the correct heading for paragrapis AE from the list of headings bafow. next 10 questions 1-5. Be crigassupeer yeceren te gustan of aces slaves Compaton of he ales of hal METS oT Tadcal gongs Baie why meted tome meee ésith problems arsing ftom the wearing o¥ medical gloves PE eslneiny > fie dealer of mec gloves Raetes of rece goves fo spect pu Baieranfer tne egcivenes of rectcl doves sect meted glves ForagreohAA LL Paseo Pareoren@ ay ParagrepnD Alka Paragrant E 6c gjtves are clgposeble gloves thar are worn to help rovluce cross-contamination between doctors, nurses and heath proiessonais and patients during surgery, physieel exam rations and other medical procadures. When heath 5 use gloves, they protect their patients from infection "nore effectively than if they simply wesh their hands 1s, Lkoaiso, heath professionals are protected from being ‘redcel gloves are the seme, however. Surgical loves have more procise sizing than exam gloves, for exarrple, as Gieater sensitivity. They ae also less prone to ripring o tearing. Exam glows ate available es either storie or Woe, while Surgical Gloves are ahvays sterie Both earn and surgical gloves can be rrade of natural maferals, Such Trsynthetic materials, such es vinyl neaprene or nitrile nudber. Surgical loves can be unpowdered or poviclered Réomssarch, which rnakos them easier to out on the hands. Cornstarev has mostly repleced powders such as tale, Tce ikely 20 cause iritation, but sinee even cometarch can imped healing i it gals into tissues during surgery, cert innovation invo Ving medical gloves occurred at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Batimore, USA in th ig he adce of the British physician Joseph Listey, Cater Surgeon WS Halsted directed surgeons and surgical fs isnot their hends witn carbolic acd to reduce the rate of infection during opsrabions. One of his nurses, iHamgtan, was sensitive 10 the chemical and found it was damaging the skin on her hands, and considered caning Ft caree’ atthe hospital. Oy Helsted contacted the Goadjae Ta and Fubber Compa afang fey cod Na ikbor lowe tnet could 98 dipped in carbollc ace. Thet short lear thas bocome known as ‘the: most imoortant gaoh in TH Tislry of surgical iterate’ The Gloves that Goodyear pracuced prcved to be very satisfactory, and soon Heb'ods nursos and ass'stants were required to coutinely use stelzed nibner gloves, sraugh, Dr Halsted and his fellow surgeons cin’, a first, wear gloves themselves, The wonderfully named Fjooc, Halsted’s pupil, began using gloves during surgery in 1896. ‘Why shouldn't the surgson use theet the nutse?” he asked. In 1889, Bloodgooc published a reort on over 450 surgarias with a near 10D per cent fection ate brought about by using gloves. Halsted wrote at the time, "Why wes |s0 blind not ta have give nocossity for woaring them all the time? Jo medical gloves came onto the market in the 1960s These glaves have a fangs of clinical uses, as transfering the wearers prints orto whatever surface is touches or hancied ACADEMIC READING — 101,102 jenttying en _apncontats beading for paragreph is passage: ACADEMIC READING C Tips and tactics 3 Work in pairs. Read the tips and tactics and discuss these questions D Skills-building exercises 4. Read the passage on page 103, Look at these heedings. Which of the headings {i or best reflects the content of each paragraph (1-6)? 1 2 5 Work in pairs. Answer the questions. 1 2 3 Which tips and tactics do you think are the most useful? Did you use any of these tips and tactics when you answered the sample questi in Section B? ‘Which tips will you use in the future? Before you read the passece, read the list of headings and under'ine the key words. Read the passage quickly to get an idea of the type of information and ideas it conte Now read each paragranh or section of the passage carefully. Think about the main fr the main point that the writer is making in each paragraph ‘After reading each paragraph oF section, lock at the list of headings and choose the that bost reports the main idea. When you read the passage, you may see some words or phrases that appear in the headings. Be careful. The correct heading for each paragraph uses different words 19 exprass the main ideas. Don't use your own knowledge of the subject to help you choose the heading The headings need to report the ideas in the pessage. ‘Quickly read the gatagraph er section again to make sure you haven't missed anythin Remember to vita nly the correct Roman numeral on the answer sheet ‘Always answer all the questions, even if you're not sure of the answer. | Whistis special about the Rattiesia? ii Why scientists find the Rafflesia intoresting | Unusual features of the Rafflesia |i Unusual features of the Tetrastigma vine | How to identify the plant ii How the plant spreads | Tho conservation status of the plent ii How the plent should be protected i Thrests.10 the plent from tourism ii How the plent is regarded i Similenties and éferences with the Titan arum ji Why the Ratfiesia's position is haing challenged by the Titan arum Did you and your partner choose the same headings? Discuss why each of the headings you have chosen is corract and the other one is wrong. Compare your idgas with those of another paiquestio} oils nnidoa 4 The Ratflesia is not only the world's largest flower ~it is also one of the most bizarre. There are several species of Rafflesia that grow in the rainforests of Southeast sia. The largest is the Rafflesia amnoldil \Mhlch produces a flower ametre in wicth anc cen weigh up to 11 kilograms, This species has been founc ‘only on the islands of Sumatra, Borneo and Java in Southeast Asia, in particular in the Malaysian states ‘F Sabah and Sarawak. 2 Tie Retfiesia lives as a parasite on the Tetrastigma vine, which grows only in primary (undisturbed) Tanforests. Rafflesia lacks any observable leaves, branches, or even roots, yet sstill considered a vascular {Blan The plant grows as thread-ike strands ‘dl tissue completely embedded within the Mie that hosts it. Unlike most plants, the Raffesia has no leaves and no chlorophyll, Brit eannot photosymthesize and make its the one inthe rything) s (ior il Jot its water and nutrients come from the es to pollinate the plant. To pollinate decesstuly, the flies or beetles must visit the male and female plants, in that @s threatened or endangered. The remaining primary forests where the Rafflesia live are disappearing. sid make matters worse, the flower of the Rafflesia is collected and used as an ingredient in traditional dcines for women to promote their recovery from childbirth. ais strange and smelly parasitic plant has attracted eco tourists eager to see the world's largest flower. ipowners have been urged to preserve the flowers and charge tourists a fee to see them. The flower afflesia amldii has become an iconic symbol of the Southeast Asian rainforest, and is often used on, he covers of tourist brochures ta symbolize the rich biodiversity of the region's forests. The flower has, ISobeen depicted on Indonesian postage stamps on several occasions. rd ote ecie Feigh oh ties moves and con om ah ee WS kiograms. Like the Rafflesia, the Titan arum emits an unpleasant, rotting smell to attract pollinators. ACADEMIC READING 0a104 Om ° Chaosiig betersen possile heecings forooragrepnaing =! passage the two paragraphs (A and B). Look at the passage and the list of headings. Choose the best heading (iii Where the name ‘Lite Ice Age’ came from | i) Scientists’ idees about wiy the Litle ce itor) How a theory wes disproved How evidence supporting a theory ‘Age started ara confrmed gathered iii New evidence may explain why the Little ii The key role of technology in dew ice Age cidr't last a theory ssearchors put forward a for the Little lee Age I For more then @ millennium, up to the late Middle Ages, temperate regions oF the nortnam hemisphere enjoyed generally baimly weather. Then it got cooler and a period ‘hat climatoiogists tocey cal the Lite Ioe Aze set in. There has been litle scentifc consensus about the onset of the Little lee Age -eitar its timing or cause, Some exerts believe an important factor wes 2 slit reduction in the: amount of solar energy reaching Earth ‘But an international sludy, led by scientists from the University of Colorada, Boulder, suggests that tie cooling started quite rapidly, with a series of four huge voloenic ‘eruptions betwean 1275 and 1300. These eruntions biested vast amounts cf sulphates and dust particles into the upper ‘almasphore raflecting soler energy hack imo space for 2 {OW years. This led tan expansion of ArctC oe and a elated chenge in Atlantic Ocean currents, which prolonged ‘ie cooling for several centuries. How evidence from the past could us predict the future ow explan "This isthe frst time anyone has clearly identified the specfic onset ofthe cad times marking the starcof the [ite Ioe Age says ford Miler, lead autor ofthe st published in Geophysical Research Letters. The resesrcho feeched their conclusions by anaiysing ancient samples 1 cead olants collected from beneath the margins of ‘what are today receding ice caps on Canada’s Baffin Island They found a cluster of il dates’ between 1275 ‘anc! 1300, showing that tne plants were cuickly enguied ‘by expanding ice. Confirmation came from ice cores of icelane's Langjokul ice cap, which sudceniy thickened thesame period, Then computer modelling showed nau tins cold shock could persist for centuries, even witout {urther volcanic cooing, the olmate system is hit cand again by cold conditions over a relatively short inthis case from volcanic eruptions —there appears toh cumulative cooling effect, Miller says. 7 Work in pairs. Answer the questions. 1 2. Underline the information in t hoacing, | texts pRacTiceTASK Questions “The Feeding Passage on page 105 has five paragraphs, Choose the comect heeding for paragraphs A-E trom the lst of headings below. Wtite the corect number, Evil 1 Alongstanding mystery is now partially explain ‘A.comparison that confirms @ theory Evidenca suggesting a high level of skill fe A reasen to doubt the claims made for 8 new di vi Alack of evicence to show the precise wey in which the find was used vii Disagrcomient about the age of some implements viii The age of a find s esiaolished L ACADEMIC READING A possible explanation why similar finds haven't been mada Discuss winy each of the other headings is wrong ne paragraph that helped you decide whic was the oor ME ed Paragreph A Paragreon B Paracraph © Paragrash D Paregraph E iscoveryAsien island of East Timor, Professor Sua O'Connor of the Nationa! University in Canberra and a taam of scientists uncovered over 38,000 fish bones fram 2,843, eatig back 42.000 years, More significant, though, was the unearthing of fish hooks made trom seashells dato back up to 28,000 years, according to radiocarbon dating ofthe charcoal in the soil surourding the mans. The oldest previously «nown fish hooks are associated with the boginnings of agriculture, whieh in st Asia was around 8,500 years ayo, says O'Connor thai hands or spaars, The bonies were of bot) inland and deep sea species. “That these types of figh were ng routraly caught 40,000 years ago is extraordinary, says O'Connor. tt requires complex technology and 5 that early modern humans in Southeast Asia had amazing advanoed maritime skils’ It seems certain eancient inhabitants of Jevimalsi used sophisticated fishing technology and watercraft 1a fin in offshore ‘They wore export at catching spacies of fish thet are challenging even todey, such as tuna’ Capturing gh fish were clearly a primary toad sours for these people, since there were ‘ony rats, bats, snakes, lizards birds avaiable on lanc!: accoriing 10 O'Connor. Howower, rasaarchers een only speculate ebout exactly ‘hese ancestral fishermen managad to catch the deep-sas fish ‘it’s not clear whet method the islancers of bi used to capture the fish; O'Connor says. vider fish bones have been found al sites in southern Africa ~ those at the Blombes Cave in South Atnca, Fexemole, date from 140,000-150,000 years ago — but these bones belonged to frashwator inland species: soving such fish would require less complex technology. The oldest known lishing equipment fram that vienity from sround 12,000 years ago, butt inclides aniy bone gorges (straight hocks less sophisticated than syed hooks), and was provably used exclusively in rivers, lakes and streams, O'Connor thinks that African | sites right have provided more evidence of ear'y maritime technology in Africa, but that these areas eyhave disappeared owing to @ se in sea levels overtime. The Joriala sito - which was preserved because ie8 high up on the edge of an Lpilted coastline ~ provides a ‘window into what early modern humens ete capable of she says, discovery of these ancient fish hanks has shed nev light on one of the great puzzles of human migration: jequestion af howw and when Australia was fist colonised. Recent research indicates that the anoestors of the ginal pecole migreted from Atrice through Asia about 75,000 years ago, and that thay artived in Australia 750,000 yaars ego, ‘We have known for a long time that Austrelang’ ancient ancestors must have been able jotieva| hundreds of kilometres: by saa becausa they reached Aystrelia at leest 50,000 years gay accoraing hen we look at the watercraft that indigenous Australians were using at the time of European Sontaci, however, they are all very simple, lke rats and cones. Se how paola got hove at such an early dete | feel confidant about doing Matching Hearings masks. { did Ok, but | stil need to da more work an Matching Heudines tasks, | need more practics wit Matching Headinas tasks, | need te fecus on... Ene ACADEMIC READING — 105,TASKTYPE 5 Matching Information SEES cae 5 a ate eat EI Read the information about the task type. Then look at the notes about the task read on a blog. There are three mistakes. Can you correct them? ‘The Matching Information task tests your ebiity to read 2 pesseue cerefully and understand the mein ideas as well as detailed information and arguments. On the question paper, you see a set of numbered statements, ‘Your job is to read the passage and find the information and idees thet match the statements. Hore are the basic rules for the Matching Information task 1m The passeve fs divided into peragraphs and each paragranh has a letter wrtten abave it The lettered paragraphs are in the corract order, The numbered list of statements is in random order, mi The steterments do not use exactly the same words and phrases as the passage, but they do refer to the same information and ideas. The statements often tell you descrintion The answer to each question is the letter thet apoears above the relevant paragraph, Some letters may not be used if those paragraphs include no answers. Sometimes a letter may be used more than once beceuse some paregraphs may include more then one answer, (The instructions tell you if this is possible} Nou decide wich of the peragrephs contains the information in each statement You write the correct letter on the answer sheet. 1 type of information you are looking for, for exernp| ‘You ara only reading to check facte and figures. ‘The paragraphs in the passage are numbered, ‘The numbered statements are in random order. “The statements include the same words that you find in the passage. ‘You dant have to use all the letters, ‘You can sometimes use the letlors mace than once. (On the answer sheet, you write one feller for each question, 105 ACADEMIC READING0 EE B Sample questions 2 Read the passage and answer the questions. Use the rules about the task from ‘Section A to help you. Then check your answers. Which questions did you find difficult? LTS PRACTICE TASK Do Animals Laugh? Ucrorving to a recent study, laughter and joy may not be uniaue to humens. Ancestral forms of play and laughter existed Fotier enimais long before they di in humans. Jaek Panksepo, 8 professor of psychebiology at Washington State sity and the author of the study, says, Human laughter has robust roots in our animal past: hie humans ere the on¥y creatures that tel jokes, its long baen suspected that same animals lika to laugh. In his of the Emotions in Man and Animals, Charles Darwin pointed out that ‘very many kinds utter a retterated sound, clearly anelegous to our laughter: aan experiment Panksepp had rimpanzees play anc chase each other, they make noises striking lke human 8 t00 young to laugh at verbal jokes tend to shriek and laugh during rowdy pl in hs recent study that when young rats are playing, they also make sounds — they chip, altho ear thor, Thasa chimps are ultrasonic sounds, far too high-pitched for the humen ear, Researchers must pncreceivers that corvert the chirps to sounds that humans can hear. Rats also chirp when they are playfully tcklect archers. During th of the experiment, it was discovered that rats are especally ticklish inthe area around Piabac ofthe neck, which s also the area young rats tend top each ather during chases and play fecrcing to Parksepo, the chirps resemble our giggles, and ere @ primitive form of lauchter. Rats whe have been tickled fxs seer 10 bond socially with their human ticklers. The animals seek out specific human hends thet had tickled them jowiy and seek to be tickled! moro (Ong laughter, scientists have focused mostly on related issues — humour, personaly, h fty-rathor tran laughter self New research, however, shows that circuits for laughter exist in very enicient regions human brain. The capacity to laugh agpeers eaty in chidhood, es enyone wno has tickled a baby knows. As 2s have incorporated language into ploy, we ry have developed new connections to parts of our brains that belote the cerebral cortex, tha outer layer associated with thought and memory In separate experiments, the have scanned subjects’ brains with magnetic resonance imaging as thoy took parti ctivties that made ther gh The two types of humour — verbel and non-verbal — it up diferent pars of the brein. Non-verbal, physioal hurnour ' nty sopeals to some af the brain's more ‘ermitive’ parts, dl some scientists say that other mammals, just lke hurnans, are capable of many feelings. “The recognition by Jentists that the brain machenisms underlying pain, pleasure and foar are the seme in humans and other mammal pe FS ou similerty to other species and is'extremely important’ saidTecumseh Fitch, 2 psychology lecturer at ersity of St Andrews in Scotland, Science has traditionally held that humour is exclusively @ human tat, and scientists heliove that more research is required before the rets' chirping sounds can be considered real oughter, 2, through a study of eughter in rats, the human sense of humour can be more fully understood. tons 1-7 | ng Passage has six paragraphs, AF, ‘agh contains the following information? py circt ctor AF net to each statement J You may use any letter more then once. wv 16 of situations in whch diferant anal species produce kindof ugher > ifn Othe pow in human developnienE wer Ihe soy Te hugh develons © “adesciplion of the metvod uSed to capture certain noises CY felerence to earlier ‘esearch conducted by the euthar of the new study, & hajies tnt humans were notte frst species to davon laughter” // Euler Tat ono species hes &parfeula sonstve region os body sratreasonses + € Hs ideo that poople and animals may Share a range of emoticnal ACADEMIC READING — 107C Tips and tactics 3 Work in pairs. Read the tips and tactics and discuss these questions. Which tips and taoties do you think are the most useful? when you answered the sample quest ‘Which tips will you use in the future? Before you read the passage, read the title and the list of statements ang think about ‘what you'te going to read, Rieed the cassage quickly to get an idee of the tyze of information and ideas in each paragraph. ark any sections that contain the type of information and ideas inciceted the list of statements, rite the number cf the statement next to these sections. You probably need to ral more than ane section for each statement et this stage. ‘Then fead the numbered statements in order, and read the sections you have merked | ‘with that number carefully to decide which section contains exactly the information a idea in the statement, Remember that the statements dav't use exectly the same words and phrases as yal see in the passace. ‘Quickly read the paragraph or section again to make sure you haven't missed anything When you are sure you have found the correct section, write only the correct letter the answer sheat. Remember that some sections may contain wo answers end some none at all. Always answerall the questions, even if you're not sure of the answer, D Skills-building exercises 4 Look at thelist of language functions (1-10) and match each one to the phrase that TaataS best introduces that function (A-J). languege fences an explenation € Ae Research nas shown that ine pessage end an example & Unlike others of its type, matching them to efinding A 2 To my mind, words inceating a prediction oT ‘B’ As Dr Smith suggested a description ¢ JE There are four stages, the fst of which 2 personal op'ion Te reason for this is that acim @ “27 would ike 10 put forward the idea that a comparison dt SOx A sinvilar pattern can be found in contrast B Ge For instance, when the 10 areterence py J. There are likely to be consicerable function 5 Look at the passage about elephants’ teeth on page 109. Look.at the underlined sections of the passage. For each section, choose the best match (A, B or C). 10s detaied intormatin suzporing a claim Bs ptysical dascrinion of an ana C preference 0 apiece of rsecrch comparison with other species an oxplanaton of haw something works reasons to daubt a theory « comparison with another species reasons wy something happens b reference toa similar process 2 wnrying prodcton ‘mention of drawback ¢ finding that comics «theory [ACADEMIC READINGOEE HEPHANTS’ TEETH '2222s2fts orgtorm welbeing and sunivel, an elephants seth ate atl ar of its anatomy, "An African elephant consumes around 100 kilograms of vegetation a day. ‘To process that quantny of foo, the animal needs 20 chew constant, Each tooth {wei cown until itis no longer usable, at which point fais out. + Whereas mast animals have iyo sols of tecth jt theirHetime, an elephant gets through six Each set — one tootn on the top and on the bottom — lasts about three ‘years in a young enimal, but up to ten later in ie. ° Unlike numen teeth, which sprout fom the gum line elephants’ teeth start at the back of the mouth and move forward like-a conveyor bet, IS an effective system until there aren’ any teeth let. Eleohants that live to an ale = about 70 aptivity — often succum to starvation, because t unable to.cnew. 6 Look at the passage below about quinoa. Undertine the sections in the passage that contain the following ideas (1-6). 2 prediction regarding the future rtunate consequance of a develoament nt of an aim ‘an example illustreting a point a possible postive result of a development ‘The growing appetite Is affect “The long-term objective is South America, however, where diversity, says Kevin Murphy, farmers are struggiing to meet _—_a plant breeder at Washington demand, and some urban State University. ‘There are ooulations ere unable to afford hundreds of varieties of liioz isa food that hasbeen the resultant price increases, ‘quinoa, and our acai is to Bale South American cuisine To cash in on the crop’s develon the ideal one for popularity, countries on other each climate. For now, most. continents have begun moving _retall stores in the US remain “apiant species tat originated fromeustomer to cutter stocked with South American Uaaund Leke Titicaca in Peru There are now quinoa farms in quinoa. With continues crop fd Boia, Since the tum of 56 countries, inclucing France, experimentation, though, pecentiry other cultures have Thailand, Australia and the US. Murphy adds, it won't be long eieloped a iste fort to0, with Quinoa is alsa being grown in before locally grown - and less itpors to the US rsing from Arica, because the UN hopes its expensive - quinoa becomes Smiion kiograms per year to20 high protein content willhelp to _an everyday option. alleviate hunger. 7 Work in pairs and answer the questions. 1 Did you and your partner underline the same sections of the pessage? 2. Avo your answers all the same? Compara your ‘deas with enother palr ACADEMIC READINGIELTS PRACTICETASK Leonardo's lost mural A ‘According 1 historoat cords, in 1602 Florentine statesmen Piero Soden commissioned the artist Leonardo ‘da Vino to paint a frasco on the inside wall of the Hall of the Five Hundred —a room named after the 500 members ofthe Republic of Florence’ Grand Council ~ which pow serves as the ciy hal The parting, sox “nett tong anc three metres tal was to dict she scent of he nhs ofthe tater League deteatng an ‘army from Milan neor the Tuscan tow of Anghari. Da Vic, it is said, used the opportunity to try out anew ot painting technique, but it wes not very successful, passialy because ofthe high humility n the hal, He never completed the mural. a B | Inthe 18606, bicsrephor ant artis Gigi Vasa was commissioned to remode! the Hal ofthe Five Hundred 2, Me pant seve menos rua, ex ou fees Nah, Ore mua - sing te sere blo was to be painted over Leonaris untnshac work, butat least one source describes Vesa asa Leonard fan who couiar bring himself to destoy the work c Moutio Scracini an art dagnostican atthe Univetity of Calfomia, San Diego, hes anentarouns 40 years on a quost to fire out what napoered to de Vins panting, He hes said, convince i's there’ A break came 1. the 1970s, went BiFtboc'e sefald in front of Vasari painting and spied two words inscribed on barn Con ofthe knights is carrying cerce trove; it sid, which roughly tanta as soak arc find. Serain took t “esc clue thet rather tan deing what hal boon asked, Vasari hed but a false wall in rent of de Vino's work an painted Tis Mural on that surface instead. * D ‘Ateom led by Seracini evontualy got permision to scan the entire buiding with highvfrequency sure penetrating rac The scanning revealed some sort of holow snace directly behind the section of mural where the inscription had been found. To peek behind Vasari fresco, the teem planned to dil 14 strategically located UL centimetre-wide holes in the work, But an outcry ensued after journalists publicised the project. Somme 900 Italan scnolars petitioned the mayor of Florence to halt the work, ‘But the team was making litle boreholes come nine o twelve metres above the ground! said at historian Martin Kernpot of Oxford University, wna 1wasa't involved in the work, ‘That kind of demage can be repaired invisibly’ E Despite the public prexests, in late 2011 Seracini and his tearn were given permission to continue their work = but rot in the 14 spate they’ orginally hoped tb investigate. To avoid damaging original portions of Vaser’s | panting, museum curators permied them to cil only into existing cracks and recent restore spots This time the researeners struck gold: # hollow space behind 17 centimetres of fresco and brick. They inserted an ‘endoscopic camera into the space and took video footage of rough masonry work as wall as spots that appear to have been stroked by a brush. A substence removed from the void was analysed with xrays, and the results suggested it contained traces of black pigment F Based on the xay data, Seracini thinks the black pigment, which is made up of an unusual combination of manganese end iron, is similar to those found in brown glazas of what is probably da Vine''s most famous painting, La Gicconde (Mona ts. That Serecini found components unique to Renaissance painting leeds him to-call the results ‘encouraging evidence’ yat he complained that further samples couldn't be collected beaause he wes only permitted to work on the project within a very narrow time period, "Lnless I get hold cf & piece of paint, | cannat say anything definite, and thar’ very frustrating: he sai. fresco (0) 8 painting dona diractly in the wet plaster of a wall: a type of muralkand Daest AF 9 information? about doing Matching Inforination tasks (on Matching Information tasks, ACADEMIC READING m| = TASKTYPE 6 Simecehing Features or a ic aera ean Family celebrating Chinese Lunar New Year, Vancouver, A About the 1. Read the information about the task type. Then look at the list of questions about the task which your friend has emailed to you. Can you answer them? ‘The Marching Feetures task tests your ability £0 10ad e passage Carolully end understand the main ideas as) well a5 detsiled infer mation and argumoms, Thera ara two cifterent types of Matching Features task, They lock slightly different, but they both test the same ‘eacing skills in the same way. Type 1: On the question paper, you see a set of numbered statements. There is also a box containing a set oh options — these could be a list of people's names, organ setions or any ather feature that is found in the passage ‘Your job is to vead the aassage and metch the information and ideas in tie statements to tie options. Horo are the basic rules for the 'Vatching Features tssk \Tyoe 1) The list of numbered starements isin random order ‘The statements do not use the same werds and phrases as the passage, but they do refer to the seme information and ideas. ‘The answer to e2ch question is the letter that appears next to the featur in the box You should use al the letters ‘The letters may be used more than ance ‘You then decide which of the lerered famnures in the box each siatement refers to. ‘Type 2: On the quesiion paper, you see a set of numbered features — these could be a list of people's names, ‘organisations or eny othor feature that is found in the passage. There is also a box containing a number af ‘options, This is also @ Ist of features, lor example a list of theories mentioned in the passage. Your jab is to ea the passage and match the features, for exemple. the person's name to the theory they ere connected with Here are 172 basic rules for the Matching Features task [Type 2) im The features in the numbered questions ave in the same order as thay first appear in the text, ‘The enswer to each question is tha lerter that appears next to the option in the box. You cecide which of the lettered ootions in tha box matcnes each feature in the numbered Ist ‘Are you only reading to chock facts and! figures? re the numbered stalamonts in random otter inTyoe 12 Bo the statements in Typo 1 includ tne same words thar you find inthe passage? Do you have to use all the levers? ‘Gan you use the letters more than once? (On the answer sheet, ca you wi'ta one letter for each question? ACADEMIC READINGB Sample questions 2 Read the passage and answer the questions. Use the rules out the task from ‘Section A to help you. Then check your answers. Which questions did you find difficult? ELIS PRACTICE TASK ground railways ere an essential part cf fe in some of the works largest cities. There ara, for exampte, 276 sbiors on the London underground and 450 on New Yorks suowey system. Although the Paris metro can only boast i it's seid shat wherever you ive in the city, you're novor more than BOD metres ftom a station. inal three cities, the 2s move enormous numbers of people around every day, while making ltlaimpact on the visual appearence of the ape iyofthe world’s most famous unilerground railways date back to the period around the beginning of the twentieth iy The frst metro reins in Pars rar in 1900, wwhilo Now York's subway dates fram 1904. They cate into existence development of aiway buiding technology’ coincided with an enormous influx of people into the wort largest pultof a genaral urban sation associated with both population growth and industrial development. Underground ‘aclitated tha expansion of citias without placi“g mere strain on their already overcrowtied surface transportation »s~a forward-thinking canclusion reached by city leaders in Landon, whose system wees meugureted some 40 js belore develogments in Par's and NewYork: Today, hare are move than 160 subway systarns sround the werd thet Falkoed that rmodel meting uncer a city, howowe, is easior said than done, In the easy days, there was a reliance an manual hour, and t gstcuch werk. Around 8,000 pacple were involvad in the construction ofthe fist ines in New York, while the original fling in London wes marked by @ hich level of both injuries and fatalities. A variety of todniques has since been led or use in the excavation of tunnels, and each system has ts own particular needs and challanges. For example, Pans sot mud rather than had rock is the rain headache for tunnelling engineers, whose solution hes been to freeze it gcabien chloride so that it can be removed rare easily aor ity, the subwey system is curently in the middie of a massive renovation project that involves boring 2 ‘of new tunnels, using what's Known es a tugnebboring mechine (T2M). This enormous piece o! equipment cuts yhahe earth beneath the city slow/y burt safely, and is especally important in New York where the hard bedrock is not 0. tne surface. This method of coristruction is very cifferent to these in use when the first underground raitways ls are curontly being dug beneath London to reduce cvereromding on 3 system that already cari in excass fn millon passengers & day. The tunnelling has unearthed archagological remains ct great interest, a factor that the constuction project. Sometimes, however, archaeology can work in the buiders' favour, as in Paris where the 16 he folowing statements (Questions 1-6) and the ist of ralwvay systems below bach statement withthe conect railway system, A, B or C. the eonect otter, A. B or C, next to each question ‘may use any fetter more than once. pnstucion of tunnels in the city was delayed by unexpected discoveries city authorities were piongers in the development af these railway syster”s, e city is taking advantage of avaliable technology to uncate its system, 'sgystem has to doal with the problem of tunnelling in dficuk soil conditians ty oF the workforce. was an issue during the inital construction of this system, of Railway Systems 3 Mato NewYork Cty Subway Loren Underground ACADEMIC READING 131 Loceting the ‘ain fsatures tira passage (Tyne 1) ACADEMIC READING C Tips and tactics 3 Work in pairs. Read the tips and tactics and discuss these questions. D Skills-building exercises 4 Road the passage on page 115 and look at the underlined nam 4 Which tips and tactios do you think are the most useful? b Did you use any of these tips and tacties when you answered the sample in Section B? Which tips will you use in the future? 1. Before you read the passeve, read the list of statements and features and think ao what you're going to read, 2 FRead the passage quickly to get en idea of the infarmation and ideas in each par Underline the names of the features where they occur 3. Mark any sections that contain the ideas in the statements (Type 1). Write the rum the question next to these sections 4 You probably need to mark mare than one section for each statement ar option, Thi (OK. You can read them again carefully later and choose which one is correct. 5 Now go through the numbered questians one by one and read the sections you bi ‘marked with the question qumber. Loos for the unverfined features in this section Feed the sections carefull to see ifthe idaas match precisely. Remember that the stetements in Type 1 use different wards and phrases from the passage, You are looking for the information and ideas, 8 When you ere sure you have found the correct section, write the correct latter on i answer sheet, 9 Quickly road the paragraph or section agsin to make sure you haven't missed arth 10 Rememiver to write only the correct letter on the answer sheet 11 Always answver all the questions, even if you're not sure 12. Remember in Type 2, you have two sets of features. You need to underline both set features in the passage, and then match them, e.g. the numberad achievements to lettered names. dooide which are 8 academics. b_ professional writers. © other peoale, Read the passage again and answer the questions. Acrarding to the writer, which person 1) has a mstaken view of the ettects of communications technology? John Humphrys. B. John McWhorter C Clare Wood 2 has done research whith accaunts for the success of social media? A. John MeWnorter B Clare Wood Laura Mikes 3. would have approved of racent developments in writing? A Tom White B George Orwell C Jane Austen Read the passage again and underline all the references to email, texts, blogs and social media. Then answer the questions. According to the writer, which form of communication 1 bagan the changes in writing habits he describes? 2 becerne eornmanplace remarkably quickly? 3. has been shown to help young euildron lea key skis? 4. is characzarisad by the omission of unnecessary language features? 5. is written in e style thal makes it gasiar to remember the content? 5 allows original ideas to roach a wider audience?by, written communications are becoming foie like speech, and writing that reads like alion is @ very modem phenomenon. e's more, social media, blogs and emais have Weel improved the way we write, and made it @wlecant. | remember the term at school We were taugt fo write essays. Most of my ales just endured it. They'd never written their extended thoughts before, and were cent they/cl never need ci it again I Kicked off an unprececented! expansion in We tenowin themostliterateageinhistory erin 2003 asking Tom White, a fellow is, What's a blog?” By 2006, the analysis FNM Incite had identified 36 milion logs fice ive years later, there were 173 million, £0f online social media rises every month. In i waiting is overtaking speech as the most airan ‘Om of interaction. Ofcom, the UK's pmunications regulator, says Britons now text st fiencs and family more often than they “othem on the phone or in person st ke to call this the death of civilisation of mute youths exchanging semiliterate ge, John Humparys, the BBC broadcaster, once ‘texters as ‘vantials’ intent on cestroying the He's wrong. As the linguist John Mciwhorter They are making journals, books and business iunications more conversetional. Social mecia je pretty good model tor how to write. First, the mostly keep it short. People on Twitter often sundant. words which waste space, and use ry Which is more succinct. Likewise, bloggers it instead of however’, and the writing is usually barely edited — but that's its great strength eenl study by Laura Mickes and others published fp ourne| Memony & Cognition, found that people Jow Communications Technology Has proved Writing Skills were muct better at remembering casual writing tke Facebook posts than linas from books or journalism ‘One possible reason: ‘The relatively unfiltered and spontaneous production of one person's mind fs just, ‘the sort of thing that is readily stored in another's min.’ That's probably why Twitter and Facebook are ‘so successful. ‘The unfiltered productions of people's minds are often banal, but they don't have to be. Nobel prize-winning scientists tweet too, You can express quite thought provoking new concepts in everyday language, and conversational prose actually improves your chances of being heard and understood, True, other styles are valid ‘too. The novelist Jane Austen wrote beautiful formal prose. But for an average writer with no particular gift, ‘the conversational model works better. The other tip for getting a point across is to tell a human story, as | always want to tell conference speakers who speak in diagrams. Of course, bad writing still exists. But mostly, social media have done wonders for writing, Back in 1944, the ‘essayist George Orwell lamented the divide benween ‘wordy, stilted, written english and much livelier ‘speech. ‘Spoken English Is full of slang,’ he wrote. ‘It is abbreviated wherever possible.’ His ideal wes writing ‘that sounded speech. It seems that. thanks to modem communications technology, we're getting there at last ACADEMIC READING7 Look at the list of poople A-E. Read the passage and underline the names. Locating the main features ina passens (pe 2) List of People | A Avistotla B Cajal © Golgi D- Lichtmen E wills 8 Look at the list of achievements 1-5. Read the passage carefully and match exch person with his achievement. 9 Work in pairs. Answer the questions. @ Did you snd your partner Are your answers all tho Scientists ae learning so much about the brein now that i’s easy to forget that for much of history we had noidea at all how it worked or even what it was. In the ancient world, ohysicians believed that the brain was made of mucus, The Greek philasophier Aristotle looked on it 25 refrigerator, taking the neat out of a fiery heart. From nis time through to the 17th century, enatomists declared with great authority that our perceptions, emotions, reasoning and actions were all the result of what they called animal spirits In other words mysterious, unknowable vapours that swirled through cavities in our head and travelled! through our bodies. The scientific revolution inthe 17th century begen to change that. The British physician Thomas Willis recognized that the tissue of the brain was where cur ‘mentel world existed To understand how it worked, he studied the brains of sheep, dogs end other animals, producing an accurate map of the organ, something ‘which hadn't previously bean attempted It would take another century for researchers to grasp tial the brain isan elecinc organ and thet voltage spikes List of Achievements sow the bra crew the first visual representation. of the brain realised all parts of the brain were interconnected identified the role of individual brain cells, developed computer models of brain ce! darling the same section of the passage? ma? ¢ Look at the sections whare there are two names. How did you know which is cove The Science of the Brain a8. type of cooling system ‘ravel through it and out into the body's nervous 3) Stil, even in the 19th century scientists knew litt ‘the paths those spikes followed. The ttalian phys Camillo Golgi argued that the brain was a web —with ofits parts linked tomether. Building on Golgls res the Spenish scientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal t new wieys of staining individual neurons to trace. tangled connections. Gajal recognized what Goll not that each neuron was a distinct cell sepa ‘every other one, and that signals, triggered by a “cheicals, ate transmitted to neighbouring neuro Jef Lichtman, a neuroscientist, fs the current R Cajal Professor of rts and Sciences at Harvard, cary Caja’s project into the 21st century. instead of mak ppen-and.ink drawings of neurons by hand, he colleagues are creating extremely detalled 7 dimensional images of neurons on screen, rev their every detail. By looking at the fine struct individual nerve cells, they may finally gat answ ‘Some of the most basic cuestons about the nat the brain IELTS PRACTICE TASK Read the passage and answer the questions Reading the game the psycho! tennis dil, 5 well as genera 1 | was reminded of Graf's innate spanting talent dunng a recent corversation with the genetie'st and forner Econamist|ournelist Matt Ridley We ware discussing the common argument t greatness, even genius, is ACADEMIC READINGresuttof 10,000 hours of deckcated practice. This has been the salas pitch of several widely (oad books, the sities cf which include "The genius in all of us' end ‘Greatness isrit born, a's grown! cording to the logic that @ genius lurks in all of us, the answer must le somewhere between ‘mest’ end ‘many’ dby's answers were a bit diferent: four Mozaris and about 30 Grefs. There wes mischief, of course, in attaching unbers to such hypothetical questions. But his answer rang tue The suprise here's that the ie of talent finds tat on the ropes, beaten and bruised by those who boleve ture alone, Acknowlecaing 2 rle for genes, eny role. can fee almost immoral. When | was quizzed by a paper ebout the genetic arguments in my book Lic, the interviewer sounded surprised ~ even though he that | dared 10 take on the gene-derial ndusiry. His reticence wes understandable. The art.gones lobby suggests thet is @ short hop from recognising the existence of genetic talent to believing in eugenics. only |'m pretty confident we can dlstinguish between the two. | of innate talent in ete spor, ust 2s thas baen watten out ofthe causal native, s actully i the couton the pitch, Consider the example of modem tennis. in th lata 1970s and 1980s, tennis wes Bilestchina up with the imolcations of professionalism. John McEnroe enjoyed going for @ burger much more going tothe gyi. It fel 0 the underated ivan Lend ales talented allround player than his ate thas, to ate is whole life to the pursuit of selFimiprovernent. To protect his joints, Lene pioneered aerobic taining kes rather than road running. He even insalled an sxact replica ofthe court at Fishing Meedows, home of US Open, in his own back gordon in Connecticut, Less gited than McEnroe, Leni relied on being fiter ard No prepared. He used nurture, if you ko, to make up fora shortfall in nature. And it worked, Lendl overhevied als and spert 270 weoks as the workd number one. Ohe up Yor nurture. But what if all the top players rire nutttionists, messeurs and specialist coaches? That is happened within 20 yoars, The unshat wes that for 302 weeks between 2004 and 2009, the world number 6 was Roger Fexcrer, widely rated the most talented player ever to pick up a racket. This view hardly needs. eecolal support, butt youre sceptical, perhaps you can take his greatest rival's word fori: 'His DNA Rafael al says, ‘Seems perfectly adapted to tennis Ding the arateur era and the early decodes of professionelism, tennis players came in all shapes, sizes diraning regimes. So it was possible o gain a Sgnficant edge through sheer hard work. But win a sport 5 fully professional and olabel, and nurture equilibrates, neture once again has the upper hand. Grand Slam tcurnaments are the four most important international fnnis events eine Wimbledon and the US Onn, ons 1-8 bk at the following statements (Questions 1-6) and the list of tannis players below. | jaach statement with the correct player, A, B. © Dor E, te the correct etter A, B, C, Dor E, next to each quastion. | You may use any letter mare then ance. ‘This player’ level of achievement was successfully predicted. This player's innate abilty was not matched by @ commitment to taining List of Tennis Players: This player was responsible for innovations in training procedures. A Roger Fedaror ‘This player's level of success would seem to support the ides that talent | B Steffi Graf canbe developed through taining © van Lendl ‘This player hes ecknovdedged the suserior talent of @ rival D- John McEnree This player's achievements support Epstein's view regarding tie innate E Rafael Nadal nature of talent | feal confiderit abaur doing Matching Features tasks, | did OK, but | stil need to do more work on Matching Features tasks. I need more practice with Matching Features tasks. | need to focus on .. Sime ACADEMIC READING — 117ne Prefixes and suffixes 11 Read the information about prt os and suffixes, “There ere different profixes and suffixes in English that, when addad to words, change their meaning or ‘word class. Prefixes go at the start of a word and change its meaning. Suffixes go at the end of 2 word end henge its word class. For example: © the prefix un- gives the word an opposite meaning’ fashionable/untashionabie + the suftix-able changes a noun to an aujective: fashion/fashionable In the IELTS exam, particularly the reeding paper, you will cartainly come across voranulary that you do not know, Using your knowiedge of erofixes and suffives can be a useful tool in helping you to understand the likely meaning of unknown words. Suffixes 2 Look at the words (1-7). Match the words with the correct suffix from the box. sable al jon er -ty ly ion ness. strange + ly strangely 1 Gispose 5 strange 2 sensitive 8 thin 3 easy 7 clinic 4 ientate. 3 Go back to the text on page 101 and check your answers. Highlight tho words in text. Then identify tho word class in each case. strange (adjective) - strangely (advert) Negative prefixes 4. Read the information about negative prefixes. (One of the most common uses of a prefix is to change a word to its opposite meening, There are a numba Of prefix forms used ta make a word negative, These include: in, une im and no", 5 Look at the following words and negative prefixes. Some of the words come from ‘the text on nage 107. Match the prefixes with the words. ik ime 62) ie pon KZ} un sterile — non-sterile 1 probable = appropriate 2 powdered 6 legal 3 medica © 7 modest 4 sterile 6 Use the examples in Exercise 5 to complete the general rules. 11 The ptofig int is often used before words starting with the letters... and 2. The prefix iis often used before words starting with the letter ACADEMIC READINGSynonyms and paraphrases A synonym is a word or phrase with the same meaning. Sometimes the aiference is in “ormality. A paraphrase is when @ word or phrase is expressed in a different way. There ‘are rrany synonyms! In the IELTS test, questions often require you to know e number ‘of synonyms or to recognise a phrase that expresses a similar Meaning, ©.9.very good!| excollent. 8 Complete the sentences (1-7). Choose the correct synonym or word with a similar meaning from the box which matches the word in bold. ‘bizarre depicted endengered foul lack fergest rare 1. The biggest flower is found in Sarawak, in Malaysia. Its the lagsst species of ts kind 2 The flowers are strange, They are 3. The flowers have no leaves. They leaves, 4 They emit an extremely unpleasant smell. They emit 8 smell. 5 The flowers are very uncomman They aie 6 They ere threatened Tiey are 7. They are often shown cn tourist brochures. They are often on tourist brochures. Go back to the text on page 103 and check the meaning of the words in context or Antonyms 9 Read the information about antonyms. ‘An antonym is a word or phrase with the opposite meaning. Recognising antonyms is ‘usoful in tho IELTS test. particulerly when answering reading and listening questions, ‘Words may have cifferent antonyms, depending on the context very good / very bad amature cheese /2 mild cheese ‘3 mature 02/scn /an immature person 10 Look at the words in column A, which come from the text on page 104, and match ‘them with their opposite meaning in column B. A B 1 balmy a increase 2 consensus gradually 3 onset © conclusion 4 reduction © coo! 5 rapid © disagreement 6 suddenly f slow ACADEMIC READING ne10 Dependent prepositions ‘11. Read the information about dependent prepositions. Certain prepositions must be used according to the verbs or nouns they follow. in the IELTS exam, is importa {0 recognise and use the cartect prepositions. Try 1o memorise the correct prepositions in combination with words thay follow + verb + preposition: Itlepends an the weather. * noun + preposition: Me's a friand af mine 12. Read the summary of the text on page 105 below. Complete the summary text wi ‘the correct preposition. Underline the verb or noun that the preposition depends: about at of x3} on to This text safers 1,..20.... research in Australi, According to the researchers, early me hurrans wore sophisticated hunters. tis nat known what method 2 ....... hunting th used. Researchers can speculate & methods Gut thay heve no evidence. It sea ‘the huntors were exparts 4 ....catching fish such as tune, which ere Nard to catch today, The bonis found show hunters were cavable 5 catching these fish muct then previously thought This evidence shacs new light 6... the puzzle of row Au: sas first colonised. Other evidence iias been destroyed as 2 consequence 7 fis the sea level 13 Write your own sentences using the following expressions. 1 shedlighton 2 beanexpertat 3 refer to Wordbuilding 14. Read the information about wordbuilding. Recognising the grammatical form of words can help you in many aspects of the IELTS test. Using prefixes and sutfixes as well as organising words Inco families is helpful. When recording new words in your notebook: include the word class (noun, verb, ete.) and any special features. 15. Look at the mind map with words to do with happiness. Complete the sentences words from the mind map. 1 General noun: = happiness; adj wi 2 When paople are happy, 1Ney an 3 The noun is, 4 To ~. 979 laugh in @ childish way, (also 2 noun} 5 Pecple launh when you tall them a (also a vero ~ . 6 The abstrect noun is... {io have a sense of cass) 7 people also laugh when you tickle them, we Say they are tod) ‘AGADEMIIC READING.16 The mind map in Exercise 15 is about ‘happiness: Try and create your own word diagram for words about ‘sadness: Common IELTS topic: Industry and technology Collocation: adjective + preposition 17 Choose the correct prepositions to complete the sentences. at by for from of to with ‘Odor cars can ba prone "ust, especialy if thay ara nat kept in a garage The factory is capable producing over 10,000 eompanenis a day The use af Solar power is benetigil an. he environment and saves on lectecty bills Not al softwere will be compatible... elder hardware. slap is known its innovation in the Feld of robot design This earthquake-proof building is typical the ones being constructed all ‘ver the city ‘The godget is sensitive a person's eye movements, and ean track what they are reading Our team is responsible ‘hacking the durability ofthe products Collocation: verb + noun 18 Match the verbs and the nouns that they collacate with, conclusion fold implement maintain. meet perform lace solve Rogers and Black stl the record for the longest tine spent in zero gravity. Rosearahers have yet to reach a ‘about the reason for the programme failure, ‘The manufacturers are working hard to esate demand for the product The quastion is how can govornmants their earbon-reducing policios? More lunging is required to... the samme experiment in different environments, Both Simpson and Mallory -» the view that scienge should be compulsory in high schoo! Tho high demand far new buildings will ‘even mora strain on the ‘onstruction industry, ‘What is causing the machine to malfunction? We 1860 {0 ---—--—--o» the puzzle before it affects profits ACADEMIC READING 121122 rushwork in Road with Cyprass anc Star by Vincent va A About the c Read the information about the task type. Then look at a quiz you have been gi do. Choose the correct options to complete the sentences. ‘The Mult ole Choice (with mora than one enswen task tests your ability to find infomation in a reading pa ‘and then to read it carefully to understand the details, k's ten used to test your understanding of a factual passage ebout a specific subject. On the question paper, you Sue a question with 2 Set of Five statements that feler to the information and ideas in the passega. Your jab is 10 1aad the passage and decide which of the fie statements matches the information end idees in the pessage For bach nuastion, there are two correct ootlong and res incorrect cptions. Hore aro the basic rules for this type of Multiple Choice test: There are two oF three sets of statements |A-E) Each set contains two cavrect anisivers and thee wrong answers; ‘The statements in each sat follow the order of information in the oassege. All4ive statements refer to information in the passage, but only two of them match the exact meaning of the passage. The wording of the correct statements is rot exactly the same as the wording of the pessage, bul trey omain the same information When you reed the statements, you'sce soma words and ideas that are also used in the pessaye. These fll you to find the information You write the letters of the correct statornents on the answer sheet s Multiple Choice QUIZ + Youhave| choose io three ofthe five options in each set. J the same order as the ACADEMIC READINGB Sample questions 2 ud ta peeag and ans t questions Ute the es sou th tsk om Section A to help you. Then check yaur answers. Which questions did you find difficult? ELTS PRACTICE TASK The Perfect Protein 9 may be a profound way for the oceans to forgive a = ecological mistakes: by providing us with lots af food £83 ‘the prem se of a recently aublished book, The Perfect PRESIDENT BILL CLINTON by Andy Sherploss, the hosd of Oceans, a non-profit vation organization, Sharpless says that there's a lot af ae | fs xtc pron swimming in re oor, Fh aI sere cheapest, and most envronrentally fend source PE RF EC ie | aNmal protein’ If we menage the way fish are caught, and | fieose wisely which fish we eat, there should be plenty of | Bt he rong nurbor of mouths on te planet Larger fis hovevo; ike Alriceod and thet i, en ca vetting hes devesated th pul penis oroace fare ees low ah sot PROTEIN pyeratle, lito progress has been mado. Shaless ties to get above the countyy10-00u ete to make a simple point: countiias dent neoassadly have TnerbhLover’ Golde glee. Most of the world's edie fish arervt found in the 2 ene stinas, creas generally cantraled ty a single national aupy sHARPLESS, CEO OF OCEANA jn, I about 25 countries with long shorelines set sara plariers take small, highly nutiious, fast-growing species Such as anchovies, mackerel and sardines and feed them popular~ anc profitable ~ spacias such as salmon. A farmed salmon can consume as much as two kilograms ot klagram of protein, Aquacuiture shoul, in Sharpless’ view, add protein to the not reduce it. For example, farmed shellfish such as eysters, mussels and dams, which eat algae, don't compote ‘0ple for food, Smaller fish also contain fewer harnful pollutants such as mercury, and also contain high levels of ‘Cmeaas acids. Inq moce people arcund the world is the goal ~ and how could it not be? — changing people's tastes so that they eat Feof hese species and fewer of the big ones could result in much more edie protein in the human food supply. isard, Sharpless ncludes recives from celebrity che's lke Maro Batall anc José Andras in his book. Whether you lexched acoua sardine tertare or sautéed mackere) is a matte of taste, but the argurnent Seerrs sour. tons | and 2 MO loters, AE FTWO ot hese ints about Arcy Sharpless book does te reviewer make? #rpless believes that fish should be used mote as food, “Phisfin una are naing protested by new regulations Shurpless fevours stronger regulations in international waters. plese regards the fishing af salman asa waste af resources. plese is keen to restrict the fatming af shelfish. ACADEMIC READING 1234 Se a C Tips and tactics 3 Work in pairs, Read the tips and tactics and discuss these questions. fh tips and tactics do you think are the most useful? Did you use any of these tips and tactics when you answored the sample: in Section B? Bofora you read the pessopa, aad the five satemerts in the questions end unc main words and ideas Use the words and ideas you've underines co hela yau find the relevant sections passage q Read the pessage quickly and mark the relevant sections for each question. Wita question numbers in the margin so that you car find the sections agein easile 4 The statements in each set folaw the order of information in the passage. When raad the passage, you may sae some wards or leas fram the stetomonts. These ‘you to fird the relovan’ sections. 5 Go through the statements one by one. Reed the section ofthe passace you have marked cersfuly to make sure you ate in the corret place. 6 For each stetemont, decide if the warding of the starament expresses execty the idaas that e70 in the passage or not 7. Thate are two correct answers in eech set. However, you should shock all the se commitne It you aten't sure, always write someting. No marks are taken off for wrong ansy D Skills-building exer 4. Road the summary and think about the type of information that is needed to compl ‘each gap. Which gaps are likely to need: a averb form? b asingularnoun? ¢ a plural noun? d an adjective? ‘Summary The Ancient Romans Used etge 1 nna. 89 called AaMPHOVEA 10 Bn ansn liquid goods such as clive ol rom one part cf the empire to anather. The cone sheped amphorae wera not 3 on however, and mast ended up in rubbish: heaps. in Rome, for example, there is a hill fifly matres in height, that is composed almost ented a ‘amphorae, wherees in the part city Of Arles in what is now southern Fran ‘they tandad to end up in the River Rhone, ‘Two thousend years ago, Arles was an important port where goods were 5 from obaar-going vesse's to river boats befare continuing therr journey inlend. Lite se the Roman port today, however, although itis stil possible to dentfy a6 : the water that indicates where the Ronen rubbish dumo used to be. In 2004, a diver 0 an interesting wooden 7 __. which Turned oUt to be part of a thiry-metre ba that was largely stil 8. ‘Archaeologists later discovered the boat's final Bonne an 88 Well aS SAME DI he Crows POSEN ID onsen Underline the main words and ideas in the summary, for example: jars, Rome, ett, Read the passage on page 145 quickly to get a general idea of its content, and ma the parts where the main ideas are discussed. Look at each gap in the summary in Exercise 4, Find the relevant section of the passage and read it carefully to find the information you need, Look at the gaps (1-5) in tho summary and choose the best word to complete th 1. clay shio olive oi 2 make transport barge 3 reused drained ooened A reused tossed broker 5 transported transferred relcededA intact E financed 1 shattered B layers J boat 10 11 Look at the passage agai 12 oF 7J 6H ac sh. Their problem was amphorae. These were is made of clay and the Romans needed millions "aound the empire. Often, they didn't recycle their Priplies. Sometimes they didn’t even bother to. sg en them—it was quicker to cut off the neck or ae @ pointy base, drain the thing, then throw it away. Rae there's a hill rising to fifty meters called pjte Testaccio, that consists almost entirely of tisred amphorae, mostly seventy-liter olive oil from spain, They were tossed out the back fe Is lef ‘i viatehouses along the River Tiber. Spanish uti fiaeologists who've been digging into the dump, ver Sp glee its rise probably began in the first century, i bag 5 ite empire itself was rising toward its greatest na 16 that time in Arles, on the Rhone River in ye, ete. Iya Is now southern France, port workers did ings a bit differently: they threw their empties nd mark Io the river, Aries in the first century was the “hiving gateway to Roman Gaul. Freight from bac | over the Mediterranean was unloaded from going vessels and reloaded into riverboats, te'e being hauled up the Rhone by teams of te them. ep to supply the northern reaches of the empire. nes a city at the intersection of all roads, which ece\ed procucts from everywhere,” says David Hjaoui, an archaeologist at the local antiquities museum. In the city centre today, on the left bank ihe Rhone, you cen still see the amphitheatre F possessions 9 Complete the rest of the summary (6-10) using the list of words, A-K, below. tubbish G object K excavations H cargo Work in pairs. Check your answers for Exercises 8 and 9, Underline the sections of the passage that you needed to answer each of the questions in the summary. ‘Then compare your answers with another pair. and discuss these questions. How dl the wording of the summary help you 10 find the correct information? 2. Why de some words in the bax fit the gana and others do not? Look at this student's answers. Why are they wrong? that seated 20,000 spectators for gladiator fights. But of the part that financed all this, and that stretched half a mile or more along the right bank, ot much remains—only @ shadow in the riverbed that reveals the presence of the Roman rubbish. Rubbish to them, not to us. In the summer of 2004 a iver surveying the Gump for archaeological Fiches noticed a large lump of wood sticking out of the mud ata depth of four meters. It tuned out to be the side of a thirty-meter barge. The barge was almost intact; most of it was still buried under the layers of mud and amphorae that hadi sheltered it for nearly 2,000 years. Subsequent archaeological excavations revealed that it had held on to its last Cargo and even to a few personal effects left behind byils crew It can now be seen ina brand-new wing of the Arles Museum of Antiquity. ACADEMIC READING MsIELTS PRACTICETASK Gannet feeding territories ‘The gannet, with its two-merre wingspan, is the largest European seabird. Unlike many other species, gannets have been increasing in number in recant years. Scientists studying gannat colonies around the Coasts of Britain and Irelend have made a surprising discovery ebout the fencing habits of thase huge seabirds. Each colony has its own fishing tortitory where the birds feed uncisturbed by intruders from reighoouring colonies. These civisions parsist even though gennats do not engage in aygrassive territorial behaviour. Birds entering from a neighbouring colony could fish unhindered ~ But co08e nor to dose. ‘The accepted view is that exclusive foreging territories arg associated with species suc as ants, which aggressively defend the feeding ereas around their colonies, but this opens the door to @ completely rrew ‘way of thinking about territory’ says Ewan Wakatiolé of Leeds University in the UK, joint leader of the study published in the jaums| Seience ‘We found the gannet colonies also had adjcining, but clerly defined, Feading areas; he says, “Gannets may bee byword for gluttony in popular folklore, but clearly thay dort eat ‘ol eech other's plates? Researchers from 14 institutions tracke¢ 200 gannets flying from 12 colonies around Bitain and Ireland. Instead of eris-crossing fight peths from neighbouring colonies as the bitds headed cut to fish, a tantly defined non-interseciing pattarn emerged, The lish colonies at Bull Rack and Litle Skelig ere within sight of ‘each other, but their inhatitants alweys head of in opposite directions. The exolanation seems to be that exch ‘colony started fishing in the closest weters, and this preference has been reinforced by eultural transmission batwasn generations. Finding such seperation between colanies, even when visiole from each ater, indicates that comnoatition {for food cannot be the only explanation and suggests cultural differences between gannet colonies may be important! says Thomas Badey of Exeter University, As with humens, birds have favoured routes to travel, and if new arrivals at a colony foliar experienced old hands then these pattems can quickly become fixed, even if othar appomtunities patentilly exist For Stuart Bearhop, algo at Exeter, this raises the ouestion of how many other species show segregated feeding patterns. ‘We understand an awful lot about wirat Seabirds ike thase do.on land, fut until recently Krew shockingly litle about what they do at sea. The tochnology is now allowing us to leave the coast with them end we are discovering more and more of these amazing and unexpected parierns. The answer will be important for formulating conservation strategies?fons 1-0 plate the summary using the lst of words, AxK. befows, te the correct letter, A-K, in spaces 1-6 bolow. their ‘erties aggressively but this is not so in the case of gannets. . \tedtional dees about both ganas ital animals in general. Rasaerchers taking part in the study have suggasted that knowledge about the esis passed on to membars of the gannet colony through # process of 3. Thomas Badey of mer University suggests that new arrivals na colony may preter 4 __-~ existing members rather than ‘eocing araas, Stuart Beerhop predicts thal other seabirds may have similar 5 andthat owledge could be Useful when 6 —-. ef drawn up. A oopular folklore B conservation stiategies © tadefend D to respect feeding pattems —-F_ opposite directions G flight paths: H to vethink an fx J ta loliow K cultural transmission | fea! confident about dein Summary Completion (2) tasks | did OK, but! stil need to do more wark on Summary Completion (2| tasks. I need mare preccicn with Summary Completion (2 tasks, [need to focus en... ACADEMIC READING 147vue beeen) ely Ganaral Store, lt A About the task 1. Read the information about the task type. Then look at a quiz you found on @ website, Choose the correct options to complete the sentences. The Matching Sentence Endings task tests your ability to identify the views of the writer and claims made ina passage. I's often used to test your understanding of a pessage in which the wmter is presenting en ergument ‘or where different ideas about e subject are compared and anelysed. On the question paper, you see & set of numbered incomplete sentences thet report information and ideas from the passage. You only sae ‘sentence, Thefe is also a box which contains different sentence endings. Your jab is to read the passage ott The complete sentenga and decide which of the options in the box completes each ot the numbered sentenc: must report the ideas and informetion from the passage exactly Hore are the besic rules for the Matching Sentence Endings task: The numbered sentence beginnings follow the order of information in the passage “The options in the box are in random order, Theye are more options in the bax than you need to answer allt questions. The wording of the sentence beginnings end options is not exactly the same as the wording in the passage bout they contain information and ideas from the pas The sentence beginnings include some words and names that are alsa used in the passage. to find the relevant section. m You read this section carefully and think about the writers views and claims You then decide which of the sentence endings in the box reports the writer's views and claims exactly ang vite the correct letter on your enswer sheet. & Allof the options create grammatically correct sentances, but only one of the endl that reports the meaning of the passage exa 50 help yu ates a sentence Match You're mostly reading for facts and figures) deus ana opinions “The numbered sencence beginnings are in random order {che samme order asthe pasege. There are more I fewer options than questions. The sentence beginnings never / sometimes include the same words thar you find in the passage. ‘On the answer sheet, you write one letter f mabe ven. Same | None of the options will eave grarnmaiially incorrect sentences. ng Sente ACADEMIC READINGB Sample questions 2 Read the passage and answer the questions. Use the rules about the task from Section A to help you. Then check your answers. Wich questions did you find difficult? PRACTICE TASK Loblolly Pines and Carbon Dioxide tite at North Caroline's Duke University in the US have been studying hew plonts reaet to highor lavais of carbon ey the atmosphere. The researchers collected, counted! and analysed seeds produced at the Duke Free Air CO, idyrent (FACE) sits in Duke Forest, Reer the university's campus. Loblolly pine trees there have been reoviving sdamounis of carbon dioxide (CO, eround the clock for over a decade, in a US Department of Energy funded designed to simulate natural growing conditions. This is important research because many people predict that | se il be siqnificamty higher levels of the gas everywhere by the middle of this century, ziclina researchers have shown that loblolly pine trees grown for twelve years in air one-and-a-half times rictet than today’s levels produced twice as many seeds as those grown under normel conditions. Their enalys's dite high CO, lobioly seeds were similar in nutrient content, germination and growth potential to seeds from rowing under present-day CO, concentrations, As one rasearcher sed if anything, they actually seem to be etter seeds rathor than more Seeds of poorer quality’ This is peer teresting since @ previous stat eng that some woody lise species could, in the fulure, cutcampete grasses and other herbaceous plants. sf both gloups veore procucing twice as many seeds, ifthe trees ere producing high cauality seeds an the psctous Spacios aren’, then competitivaly you ean get a shit’ said Daniela Way, « Duke postdoctoral researtion, imate competitive outzome will depend on how other comparable trees respond to high CO, levels, admins ss Clark, nother Duke biology professor who also participated in the study. ‘Wwe don't know thet yet, because we shave estimatas for loblolly pines? he adds tons 1-5 pete each sentence with the correct ending, A~G, boiows the conact letter AG. Itis widely predicted that plant species all over the worls coul Reseerch in North Caroiina hes established that Icbloly pine trees would Previous research had established that herbaceous plant species would Derielie Way makes the point that trees lke the loblolly pine could lames Clark concedes that the loblolly pine trees could produce greater quantitias of good seeds if CO, levels were higher benefit rom rising CO, levels at the expense of ather similar species te untypical in the way they respond to higher CO, levels. eventually have @ competitive acvantage over other plant species | fa0e uniformly high levels of CO, by 2060. | be adversely affected by rising CO, levels in unioreseen ways. produce poorer quality sneds IF CO, levels were higher ACADEMIC READING 149 ng160 Identifying whether: ae claims made in the eh ACADEMIC READING C Tips and tactics 3 Work in pairs. Read the tips and tactics and discuss these questions. 2 Which tips and tactics do you think are the most useful? b Did you use any of these tips and tactics when you answered the sample questi in Section B? © Which tips will you use in the future? 1. Belore you road tho passaga, look at the numbered sentence beginnings and think about what you're going to read. Don’ look at the options in the bex yet 2. For each sentence beginning, underline names, key words and mein ideas, 3 Remember that the questions follow the order of information in the passage. 4 Read the passage quickly and use the words you've underiined to help you to find the relevant sections for each question. Write the question numbers in the margin so that «an find the sections again easily 5 Go through the questions one by one. Read the section of the passage you have my carefully to make sure you are in the correct place. 6 When you are sure you have understood the section of the passage, look at the opti in the box and choose the one that reports what you heve understood, 7 Re-read the complete sentence you are creating with the option. Does ths wording ew sentence rapart the writer's views or the clams made in the text accurately? 8 Don't use your own knowledge of the subject to help you choose the option. You nee report the views and claims you read in the passage. 9. Quickly check the rest of the paracraph in the passage to make sure you haven't miss anything 10. Remember to write only the correct letter in each box cn the anewier sheet. 11 Never leave a box empty. If you're not sure, always owe an answer, D Skills-building exercises 4 Read the pairs of sentences (1-5). Underline the important words and ideas in oat sentence. 1 A The experiment set up in Dublin in 1944 sought to cisprove a popular misconception. B The experiment set up in Dublin in 1944 sought to demonstrate that en accepted princinle wes correct. 2 A When Professor Parnell set up his experiment, he was hoping to show that the ‘would drop within a given period of time B_ When Professor Parnell set ua his experiment, he wes unaware haw long the would take to drop, 3 A. John Mainstone’s experience shows that the original experiment was based on miscalculation Jotin Mainstone’s experiance shows that its impossible to make very precise predictions about when the drop will occur. Shane Bergin's innevation wes designed to prove o point 10 rival scientists. Shane Bergin's innovation was designed to share an experience more widely. ‘The wrrter fee's that the public may have a better opinion af science thanks to experiment, ‘The writer feels that the public may fell to eppreciate the wider significance of experiment, Pur @ » 55 Read the passage on page 151 quickly. Mark the section that contains the infor rolevant to each pair of sentences in Exercise 4, 6 Go through the sentences In Exercise 4 one by one, lead the passage carefully. decide which sentence (A or B) accurately reports the writer's view or @ claim mi the passage, 7 Work in pairs. Answer the questions. Then compare your ideas with another pair: students. Did you and your partnar underline the same section of the pessage? Ave your answers all the seme? these sentences were part of a matching sentence endings task, where do you th would be divided? Why? 1 2 3about 1944, in a physics lab at Trinity College in Dublin, ireland, a sclentist (whose name, sadly, ‘has been lost to history) set up an experiment. He took several lumps of tar pitch, heated. m, and placed them in a funnel. After giving, itch time to sett, he lett the epparatus e.Not for minutes or days or even years, but decades. Pitch Is a thick black material which gars to be solid at room temperature. In fact, puith a hammer, it shatters, The point of the periment, however, is to prove the long-held some liquid properties and is capable of wing albeit extremely slowly. Trinity experiment is only one of a number of lar experiments. The eerilest and most famous }Was initiated in 1927 by Professor Thomas janted to see if his calculations regarding gscosity of piich were correct. Parnell poured sample of pitch into a seeled funnel and in each Jedi to settle for three yeas after which the fat the neck ofthe funnel ws cut, allowing Eater thepitch to start lowing. A glass dome covers fed pparaius which has been on display outside cture theatre ever since. Over time, a large fethe cil djopiet of pitch forms and eventually fells out of funnel. This event, known as @ pitch drop, was hho pill jcted to occur about once a decade. Queensland exoerimentt however, has biongl onstrated that calculating the exact moment en a drop is likely to occur is hardly an easy In 1979, John Mainstone, the professor by en in charge of the experiment, sklpped one of usual Sunday campus visits and missed the op. in 1988, Mainstone went for a cup of tea and Ea he returned, he found he had missed the 9b five minutes, In. 2000, Mainstone set up @ se of the eo camiera to catch the drop, ut the camera re palunctioned, anc he saw nothing. Litie won, therefore that tne Tiny College tformatall “op was boing eageriy awaited. in april of 3, Physics prefessor shane Bergin set up a cam so thet the wordt lege could witness ully and oth drop. An the even the scientists were im made olin for came in the form of a momentary, momentous, happening: te pitch, rendered ic succumbed: o gravity and leaked through t pair of funnel, and cropped to the bottom ofthe ja. vert occured at $.00 pm local ime on 11 Jy 2013 This tine, the eemera equipment dda't think they lef al, ver a long period of time, pitch actually matfunction and the outcome of one of the world’s longest running experiments was finally observed by human eyes All this hes gven these jumps of pitch something of cult folowing one that has been amplified by the internet. Thanks to which, you may be able to waicn the momentous event yourself next time. And when it comes, the drop may not be the most significant scientific event ofits time, but it may be one of the more exciting ones. Science, in the public imagination, i often perceived as data-criven and anaiytical, by design divorced ‘fom human emotion. But tis split-second falling Of a lump of liquid pitet is e nice reminder of the excitement that can be embecied in even the Gullest of experiments. The pitch drop when it comes may simply prove what we already know But Is the result the world has been wating for. ACADEMICREADING 151fa reece IELTS PRACTICE TASK The meaning of dreams We are fascinated by our dreams, And itis usually our own dreams we're fescinated by. When a ‘ther person launches into a lengthy expositian of the dr ‘ams that graced their night, our eves are lable to glaze over Quickly, But for meny of us, our awn dreams provide an ntrigue. Nowadays wo are less likely than our ancestors to believe that dreams have a prediative function. But itis probably part of the 20th-century neurologist Sigmund Freud's lesting legacy that we can't quite sheke off the enough, the idea thal the symbole meaning Gf our dream is thera, waiting to be interpreted, remains very eppealing idea that thay somehow hold the Key to our hidklen hopes and desires. Incre Thete are, of course, alternative views, including the one that dreams have ne meaning whatsoever end result mn the brain's atrem such a scientific anitude i processes that occur during sleep. adoptin: ‘reams doesn’ imly that thay are no longer a source of fascination to us, We ‘could simply relate to them f seking to d her the symbols that our uneor us is ing paint for ret supposedly messaging to us, we could use them as a sta Whether or not the conten of our dreeins actuelly reflects our waking concems, thinking about them could be & helpful way of exploring our own thoughts. While we may be disappc consult @ dream, dlctionery to explein whet the things we've dreamt aout ‘mean, by thinking about them we might goin nsights into our own lives, In other swords, the important thing is not what the dream means in an absolute sense, but what it means to us personally, INTERPRETATION | oF DREAMS SiGMUND FREUD 452 ACADEMIC READINGtions 4 gamete the summary using the list of words A-G, below, ta the comect lemter, A-G, for each question. ‘he idea that dreems can foretell the future Freud's idea that it's possible to interpret the meaning of dreams The idee thet dreams have no meaning at all ‘The idee that t's warth thinking about our own dreams ‘A tas been the subject of extensive scientific research B shouldn't make them any less interesting, is no longor taken as senously es it used ta be. seems more relevant when we hear about other people's dreams; ‘may be a usoful one for the individual te pursue. has never gained wide acceptance, is sti surprisingly infiuential tooay. ommoo | feel confident about doing Merohing Sentence Endinas tasks. | dic O&, but | stil need to co more work on Matching Sentence Endings tssks. | need more practice with Matching Sentence Endings tacks. | need to focus on [= rorturtherpravtve seesheDve-RoM. “ACADEMIC READING.158 een ee nace ‘Canopy walkway, Monteverde Cloud Forest reserve, Cos A About the task 1 Read the information about the task type. Then look at some notes about the task made by two of your elassmates. For each point, decide who is right (Classmate A or Classmate B). ‘The Multiple Chuice lack tests your ebility to ceed a passage carefully and understand deteiled information and ‘arguments. It's often used t0 test your understancing of = passege in which the writer is presenting an erguatl ‘or where citferent ideas about a subject ere compared anc analysed, On tie question paper, you see a set « ‘question stems with faur possible enswers. Your job is to sssage and decida which of th correctly answers the question. The m= A question which has four diferent answers (A, 8, Cor Di. An incomplete sentence shat has four possible endings (A, © are two types oF ques B, CoD) Hore are the basic rules for the Muliple Choice tesk '& The questions follow the order of tho infownation in the passage. 1m The wording of the options is nat exacily the same as the wording in the passage. ‘When you read the question stems, you sae some words and names that ere also used in the pessage These help you to find the relevant information and idoss: mou 1ead the whole pessage quickly to find the information and ideas you need to answer each questicn ‘mou then read this sect on carefully and comnpare the information and ideas with the four options. fm You have ta decide which option correctly answa completss the sentence = Youw jorrect letter on the enswer sheal Notes Clacemate A You are reading wos for facts and figures Classriete B You ate reading sound 4 the writer's views and 2 Classmate A There sre-twa diferent types of question stem fasorite The q toms always erd W tion mark 3 Clasemets A ‘The questions ahuaye flow the order of the passa, B The questions eometinies come lnrardom order A. The question stews probeely include words from the BT dewords from the ps ‘You copy out the correct stesier ont the. answer sheet = ACADEMIC READINGB Sample questions 2 Read the passage and answer the questions. Use the nules about the task from Section A to help you. Then check your answers, Which questions did you find difficult? 'S PRACTICE TASK The Svalbard Seed Bank le:r agriculture is primarily focused on maximising profit. This tneans that a small number of specially selectact nt verietes are grown throughout the world, and thase have replared the wide diversity of local varieties that once Beisiod This approach guarantees consistantiy high yields under normal concitions, but it also harbours 3 sngor Essarvialy, every single commercially grown plant is a clone of one of only a few specially selected netic material, known 2 cultivars, This leads to a lack of genatic diversity, leaving eraps mora oxpased Bary disoaso which attacks that single cultivar. With corn, wheat and ice being grow worldwide in this way, thera Gf concern that a fungal infection could wipe oust an entire world crop in a mater of mont, causing mssive food gre many types, or cultivars, of any given agricultural product, each one a spacial variety, developed to have cular cheracterstics and given a special name. Varicus cultivars come in and Dut of favaur over the years. For gample, almost all bananas in the world today are new of the Cavardish vanity. But in tha mid-20th century, the Gros banana culver consumed in North America and Europe. Around 1950, however, this variety lue to the rapid spread of 2 fungal infection that attacked the roots of the canans plant, with the fut that the Gros Michel was roplacad wih the more resilient but notably less tasty Cavendish cultivar. nice to preserve gene diversity of major food crass, international institutions have established a series of nation febanks, whicr store semples of various stiains of each plant species. On a remote island north of the Arctic fe, however, there is @ sort of master gen bank for all the world's plants. The Svalbard seed bank serves 25 @ ve of last fesort ane the popular ptoss has eniohesized the use of the seed bank as an insurance policy in case fa mejor globel cetestronhe To data, 7 has more frequently been accessed when national gone banks lose samoles ‘peccident, equipment fares, netural cisasters and, all to0 offen, mismanagement p tenkis lccated in an old copper mine on the remote northern island of Spitstergen in Norway. The facility sity 40 conserve 4.5 million seed samples. Under the current temperature cansitions in the vault tsimilar fe seed samples for many fruits and vegetabies can remain viable for hundreds of rs, Some seeds, inclusing those of important grains, can survive far longer, anywhere fram 2,000 to 20.000 years. hank functions like a sefety deposit box in a cornmarciel bank, While the kank owns the building, the individual Hosier owns the contents of his or her box, and the access to individual specimens is regulated ty their respective ipostors. No as access to any other dapositor’s seeds. The seed samples storad in the bank are copies bumples stored in the depesitng gene banks. Rescarchors, plant breeders, and other groups wishing to access Bred amples cannot do 80 through the seed bank: they must request samples tram the depositing gene banks. ge vaulcis dug into # sendstone mountain, on a seismically inactive isiend, The bank employs @ numbe’ sbust security and preservation systems: seeds are packages in special packets and heet-sealed to exclude tol and crucially the remote erreinlocetion also serves as a naturel fridge. In the ease of complete power falure, at leest several weeks wil jrebetore the temperature imside the vault rises to the temporeture of the surrounding sandstone bedrock. By | meites above see [avel, the designers hava even ensured that the site will remain dry if the polar Gisstons 1-6 nase the correct ketor, A, B, Cor D. ‘The hidden danger referred 10 in line 4 is ‘A. changing growing conditions. B_loval variations reducing crop yields © crops being more at risk from disease, D_ poor salaction of original generic material ‘nhat dos the Cavendish lnonans cultivar serve 2s an exemple of? A acultivar that is preferred by consumers Ba cultivar that is resistant to fungal infoct (a cultivar thet wes previously facing © 0 D_ acultivar that offers good flevour but low yiale AORDEMIG READING 185In the third paragraph, what is implied ebout the use of the Svalbard seed bank to dato? ‘A It’s mostly boon used in response to situations which could have been evoided B it's genarally been used in situations resulting from natural disasters. G _ithasiVt boon used as much as has been suggested in the media D__itsbeen used more by some countries than by others According te the fourth paragreph, people requiring access to the seeds ot Svalbard shoule ‘A apply directly to the seed bank itself B contact those who originally deposited the seeds G visit the building where the seeds are held in person. D__ask for samples to be tensferred to them by secure means. Which aspect of the Svalbard seed bank's security does the writer ragard as most important? the absence ctf voleanie activity in the region the local availablity of fossil fuel resources the prevailing temperature at the site the height of the site above sea level wwiter's main point in wniting this passage is 10 trece several recent developments in agricultural science, discuss the dangers facing various national gene banks, shew whiy reliance on ane cultivar can be cangerous: ‘explain the role of the master seed bank in Norway pours com> C Tips and tactics 3 Work in pairs. Read the tips and tactics and discuss these questions. Which tips and tactics do you think are the most useful? jd you use any of these tips and tactics when you answered the sample que in Section 8? Which tips will you use in the future? Before you reed the passage, read the question stems ancl underine the most impotan ‘words and ideas, Don't look ot the aptions (A, B, C and D) yet Remember that the questions fallow the order ef the information in the passogo, when you read the pessage, you may soe some words or ideas from the question These help you to find the relevant sections, Read the passage ouickly end mark the relevant sections for each question. Write the ‘question numbers in the margin so that you can find the sections again easily. Go through the questions one by one. Read tho section of the passage you have rm carefully to make sure you are in tha correct place. ‘When you feel you have understood the passage comoletely, then read the four opti {h, B, G end D). Choose the option that answers the question or completes the sone to match the meaning of the text Remember the correct answer reporis the moaning of the passage, out doosr't use same words and expressions Don't use your own knowisdge of the subject to help you choose an option. Remit you are being tested on your understanding of the reading passage. When you have chosen your answer, read the other optons again, and revead the passage to be sure thet they are wrong, Fomember wo xxrite only one letter an the answor sheer. ‘Always answer all the questions, even if you're not entirely sure ACADEMIC READING4 Look at the question stems (1-5) and undertine the main words and ideas. Use the: ‘to help you find the relevant information and ideas in the passag from the landing? ‘What dees the writer think ebout the analysis of the ds Tho writer mentions a ball to give us an idea of ‘What does Stefan Schroder suggest about the stone which the probe hit? The writer quotes the words of Erich Karkaschka in order 10 The dustlike materiel mentioned in the finel paregraph provides evidence that 5 Read the passage. Mark the sections which contain the information relevant to each question, Read each section carefully. What do you think the answer is going to be? January 2005 was spectacular single date in exploration outer solar system. wes made by the an Space Agency and 10 Titan by NASA's i spacecraft, which is ‘orbiting Saturn. It tak years for mission happened during what then the most distant down of a man-made aft. Their analysis, ever, was worth waiting It reveals that the twenty-Kilogram probe sie, slid and wobbled its way to rest in ten ons’ after parachuting down through the Vs thick and hazy atmosphere, and provides th fascinating insights into an alien world. sentists reconstructed the chain of events lysing cate from all the instruments active arng the landing, Their data was compared with omputer simulations end tests that had been ried out using a model of Huygens. The probe tthe ground with an impact speed similar to a lldropped from about @ metre on Earth, On first Huygens dug a shallow hole about twelve eties deep, then bounced cut and slid for ive centimetres across the surface. At its festing place it wobbled back and forth five s {ill all motion ceased, spike in the acceleration data suggests it duting the first wobble, the probe probably guntered a stone protruding by around two tres from the surface of Titan, and may ve even pushed it into the ground, suggesting @ substance with the consistency of soft, damp sang,’ says Stefan Schroder of the Max Planck institute for Solar System Research in Germany. Had the probe hit a wet, mud-like substance, its instruments would have recorded a ‘splat’, with ‘no further indication of bouncing or sliding. The ground must, therefore, have been soft enough to allow the probe to make a sizeable depression, but hard enougi to support Huygens rocking back and forth. ‘ts like snow that has been frozen on top, says Erich Karkoschka of the University of Arizona, If you walk carefully, you can walk cn it as on a solid surface, but if you step on the snow a Ittle 00 hard, you break in very deeply” ‘The landing data also shows evidence of a dy, dusicike material thrown up by the impact. Although liquid hycirocarbons (methane and ethane) sometimes ‘all from Titan's clouds — forming streams, rivers and lakes and giving the landscape a surprisingly Earth-like appearence — it had evidently not rained on the landing site for some time. ACADEMIC READING 176 Look at the questions and the options (A or B) for each question. Read the passat page 187 carefully. Which option {A or B) is correct? Why is the other option wrong? 1 What does the vriter think about the analysis of the dat A [thas produced very interesting find 2 It took an unecoeptably long time to perform, 2. The writer mentions a ball xo give us an idea ot ‘A haw far tho probe had travelled B how quickly the probe was traveling 3. What does Stefan Schroder suagest about the stone which the probe hit? A It my heve given a false impression about the surtace of Than B_Ichas provided clear evidence about the suriace of Titen 4 The writer quotes the words of Erich Karkaschia in order to ‘A ive us @ clearer idea of the consistancy of the ground. B offer a diferent interpretation from that given by Schrader. ‘Tho dust like matarial mentioned in the final paragraph provides evidence of A. the dryness of the precise ares where Titan landed. weather pattems affecting tho arca whore Titan lances ‘om the landing? Look at the statements (1-8). For each statement, decide what the writer is doing (A,B or). CT 7 Identifying the waiters views end A g¥ing factual information clirns B_gWving his/her personal view C_ ging the ideas of orn A total solar eclipse is a compaling and life-changing sight that begins with the sta light you have ever seen. 2 Irtakes just evar two hours far the maon to cover tha sun unt anly a ring af ight remains. 3. Tour eparators report a surge in interest in eclipse viewing sparked by ‘the eclipse of century’ in July 2008, 4. Scientists agree that no two aclipses are identical 5 Professor Jay M Pasachott of Willamis College, Mesachusetts has seen fifty-five el in the course of his work 6 ‘Tha appeal of eclipse tourism looks set to Increase; says Simon Grove. B Look at the questions (1-5) and underfine the main words and ideas. For each ono decide what you will look for in the passage (A, B or C). ‘A. factual information B. the writer's point of view C other people's ideas, 1. What is the writer doing in the first paragraph? What do we learn about the eclipse seen in China in 20082 What dos Simen Grove suggest about eclipse tourists? What is day Pasachoff keen to stress? What is suggested about partial eclipses? Look at the passage on page 159 and mark the relevant sections of the passage for Read each section of the passage on page 159 carefully and find your own answert the questions in Exercise 8. 16 ACADEMIC READINGdoing ight ipse of the ich one ore rowingbandotectioseoursis, ecipsewakars fy long_dstances the corona iS an experience that the growth of the hobby also taps into ‘cannot be repeated often enough Tour enthusiasm for more natural and less operators report ae in interest in commercialised forms of tourism” ees mouie soured ererioge | ‘semen areathet nn Rice seco aD ee visible across large parts of China and of willams College, Massachusetts Mtoe sk une err rest ee — the longest ecipse unt 2132 way the corona is at @ temperature of Alongside the growth in formal tours. mare than one million degrees while ingngsign that oegins withthe WrousaNds of people find Heir way 1© the visible surface of the sun, the PTeyou nave ever coer Sl082S under ther own steam, They — photosphere isctamere sa thousehd fej dusk in the middle of the €M tetas close as poste © the In the course of this research he fas Teschadows get sharper and the pant of greatest totally anc 10 the seen fifty-five eclipses but refuses to Pmtaieaer sche cegan cere of Be ecliose vack feralonger fame a Faure As he says: "They are sssmaler takes just over two fer the moon to cove the sun odes cleer weather are at thelr best. ey the corona varies in shape over rng ol ight remains, often The. appeal of eclipse tourism in the twertywo year sunspot cyte” briedby ebrignt flesh trough general has creased in recent Years or do the so-called umbrepiles, es "bley on the moor's im This anki looks set to crease further’ say serious eclipse watchers are Known, joo tiemondving,aroment {Our Cperator Simcn Grove ‘Patt of te jim Ine seove to total ealpses. More. romantics ava’ used for joy of ths Nobby Is that the moon's frequent are. part ecloges, which roposals Thon, for several shadawcanfalanywhereonthetart’s qccurwhen the moon i too faraway i the most beautful sent in suriace, This meens eclnse-chasine jis ort to cover the sun completely $0 Universes yours The sur’s needs cereful planning, but also that ring of the scler surface islet vsble the corona, sorings into eclipselovers end up in places they nthe corona does not appear. These total ecipse, and seek a spotwhere the i good andeach is ineiging nis ow ‘would never vist othowise, inducing Ecripses are spectacular, and people ‘ofl Twsted into bizare Easter ‘sland and the Antarctic IN travel long distances to see trem, but thesun's magnetic, the tne past few years. Happy for their chey cannot ecmnpare fo the. shoor Ihances thesdarsysem stadoutso elas scram of atoll selon iat they can onlyhave the exoenence 3 clear sty. i timostence ma spiel yar aloe 11 Choose the correct option (A, B, C or D). Decide why your answer is correct and the other options are wrong, 1 What is the vwriter doing in the first paragrapn? A accounting for different people's reactions to a total eins B_dosoribing his avn emetions on first seeing a total ealipse C_oxplaining exactly whet can be seen during a totel ecipse 1D encouraging readors to go and sae. total eclipse 2. What do we lear about the eclipse seen in China in 2009 A. \tlasted for longer than athars in ving memory. Bit made mare people want to experience seeing one. CC Itleft enthusiasts focling dissat tied with organised tour D_ It benefited from pertiovarly favourabie climatic conchtions, 3 What does Simon Grove suggest about eclipse tourists? “They ere happy for some aspects of thoir trips to ba laf to chance. ‘The number cf pessible destinations sometimes surprises them, They share certain attitudes with other groups of travellers The cost of long-haul air travel oftan mits their activites, 4 What is Jay Pasechoff keen to stress? A. Some aalipses are more interesting than ath B_ Notall eclipses provide him with useful data © Studying eclipses can be very frustrating D_ Every eclipse is worthy of his attention. 5 What is suggested about partial aclipses? “Thay are just as exciting to water as full eclipses B They lack some of the kay cleents oF full ecligses, © They attact people who cannot gain access to full eclipses. D. They are nat popular with the mast serious eclise enthusiast. cour > ACADEMIC READING 159,IELTS PRACTICE TASK The Internet Archive Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Intemet Archive, a nctforproft digital library decicated to preserving the Incernet’s past for the use of future historians. In the past, i you wented to study the avolution of language for ‘a PAD or the roles of women in different eras, you had to do al the groundwork with references and citations all one fy hand)’ he says, ‘Now it can be done by machine at an astonishing tate! Kahle exolains that one of the biggest drivers behind the ides was his fear that culture and history would be lost to future generations if they were not preserved ontine. "The web is locked in the perpetual present. 's what people want you to see right now and that's not good enough — that’s not how you cun a sociaty or open culture; he says. ‘The best ‘of the web is already not online’ Cleerty, this ise golden age for librerians, historians and scholars and its the ‘work of men such as Kahle that ensures the extensive data posted on the web is not lost. ‘The archive is located in 6 quiet comer of San Francisco. Fishing servers are stackad high, not unlike old books, each blue blink a signal that someone somewhere is trying to reach a webpage frozen in time in its archiva, i's one of just @ handful of institutions, including parts of tie British Library ene the Librery of Congress in the LISA, trying to ensure that what is online now is saved for the future. IN does this by capturing more than a billon web pages a week, though it doesn't try to erchive every page of every website —on the fast moving wed the average page is changed every hundred days ~ or any social media. This snepshot of the \web has been taken every tivo months since 1998 and the gatewsy to the archive, the "Wayback Machine’ deservedly one of the mest popular sites online, Niels Briigger, director of the Centre for Intemet Studies at Aarhus University in Denmark, recalls his frustration at the way the object of his study used to disappear before his eyes. Now, using the Danish national web archive, which takes @ snapshot ofall ‘dk’ websites four times a year, he cen treck how the Internet as @ whole is developing in his country, from the cifferant types of wabsites to the balance between text and maces, He is surprised at how few historians make use of the Internet as @ source but expects that to change rapidly in five or ten years as a nowy ganeration of scholars better understands its potental anc acquires the tools for rigorous data analysis, which are required to study such an ooean of information, It ally is an astonishing NeW ‘source for future histoviang! he says. ‘lt gives us a great oppoctunity to study the dally life of people. Its asi we had a tape racorderon the marketplace in the fifteenth century’ I's @ most intiguing earalie! ‘Ac the University of Leicester in England, Ruth Page, a lecturer in linguistics, has already made sourcas such ‘as Wikipedia central to her work. She studies how entries in the online encyclopedia are ecitad as a perticular event unfolds, Page believes that historians will have to tansiorm the way they work, ‘I'm an empiri so like data. Itis lke being let loose in a very large sweet shop’ she says. ‘But the days of the lone scholar are gor: in my personel opinion we really need to embrace creative ways 10 work collaborativey! The Long Now Foundation, an organisation founded in 1996 to promote long-term thinking, wants to create @ ‘space to persuade people to stop end think about how the decisions they make now will affect the next 10,000. years; Leute Welcher, the foundation's diector of operations, says for years they have feared a ‘ita arc lage’ where resources kept only online disappear. initially, the projact looked at ways to help people constantly migrate the’ files to ensure, for example, old Microsoft Word documents were stil readable in the newer versions. Then, they got much more ambitious, building a new version of the Rosette Stone, a sificon disc inscribed with thousands of peges docurnanting human languages. ‘We were very purposeful about cresting future artefact, even if the intentionel migration of information into the future is much harder digitally’ she says, ‘Yet she, 109, is refreshingly postive about the chances of being able to both creste and preserve your own space online. | think keeping a story of an individual or of a cultural group is more egalitarian because access 10 archiving your stuff is easier’ she says. It is a very new thing to have your voice out there like never belore!Brovester Kahle originaly founded the Internet Archive Aas aby-pioduet of an onina business venture B_inconnection with his doctoral research project © as part ofa study of social interaction on the web, | Dasa may of safeguarding data for future researchers. From the eecond paragraph, we understand that the Internet Archive 2. isjust one of @ kgs numberof similar initiatives B.isecitad to remova ovtcatad content on reguar basis. © isanattemp: to keep a comprehansive record ofall wobpages. D is cesignad to prove & representative sample of availabe data | Niels Bragger predicts that historians wil soon begin ‘paving more attenson to the visual data avalicle online B_makinga study of how the Internet has developed in Denmark. developing the skis needed to toe fullackantage of the Intemet D_ using the resources on the Internet to understand past centurias better, According to Ruth Page, future historians will need 19 ‘A. spend more time contributing to popular websites B_ mako more of an etfor to cooperate with each other, © be wiling to change ther view of past events more often D_ b0 prepared to analyse te lanquege used 0 recors past events The ovoral aim ofthe Long Now Founcation s to encourage AA the kooping of key data iva non-cigital format. Ba mow away trom shor:-term decision making poopie to manage their data files more effectively the long-term retention of data ina vanety of languages. Inthe text a6 a whole, the writer raveas that she fee's {A optimistic about the future potent! of online data concerned about whether lost date can be recovered online © rusted atthe difieulty of monitering onine data offoctivey. convinced thet enough is heing done to preserve online data indoFinitely | eel confident about ding Multiple Choics tasks. { did OK, but | sill need to do more work on Multiple Choite tasks. | need more practice with Multiple Choice tasks. I need to focus on Exner ACADEMIC READING — 161,TASKTYPE 13 Identifying the Writer's Views and Claims (Yes/No/Not Given) see ene nena out the ti 1 Road the information about the task type.Then look at some questions about the task a student in your class has emailed to you. Can you answer them? The Merrifying the Wiiter’s Views and Claims (Yes/No/Not Given] task tests your ability to identiy the visws {nd cisims cf the writer in passage, Irs often used to test your understanding of @ passage in vuhich the ‘wien presenting an argument or where differant ideas ebout a subject are compared and analysed. On the | jon paper, you s2e 0 cet of stateinents that report informaton and ideas from the passage. YoU 00 18% ‘end decide ifthe sta Fe reporting the information end ideas correctly or not. Fore statement, there ere three possible answers. ves if the statement egreas with tho viewsclaims of the writer No if the statement contiaciets the views/claims of the writer NOT GIVEN it 'simpossibls to say what the writer thinks ebout ths Hore are the basic rules for the Identifying the Writer’s Views and Claims (Yes/Na/Not Given} task, = The statements fellow the order of informetion in the passage mt The wording of the stetervents Is not exactly the same as the wording in the passage, but they contain th same information aid ideas. The statements include some words and names that are also Used in the passage. These help to lovate relevars information and ideas, 'm You reed this section of tho passage carefully and compare the vuiter’s views and claims with the stotenat 1m You then dacide if he statement reports those ideas exectly or rot, and wrte YES or Non the answer sree! For some statements, thore isn’t eneugh information in the passace to know whether the writer's views! claims are being reported exactly or not. In this case, you wite NOT GIVEN on the enswier shoat Hi there I've got some questions for you ahout tha Ves/NoMNot Given task. 4 |s this the task whore the answers are all facts anc figuras? 2.Da the statements come in the same orcer as the information in the passage? 3 Do the siatemonts elude words from the passage? Aina do-yau hava te write on the answer sheet? 5 if the information is NOT GIVEN , do you lava the lax blank? Thanks! 162 ACADEMIC READINGEE B Sample questions 2. Read the passage and answer the questions. Use the rules about the task from ‘Section A to help you. Then check your answers. Which questions did you find difficult? ELTS PRACTICE TASK Addicted to Tech? identities and runing our Ives. Atleast, that is grighones, social networking and the Internet are dastroying two new books, ‘Disorder by Latry Rosen and Digital Varigo by Andrew Keer, wuld have you believe, 'm not a 1, psychologist at California State University, arques that overreliance on technology can cause psychological ‘Disorders’ of the book’ tte, but | strugsled to find eny causal ink in chapter after chapter of jit Vertigo is equally unconvinging. Keen, whose pievious book The Cult of the Amateur spoke out egainst user tory, warning that we cannot trust sympathetic jated content, states that privacy ‘is being dumped into the dustbin offi Hage corporations thet run the Intemet with our precious personal data. t's a viewpoint I'm entire! but Keen's srqument, woven herween rane dropping anendtates from Silicon Valley conferences and walle quotes from the film The Social Network, loft me unconvinced. As Keen points out, we must al take personel spensitlty for the information we put online. However, social mela needn't inevitably lead to the problems he Beests | have found Twitter, Facebook and other online services essential for initiating and maintaining major socie| sections. In fect, without sacial networking, | would be short one wife, one job and at least half 2 dozan close me technologies are tools, and like all tools they must be used correctly, Cars are far more dangerous to society Facebook. According to the World Health Orgenization, 1.2 milion people dia in road traffic accidents each year. Se cociaty we accopt this because of the benefits thet cars offer, and we work to mitigate the downsides. It should ‘sare with smartghones and social networking. If you can't go five minutes without a status update then, yes, rot ignore the great opportunities these technologies Ushould probably step away from the touchscreen, but foc fear of sore unproven and unrealised cisaster People used to worry about the effects of the telephone on but 150 years on, we sear to be managing just tne. tions 1-6 | @ folowing stataments agree with the information in the Reading Passage? Eto e2ch statement, write YES ifthe statement agroas with the views/claims of the wi No ifthe statement contradicts the viowsiclas of the writer NOTGIVEN its impossible to say what the writer thinks about this FResen has demonstrated a connection between overuse of technology and certain psychological conditions, Fosen provides evidence that the conditions he-cescribes are becoming more common, “Keen's previous book hes been very influential. Keen is rignt to warn about the threat to privacy posed by the Intemet ‘An international body is concerned that social networking might be addictive “hare ray be people wo are overeependent on electronic Gevices. 16318 C Tips and tactics 3 Work in pairs, Read the tips and tactics and discuss these questions. 8 Which tips and tactics do you think aro the most useful? bb Did you use any of these tips and tactics when you answered the sample q in Section B? Which tips will you use in the future? Before you read the passage, read the statements in the questions and think about you're going to reac. Don’t use your own opinions or knowledge of the subject to decide the answers. Us ONLY the views of ine wnter of the passage, For each statement, think about the names, «ey words and main ideas you're lookt in the passage to help you locate the relevant section. First read the passage quickly and mare the relevant sections for each question.‘ ‘question numbers in the marain 0 thet you can find the sections agein easly Femember thet the questions follow the order of information in the passage. Wher road the passage, you may sea some words or ideas from the statements, These you to find the relevent sections (Questions where the answer \s NOT GIVEN also refer to a specific section of text~ you always nes to ‘ind the ralevant section, Go through the questions one by one. Reed the section of the passage you have carofully to make sure you ar@ in the correct place, If you think the statement agreas with the writer's views, reread both the stateme the section of pssage carefully and think about the meaning of both. Does the wan of tho statement express exactly the same ideas or not? W you think the statement contradicts the writers views, reread both the statement tho section of passage carefully and think about the meaning of both. Underline the ‘words that make the statement cifferent from the passage. For YESand NO answers, quickly check the rest of the paragraph in the passage to sure you haven! missed anything, I you think the answer is NOT GIVEN, underline the words and ideas in the statem ‘hat aren’tin the passage. Read the rest of the paragraph in the passage quickly 10 sure you haven't missed anyth og, Rorember to write the words YES, NO or NOT GIVEN in the boxes on the answer Never leave a box emoty, If you're not sure, alweys give an answer. 4 Read the pairs of statements (1-5). Underline the important words and ideas in identilying whethor aves serena 1) AA | fet haar about she particular prpertion of mycokum at caloge ‘opert the writers B discovered the partir preperties of noel by chance dloims orviews es ‘A. The dea of making packaging materials rom mycelium wos the result ofa jor of expressed nthe BI nesced help to develop my idea of making insuition materia ror mycelium ‘DaEeeIEe OF not A. Our packaging is generally no more expensive to produce than its synthetic vals B Our packaging is generally much cheaper to produce than its synthetic rivals. A. Weaim to make our products even more environmentally friendly. B Our products ara alraady extramaly environmentally friendly. A Its encouraging that we ant mat she growing damend for our procs Bits worrying that we cert meat the graying dora or our produc 5 Read the passage on page 165 quickly. Mark the sections that contain the informa relevant to each pair of statements in Exercise 4, ACADEMIC READING6 Go through the questions in Exercise 4 on page 164 one by one, Read the passage carefully and decide which statement (A or B) agrees with the writer's, and which one contradicts it Write VES if the statement agrees with the writer's claim or view, and Oi it contradicts it 7 Work in pairs and answer the questions. 1 Did you and your partner mark t 2. Ara your answers all the same? 3. Disc up on a farm in Vermont and 1 just happened to notice that mycelium ~ that’s essentially the ‘roots’ — of itmade chips of wood stick bonding ability of mushrooms and began to think about. ri applications. After making @ few samples, | teamed up vin Mcintyre and our professor, Burt Swersey, to figure ‘tis could work as 2 prociuct. Packaging materials made ishroom waste were the outcome, th of our products comes from tha mycelium, which of milions of tiny fibres, The “ibres bond with chitin —a “fusing agricukural waste such as seed husks into solid Dur materials basically self-assembie; the organism is Wwe are cost competitive with synthetic packaging Is such as expanded polystyrene and polyethylene, But our only advantage. Plastics start with expensive, finite ials derived from oli or natural gas, whereas we're from farms, For over 2 century, humans have been rochemicals to make plastics. Eventually we will run out, @ aren't careful toxic waste will choke our oceans and Biomaterials like ours are sustainable, non-polluting and Iie outside energy to make, they also dissolve back into a the ond of their useful lives janie section of the passage? why the YES statements agree with the writer's claims and views and the NO statements do not. Compare your ideas with another pair. ‘AS well es packaging, we're also developing materials for the construction industry. We have found that if we take our material and compress it, we can create products that are similar to engineered woods like fibreboaré and particle. board. Current engineered wood products use toxie resins to hold the wood particles together. in- our process, we're using mycelium as the resin, We're also developing’ materials to replace the plastic foams used In Insulation and acoustic tiles. We even gfew a miniature house from mushrooms to test our insulation product! ‘Ourkey challenge at the moments an enviable one: scaling up to mest the ‘growing demand. We're coping with It. Restorew Mushroome Packaging is now being made widely available, from our Upstate Green Island plant and a manufacturing facility in Cedar Rapids, iowa through our partnerstip with Sealed Air Corporation. ACADEMIC READING 165Cm = Iderifying there Is a view or claim about the statement jn the passage or not given o* not given. Packarc's becka There 's evic These days most people are very aware of the attempts of advertisers and marketing professionals to influence their consumer habits, butt this wasn't always the case. The first serious critique of questionable marketing techniques came in 1957 in Vance Packard's celebrated book The Hidden Persuaders. It remains one of the best books around for demystifying the deliberately mysterious arts of advertising, Packard argued that advertisers used the techniques of applied sociology and psychology to. meke consumers perceive a need to buy certain products, whether theyreally needed them ornot. Packard's book was a great success, his impeccable choice of a very catchy title revealing just how well he understood at least one of the basic rules of marketing, In the book, Packard described a number of methods advertisers used to take advantage of consumers’ unconscious fears ancl desires. although the term ‘was yet to be coined, one such method is what we. now know as subliminal advertising. ‘A notorious experiment involving this technique was conducted by merketing researcher James Vicary in 1956. if popular legend is to be believed, during a showing of a movie called Picnic in New Jersey, Vicary used a special projector to flash a subliminal message onto the screen. The message appeared every five seconds, butt only remained ‘here for a fraction of a second, far too fast for the human eye to read. The message read, ‘Hungry? 9 Work in pairs, Do you have the same answers for exercise 8? Discuss any answe are different, 10 Look at the statements whore a view is given. Does each statement agree with writer's view or not? Write YES I the statement agrees with the writer's view, a if it contradicts it 168 ACADEMIC READING Is there enough information in the passage to know if the statements (1-6) agree: the writer's views or not? Do the following: ead the statements (1-6) and underline th Read the passage quickly end fing the rele For gach stetemnent, read the passage carefully and decide if an cpinion about this poi The kook The Hidden Persuader nd in payehclogy mace paopla take his book seriou: The title of Packard's book may have contributed to its success. Packard should be credited with coining the term ‘subi Vieary's researc’ findings should no longer be considered valid to suggest that subliminal advertising is still in use. it section for each statement is still worth reading today. ninal advertising’ Eat popcorn’, and the experiment went on for weeks. The result? According to Vicary, popa sales jumped by a whopping 57.8%. The panicked, thinking this technique could be us for all kinds of sinister purposes. However, in 1 psychologist Dr Henry Link challenged Vicary repeat his experiment under controlled condita This time, there was no increase in popcorn sa Vicary ater admitted thathe'd made up the orig sales figures. n fact, it's likely that he never conducted the first experiment, so his find deserve to be disregarded. Despite his confess however, the media and the public continued focus only on the sensational originel story end idea that subliminal advertising works is stil wi believedwers that. th the again. Reconditio nations, statement contradicts the write possible to 90y Wha the writar thinks about this 1 The majority of steel shipping containers curren: You are going to identify whether the views in the statements contradict the writer's views oF claims, or if no information is given. Read the statements (1-6) and underline the main words and ideas. quickly and n mark the relevant sections for each statement. vaiter’s views or claims. But does each 1'5 view? Is there enough information to know? Next to orclaim in Amsterdam are unlikely (0 go to sea Various solutions to Amsterdam's housing shortage have been tried The suggested way ot repurposing used steel shipping containers is not a nev ‘Tha poor conditon of same of the containers means nce rehabilitated, the containers sell for relatively low prices. ipping conteiners could meet the growing housing need ey canner be reconditioned, of developing 12. Work in pairs. Did you get the same answers for Exercise 11? Discuss any which aro different. Then compare your answers those of another pair. people instead of products. 12s ides that could | catch on. | This creative, green style of housing costs ie fraction of what it costs to build standard he 1. and requires less energy and new ee ind the world. But, especially in. countries © Imports outnumber exports, such os the etherlands, mountainous Stacks of them pile up In fe ports. Some two million steal containers sit idle ‘alany given time, and some of these will eventually ereiired, the densely populated city of Amsterdam there a pressing need for student and other low-cost housing. One innovative suggestion for meeting this eed is to repurpose used steel shipping containers. growing number of sieel containers are being leaned and refurbished and then used to house containers are available for just 4 few ee dollars before they are rehabilitated, Despite th tniform size and shape, they can be used in an endless number of configurations. ‘together like real-world lng beeen at sea, the containers are often dented and beat but they can be reconditioned to ee attractive The interiors are compact but can made into cosy living spaces, Today, half of the Earth’s population lives in cities, and that fi ‘will reach sixty per cent 3¢ Nearly all of this urban expansion is likely t the sprawling cities of the develop already suffer from @ lack of decent, housing. More than eight hundred million people ‘n urban slums and that number Is ¢ Slum housing often lacks Sasic human health, including running water < sanitary facilites, Steel shipping contain economically fitted with necessities bathrooms and other amenities for a traditional construction costs, containers cannot by themselves solve th housing needs of developing” nations, the provide a useful resour ut ACADEMIC READING 16763 ERE IELTS PRACTICE TASK Fieldwork on the final frontier What is iike to Work nthe remote forests of Papua Now Guines? Biologist Veytech Novotny knows botter than most. Let me tell you about our werk in Papua New Guinea, We've built a rasearch station on the northem eoest ‘About five por cont of all species live in Papua New Guinea. With the Amazon and the Congo, itis one of he three largest areas of rainforest sill left | Peoua New Guines has about 600 diferent languagos, a really amazing diversity, and there are 20 cifferent ones within a 20 mile radius of our station. Because different tnbes speak such diferent aneueges, they a speak one universal language, pidgin English, Once you leam that — and Euronans usualy manage this in legs than sik months ~ you can speek directly ta tha local people. This is sodially very rewarding because I '5 4 coming together of snibal culture end high-level academic ovtture ntiic methods end pay We heve # teem of whet we cell para-ecologists. These are peoole we vain in sc | to work with us. The lral peor ae cerfeet fortis. They nat only nave an inmate rowed of he oc ‘ecoarephy, they also have an extensive knowdedge of taxonomy, especialy oF the trees. We connect He Lat frees, an names with their local language names end then explain that we need caterpillars from this list ‘ask thein to collect hern for us. On ene aceasion, we were studying tiny larvae thet bore tunnels in leaves sur gollactors might eam £5 dey | put fairly high reward for every ive insect. We were expecting that standards and by ourbudget. But embarrassinaly, they found 53 many that we had ie lower the rate bacause otherwise we would hava gone bankrupt Whidh is reasonable by Papua New Guin This collaboration with local people helps our reswarch because it opens up possibilities that others don't have. For instance, we have contaats with paople who own the forest that they cut down for thelr subsistence, using traditional ‘slash-and-burn’ agricultural methods, We always like to shock our fellow biologists at confoconces by deseribing how we are culting down tropical forests so that we can survey. inset the We have devised e 3D structure of insects end plans inthe forest, Qur inventory came up with about 9500 and they doit in 50,000 uifisront ways. Even for us eooiog 1s from the canopy, But thet's exactly what we are doing, Whan local paople were clearing their part lowly taking the forest apart, collecting caterpillars, ams, everything. forest, wo worked wih them, 5 insect species ‘eoding on 200 species or t this is@ mind-boggling complexity, However, ecologists algo tend to get ovorexcited by the hugs diversty 1urnbers of species for the entire planet. Previous estima see in rainforests and extrapolate it to unrest pur the numberof insect species worldwide at 30 milion. Me put ita six milion. We found that sea | species has about the seme number of insect species feeding on it whather it rows in Papua New Guin | Europe: opel forests are 0 hin nets ony because they neve so many sedis of tee ACADEMIC READING8 OF Questions 1-6 Do tho following staternants agree with the claims of the writer in the F Next to questions 1-8, wre ves if the staioment agrees with the claims of the writer No it the starement conradicis the claims of the write NOT GIVEN if itis impossible to say what tho writer thinks about this The range of languages in the region makes communication difficult for Eu The ‘raining of para-ecologists costs less in Papua New Guinea than in Europe. Reducing the rete of pay offered to specimen colleciors van reduce thar effectiveness, The fact that some local collaborators ara also landawners is an advantage. Tha resparchers try to discourage the use of destructive agricultural practices. T ere is a tendency for scientists to underastimare the diversity of spacies in existence in the world Which statement best describes how you feel about Identifying the Writers Views and Claims (Yes/No/Not Given) tasks? | el confident about doing Yes/NojNot Given tasks. | dic OK, but | stil need to do more work on Yos/NoiNot Given tasks I need more practice with Yes/NoINot Given tasks. | need to foous an ACADEMIC READING 168Identifying the writer’s views and claims 1. Read the information about identifying the writer's views and claims. In the JELTS axam you need te read carefully to idenbly the views of the writer. As well es recognising phreses used to express views, it helps to pay close altention to linkong words such as however and the grammar of the sentence (affirmative or negativa). 2 Decide if the expressions in bold suggest the writer is in favour of or against an argument or point of view. Wate the expression in the appropriate column. 1 Rosen argues that ove, find a eausal link 2. Rosen fails to convince their incidenca is on the rise. 3. Digital vortiga is equally unconvincing 4 5 seliance on technology can cause problems, but | struggled tsa viewoont I'm entirely sympathetic with. Knon's argument left me unconvinced In favour of | struggled to nd a causal ink Go back to the text on page 163 and check the expressions in context, or use dictionary. Collocation: adjective + noun 3 Match the adjectives (1-7) with the nouns (a-g) to make collocations. Look at the ‘text on page 152 to help you. 1 ordless hopes 2 isting b ccens 3 eon 8 ey 4 Symbie mening 2 sppeieg sous a ntioue B ateranve =. egpey 7 hon 3 ee Commonly confused words 4 Look at the word pairs and think about how they differ in mes: context, find one word from each pair in the text on page 151, 1 thicket 4 hardiymhard 2 eventualyflastly 5 momentary/mementous 3 dacado/dacayed 8 reminder/iemamiber 5 Choose the correct option in each sentence. Pitch is a thick / fat material A large droplet aver tually lastly falls out of the funnel He left the apparatus alone for decades / decayed. ‘You may be able to watch the momentary / mamentous evant yours It's hardly { hard an oasy matter. Irs e nice render ssmember of the excitement caused, 370 ACADEMIC READINGSynonyms 6 Match the wards (1-9) with words or phrases with a similar meaning from the box. big careful change totally neverending remember evelopment equal interesting Keep: 1 evolution 4 recall 7 transform 2 petpetuel 5 rigorous 8 preserve 3 extensive intriguing 9 egalitarian Antonyms 7. Match the words (1-8) with words or phrases with an opposite moaning from the box. ancient different include minimise nearly sinw tiny weak 1 modern 3 massive 8 resilient = 7 similar 2 maximise rapid 6 remo = 8 exclude ‘To help you, go back to the text on page 155 and check the words in context, A form of ‘words appears in the text. B Complete the sentences with words from Exercise 7. 1. Mader agriculture aims 10 .—-....-uenProft, to make the most money possibie. 2. Theloss of an entire ciop would cause -.- food shortages be 2. The Cavendish 16 @ MOM n-ne banena cultivar >a 4 The seed bank is located ona island, miles from snywhere. 5 Seeds are packaged 10 .....-—-.- Moisture 80 as to Keep the seeds dry. Common IELTS topic: Agriculture atthe Commonly confused words 9 Choose the most suitable options to complete the sentences. 1 Humans no longer spent so much time hunting once they had tamed / ciomesticated catle, sheep and chicken, 2. Soil quaity cannot be sustained supported it farmers reuse the same land year after yeer. 2. Seeds trom tha trees may ba cvculated/ distnbuted by the wind, birds and animes. 4 Experts assess / esiunate that 90% of cotton produced in the USA comes from genetically modified plants 5 China now consumes / viiizos twice the emount of meat that it aid zen years ago. 6 The number of apple variaties has been declining / reducing over the last few centuries 7 More and more people are excluding / reiacting gluten from their cet, 8 By keeping the seeds sale, scientists hope to ensure insure against future famines. 9. Cenain plant specias aro unable to exist / survive the wermer temperatures brought on oy global warming. 10. To prevent the growth of bactoria, reat must be saved stored in the refrigerator Collocation: adjective + noun 10 Complete the sentences with an adjective from the box. contielled -eicass exact fresh hard primary severe top a 1. The government needs to take 2... ‘approach to reducing food wast 2. The recent drought has resulted ina shartage of com and wheat 3 The Coreg which is grown in the regian is rice 4. Scientists must find ways t0 prevent... moisture from ruming/ the 5 Rasearchers carried out the experiment in a environment a : 6 Many pacole prefer working in cites to making a living FTO wna lBBOUR 7 The.. nem laver of $0 has been graduelly eroded by slooding, acal 8 The source of the disease is unknown, but it has affected) amREADING PASSAGE 1 You shouid spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, wiich are based on Reading Passage t The Return of the Leech A leech is @ type of freshwater worm that ettaches itself to people and animals which entar rivers and ponds. The leech is a parasitic creature, which takes blood Irom its last in order to survive. thas long ben recognised that leeches heve therepeutic effects on thelr hosts that can be useful in medicine, Meanwvile ‘throughout history there has been a widespread belief that removing blogd from the body through & procedure known as bloodletting is effestive in the regiment of ilnasses, and leeches were an easy wey of achiaving this. “The earliest recorded use of leeches being used for this purpose dates back 3,500 years to paintings of ‘medicinal leesties found in tombs in anciont Egypt, but the practice is probably much older, end medical ‘treatment with Joeches is also thought to have been practised in ancient China. In classical Greece and Rome, bicadiatting with leaches was believed nacessary to restore the body's essential balance, even in porfectly healthy people, whilst in medieval Europe, doctors anc chemists made extensive use af (sachs te treet all manner of ciseases. In the days before antibiotics and sterile surgery, bloodletting was one of the few tools available +o combat infections and treat wounds, although in many casas, the treatment was Ineffective and often even dangerous. The practice of bloodlsiting by leeches reachac! ts peak in the 1830s and jeeches were used to treat a wit variety of disordars, ranging from headaches to yellow fever. Mecical bloodletting was so popular that the commercial trade in leechas became a majar industry. In Franco, for example, the domestic supply wes insufficient to mest damand and in 1839 alone, 4.1 millon lacches wore imported from places as far aay as Indie and Africa, elthough the best leeches were said to come from Sweden and Hungary. Leeches we harvested by collectors whe would walk through tha water, allewing the creatures to ettach themselves to their lags. A good collector could gather up to 2,500 leaches in a day. Indeed, so meny leeches were harvested that the creature was in danger of becoming extinct, and leech farms were established in Fanos ancl Germany to er'sure a continuse suoply. By the early 20th century, hirudetherapy ~ the medical use of leeches ~ was considered old-fashioned enc) somewhat barberic, This all cbanged in the 1980s thanks to Joseph Unton, @ surgeon based at Harvard University in the USA. Upton wrate an article about his successful use of hirudotherapy to treat a condition called venous insufficiency, where blood poo's under the skin. Not oniy can leeches remava the excess, blood quickly, but their saliva contains a natural ant-coagulant called hirudin that prevents blood from clotting In fact. the salve of leeches is a useful aharmaceutical substence in other respects 100. It acts as a local anaesthetic beceuse it contains ¢ crerical that numibs its host so thatthe parson doosn't know that leech has attached itself Leach saliva also contains hoth a cherica that brings down swelling, and acters that produce a natural antibiotic substance to prevent their host picking up other infections. Hisudotherepy has been found to have a range of uses. For axamnpla, a clinic in Germany has reported thet itis useful in ‘eating arthitis, painful condition that affects the knees end other joints, ‘Solentists at the University of Wisconsin and elsewhere have been trying to davelop & mechanical leech ‘that would avo'd the tisk of infection and be efigotive over longer periods. Real leeches only teed for 15 10.20 minutes before they becorne full and detach themselves from the host. Hopafuly, patients who ae bothered by the thought of biological jaaches might be better able to tolerate the mechanical kind ACADEMIC READINGQuestions 18 Do the following statements agrae with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is 0 iniesmation on this ‘The first historical evidence for the usa of leeches in medicine comes from China, ln Ancient Rome, leeches were used to treat peoole who were not il In: medieval Europe, bloodletting may have done more harm than good In the 1914 century, more leeches were used in France than in ery other country, Wild leeches are quite difficult to catch in erge quantities. Leech farming was developed in the 19th cantury in response to a shortage of wild laaches. In the early 20th century, the use of leeches was prohibited in the USA, Joseph Upten stiugoled for many years to prove that hirudatherapy was effective Questions 9-13 Complete the notes below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS jar tho passage for each ansiver Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet. ‘Modem Medical Uso of Leeches Properties of leech saliva St0pS blood 9. unre Works 23.4 10 (host unaware) ‘Contains a substance that reduces 11 Contains bactaria that act as a 12 Also helps pationts sutfering from 13 ACADEMIC READING — 173,m™ READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2, Driverless Cars ‘Autonomous vehicles that require no driver at the wheel have become the hottest new thing in the car industry as technology companies and carmakers ace to build vehicles that will evolutionise the way \we travel, commute, work and own cars. The idea may sound futuristic but its proponents think the bbonafits are tangible and will come soon. ‘There are no limits, We're pushing cars beyond anything Seople thought possible before, says Protess Alberto Broggi, a selt-driving pioneer from Parma in italy. He's been criving autonomous cars for more than fifteen years without mishap, But for most of that lime the technolcay has been on the sidelines “The first test we did was back in 1998 when no one was taking about autonomous cars ... the meds ‘was treating it as one of those things crezy professors do; says Broggi. ‘When we made it to the national naws, our drive wes broadoast after an item about the fattest cat in the world’ Although much cof the technology exists in many cars today in devices such as parking cameras and slectroric steering, it was only Google's demonstration of self-driving technology in 2010 that brought serious attention. That emonstiation, says Andy Palmer, Nissan's head of product planning, ‘put a racket under the industry’ The most obvious effect of letting cars control themselves s reclaiming time for drivers. In the USA, people who commute by car spond about lity minutes a day at the wheel, says Ragunethan Fejsuma 2 professer at Camegie Mellon University. Saving thase dead hours ‘enhancas the productivity of the indivicial’, ne says. Carmakers dreem of commuters spending the time replying to emails or school runs where parents help their kids with thelr homework, AA sovond sitect could core with quicker travel No longer under the control cf stow-reacting humans, care ean travel mush eloser together without the danger of calisions. "The majority of trtfic jams are caused by the mismetch of speeds between difforent vehiclas; says Prof Rajkumar. Autonomeus vehicles dort have to soeed up or slow down: Also, by driving close togeter in narrow lanes at a constant speed, autonomous cars could pack themselves far more tighty into the same amount of {ed soace. This could alse have @ taling impact on urban planning and reduce the need for new roads as the world’s populetion rises, paticuarly in cities in developing countries in danger of being throted by trafic. The average US citizen spends thirty-eight hours a yeer stuck in traffic, whilst cars spend ninety per cent of their ives parked up. Such inefficianey would be eliminated if cars ruled the read, a passengers could cet on with their Ives ‘Another significant benefit could be a big reduction in acridents, most af which are caused by human terror. ‘Our vision is very simply that cars shouldr't crash; saysToscan Bennet, a product planner at Volvo, which builds cars programrned to spot and avoid large animals such 28 moase. And ene of the \ways to prevent ears from erashing is to actualy take the human aut of the equation’ Despite a cepack to save many lives, however, automated cars may still struggle for social acceptability, Even a small umber of mishaps would raise difficult questions about the technology. ‘People eren't comfortable: robots killing then’ says Bryant Walker Smith, of Stanford University in the USA. Meanwhile, insurers ‘have nightmeres about court ceses involving crashes for which responsibility ies with a datective ‘microchip rather than a person. Carmakers say these difficult questions will not stop them. There ere ‘many things that have to be solved! says Alan Mulally of Ford. “But we're absolutely committed to the technology! ACADEMIC READINGMeanwhile, merkating experts are looking at the economics. In the early days, high aosts will mean few people can atford the vehicles. Ford's self-driving prototypes cost about $500,000. Although these costs ‘would fall once a vehicle goes into production, most buyers would be priced out af the market. Ta spread the cost, autanomous cars will simply have to work herder, says Peul Sat, e Silicon Valley commentator, touring the streets endlessly 10 justify thelr costs by fenying mare people araund-— operating more like taxis than private vehielas and making some forms cf public transport such as buses redundant, Indeed, the impact in social, economic and personal terms promises to be farreaching. Ifthe industry's visionaries are to be believed, itwill mean a complete rethink of the car ~meny people's second most Valuable possession altar their home. The role of the car 4s 2 status symbol would be under serious threat. Uitimataly, with the development of automated cars, there may be ne reeson to own a vehicle ot all, no mattar how low prices fll ft can be summoned with nothing more than the tap of a smartphone ‘pp, then discarded after cropping @ passenger off, why bother to own a cer outright? ‘People wan't buy robotic 0473, they'll subscribe to them; says Mr Satfo, Burt it wll be humans who determine whether criverless cars become the norm, Hebits and cultural norms de not change quickly - particularly when trey concern an object that has become @ conspicuous patt of daily life. A study by the UK's Automobile Association found that sixty-five per cent of people Jked driving too much te want an autonomous car It mey take: generational change to avercome such deeply ingrained beliefs. Mr Saffo, who came of age in California in the second half of the 20th century ~ tha golden age of the car - says: ‘For my age Group, personal freedom was a car’ But of the students ne teaches now at Stanford University, he says: ‘For them, a smartphone ‘ulfis that function‘ The dasire to be liberated rather then enslaved by tocinelogy will be the dacisive factor ACADEMIC READING vs6 ACADEMIC READING Questions 14-20 Roading Passage 2 has elght paragraphs, At Which paragraph conteins the following information about driverloss cars? White the comect letter, AH, in 60x08 14-20 on your answer sheet. Some fettars may be used more then once, 14 An-examole of e particular manufacturer already using some related technology, 48 Evidence that confirms that the idea of the cars wasn't always taken seriously. 116 Mention of an event thet changed attitudes towerds the idea of the cars 117 The idea that the cars would need to be used rmore intensively, 1B An exemple of how an individual might gain access to a driveriess car. 19. Mention of the doterrination of thesa in the industry to overcome legal complications 20. The suggestion that there is great competition between manufacturers to be the frst produce them, Questions 21-24 Complote the summary bolow: (Choose NO MORE THANTWO WORDS from the passage for e2oh answer White your answisis in boxes 21-24 on your answer sheet. How automated cars will make road travel more efficient. Ragunathan Rajkumar predicts tht people traveling to work or 2 by car wl be able to make more elfisiant use of the time if they use autonomous cars, The time soe! ‘revelling could also be reduced thanks to the technology, Drivers tend to be rather BB vow nsvoe-~ Which means that Cars have to keep a safe distance from one anther. Driveriess cars can use the evalable road space mare efficiently because thay do not need: wide 23, land can travel at 2 24 which doesn't vary. ‘Questions 25-26 Choose TWO letters, A-E White the correct letters in boxes 25 and 26 on your answer sheet, ‘The list below includes some predictions made about the impact of driverless cars. Which TWO are mentioned by the writer? A They may notbe suitable for all the world's cites ‘They would be to0 expensive for most individuals to buy. The technology might not be totally reliasle, Mest people would find using them enjoyable Pacple will come to se them as a symbol of personal freedom, moew[everest READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3. Ultraconserved Words ‘The idee that its possible to trace the relationship between languages by comparing words with similer sounds and meanings seems obvious today, but there was litle researc inthis field until the 1780s, Thet is when Willam Jones noted the similarity between Latin, Greek and Sanskrit, an proposed that they all dered from a cormmon ancestral language, This idea isthe bas's tor historical nguistics en has been used 10 trace the movernents of people from place to place. For instance, by comparing Flomany with various Indian ‘anquages, itwas possible to prove that India was the original homeland of the Roma people living in Europe. edition, inquiets have believed that it was impossible for words to exist in a recognisable form for more than nine thousand yesrs, Recently, however, evolutionary biologist Mark Pagel and colleagues from the University of Reading in the UK claim to nave traced a group of common words back to the language used by huntergatherers some fifteen thousand yes ago. ‘The team from Reacing published a renorin the Praceedings of the National Academy of Sciences indicating that they had found a group of what they termed ‘itraconserved! words thet have survived since the last ice ‘Age. The researchers studied some two-hundred cognates - words that have a similar sound and a similar meaning in more than one language. For example, the English ward mother has eagnates in numerous languages, including madre in Spanish, mutter in German, moterin Latin, mararin Sanskrit, andl mathairin [nigh The researchers examined commonly used words, because these are the ones which are less likely 10 change over tine ‘Seven major language familes were studied, which together comprise over seven hundred individual modem languages: Altoc, which includes madem Turkish and Mongolian; Chukche-Kamchatkan, which includes the far wil languages of north-eastern Siberia, Dravidian, which includes languages spoken in southern India Inuit Je spent Which cludes languages spoken in Alaska and other Arctec ragions: Kartvelan, which includes Georgien end | ‘ther languages spoken in the Caucasus resion: and Uralic, which includes Finnish and Hungarian. About half ofthe world's current pooulation speaks one ofthe languages in these seven families, but the individvel languages mate for quite e divarse group; they do not sound alke, use a range of different alphabets and their ‘speakers are widely separated geographicaly. When the researchers found cognates, they tried to translate these into ‘proto-words' which they believed ‘tobe the commen ancestral item of vocabulary This required a knowledge of how sounds change when ‘words move from ona language to another; for example, the p sound in Romance languages (o1sces n Latin ‘and pesce in lalien) bevornes an fin Germanic languages (isch in Gorrnan and fishin English). The tear ‘thea looked at thesa proto-vrords in relation ta the languages inthe seven faries, and were gratified to fing twenty-four that wore shared by atleast four ofthe language families, although frustratingly only one (howd that was found in all seven. According to Pagel, however, all this paints to the existence of @ protrE urasiate fengueee, which was the ancestor of al the languages in these families. ‘Ws've never heard this language, and isnot written down anywhere he says, ‘But this anoastral language was spoken end heard. People siting ‘round campfires used it to tak to each other” ‘Some of the twenty-three ultreconserved words on the lst are unsurprising’ mother you, me, this, what, not man, fire Others are rather unexpected: bark, worrn, to spit, ashes. Pagel found the inclusion of the verb to give on the list heertwerming. I was realy delighted to see it there’ he says, ‘Our society is characterised by 2 “degree of cooperation and reciprocity that you simply dont see in any other animal, Verbs tend to change fay ‘quickly, but that one hasnt: “The study's conclusions are nct without chtics, Linguist Sarah Thomason from the University of Michigan in the USA 's unconvinced and finds @ numberof flaws ini. She writes: Thisis the latest of meny attemots “to.get around the unfortunate fact thet systematic sound-mesning correspondences in related languages ‘decay co much overtime that even # the words survive, they ave unrecognisable as cognates .. Tis means that word sots that havo siriar meanings end also sound similar alte fifteen thousand years are unlkaly to share those similar sounds as the result of innertance from a common ancastor Wiliam Croft 3 linguk the Univarsity of New Maxico inthe USA, is more symgathetic than many tothe idea, and says that th ‘of methods from evolutionary biclogy makes the idea of a Eurasiatic superterily more plausisle. tt ‘won't convince most historical linguists to accept the Eurasiatic hypothesis, but their resistence may: somewhat! her. btneeda ACADEMIC READING Questions 2; Do the following statements agree with the views/claims of the writer of Reading Pas In boxes 27-22 on your answer sheet, write ves if the statoment agrees with the views of the writer No if the statement contradicts the views of the writer NOTGIVEN _ifitis imoossible to say whst the writer thinks abour this Wiliam Jones wes a pianeer in tha field of historical linguistics, Study of Romany has shown that itis most closely elated to other European eng Linguists had overestimated how lang words might exist in a recogniseble form. The National Academy ol Sciences was impressed by Page!’s research methods Pagels team studied words that begin with the same sound in various lenguages Pagel’s team concentrated on words which occur very frequently in the langueg Questions 33-37 Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-H below, White the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 33-27 on your answer sheet. 33 The languages in the families studied by Pagels team ara 34 Dravidian is given as an example of a group of languages which are 35 The proto-words which Page's team initely Identified were 36 Pagel’s team wos plaased to find @ number of protowerds which are 37. Pagal’s team wes disappointed nat to identify more prato-words which were algo the ancastor of the rest of the world’s languages. ymrnon to all of the larger groups under consideration. ‘currently spoken by a significant proportion of the world’s inhiebitants erived from eagnatas found across groups of languages. likely to have sinierities in their written forr currently spoken in one specific geographical area. marked by similarities in the way they are oroneunced found in the majority of the language groups studies.en langu form. thads. guages. guages si Questions 39-40 Cheese the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Wh fetter fh boves 28-40 on your ansveor shat the core pleased to find that to gh ‘yeu word because Pagel was particul ‘A itas one af the few vers on the list. B__itwas one that he wouldnt have predicted, © _itretiects an enduring aspect of human behaviou roves that sorne word classes are lass katy x Sarah Thomason is eit of Pagel’s study kecause ub ‘enough cagastes to be valid sho foals that it's marely replicating previous work on cognates. pat more research is needed on the subject of cognates idea about which words are cognates. D Wiliam Croft puts forward the view that Page's research ‘may halp to make historical inguists more open to his ideas. as made linguists mere sympathetic to interdisciplinary studies. puts forward a convincing case for a Euresiatic superfarnily af languages. should have made more use of study methods trorn evolutionary ACADEMIC READING vaA The Test Task1 Describing 20 minutes 150words 1/3cf visual ‘otal information Task2 Expressing 40 minutes. 250words 23of oa total justifying an ‘pinion The IELTS Academic Writing Testis designed to test your bility to wile n clear, coherent, and welkorganised English. The are two Writing tasks, and you have one hous to complete both tasks, The instructions advise you to spend about 20 minutes ‘onTask 1 andl 40 minutes on Task 2. You can decide how to ‘organise your time, but it’s best to follow this advice. InTask 1, you see sore vistal information on the question paper. For example, there maybe a chart,» grap, a table, a diagram or ¢ maafplan, Your job isto dascribe this visual infermacion in your own words. There's nv need to ave your ‘inion about the data cr to interpret the information in any wey, because only a simale dascrintion is required, In Task 2, a point of lew or ergument is presented on the ‘auestion paper, Your job is to caimmnent on ths, gving your ‘own opinions with axamplas from your own knowledge and experience InTask 2 you have to write more weds, have more time and more marks ate avaiable This doesn't mean thatTesk 1 i easier townite, however. In ft, you may have more experience of ‘writing opinion essays and co you may find this aasier thar describing visual infarmaton. The main dference between “Tesks 1 and 2 i that Task 1 only cals or simple descrntion, ‘whereas in Task 2 you're expected to give your opinion. Task 1 ForTask 1, you see some sort of visual information which you need ta describe. There may he, for example, a map of 3 diagrom showing a process or how something works. of starsticel information may be presented in the form of line ates, bar charts, tebies or pie charts. This information often describes how something has changed aver time, and there may be two sets of visual information 10 Your job is to dascribe the most impo'tent points in the statistics! or diagrammatic information in your own words. For stotstic| tasks, you usually raed to selact and report on the most important features of the cherts, to identify trends, and 10 compare and contrast data, For map tasks, you often have tocompare the features of = place over ume, for exarnpla, & map of ¢ town today compared with one of the same town wenty years ago. In diagram tasks, you usually have to describe a process, for example, how a product is made ar now a piace of equipment functions. ‘There are seven Task 1 Writing lessons, which deal one by cone with the seven possible vantions in Task 1 Task 2 In Task 2. you're asked to give your opinion abaut a ‘contemporary issue, and to support your opinion with and examples. The issue thet you have to write about isa ton the question paper, and there is no choice of topic. Bul su28 included are familiar ones that most students aes navy quite a lot about. Not al tasks aa the same, how and you may, fr example, be ested to present « sohrion ’ problem, present and justify en opinion, of to compare Contrast evidence and the opinions af other people The task on the question paper often takes the form ofa brief. general statement and you have to say to what ex ‘you agree or visagrao with it. The task may, however, two sides of an argument and ask you To discuss these) before giving your ovin opinion. A third type of tesk pres you with a problem end asks you to doscribe possible and solutions. ‘You don't need any social Knowledge to do any of test tesks and you're marked on your use of language rathert ‘you opinions. Son ‘culture, education, femily, health, Mendship, transport he envionment, travel, crime, work and entertainment ‘There are three Task 2Writing lessons, which deal one with the three possible variations in Task 2 B Marking criteria Whiting tasks are marked by tained examin very detailed criteria The two tasks ate marked separa ach is given a band scare from 0-8. Hali-bend scores ‘overall Writing score, end Task { ecoounis for one Tasks are marked according to four criteria, Each oft Criteria counts equally towels your score for each ‘task. For example, have yau included all the relevas information in your ovm words? Did you wirite at least Here the examinar assosses whether you have tulle task. For example, have you addrassad al ‘ask Are your ideas supported by examples and re ‘you stay on topic? Di you write atleast 250 words? Hore tho ox: and coheshve answer. For example, is your answer a ina cleer and logical way? Is there a smooth flow ci Have you used paragraphs effectively? Are your pare senteneas and clauses joined togather with appr linking words and pirases? Here the examiner assesses your ability to use awi ‘of vocabulary accurately and appropriately For exam ‘you know enough words to answer the question You used formal words? Have you spelled words ca used the correct form of words?he examina assesses your ability to use & range of al stuctures sccuratey. In other words, do you which grammatical structures to use write your loss your answer uso a wade range of simale and je rammatica structures? Is the grammar of your sees gonorlly accurate? IELTS Writing Bond Descriptors for Task 1 anc Task 2 agen $31 and 392 rategies re the test 300d idea to familiarise yourself with the format ofthe gest. Make sure you know exactly what you have to do fps of than yau can feel contident and prepared cof th test, For excinple, you could read some les of students’ wring tasks ands gvan end wry. jase doing the wing tasks within the time limit. dens chen spend tao ong on Task 1 because they ty t2 toe much information. This eves ther with to ile what matks they ik ,itsimportant to look at the visual meteral endl andi lull before you start wtting, Practise looking ‘ables, et, to see how the infoirnation is typically Pacise dentifying the mest important pieces ot aon. ‘ek 1, eqressing ideas clearly na faw words is 2 key fe cise in this section to practise comparing jad deas wittin the same sentence and betwean short esby using linking words and phrases, e.9. whierees, Bh, an the other hand, etc fon you practise writing the tasks, use @ stopwetch epp on Fierro computer 9 tine yoursel ¢f thinking about possible Task 2 topics, its goed idea is a.D0c, brainstarm some ideas, ond then make 8 note Do this with 2s many tops as possi, 342, practise vrting plans for cfferent tps of before you ansiver ther. Mako sure you plan to i sraduction, two oF three paragraphs on diferent the topic and a conchssion. In English 2s clten as you can. Use the Internet to keen, intolatest neves and current effars in English Whi Breadra, think about your opinions on the issues. Ths ean puis somatring to say about a varity of cilerent topics. reed about current Sues, make alist of words and ie! rato to that topic. Make a note of ow words are jd used for examine, iomatc exprassions they are Fslezestions ard cther worrs they solloeate with, ote jn the enwor slieet for you to write eact of the ‘ou can waite on the question paper you ke, put er sheet counts, The question pepers, e000. White clearly so thar the markors can teed your wating easily. You van writin cursive stylet ‘oryoucan print (example). You can meke corrections and changes if you lke, bbut make sure itis clear whet you went the examiner to ead as art of your answer. Remember to civide your work into paragtaphs and to make ‘ris clear to ha examiner by leaving spaoes between psragraghs (oF by indenting the ‘rst ward of each perearanh. 1 Make Suro you vate more than the minimum number of ‘words for each task ~ 150 words forTask 1 and 250 words fer Task 2. There is no maximum number of words, but you should fecus on writing dear and corect answer rather than a ong + Don't weste time counting words during the test, Always heck the rlimoer of words you vite when you do precice tasks ~ this heips you to develop a feel for how much you need to mite during the actual exem. = Remember that the two tasks sre not timed separately, but thatthe question naper advisas you t2 spend 20 minutes an Teak | and 40 rninutas onTask 2. Its best 1c folow this edvics here 8 aways a clock nthe exam room that everyone can see. ‘© Fomomber notte spend too long on Task 1 After the test + I's 8 good idoa to rafiact on how you performed in the test, but dort weste time and energy worying ebout ary mistakes that you mey have made,12 WRITINGTASK 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on this ta ‘The graph helow gives information from a report about the purpose and frequency of Internet use by medical students in 2009 in one country. ‘Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant l Wit at least 150 words Purposes of Internet use 6 Percentage of students ACADEMIC WRITING monthly occasionally Frequency research email informetion for patient BoS reading recommended coursework chat LaWRITING TASK 2 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: On balance, advertising is more harmful than beneficial. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer and include eny relevant examples from your own knowledge or ‘exporiencs, Write at least 250 words. ACADEMIC WRITING seaRead the information about the task. Task 1 tests your ability to look at visual information in a oreph, chart, teble or aiiagrem, and identify end report the mest important information in your own words One common way to present visual information is in the form ofa line graph. On the question peper, you sea line aregh with a title, The instructions for writing your response apnesr in 2 box above the gragh. There is 2is0 a brief descrition of the information in the line graph in the box. hors is usually @ key (legend) which helps yas ‘to distinguish the lines on the graph and tells you what each line represents. Your job is te look at the graph ang: select, summarise and dscrice the most important information Line graphs typically show trends, A trend is @ movement of data in a genaral direction over time. On a line graph jesented Ly the direction of ti lines. Trends ean be upward or downward or they ca Tema al the same lave. An important part of your response is to dascrba trends and to compare them. horizontal axis usualy involves units of tima: cays, months, years, and soon. Usually the ask isin tho past, but some graphs include projections about the Tukure. The vertical axis ean s any kind 0 Gata: costs, temperatures, rainfall, amounts of some commodity, population figures, and so on. I's important to examine the graoh before you write your answer, and ta think about what the gregh is teling you. Yau have to look and think carefully and choose what information to include so that your response repor, ‘only the key information, Here are the basic ules for writing about a line graph: Look ot the gregh earetully and decide what the most irpontant information and sviking features are Write a woll organised averview vlude date to support the key paints. Use an academic register or style Yiite ai least 180 words, Completa the task in about 20 minutes Include only the key paints. Minor details or itelevant deta car Don't do any calculations cr pive your opinion about the information. ACADEMIC WRITING2 Work in pairs. Complete the sentences (1-9) with the correct ending (A-N) Your overall task is to identify and wrte about You should waite You aren't required to wnte TE The graph usually has g The text box above the gra § The numbers on the horizontal axis usually represent The key on a ling graph provides > The oiraction of the lines on a line graph shows (> You have about [A information about what each line represents, B units of time. Cover 150 words. D trends, which can be rising, fling, or lavel Ean explanation or analysis of tha information on the graph. | the most important information shown in the line greph, G20 minutes to complete the tesk. H a title above it 1 instructions end some information about the grant B Sample question 3 Read the instructions and answer the question. Use the rules about the task from Section A to help you. Then look at the sample answer on page 334, Which aspects of the task did you find difficult? ELIS PRACTICE TASK fy should spend about 20 minutes on this ‘The graph below gives information about the technology that households in ane US city used for watching television between 2004 and 2014. ‘Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. —— Satellite wa = Cable Internet —— Broadcast Number of households srr ane re To a | 2006 2010 2012 oa ACADEMICWRITING 185168 ACADEMIC WRITING C Tips and tactics 4 Work in paits. Read the tips and tactics and discuss these questions. ‘8 Which tips and tacties do you think aro the most useful? b Did you use any of these tips and tactics when you answered the sample que: in Section B? © Which tips will you use in the future? 1 The first step is to look carefully et the information in the line graph. Don't rush throu this step. Make sure you understand the graph before you start to write 2. Underline imeartant words in the question and circle important points an the graph. 3 Identity what key information 's being presented in the graph and which important d figures or striking features you'll need to write sbout, 4 Plan your wirting. You cen usually divide it into three paragraphs: introduction, fi paragraph end second main paragraph. 5 Hi the line creph has more than two lines, try to arrange the data into two or three: For example, you could divide the dete into rising trends and faling trends 8 Look carefully at the timeframe that the graph covers and work out whal tenses you! need to use (past, present, present perfect or future). 7. Begin with an intreductory sentence thet describes the graph in general terms, but repeat the exact wording of the question 1B Then ascribe one or two general trends shown in the graph. Don't go into detail report the most important trends you ses when you look st the graph 9 In the first main paragreon, select and write about the features that are most impart ang interesting, for example, rising or faling trends, cr where lines intersect, end ind relevant data to support the points you make. 10 Focus on the general direction of a trend; don’t write ebout each change in direction fine 11. Don't try to write ebout all the data in the line graph and con't include details that are irrelevant to the main trends. Remember, don’t try to analyse or explain the information in the graph, or do any calculations; just describe and report it Keep track of the time. Don’t spend more than 20 minutes on Task 1 Make sure your handwriting is clear and legible. S Keep in mind the enteria that the exeminers use to mark your response. (For marking criteria, see About the Academic Whiting Test, pace 180.) ™ D Skills-building exercises indicate The graph indicates the growth in the service sector and the daciina in the manufacturing sector. show This graph shows how nwo programs performed over a ten-year period. compare The graph compares changes in the annual rainfall n four oftes. provide/give information Information is providediis given in this graph about the growth of productivity for severe firms, provide data Thiv grap! provides data about thres irends: ..,.., arid5 Look at the title and the graph about average temperatures in Paris, Dubai and Melbourne. Write four introductory sentences about the graph using introductory verbs from the box on page 186. Try to use different sentence structures and vocabulary in each sentence. 1 ths 4 r vo-month pe Average temperatures — Paris, Dubai and Melbourne 35 oe Pos — Paris § 2 & Dubai 5 & E 2 — Melbourne upa tise (v) Production costs rose to their highest level ofthe year in July. tise (n) There vas a rise in production costs to the highost loval ofthe year in Ju. {90 up (v) Betv2en 1900 end 2000, the population went up by ever a milion people _grow (grew, grown (v) The numberof firstcime users grew rapidly in 2015, growth (n) These was a r9p%i growth in the number of first-time users in 2016; increase (v) The numbers of oyctsts increased betvween 2006 and 2010. Increase (n) There wos an inerease in te nurriber of eyclists between 2005 and 2010, DOWN decline (v) The constriction of naw homes declined for ten years in sticcasston, decline (n) There was a decline in the number of new homes for ten years in succession. ‘go down (v) After a bviaf rise, imeorts went down again. docrease (v) Average lest scores decreased 2t three of the schools. decrease (n} There was a decrease in test scores at three of the schools. drop (Vv) [n 2008, foreign investment dropped by over 20%. ‘drop {n) /n 2008, there was @ drop in foreign investment of over 20%. fall (fll, fallen) (v) The number of overseas students fell in 2013. fall (n) There wes a fall n the number of intemational students in 2013. SAME > ‘stay the same The conpary's market share stayed the same. remain constant For shyee mnths, the percentage remained eonstan ‘UPAND DOWN way fluctuate (v) The number of seasonal workers employed by the company fluctuates each Ee fluctuation (n) There have been fluctuations in the number of seasonal workers employed: cay i go up and down {v) Fares have gone up and down over the last few months ACADEMICWRITING 187fat (+ time of dey) at noon, at 8am. ‘on (+ detellay of the week) on Ist October; om Mondays in (+ month/season/yearfdecada/century) in June; in the summer: im 2014; in the 18 the 2ist century for (2 period af time) for ten yoars: for the next several monihs by (before or at a specific point in time) by 10th April By the end of 2016 Until (up te certain point) until December 31; until 2020; until he beginning of 20M from ... to/betwoon ... and (starting points and ending points) from 2001 to 2016, betwaen isi January and 37st June bafore/atter (+ point in time) before 5:00 pun. after the 19th century around (+ period of time or point in time) around 1997, for around six mantis during (for the duration of a period of time) during the 1980s, during the winter: dur Api EEE ee [QUEM 6 Look at the graph about the number of university applications. Write sentences ‘the words in brackets. Write about main trends or important points. Describing generel portant trends end main 1 {tise trom... to features ‘The number of apoications received by Atherton University rose from 1480 to: 2005, iclimb 0 / By) tial to find (e decline in J during) tiluct ‘ween ... and Wievot off / around) each a peak f around) idrop / istay the same /from to) Number of applications received by four univer Number of students Ps lull 1980 198519901985 200020052010 Year — Athorton University — The University of Lakewood — Alstead University = Lindslade College ACADEMIC WAITINGUP OR DOWN QUICKLY rapidly (adv) The number of smariahones in use has risen rapidly over the last ten years. rapid (adi) fn this decade, there was 3 rapid incisase in smartphone use. suddenly (adv). Employment figures droped suddenly during the following ten years. sudden (adj) The next decade sawa sudden decrease in employment igure. sharply (adv) he o7ic2 of textbooks rose sharply. sharp (ad). There was @ sharp rise In te price of textbooks. dramatically (adv) Exports fel) dramatically last year dramatic (adj) There was a dramatic fallin exports lest year. ignificantly (adv) Property taxes rose significantly in 2014. significant (adj) Thore was a significant rise in prowerty taxes in 2014. steeply (adv) The number of people attending the event increased steeply in 2013. steep (adj) Tho year 2013 sai a steep increase in the number of people attending the evant. major (adj) A major exoansion of the company’s marketing department is expected in the next faw years. UP OR DOWN MORE SLOWLY 7. steadily (adv) The number of tourists visiting the park rose steadily. steady (adj) The park expertenced a steady increase in the number of toursts. gradually (adv) The population of the province gradually ceciined. gradual (adj) There was @ gradual decline in the population of the province Slightly (adv) Bus fares mey go up slightly. slight (adj) A slight increase in bus fares is expected. minor (adj). There were minor fluctuations in the value of raw meterials. For more See ACADEMIC WRITING 09 i190 ACADEMIC WRITING 7 Look at the graph about students studying languages at university. Write two sentences about each language. Use vocabulary from any of the language boxes pages 186-189 to help you. Try to write about main trends or significant features French ‘The number of siudents studing French tnereased somewhat from 19 1495 Number of students studying languages at one university in the UK Number of students ‘Some line graphs make predictions about the future. When you are describing 8 prois you should use lengusge that ndicates that tnase activities take place in the fuwre. the desa is uncercain ight + infinitive The costs of acing business in Counity B might rise next year ay + infinitive Government reverues may go down agein during the next ques will + probably + infinitive According to the graph, the number of websites will probably double over the 2x: few years is + probably + going to + infinitive Thcie is probably going to be an increase" umber of television dramas this auturnn. noun +is predicted A sucden increase in tourism is predicted. is predicted + to+ infinitive. Tho number of iourss is prodicted to rise. noun + is expected / deciie (7 the average age Is expected. noun + is expected + to-+ infinitive Tne average age is expected to go cown. It is expected that + clause {tis expeoted that tho avoiage 296 vil decrease, EM8 Look at the graph showing worldwide rice consumption. Write sentences about the four projections. Remember to use language from the box on page 190 to indicate that the data is uncertain. ibe 1 Accanting to Prajection | rice congumotion around the world it expected ta grow to quer | Four estimates of worldwide rice consumption Be e007 2 gid | 2 — Projection 1 Be Projection 2 ie — Projection 2 om — Projections 3 — Projection 4 = z , | By 7 7 7 1 < 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 Year 9 Work in pairs. Look at the line graph below and answer the questions, the — The graph below gives information about marriage and divorce in the United Kingdom from 1956 to 2006. Martiage and divorce 3 | | 2 500 | 2 =Allmarriages 2 ao i i = Fistmariages| | 5 0 iva’ | 3 | ma —Remarriages | 4 | i | = 10 | | 3 io T T T T & 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 | 2 Year | 2 What do the four lines on the graph indicate? 3. What is measured on the vertical axis? What unit of measurement is used? 4. What is measured on the horizontal axis? 5 What trends co yau see in the grepn? © What are some of the most important features of this araph? 7 Should you try to report on all the changes in direction that you see in the graph? why2AWhy not? 1 What basic informetion does the graph provide? ACADEMICWRITING 19110 Look at the graph about marriage and divorce on page 191 again. Answer the que Writing an 1 Which of these statements about the graph (A cr B do you think isthe bast introducta introductory sentence? Why is it better? sentence and A ie 4 is Granh provides information about marriage end divorce jn the United ceoee evn Kingdom from 7956 to 2008, trends This graph indicates the changing nature of marriage, divorce and remarriage over & period of five decades. 2. Which of these statements best describas the main trends of the graph? Why is tbe A. In general, we see that the number af marriages declined dramatically over this period, while the number of divorces and remamniagas slightly increased. B Overall, the marriage rate went from about 405,000 per year to less then 300,000 a year, while the number of divorces went from about 30,000 s year to about 180,000. 11 Look carefully at the graph below and answer the questions. (3-5 minutes) Identifying the 1 Whatis the ovarall purpose of the graph? important points 2. What are ane or twa impartant points about the population in and key features in @ the United States? —b Nigeria? ~—¢_ Japan? 2graph ‘3. What points of comparison can you make about changes in population in these three countries? The graph below gives historical information and projections about changes in population in the United States, Nigeria and Japan. Population changes in threé countries 600 500 United States 300 200 100 1950 Year 12 Now write your answer. (10-15 minutes) 11 Write an introductory statement (based on the information in the text box above the and describe the main trends shown in the graph in paragraph 1 2. Give dotails about changes in population in the three countries in the next paragraph, Remember to use the appropriate tanses (past and future fcr predictions) 3. Compare the population changes in the third paragraph, 13 Check your work. Look for mistakes in spelling, punctuation and grammar. Make si that you have used the correct tenses, and used a good variety of language for d ‘graphs. (3-5 minutes) 14 Work in pairs. After you have finished, look at the model answer on the DVD-ROM. ‘Compare your answers with the model answer and think about the marking crt page 180 for marking criteria.) 182 ACADEMIC WAITING.IELTS PRACTICE TASK You should spenc! about 20 minutes on this tesk. The graph below gives information about how teonagers (aged 12-19) in one state in the United States communicated with each other. ‘Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words, How teenagers in one US state communicated % of all teenagers + Text messages — Calls on cell phones — — —Talkface-to-face Email | eel confidant about writing responses for Task 1 Line Graphs. | did OK, but | stillnsed to do more work oh writing responses forTesk 7 Line Graphs: | need more practice with writing responses forTask 1 Line Graphs. | need ta focus on om ACADEMICWRITING 183Senn ‘Wala sharks swimming at the Churaurni Aquarium, Okina i A About the taslc 41 Read the information about the task, This version of Task 1 tests your ability to look at ang identify the most important and relevant infarrnation and: trends in @ bar chart, and then repart the information in your own words. Un the question paper, you see a har chart with a ttle: The instruciions for wrrting your response appesr in & bak ‘above the chart. Thate is also ¢ brief description of the information in the bar cart 9 the box. There is usuallys key (legend that explains what each ber represents, Your jab is to look at the chart and select, summarise and describe the most important infarmation, Bar charts represont different valuas with tectargular bars. Thay present the same Soft of information found inline graphs burt in a different forrr. Typically, ove axis represents some numerical value such as costs income, birth rates, temperatures, eis, The athor axis can represent many different types of information: units lf time, different countries or cities, means of travel, sources of eneray, anc types of people (male end fermsles ‘employed and unemployed, taenagers and adults, etc) Ber charts are often used to compare things and many tar charis showy trends — changes in numbers in @ cortain direction over tne You should describe these trends ard colmpare and contrast them in your response. However, be aware that not all bar cherts shew consistent trond. There may else be exceptions. For example, ¢ chart rhay show ther the numiber of people who use smart ohar has been growing annually except for one year Ieis important took er the ber chert carefully anc think ahowt the information in the char. You shavidn' wate about al of che infermetion; you heve to choose the ponts to wile about carstully Hera are tha basic rules for vuiting about a ber chert {Look at the chart carefully end decide what tha most important information end stritns features are Vurite 2 wellorgan'sed overview. Include date to support the key points Use an acedemic register or style White at least 150 words. Campiete the task in about 20 rvinutes. Include only the Key points. Minar details or irelevent date Gan be left out Don't do any calculations or give your opinion about the information ACADEMIC WAITING.2 Work in pairs. Look at the bar chart and answer the questions. What tonic does it provide information about? What is meant by the term ‘trands'? What trends do you see in this chart? What is meant by the term ‘exception’? What exception do you see in this cra? ‘Which ara the lowest and highest bers in the chart? Nee Cau ec ee) Ei i} TF ‘i eee eee ae B Sample question ; 3 Read the instructions and answer the question. Use the rules about the task from Section A to help you. Then look at the sample answer on page 334. Which aspects of the task did you find difficult? i$ PRACTICE TASK {should spend about 20 minutes on this task. chart below gives information about how commuters travelled to work in one city in New Zealand. imarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where 10% 0% Forms of transport ACADEMIGWRITING 195,C Tips and tactics 4 Work in pairs. Read the tips and tactics and discuss these questions. b 13 4 % 196 ACADEMIC WRITING Which tips and tacties do you think are the most useful? Did you use any of these tips and tactics when you answered the sample: in Section B? Which tips will you use in the future? ‘The first step is to look carefully at the information in the bar chart. Don't rush tht this step. Make sure you understand the chart before you start i wit Underline important words in the question and circle important points in the bar¢ Identify what key infermation is bang presanvad inthe bat chart and which im detes, figures or striking features you'll need to writs about Plan your wirting. You can usualy divda it into thee paragraghs: introduction peragraan end secone main paragraph Llook carefully a the timeframe that the bar chart covers and work out what need t0 use (pest, present, present porfact or future) Becin with an introcuctory sentence thet describes the bar chart in generale don't repeat the exect worcing of the quastion ‘Then deserine one or two general trends o features shown inthe bar chart. De etal just report he most important trends and festures you soe when youl chart, In the first main paragraph, select and write about the features that are most it and interesting, anc include relevant data to super the points you make When selecting key information, look forthe highest and the lowest be. Look fr trends arc exceptions to those trends Don't try to write about ll the data in the bor chert ancl don't include datas that irelevart tothe main tends, Remember, dont try to anelyse or explain the information inthe char, or do any calculations; just dasenbe and report i Be careful when taeing abou quanttias.H you're unsure about exact figures, to aive an approximate figute, e.g. Factery A produced areund 6,000 units Keep teck ofthe time. Don't spend more than 20 minutes on Task 1 Make sure your hercwiting §cear anc legible Keep in mind he criteria that tre examiners use ro mark your response. (For criteria, see About the Acedemic Writing Test, page 180.)D Skills-building exercises around The population grew by around a mulion poopie in that dacad. about According to the chart, about 40% al people surveyad bolexo m UFOS. roughly Roughly 300,600 units were manufactured in fctory A in 2008. approximately Approximately 4,000 more peoole attended this year's parade. ‘almost The vacancy rate fo” hotel coms is almost zsr0 in August. nearly Nearly 0% of peaple in the country agreed with this decision Just over Just aver 2.5 ailion people worldwide own digital cameras. just under This stare has Just under 300 days of sunshine @ year. The number of serious storms to affect New England rose 10 21 this year. the amount of Tha amount of ratural gas produced this yeas inoroasod sharply. more than There was more rainfall in Apri than in May. fewer than The chart indicates that fewer people visited this website in 2012 than in 201 less than The factory produced less pollution during 2070 than in tha previous yaar {about) the same as The amount of time it takes to complete task A is (about) the same as the amount of tyne it takes 10 complete task 6. ‘To maka thase expressions stronger, you can use many, mitch, fr: many more than, much ‘move than, far less thar To make these expressions weeker you cen use slightly ore litle: slightly more then, litte less thon twice as many as There were nearly twice as many accidents at the factory this year as last year twice as much as According to the chert, there was abso twice as much cca! mined ia this county in the 19408 a8. tho 19905, {nearly/aimost) doubled The amount of milk produced! at this dairy farm nearly doubled over the five year period. The number ot runners in the race almost doubled between 2000 and 2015. half as many as There were only abauit half as many apclications far jobs received in Jenuery as there had been ind half as much as JA dolar in 1980 wes worth around half as much as it had been in 1962 amount + times + 28 many as There were, on aveiage, about thiee times as many pees Innenseapers in county A as in county B ‘amount + times +s much as ‘There wes wround four times as much ‘vais iv city Xasin city. ACADEMICWRITING 1975 Look at the chart about world production of bicycles and cars. Write sentences ‘the information in the chart using these phrases: 1 the number of A i 182000 te stout 50 milion slightly more / than roughly three times es meny /as far fewver / than ‘about twice as many /as only half as many / as ounen Look at the chart about snowfall in Canadian ski resorts. Then write complete sentences with information from the chart. Use the expressions in the lang ‘on page 187, 1 Viking Mountain / November / December v Ying Mountain / Snowbury / November Snowoury / Viking Mountain / December Powder Peak / December / November The chart shows the amount of snowfall at three Canadian ski resorts over at 188 ACADEMIC WRITING7 Look at the chart below. Use Information from the chart to write sentences with \ ‘these words and phrases. the most expensive “The Bejing Oympics in. 2008 were the 2. the second most expensive 3. the east expensive ) slightly higher rast expensive 5 much less costly than 6 far mar The chart shows the initial estimate of costs and the actual costs for the Summer Olympics trom 1976 to 2012. Initial estimate Actual spending i For more information and practice of comparatives and superatves, vee Grammar Resource Bank lemnsttin Bs ACADEMICWRITING 199200 TASK 1 Bar Charts GLOSSARY domitory(n) suisent accommodation provided by a unary ios Identiying the Important points and key features of bar chart ACADEMIC WRITING 8 10 " The chart below provides information about student accommodation at one US. university in 2013. ‘Student accommodation 2013 Tae e288 g Underrated HEB Greduatesudons Look carefully at the chart and the instructions and answer the questions. (3-6 min ‘What is the overall idea of the chart? .ccornmodation? 2. What are two important points about undergraduate studer 3. What are two important points about graduate student accommodation? 4. What points of comparison can you make between unde te and graduate faecommodation? Now write your answer. (10-15 minutes) 1 White en introductery statement (based on jhe information in the text box above t cher) and deseribe the averall ides or main trend shown in the chart mn oaraarape 2. Write two or three important points about undargraduate student accommodatian 3 Write two or three important points about graduate student accommodation. 4. Compere the information about graduate and undergraduate student accornmodal Give examples to support your answer Check your work. Look for mistakes in spelling, punctuation and grammar, Make: you have used comparative and superlative forms correctly, and used a good var language to describe charts. (3-5 minutes) Work in pairs. After you have finished, look at the model answer in the answer ‘the DVD-ROM. Compare your answers with the model answer and think about marking oriteria. (See page 180 for marking criteria.)IELTS PRACTICE TASK Sou should spend about 20 minutes on this task The chart below gives information about the purpose of visits to five cities in the UK in 2013. __ Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Hota re Mi oisoy Bipaisness | | iB Vsing ent orrdlties, q 10 Miscellaneous 0 2 10 Manchester | Birmingham "Liverpool UK citios London Edinburgh | feel confident about writing responses for Task 1 Bar Charts I did OK, but | still need to do more work on writing responses for Task 1 Bar Charts. | need more practice with writiig responses for Task 1 BSarCharts, | need ta focus on Eine ACADEMICWRITING 201202 Pence en aa ee urn ‘A cliniber on limestone pinnacles, MS 1. Read the information about the task. This version of Task 1 tests your ability to Jook at and identify the most important information in a table, andi port the information in your own words. On the question paper, you see @ table with a title, The Instructions for writing your response appear in 2 Box apove the table. There is also a brief dascriotion of the information in the table in the box. Your job is to look at he table and select, surnmarise and describe the most important inforr The columns and rows in the tabla may represent different time periods, differant types of people, different countries and so on, Each box in the table contains numbgrs. There may be certain trends la general direction hich something is developing or changing), sherp increases or decreases, or exceptions. Your task is to ently the most important and interesting points, and write a wel-arganised over view, comparing and cont where appropriate Hore are the besic rules for writing about a teble: = Look at the table carefully and dacide what the most important information end striking features ars . jew . ‘support the key points im Use an acedemic register or style im Yyrite at least 150 wor m= Complete the task in about 20 minutes IB Include only the key points. Minor details or iralevent data can be left out m Don't co any calculations or give your opinion about the information, ‘Work in pairs. Look at the table on page 203 and answer the questions. What information does the table provide? Look at the text shaded in darker blue this give you? hated in darker blue in the left-hen Formation das How much time would you have to write about a How long thow many words) should your ans\ ACADEMIC WRITING‘Monthly mobile phone usage by age in one Australian city ‘2007 Age group Texts Minutes used ‘younger than 18 322 18-28 401 25-34 35-44 45-54 56-04 478 colderthan 64 | 405 B Sample question 3 Read the instructions and answer the question. Use the rules about the task from Section A to help you. Then look at the sample answer on page 335. Which aspects of the task did you find difficult? IELTS PRACTICE TASK should spend about 20 minutes on The table bolow gives information about passenger arrivals and departures at the six main airports serving London for the year 2012. ‘Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where rlovant. | fe at least 150 words. Passengers in and out of London’s airports, 2012 Number of | Change | % of total Distance passengers | from 2011 passengers from central London Heathrcwe Ms 22km Gatwick 3 ask Stansted % 64kn Luton 6 % 7k London City ACADEMICWRITING — 203,C Tips and tactics 4. Work in pairs. Read the tips and tactics and discuss these questions, 2 Which tips and tacties do you think are the most useful? Did you use any of these tips and tactics when you answered the sample ques in Section B? © Which tips will you use in the future? 1. The tirst step is to look carefully atthe information in the table. Don’t rush through ‘hs step, Make sure you understand the table before you start to write. 2 Underine imeortant words in the question and circle important information in the th 3. Identity what key information is being presented in the table and which important feu ‘ar striking features you'll need to write about 4. Plan your writing. You can usually divide it into three paragraphs: introduction, frst mel paragraph end second main paragraph. | 5 Look carefully at the timeframe that the table covars and work out what tenses you to use lpast, present, present perfect or future) 6 Begin with an introductory sentence that descrizes the table in genoral terms, but co repeat the exact wording of the question 7. Tren deseribs one or two general trends or Teaturas shown in the table, Don't 99 i detail just reoor: the most important features you see wlian you look st the table, 8 Inthe main paragroph, 5 interesting, and include relevant data to support the points you make. 9 When selecting key information, look for the highest and the lowest figures in eed figures, and the range between them, 10 Look for similarities and differences in the information in the table and try to divide the information in the table inte groups, Yite about each main point 11 Don't try to wrte about all tne data in the table and don’t include details thet ere irel 40 the main trends. 12 Remember don’t Ly to analyse or explain the information in the tabla, or do ery celevlations; just describe and report it 4. Keep track of the time, Don't spend mare than 20 minutas on Task 1, 4 Make sure your Fandvvtiting is clear snd legible. 16 Keep in mind the eritera that the exeminars use to mark your response. (For marking criteria, see About the Academic Wnting Test, page 180.) D Skills-building exercises 5 Look atthe table on page 205 about sources for films. Then look atthe sentences LE ReGaEE (1°5). Choose the best option to complete the sentences. ‘werding to describo —-—«1-_«Based cn original screenpiey / Films based on an original sereenolay had the highest the categories ot per cent / percentage of market share. figures ina able 2. Films based on books or plays / Books and plays represented about & third of ote made during this period ‘There were slightly mare based on fact/movise based en fact made than on TV/mai tased on TV shows, anc based on fact / fs based on tact had a higher tetal goss Legend and fary tale / Films that were based on legends and tary tales reoresente tinder 20 per cent of all movies made in this perc. Theme pork rides / Movies based on theme park rides had the lowest neroentageal market share /markei share per cent uit had by far the highest average gross The table shows the source material on which Hollywood movies were based from 1995 to 2013. 208 ACADEMIC WRITINGMovies | Total gross ($ billions) screenplay. 4972 | 715 aS on books/ploys, tos7 | 492 264 108 780 88 on fact 188 112. on keend end fairy tale | 43 etraaae don theme parkride | 7 14 6 White four more sentences based on the information in the table. Make sure you conectly identify the category you are writing about. ‘Present simple: ino definite une, Pooolo overt age of 6 send and 1 Past simple: Witien e table gives definite past tme peri ae use the past tense. ‘i the 19505, ahout half the population ofthe nn "Present perfect: If you are looking back from now to 3 ee time i the past that aren some wey connected to the present, you should cate Oks San Past perfect: You can use the ou ‘of time in the past. Only about 15% of the population lived in cities in 1850, but by that number had reached rieaily 70%. Possibility future: |f the table involves: projections about the future, use oe possiblity in the future. The urban population may reach 70% ky: 7. Read the box above about using the correct tense. Then look at the two tables below ‘about car colours and answer the questions. rohalp 1 Write five sentences abaut the information in the first tablo. 2. White five sentences about the information in the second table, Use the correct verb tense in each sentenca, preference White | Black | Silver | Blue | Grey Red Green | Other feloursin = NortmAmeriea| 20 [17 —|7 (ast [nls ms (% of total — | Braz tt 25 | aie | 16. 8 2 4 Europa. 40 26 20 3 18 z 2 4 South Korea 18 26 a4 2 8 0 1 for car 1994 2008 2m4 Beacons | White an] 21 20 2 Beek | 1 13 16 Siver__| 15 2 Blue g a 8 3 | Grey | 10 _le re 2 Red 42 z 4 15 Green 8 6 4 i ‘Other | 14 14 a 3 ACADENICWRITING — 205206 Eo B Rewrite the following sentences. Replace the underlined words using words or expressions with a similar meani Using synonyms t0 iisipiaaiate ETE demorsuate ewide «1 The amount of goods mavad by ra fangeotvoeabulry ——«2.-According to te table, more boycies aro rade in Chna than in the Europeen Unig 3. About $10 milion of luxury goods are imported every vee 4 The data shows that more types of materials ere being re0 5 The income from ail exports went dawn in 2012 and ten again in 2004 6 The date from the year 1995 is quit intecasting 7 Farmers inthis province grow ‘nit and vagotablos. 2 Same of these changes were imacitant, Dut others were less so 9 These numbers changed! aciealy in the eary 1900s 10. Brazi’s performances in World Cup matches have generally bee (QUIEN 9 00k atthe table below about milk production in Australia and answer the qu Identifying the foes inloures) important aoints 1 What i the main point ofthe table? mrveried licen 2. What overall rend do you see? atable 4. Ag there any exceptions to this general trend? 4 What ara one or two impertent points bout Australien milk production in 2001/2008 What points of comparison can you make bet What about in 2010/2011? eon these two yaar? The table below provides Information about lk production ia Austra a milion of tre Summarize the information by seleting and reporting the main fstres, nd snake comparsons where elevant. Astalian milk production 2oor/200e zowa0n July 300 | - =| August | 710 September | 830 October | 920 [Neemterista| oo 120 Dasara | 280 ceo one 720 | e0 Fenny oso [xo Wasch om 730 Ani sé 620 [ier seo 0 Sue ei sso ACADEMIC WRITING10 Now write your answer. (10-16 minutes) 1 White an introductory statement (based on the information in the text box above the table} and describe the overall idea or main trend shown in the table in paragraph 1. 2. Give detalis about 2001/2002 and 2010/2011 in paragraph 2. 3 Compare statistics about milk production during these two periods. 11 Check your work. Look for mistakes in spelling, punctuation, and grammar. Make sure that you have used the correct tenses, and used a good variety of language for tables. (3-5 minutes) 12 Work in pairs. After you have finished, look at the model answer on the DVD-ROM. Compare your answers with the model answer and think about the mar (See page 180 for marking criteria.) IELTS PRACTICE TASK should spend about 20 minutes on this task. ‘Summat HWite 2 least 150 words Languages which high school students speak at hame The table below gives information about the languages that high schoo! stuclents speak at home in one school district in the USA. ‘comparisons where relevant. the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make Spanish 15,110, | 23810 on 3,028) | 273% gone zasyS—*d a orinese 1875 | 4670 E - OO sian aa sock 375 ao 138 ch [ito [2 pelese a 439 ee | eel confident about writing responses for Tesk 7 Tables. | dia OK, but | still need to do more work on wiriting responses forTesk 1 Tables. I need more practice with writing responses for Task 1 Tables. | need to focus on... Eamon ACADEMIC WRITING 207Read the information about the task. This version of Task 1 tests your ability to look at and dently thi most important end relevant information in charts, orto compare the information in-ane type of chert with that in another type of chan or graph, and then report the informetion in your own words, ‘On the question paper, you see a pie shart, or multiple cherts, The instructions for writing your response appa iin 4 b0x above the chari{s). There ie algo a brief deseriptian of the information in the charts) in the box. aurick tolook st the charts) and select, summarise and describe the mast important information. Apie charts a circular graph that is divided into segments, It iooks like a pizza out Inte uneven slices. fn3he the relationship setween the parts and the whote. Tho circe itself represenis 100 per cant of something ang each slice represents a certain percentace of that thing, There is usually a kay (legend) that explains whit segment represents. ie charts Here are the basic rules for weting about pie charts Look at the fully and nat the mast important information ang striking fe Wire a well-organised overviow Iinciude data to support the key points, Use en academic registor or style Write ai least 160 words. Complete the task ia about 20 minutes. Include only the key points, Minar details or irrslavant data can be let {Don't do any calculations o° giva your epivian about the information, Multiple charts and graphs In Task 1 thers willofter bo two oF three ple cherts 1o compere. Ohen, these chsrts represent diterenc tine periods. You may also see other types of graphs ar charts. They may o8 the seme type ~ two line oraphs, fo example oF thers may be two different types—a pie chart and table, ora line graph and a bar chant The basic rules fer writing about multiple cherts are the seme as for writing about single aharis. However You need to look at and report on bath chartsvaraphs, and understand the relationship between ther ACADEMICWRMINGpairs. Look at the two charts below and answer the questions 1 What kind of chart is the frst chart? And the second? 2 Whats the topic af the twa charts? 3. What geographical areas do they cover? ‘What time frame does each chart cover? Are they the same or different? Which of te two charts shows a trond? inshe pie char, which country generates the most electricity? Wher vert forms should you use 1 desoribe the fourth bar in the second chan? The percentage of electricity generated by wind ‘Wind power generation around the world by various countries and areas in 2011 26.2% China 19.8% India Gigawats 18.1% Rest of world B Sample question B Reed the instructions and answer the question. Use the rules about the task from Section A to help you. Then look at the sample answer on page 336, Which aspects of, the task did you find difficult? LTS PRACTICE TASK Bushould spend about 20 minutes on this task The visuals give information about the number of hours students spent preparing for an admission test: “anAsian university and their subsequent performance in that test. ‘Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant. i atleast 150 words, Hours studied Average number of correct responses students ‘scored (aut of 100 questions) in relation to the number of hours they studied. ——12é h 80 urs Hi ewer than 25 hous or more 101 t0125 a 10 50 hours 40 =] Ws t0 100 hours 30 H 101 to 128 hours 20+ 10 0 128 hours or mara ACADEMICWRITING 209210 ACADEMIC WRITING C Tips and tactics 4 Work in pairs. Read the tips and tactics and discuss these questions. a b Which tips and tactics do you think are the most useful? Dic you use any of these tips and tactics when you answered the sample 4 in Section B? Which tips will you use in the future? The first step is to look carefully atthe information in the graphs/chans. Don't rush through this step. Make sure you understand the charts before you star! to write Underine important words in the question and circle important information in the ge cherss Identity what key information is being presented in the graphscharts and the feat figures you'll need to write abour If there is more then one pie chart, [00k for similarities and differences between the IF there are nwo or more different grenhs/charts, ry fo work out the relationship bel them. Pian your writing, You can usually divide it into three parsgaphs: introduction, first mal peragraph and second main paragraph Choose the mast significant end interesting information te camiment on, for example largest seament, the smallest, and the main cifferences batwaan the pie chatts. IF the cherts/eraphs include information about time period, laak for trands ~ number 90 up, down, fluctuate, or stay the same over time Begin with an inwaductory sentence that deseribes the graphs/charts in gerioral tor but don’t repeat exactly the words from the question ‘Then describe one or twa ganeral trends of features shown in the graphsfet 4 into deteil: just report the mast important features you sae when you look at the grail charts, If there are two different types of char, identity the type of chertigraph and ‘connecting word between the two sentences. For example, The pie chart shoves the other hand, the bar graph ilusirates In the main peragranhs, select anc write about the features that are most important interesting, and include relevant deta to support the points yau ma \When selecting key information from ple charts, look for the largest and smaliast segments, Look for any trends and exceptions to those trends across the pie chars, Be careful with numbers when you are wring about pie charts. The numbers usualy represent percentages but may also represent actual numbers, Look caretully at the timeframe that the graphs/charts covers and think about which rensas you need to use (past, present, present perfect or future} I spere are different types of charts charts/graphs whicn cover the same categories, ‘cen focus ‘irstly an the more important categaries in each chartforaph and secondly an other categories in each of the cherts/arapti. IT he charts/araphs do not deel with the same categories, it's etter to focus one paragraph on the infermation in one charviglaoh aru the second paragraph on inicmal Inthe other chartigraph. You may write @ conclusion brietly explaining any reletionship between the orapisicte and summarising the main informetian in one sentence. Don't try to write about all the date in the graphs/charts end don't include details thal irrelevant to the main poin Remamber, don't try to enalyse or explain the information in the graphs calculations; just describe and report it Keeo track cf the time. Don't spend more than 20 minutes on Task 1 Make sure your handwriting is clear and lecible. Keep in mind the criteria that the examiners will use to merk yaur response. (For mar criteria, see Agout the Academic Writing Test, page 180]Smee D Skills-building exercises ‘These words can be useful when talking about percentages and about segments of a pie chant per cent/pereent (used after 8 number) About seventy per cent of the population of Singapore is of Chinese ancestry percentage (used without numbers) An important percantage of Canada's electricity is generated by hydroelectric power. proportion A larger proportion of the national budget is spent on the military than on anyttring else. Portion The family spends a significant portion of their income on rent, ‘share Two or three companies controls large share of the paperproduct market ‘Segment Only smal! segment of the population agrees with this dea. fraction 4 tiny fraction of the total number of applicanss to this university are accepted. Un tg aap as, you me ofr ofc swe x serene © tress 75 53 co ecoinotir #12411 60 corto ott one in io ‘a thitd / one thid Jone out of thre / ene in three a tenth fone tenth / 19 per cent /one out of ten / one in ten (ch) ‘a quarter /25 per cent fone out of four/ one in four You can combine thase words with words such as about, around, approximately, just ‘over, just under, eto account for fice accounts for about a third of thei diet. make up Poisonous snakes make up only about ton per cent of al snakes, represent Accidents that ocour when drivers are texting represent about a quarter of the total number of car accidents, constitute Rental properties constitute about a third of all the company’s assets. ACADEMIC WRITINGSn QUEER 5 00k at the expressions in the language boxes on page 211. Then look at the showing total exports from one European country Wits five sentences about country’s exports. 1 Motor vehicles made up lang rroporton of allexports Using perventepes andl fractions 19 talk about pis chants 1h Using ethar expressions to describe aurbere and emounts pie Shas ACADEMIC WRITING all services HB motor vehicles machinery Hl chemical products iron and steel = =ather goods, NUMBERS AND AMOUNTS: large proportion Fo2erty taxes make up a large proportion f the cts income a major portion A major portion ofthis county's ecanemy i fuelled by ov exo 2 significant majority A significant majority othe in ths asaroe ave pve ‘large percentage A large percentage of t= cers in his country are mt ne a tiny fraction The Jounal can only publish a tiny fraction ofthe atces it recehes a mere + number or por cent A mere five per cent of the pools i this county 38 wanes 7 1295; inorty lust a small minority of poopie agive wh this wea a small percentage Only « small percentage of 28/:nquakes cause mejor dare Maco oe cee ine Counce 6 Look at these two pie charts. Write six descriptive sentences about the i ‘the pie charts. Use the expressions in the language boxes on pages 212 and 2 The ple charts show the crops grown in one US county in 1990 and 2010, ma heat Mm Barley Soybeans lm Barley Soybeans Organic fruit | and vegetables |COMPARISON (SIMILARITIES) likewise The inflation rete in Japan was fairy low in 2010; likewise, the rate in Switzerland did not go up much. similarly The money thet the government spends on the arts represents only a tiny portion of the total budge. Similarly, only a smal! amount is spent on social services, CONTRAST (DIFFERENCE) however The number of male faculty members stayed the same, However, six iew female faculty members were hirod. on the other hand The number of real stations playing olassical music declined: on the ‘other hand, two new news stations opened. in contrast /n 2010, the average age in Japan was 44.6 years; In contrast, in Yemen, the average age was only 16.4 years. lst / while Whilst the price of gold shot up in September, the price of silver remained about the same, although Although health care rarmained a significant portion of famiies’ budget in 2005, itwasn’t as high os jn whereas The number of maniages declined during that peried, whereas the number of divorces increased, but Caifornia hacia dry winter, but there was @ fot of snovy in the Rocky Mountain states. UKE, UNLIKE, ALIKE Like the cost of shipping, the cost of packeaing has gone up. Meat, lke fish, contains a lot of protein. Unlike some members of the European Union, the UK does not use the euro as its currency. The US, unlike Japan, does not fave a system of high-speed trains. ind ... are alike (in that) The eat care industry and information technology are alike in that they are bath acing nev jobs. oz ES ACADEMIC WRITING aaea ACADEMIC WRITING First, First, iev’s consider the data in the bar chart. Let's first Let's first look at the line grap! Turing to Turning to the pia chart, Next, . Next, iat examine the wata io the second chart Having considered ..., lot's... Having considered the bar chor, let's iook at ‘Meanwhil Meanwhile, the information in the second greph shows that Is clear... that Its clear ‘rom the data in the chart that It’s obvious that ... It's obvious that an overwhelming number It’s easy to see... It’s easy to see which country produces the mast In conclusion, .. In conclusion, ih relationship between the two graphs i. Inbiiet, In brief, the two graphs tell us that On the whol ‘On the whole, these graphs show that . To conclude, . To conclude, while the thst graph tolls us that From the information From the information in the two char's, it clear thet... Asa final point... ‘As a final point, vie car Sey thet by comparing the data in these two chars,7 Read the task and look at the two charts about crude oil imports and consumption. ‘Then complete the sample answer with these words. 40% accounted conclusion however less majority percentage quarter ‘signficant turing’ under wes while Both these charts deal with the amount of crude oil that is exported to the US from other Countries ard the amour thet is produced domestically. The pie chart explains where the oil consumed in the US in one year (2072) came trom, 1 the bar chart shows the decining percentage of imported ol used in the US over an eight-year period. “The US imports around 60% of its crude ail, but percentages have been declining since 2005, The pie chart clearly shows that a 2 ..... proportion of oll was produced from wells in the US. Canado's share 3 just undar 3 4.0... OF ail ports. Oil from the Middle East 5 4or the next laigest share. Latin America and /Mrican countries contributed 6... than 10%. The emaunt imported from countries not listed on the chart was a very small 7 2% a the bar chert, we see a steady decrease in the percentage of imported al. In 2005, ‘and 2006, imported oil made up @ significant 9... of the ail consumad in the US. By 2010, that arnount had cropped to 10 '50%. The decline continued. In 2012, imported cil constituted only 11 of the total I 42 vsesue the US stil imports oll rom around the world. 13 the percentage of internationally produced ol! consumed in the US has shrunk dramatically, The charts below give information about the origin of crude oil imports to the US in 2012 and about the percentage of imports as a share of US cnide oil consumption Summatise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Origin of crude oil imports to the US in 2012 3% mus MM Middle East Africa Latin America © Other Percentage of imports as a share of US crude oll consumption 10 Percentage af imports: sesass 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Year ACADEMIC WRITING 2188 Work in pairs. Read the instructions and look at the charts about office rents and: vacancy rates. Then answer the questions (1-9). (3-5 minutes) Look et the ber chart, Wvhat information does it provide? 2. Look at the table, What information does it provide? 3. Look at the ber chart, What trend do you see? 4. Are there any exceations to the genetal tend? © What are some striking features in the bar chart? & Look et the table, What tiend do you sea? 7 Are there any exceptions to this trend? & What are some striking features in the table? ‘9 What relationship do you see between the data in the bar chart a The chart shows annual office rents in five international cities in 2008 and 2013 (SUS / square metre). The table shows office vacancy rates in those cities, Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and ‘make comparisons where relevant. City A City B me 2008 City C me 2013 CityD City E $0 $500 $1,000 $1,500 $2,000 $2,500 Annual rent per square. City A | 8% a% City B M% City 9% 6% ‘9 Now write your answer. Use the following stages to help you. (10-15 minutes) ‘oront (basad on the information in the text box) anc dest 1 Write an introductory ‘the general trends in the bar chart and the table in the introductory paragraph, 2 Inthe first main paragraph, describe the trends that you see in the costs of office in those five cities and point out any interesting and important features in the ber 3. Inthe second main paragraph, deseribe the trends you see in the vacancy rate and provide important and interesting details about the detais in the table. 4. Ina brief conclusion, explain the relationship between rents and vacancy rates. 10 Check your work. Look for mistakes in spelling, punctuation, and grammar. Make: you have used the correct tenses, and used a good variety of language for compar charts and graphs. (3-5 minutes) 11 Work in pairs. After you have finished, look at the model answer on the DVD-AOh Compare your answers with the model answer and think about the marking [See page 180 for marking criteria.) 216 ACADEMIC WRITINGIELTS PRACTICE TASK The visuals give information about the number of spacecraft launched by various national governments between 1957 and 2007 and the purpose of each mission. Write @ report for a university lecturer summarising the most important information in the visuals, ‘The number of spacecraft launched by national governments, 1957-2007 48 India ———— USA 539 Commercial. ae ; 111 China uropean Union 28 Canada 114 Japan ———— 214 Other Soviet Union/Russia ‘The purposes for which spacecraft were launched, 1957-2007 Percentage of total missions Communications Surveillance Manned space Research © Weather__—_ Planetary satellites program observation exploration eel confident about writing responses forTask 1 Pie Charts and Multiple Charts. {1d OK tet sill eed to do more work on wrting responses forTask 1 Ple Charts end Multiple Charts, | need more practice with writing responses for Task 1 Pie Charts end Muttipie Charts. Ineed to focus on ieee ACADEMIGWRITING — 217A About tt Read the information about the task. in a diagram, and oft the information in your own v saper, ries of pictur T often labels thal explain the pictures. There is a tile and instructions for brief description Of the information in the diagrarn, The pictures and text i It might be an incust process (e.g. how pigatic is made}, a biol ‘There are several typos of diagram. You may see a diegram with a clear baginning and Involving alternative stages, a diegrain Jone that felloy 0 virting about a diagram fully and decide what the most important steps are Write a well ‘overview. Mention all the inthe pro although you can omit minor datails, Use an academia register or style. leest 150 words k in about 20 minutes ACADEMIC WRITING.2. Work in pairs. Look at the diagram below and answer the questions. Whet process is illustrated in the clagram? What type of diagram is tis? How eauld you summarise the entire process in one sentence? How many steps era shown? Should you eta one sentence for each of the stops? ‘What step should you mention first? Recycling glass Bots are cleared Sn sored by cour acting nape frtted gaze nto Botte elt die B Sample question 3 Road the instructions and answer the question. Use the rules about the task from Section A to help you. Then lock at the sample answer on page 337. Which aspects of the task did you find difficult? IS PRACTICETASK spend about 20 minutes on this @ sranstorinet converts raw Slectrical output to useable form | {700 volts => 38,000 vatis} | ACADEMICWRITING 219 lgC Tips and tactics 4. Work in pairs, Read the tips and tacties and discuss these questions. ‘8 Which tips and tacties do you think are the most useful? b_ Did you use any of these tips and tacties when you answered the sample qu: in Section B? © Which tips will you uso in the future? The first step is to look carefully at the diagram. Lock at each picture or stege. Don through this step, Mako sure you understand the diagram before you start io wets Underline importent words in the cuestion and identify what process 1s being pres in the diagram. Plan your writing. You can usually divide ft into three paragraphs: introduction, fist aragraoh anc second main paragraph. Begin with an introductory sentence that describes the diagram or process in 9 but don't repeat the exact wording of the question Then write @ sentence about the entire process, for example, write about the numb steps and the beginning and ening of the process. Don't go into detail just write a the whole process, For example: The diagram shows the seven mayor stages vel in Next, divide the steps shown in the diagram into two paragraphs. Ifthe viagra sho 8 single arocess, choose a logical paint ~ one of the major stages in the process divide your answer into twe parts there. You should try to mention al tie steps in a process, but you can omit minor dtals. Follow the order of the steps in the process. Usually, i's ciear where a process a Inthe case of cyclical processes, cheose the most logice! starting point in the prc Use sequencing words and phrases to separate Ihe steps of the process, e.g. Fis allo: NOXt. 3 Filly. 20 ‘You should generally use present passive verbs (is/are done! or passive modal (shouta be done, cen be done) ta describe the steps in the prooass. For important steps, you may want to provide examples or offer more explanation. vext, ... should be done. tn other words, ...) ‘You can reuse technical terms from the labels on the diagram but write therm in sentences. No concluding paragraph is necessery for this tyne of rasponsa, Remember, dar't try 10 explain why the information in the diagram apoeats the Goes or give your oginion about the process. Keep track of the time. Don't spend more than 20 minutes on Task 1. ‘Make sure your handwriting is clear and legible. Keep in mind the criteria that the examiners use 10 mark your resaanse. (For rai criteria, see About the Academic Witing Test, page 180)‘SEQUENCING WORDS AND PHRASES These words or phrases can be used to describe the steps or stages of a process First, .. First. 2 suitable location must be found First of all, .. First of all, the water must be purifod: ‘The first step/stage .. The first step in starting a business is to write a business plan. ‘The process of ... begins with .,. The process of minina begins with locating a rich sou e mineral Next, .. Next, the aw materials are cleaned. ‘The next step ... The next step 's to test the machine Then ... Then the tank is filed wth water /The waters first fltered and then poured into the tank Following this ... Following this, tho vaive must be opened. The following step ... The following step iso collect as much infomation as possible, Alter... After the two types of matoriais have been separated. they are stored in large containers. ‘After this, .. After this, you need vo pre-hegt the oven. ‘Ones ... Once funds have been derosited, customers can waite checks or wi Finally, ... Finally, the adult (0 the process begins again The final step/stage ... The final step is 10 make sure that al! the parts are comrectly eonnected. ‘The last step/stage ... The Jast step in applying to the university is fo subir your application before the decane 5 Look at the diagram about drying out a mobile phone. Then rewrite the steps in the process using expressions in the language box to help you. Step 1: The phone must be removed from the water as scan as possible Step 2: The phone should be placed on paper towels. Step 3: The case should be remaved and the back of the phone taken off Step 4: The phone should be dried with o soft cloth, ‘Step 5: The battery and the SIM card should be removed. They should be dried off Write this as one sentence.) Step 6: A vacuum cleaner can be used to remove remaining water from the inner sections of the phone. Step 7: The phone can be placed in 2 bag of uncooked rice avemnight to soak up any remaining wate Drying out a mobile phone Act quickly! Leave in bag at q ¥ least 24 hore ACADEMICWRITING — 221In most process diggrams, the emphasis is on the action, not on the parson. Therefore, ‘will generally use verbs in the passive in your response. Prosent passive Tho pigments are then mixed wrth of, (Used to describe industia|, agricultural, or business processes.) Present perfect passive A/ier « bil has been signed by tho presicem, it becomes law. ‘Once the students’ papers have been graded, the results aro ragorded,|\n clauses beginning with the signal words Once ... or After...) is + to + infinitive The frst step Is to take the pationt’s temperature. Tive final step is to send the emai) Present simple active An adult butterfly emerges wat and shaky from its cocoon. |For biological or othor natural processes } Passive modal verbs Next, the can of paint should be thoroughly shaken. The two holes must be lined up carefully lin response tc ¢ ‘how to’ pracess: how tof room, how te change the ail n your car, etc) Imperative (Command) form First break tine exigs i 9 bowl and then add milk. Next he the oor butter in a pan, (Cen also be used in responses to ‘how to’ processes.) Soe ee 6 Look at the diagram which shows the steps involved in producing coffee. Then ‘complete the sentences describing the process. Use the comect verb forms. @ Using the carrect verb forms 1a he first step descrbe the steps 2 Then, the seedlings ine process 3. Next, what are called the cherries 4. The following step 5 Once the green cotee auossary nee ries re the fea 8 Green coffee is next fruit ofthe cates 7 After the coffee beans ant 8 Coffee m “Alter coffee has been 9 After that, the ground coffee miled and beferet andithenit as boen roasted, itis 10. The final steps ‘The pictures show the steps involved in producing coffee, Pinsngeoter ——-Replntingseedings Marvesingthe Diving thecheries Milling Ths comoves acting and nou ursoors chemas® Geccecesnact terspsdngi the cherry gamete ES s+EF Rowstng:Ths —Gindng hebeansTasing:Petessionel Packingandsairg Brewing ‘own bea 222 ACADEMIC WRITING7 Look at the diagram about the metamorphosis of a frog. (Metamorphosis is the process by which an animal changes its form as it matures.) a Write sentences for each of the steps in the process, b Use an appropriate form of the verb given and use words that signal sequence. 3 sti t anaduit fern sy EFFECT therefore / consequently {any drivers lack proper training: therefore, they don't know ‘wha to do in an emergency ‘80 Sometimes drivers use their cel phones, 20 they are too distracted to avoid a situations. as a result Sometimes drivers use ther cell hones; as a result, they are too asia avaid dangerous sieuatons, results in / accounts for Equipment failure also plays a role, For example, a ioss of. results in accidents, causes / leads to / gives rise to / is responsible for Bad! weather conditicns in vant Teads to an increase in the number of acnidents on the roads. EFFECT ¢ CAUSE because / since. The most importent cause of tvefic accidents is excessive seed. they are traveling so fest, drivers don't have time 10 react. due to / because of / owing to Tiredness is a common cause of traffic accidents, 50 per cent of accidents were due to drivers not taking frequent breaks whist or isfare caused by Foor weather conditions. such as iey roads, may also play 2 role. In ‘winter many accidents are caused by icy rca08. 10 Complete the sentences with words or phrases from the language box above, (M¢ than one answer may be possible.) 1 Inmy country, a faily large proportion of the population is literate 7 poor, 2 Some teachers ero unable to teach students to read and write lack propor training 3. Many families barely earn enough to pay for food: education is al they cannot attord 4 liueracy in one generation often ilteracy in the next generation 5 In some cases, the problom .............. by geographical ectors. people lve in isolated communitias in the mountains or the desen, ther dildren attend regular schoo's, 11 Look at the task below. You are going to write a paragraph discussing the ca stress-related illnesses in the modem world. 1 Read the task and underline the key words. 2. Brainstorm a number of causes for this probiem and then choose two or three inyour essay. 2 Wiite a topic sentence for your paragraph 4. Write the main peragreoh, using linking words, | Nowadays, stress-related ilinesses are becoming increasingly common. | What do you think are the causes of this? | What solutions ean you suggest? 252 AGADEMICWRITING12 Work in pairs. Look at six possible topic sentences for a paragraph describing solutions: to the problem of high illiteracy rates. Three of them would be good topic sentences. ‘What problems do you see in the other three sentences? Discuss your answers. 1. There are a number of ways tine problem of iliteracy can be approached. 2. Furthermore, there are some effective ways to deal with illiteracy. 3. Although iliteracy is @ persistent worldwide problem, there are @ numibar of staps that can be taken to correct it. 4 Just as there is no single factor behind the problem of illieracy, there is no singlo solution, 11d like to suggest that every cild receive a cheap laptop oF tablet loaded with how-to. read programs Lot's take 2 look at the reasons wiry iliteracy is such 2 big problem. recommend that young divers be tequired to take an additions! motorway diving test before they get their diving licence. My recommendation is that the folowing steps be taken. / suggest tat the government do this right away | propose that the govesnmeant identify dangoraus roads and fi the problems. Manufacturers should build safer vehicles. Laws requiring seat belts must be enforced ee ee eee Remember, the question asks you to suggest solutions — not just one solution. Use linking ‘words such as first, another, fnelly end 36 on, to propose alternetive solutions, See 413 Complete these sentences with words or phrases from the language bex above. (More than one answer may be possible.) One...» -»-~-18 for the government to spend more money on training teachers. Another i810 produce and broadeast more television shows that tech children to read and write. Finally, | --------» that simple reading materials be made availabe for fee. 14 Look at the task again. White a paragraph proposing possible solutions to the problem of stress-related illnesses. 1 Brainstorm a number of solutions to the problem and then choose two or three to discuss in your essay. 2. Write a tapic sentence for your paragraph. 3. Write the second main paragraph, using linking words. Nowadays, stress-related illnesses are becoming increasingly common. What do you think are the causes of this? What solutions can you suggest? ACADEMICWRITING 25315 Workin pars. Read the conclusion for an easay about the literacy problem. Then ‘the explanations of the role of each sentence in the conclusion. Match the s¢ wining oe in the conclusion (1-4) with the explanations (A-E). One of the explanations will be used. In many parts of the worl, illiteracy rates are still high, What do you think are the causes of this? What solutions can you suggest? (0 There isa single cause ofthe problem of iiteracy, but certainly the higher the rate oF poverty the higher the. rate of llteracy. (2) Becauce poverty such a stubborn problem, literacyis net an esty problem to solve, (3) Howenes there are some practical steps that can taken, such as improved teacher trang programs, that can mprove the station. (4) Tesch people to read and write nat only ies them richer ives, benefits cociety asa whole, This sentence explsins the benetits of solving the problem. This sentence gives an exemple of a solution that might be effective ‘This sentence aves the most important cause of iliteracy. Tris sentence expleiis wiat will happan ifthe problem is not solved, This sentence explains why solving the problem will be difficult. 16 Reread the task below. Write a conclusion for an essay based on this topic. Nowadays, stress-related illnesses are becoming increasingly common. What do you think are the causes of this? What solutions can you suggest? 254 ACADEMIC WRITING17 Work in pairs, Read the task and the essay below. Then try to find as many grammatical errors as possible. Use the table below to help you, Many species of animals have become extinct in recent times. What are the causes of this? What solutions can you suggest? Jong as humans have been in the Earth, they have exploited nature. They have cleared land for farms and cities, Hunted and trapped wild animals, and catch igh in rivers, lakes, and seas. All ef these actities have put many animal feces in danger, and some have completely vanished. This has been a problem for centuries, but In the last OO years: for 36 Look at the box below. Then listen to the conversation between a candidate and an examiner and tick (/) the expressions that you hear. LiKE UNDECIDED DISLIKE Hobsolutoh) ove Idoc't nin ‘hate Vimerazy about 1” have mivad feelings cart stand realy he about [don oat ke ¥/ I don't teally! have i any strong feelings muret eal ie: lim abig fan ot about . I'm not a big fan of lm quite keen on, is0K lm not that keen on 4“ I'm really into.“ 10 How did the candidate's answers compare with your responses in Exercise 8? a vider range of vocabulary end grammer. / b She used a smaller range of vocabulary end grammar. cc We used about the same range. 11 Work in pairs. Here are some common language errors that candidates make. Discuss what is wrong with each candidate's answer. Do you like going shopping for clothes? Yes, Ike. X ;u |\ke going shopping for clothes: Yos, |absolutaly ike 1 Do yeu like going shopping tor clathes io, I dislike it.X Eine eae SPEAKING — 287In Part 1 of the IELTS Speaking test, you may be asked to talk about and routines. Look at the questions below. How would you answer them? ‘Talking about hebits aan aatene tee Practise asking and answering the questions. | PART 1 | DAILY ROUTINES | Tell me about a typical dey in your life. What do you lke to do at weekends? Is there anything that you would like to change about your daly routine? | How important is it for you to have time to relax? 13) 37 Look at the box below. Then listen to the conversation between a candidate a ‘an examiner and tick (/) the expressions that you hear. TYPICAL WEEKDAY ACTIVITIES ‘TYPICAL WEEKEND ACTIVITIES. getup sleep in get dressed ‘catch up with frends have breakfastiLnchisianer hang out with fiends go to work/school/university/tne library go shopping 1 catch the busitrain i. go out for lunch play sports ADVERBS OF JEN we always usually often“ regulerly sometimes occasionally rarely never ‘ADVERB PHRA: iz 7. ‘during the week” at weekends when | get the chance” every so often from time to time harely ever almost never once awoek every day 14 How did the candidate's answers compare with your responses in Exercise 127 a She spoke mare fluently, with less hesitation She spoke less jluentiy, with more hesitation, ‘We spoke at about the same spocd Go 15 Work in pairs. Here are some common language errors that candidates make. Dise Reig cea what is wrong with each candidate's answer. errors (2) 1 Examiner: What do you tke to do at weekends? Candidate: Oh, Lusually do my homework. | have always a lot. x 2 Examiner: What do you like to do at weekends? Candidate: Oh, | have to get up early. My baby sister usually is awake early. X Examiner: What do you like to do at weekencs? Candidate: Oh, | am-sometimes surfing the Internet. x iii ens 288 SPEAKINGIELTS PRACTICE TASK © Speaking test video 2 (Part 1) PART 1 WORK/STUDY Do you work, orare you a student? Where do you work, or what are you studying? 1m Why did you chooso that job or course? Do you think you will remain friends with the peopia from your course or jod in the future? FAVOURITE PLACE Let's talk about your favourite place. ‘Wat is the placa that you most like to visit? Why do you like t there? Haw often do you go there? Is it easy to travel there? Isit a popular place for cther people to visit? DAILY ROUTINE 's talk about your daily routine, Tell mo about a typical weekday for you Do you wark or study better in the moming or the aftemoon? What would you like to charge about your daily routine? ‘a balance between your work time and your leisure time in your dally routine? | es! eonfidert about doing Part 1 tasks. | did OK, but | stil need to do more work on Fart 1 tasks. | need more practice wath Part 1 tasks. | need to focus on, A SPEAKING 269A 4) ii ry Pos PL A ll aL a LL Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, Colla eat y A About the task 1 Read the information about Part 2. Then cover up the information and complete the sentences below (1-7) with what you can remember from the text. The Part 2 tesk tests your ability to give @ short talk on a topic that is civen to you by the examiner. The exam gives you a task card with your topic on and four points that give you idees for what to talk about. You heve one. minute to plan what you want to say using the piece of paper end pencil the examiner gives you to make notes if you wish. You then telk for ane to two minutes on your given topic and the examiner listons to you. The topics } are familiar ones based on your personal experiences sucr.es talking about a teacher who hed a big influence Con YoU, your favourite TV programme, a meal you enjoyed or @ holidey you'd like to have. At the end of the Two minutes, the examiner usually asks you a short, simple question to ound aff this part af the test. Your response) ‘0 this question does not have to be long and detailed, In Part 2 t's important to speak without too much hesitation and to link the different parts of the talk together well Here are the basic rules for tho Pert 2 tesk ‘You ead to speak en a personal, familiar topic for up to two minutes. . '& The examiner gives you a task card, The task card helps to guide you through the talk by giving you four points to cover in your talk 1m You heve one minute to prepare what you are going to say and you should use the four points on the task card to help you make notes. The examiner listens to you as you speak, This is your chance to show that you have good tluency {ie you cat ‘alk at a normal speed without too many pauses and hes tations) and coherence {you can organise your talk ‘and connect ideas together so that what you say makes sense) 1m At the end of the talk, th examiner asks ¢ short question that only requires @ brief answer Tne Part 2 task tests your ability to 2 The examiner gives you .. ‘You have one minute to 4 You must talk for “The topic is. {At the end of the two minutes the examiner .. In Part 2 its important to 270 SPEAKINGB Sample questions 2 > Answer the question. Use the rules about the task from Section A to help you. Then. ‘watch Speaking test video 1 (Part 2) and listen to a candidate answering the question and compare your answers, Which parts did you find difficult? IELTS PRACTICETASK PART 2 Talk about a building that you like. You should say where the building is what the building took lik whet the building is used fo and explain why you like it so much u ill have to talk about the topic for 1 to 2 minutes. fwhave 1 minute to think about what you are going to say. some notes to help you if you wish, C Tips and tactics 3 Work in pairs. Read the tips and tactios and discuss these questions. Which tips and tactics do you think are the most useful? Did you use any of these tips and tactics when you answered the sample questions in Section 8? Which tips will you use in the future? Read the task card very earofully to make sure that you know what to talk about and what the four points underneatt the topic msiruction are. Make the most of your planning time. Qn the paper you are given write the topic word at the top, €. 2 building’, then write the name of the building you want te talk about, ¢.0 "The Capital Gate Building’, than draw a cross shape undereath sc you have four boxes in which to make nates on the Tour points underneath. Don't write sentences on the paper - you dan't have tima. Key words and expressions are enough to focus your ideas and give you some support as you speak. Structure your talk by intraducing each part of the talk and then indicating when you are moving on t0 the next part, €.g. ‘I'm gaing to talk about .., ‘OK, first, the building is loceted in .., ‘Secondly, the appearance of the building, Well, the buikding looks quite strange from the outside ..", Now, moving on to what the building is used for. ‘Finally, the reason | like this building so much is ‘Write down some topies that you think could be used in Part 2 and try writing four points underneath the tonic. Practise talking about topics for two minutes so that you gat a fee! for how lang the time lasts, Make sure yau can fit @ beginning, middle and end inte this time. Record yourseif and listen to your talk. Check several critaria, 9.9. timing, organisation, hesitation, use of linking words, pronunciation and range and accuracy of vocabulary and grammer. ‘As you talk, think about the marking eriteria that the examiners will use to mark your response. (For marking citeria, see page 258.) ‘Ask friend to listen to. you speak and-see if he or she can guess your topic and the four points you covered. Your friend could eiso comment on the criteria in point 7 above. Don't memorise a talk to use in the test. Its impossible to predict which topic you will be asked to talk on and itis much better to sound natural. SPEAKING © 271D Skills-building exercises oo 4 Work in pairs. Look at the example Part 2 task card A below. Understanding 1 Discuss what you are required to do in this part of the Speaking the task card and 2. Underline key words in the task. practising the task 3. Decide what grammar forms you need to use in your answer (past, present, future Si ee Task card A Talk about a holiday you have taken that you really enjoyed. You should say: where the holiday was | who was with you on the holiday what you did and explain why the holiday was 50 enjoyable. he holiday 5 Now look at task card B, Discuss how it compares to task card A. i Task card B Talk about a holiday you would like to take in the future. You should say: where the holiday would be who you would go with on the holiday ‘on the holiday and explain why you would lke to take this holiey what you would d 272 SPEAKING© Work in pairs. You are going to make notes for your talk 1. Spend one minute making notes for task card A in Exercise 4. 2. Show your notes to your partner and discuss the following ques 2 Howare they similar of ferent? b Did the one minute praparation time soem short? © Whar's the best way to make use of the time? 7 Now take tums to give your talk. Time each other for two minutes. At the end of the telk, ask your partner one question connected to the tapi Tell your pertner wat they did well and how they could inprove theit answer How could you improve your ewn enswer? Were your notes helpful? & Look at the following ways (A-£) in which IELTS candidates use their one minute to prepare the Part 2 task. Talk about the strengths and/or weaknesses of each approach. Which one do you think is best? Why? 8 « tha eat holday recenty wth ~caiming We wert camping near a Zheath -2h0s E phd fin, gorous weather = swimming = unwind - galing afin = plcturesque vilager eriovs weather ~ stunning landecans 9 Prepare to talk about the topie on task card B on page 272.You have one minute to do this. Use the style of notes in E above. When you finish, look at your partner's notes and discuss what's good about the notes and how they could be improved. Use the following criteria to help you assess the notes: Do your partner's notes nave: + atonic tla + fourkey question words ‘= two points under eacn question word + some useful vocabulary/phreses SPEAKING — 273Cee 10 Cheek that you have understood how to approach Part 2 of the Speaking test. With 2 partner, order the stages below (1-4). a Draw a cross one piece of paper anc! write a short ttle and the four question words Check whether you have to zak about the past, present, future ora hypothetical stust Feed the task card and make sure you fully understand it Brainstorm ideas by putting atleast two points to talk about undorneath each question word 11 38 Listen to a candidate talking about one of the task cards A or B on page 272, 1 Which task card is being talked about? 2 Make notes on what the candidate says for each Key point. 12 Work in pairs. Look at the box below. The box shows a way of organising a Part 2 answer and phrases you can use for each stage of the talk. Read the phrases aloud, Can you think of alternative phrases you could use to introduce each stage? Organising your talk ‘and useful speaking strategies Beginning OK so/'m going to talk about . Where First of ai, talk about where I'd a0 ‘Who Next, 1 mention who I-90 with. What Thitdly, what f would do why Finally, | want to say wity this holiday vould be so enjoyable for me End And 50 that brings me 20 the end of my talk. 13 Look at the box below. It includes useful strategies for Part 2 and phrases that you ‘can use for these strategies. With a partner, read the phrases aloud. Can you th alternative phrases you could use for each strategy? 1 Paraphrase a word or phrase to check ‘Qutof season, you know, nat the listener knows what you maan (clarity) main hoiday period. 2 Paraphrase a word of phrase you don't know I'm not sure of the word exe itmeans .. 3 Avoid a long hesitation Erm, let me see 4 Refer back to something that you said earlier As / mentioned eartir.. 5 Say you can't remember something can't quite remember the the plece ... 14 15. Now it’s your turn. Go back to the notes you prepared in Exercise 9. Then work in Take turns with a partner to give your talk, Remember to organise what you say) ‘and to use some useful speaking strategies from Exercise 13. 278 SPEAKING16 Work Tike to talk about, Task card C Eo Ik about a piece of equipment you own that is very useful, You should say: what the piece of equipment what you use it for how often you use it and explain why itis So useful Task card E Talk about a job you would like to do in the future. You shoul say’ what the job would be whora you would work what you would have t0 do and explain why you would like to Jo this job. pairs. Look at the four task cards below. Tall your partner which one you would Task card D Talk about a time in your life when you \were successful at something. You should say: ‘what you wore successful at when you achieved the success how you managed to be succassfi. tnd explain why you are proud of this, sucess. licen Task card F Talk about an interesting news story that ‘you have recently read about or heard about. You should say ‘what the story was about ‘whe was involved in the story how you found cut abaut the story and explain why this news story was interesting for you. Look at the extracts (1-4] from candidates’ answers below. Which task card are they ‘talking about? {story that was in my local newspaper recently Yas about an elderly couple who've just celebrated | ther wedding anniversary; they've been married for ity yoers, It struck a chord with me Decause I'm penning to get married in the near future. It was ghumen intarest story about how they've stuck with ead other through thick end thin, There was §50 an eye-catching photo of the couple with their descendants — thay have 2 very larce family now. | can't get by without my coifee machina | was recently given a brand now, state-oFtheart one by iy family end | Jove it, | use it to make myself @ really strong cup of co¥fee every moming. man ary bire and I'm usually up at the crack of dawn; | {go out for @ thirty minute jog, then | come back and have my first coffee of the day. I's heaven! Ef Think !d g2t a lot of job satisfaction from being sei-employed. Id love to start my own catering fampany from scratch and hopefully build it up jitoa protitatle company. Id have to find suitable Bperises of course, something with a decent pizten and lots of preparation spaca. It would be Herd works | don't think Id have a good worksite ice to begin with! (One of the things I'm proud of is when | completed 2 fun-run for charity. | had to run ten kilometres, which was auite an achievement for me. | wasn! exactly ft asa fiddle at that time, in fact | wes a bit of a couch potato, soit was quite @ challange to tain for the race and to actually complete it. I'm so glad I did it though; tha experience spurred me on to exercise more regulary anc get ter SPEAKING 27518 An idiom is 2 group of words whose whole meaning is different from the individual words that make up the phrase. Look at this idiom the candidate used when talking about task card B on page 272. What does the idiom mean? Discuss with a partner I've dene some snorkelling in my own country a couple of times, aut the marine ite there is nothing to write home about 19 Find idioms in the extracts in Exercise 17 and mateh them with the meanings below. 1 from the vary beginning even when there are problems or dificultios 2 very early in the morning 3 say or do somathing that makes people feel sympathy or enthusiasm 4 in good physical condition 5s person who gots up vary early 20 Work in pairs. You need to have a good range of vocabulary in order to be able to ta about the different topics that are common in the IELTS Speaking test. Task cards and 8 are about holidays. Below is vocabulary connected to that topie taken from audioscript. Can you add any more words or expressions? 8 travelling companion 490 snorkelling stunning, spectacular reef coral ish 21 Ina notebook, make similar vocabulary notes around these four topies: © anews story + a pece of equipment + adieam job