Overview of Presentation

Basic Concepts in Ductile

Detailing of Steel Structures
• What is Ductility ?

• Why is Ductility Important ?

• How Do We Achieve Ductility in Steel

Structures ?

Michael D. Engelhardt
University of Texas at Austin

F ∆
What is Ductility ?
F
F
Ductility: The ability to sustain large inelastic ∆
deformations without significant loss in ∆
strength.

Ductility
Ductility = inelastic deformation capacity F
Fyield

Ductility: - material response

- structural component response
(members and connections)
- global frame response ∆

Ductility: Qualitative Description

Ductility
F
θ
Fyield M

M
More Ductile
∆
No Ductility Less Ductile
displacement
rotation
curvature
strain
etc.
θ
Ductility: Quantitative Descriptions Ductility: Quantitative Descriptions

M M

Mp Mp

θyield θmax
θ θyield θmax
θ

θmax
Ductility Factor: µ =
θyield

Ductility: Quantitative Descriptions Ductility: Quantitative Descriptions

M θp M θp

Mp Mp

θyield θmax
θ θyield θmax
θ

θp
Plastic Rotation Angle: θp = θmax - θyield Rotation Capacity: R = =µ-1
θyield

Ductility: Quantitative Descriptions Ductility: Difficulties with Quantitative Descriptions

Consider a more realistic load - deformation response......

M

Mp M

θyield θmax
θ
Ductility: ductility factor µ Based on: θ
plastic rotation angle θp θyield
rotation capacity R θmax
etc.
M M

θ θ
θyield θyield

What is θyield ? What is θyield ?

M Mmax M
0.8 Mmax

θ θ
θmax θmax

What is θmax ? What is θmax ?

Ductility: Difficulties with Quantitative Descriptions

M
M
Mp

θ
θmax θ

Many definitions of ductility

Many definitions of θyield and θmax

What is θmax ?
Ductility: Difficulties with Quantitative Descriptions Ductility: Difficulties with Quantitative Descriptions

Ductility under cyclic loading..... Ductility under cyclic loading.....

θ ∆

40000

30000
Bending Moment (kip-inches)

20000

10000

-10000

-20000

-30000 How should ductility be measured ??

-40000
-0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Rotation Angle (rad)

How is ductility developed in steel structures ?

What is Ductility ?
F ∆
F
F
Ductility = inelastic deformation capacity
∆

Many ways to quantify ductility ∆

When quantifying ductility....... Ductility = Yielding

F Loss of load carrying
Clearly define measure of ductility
capability:
Clearly define θyield and θmax Instability
Fracture
Use consistent definitions when describing
ductility demand and ductility supply
∆

Why is Ductility Important? Why Ductility ?

ƒ Permits redistribution of internal stresses and ƒ Permits redistribution of internal stresses and
forces forces
ƒ Increases strength of members, connections and ƒ Increases strength of members, connections and
structures structures
ƒ Permits design based on simple equilibrium models ƒ Permits design based on simple equilibrium models
ƒ Results in more robust structures ƒ Results in more robust structures
ƒ Provides warning of failure ƒ Provides warning of failure
ƒ Permits structure to survive severe earthquake ƒ Permits structure to survive severe earthquake
loading loading
Example: Plate with hole subjected to tension Example:

σmax
50 ksi
P 6" P P P

PL 1/2" x 6"
1" dia. hole
σ σmax = 2.57 σavg
σ σ 50 ksi X
P
50 ksi X 50 ksi 50 ksi = 2.57 x
Material "A" 2.5 in2
Material "A" Material "B"
ε Pmax = 49 k
ε ε

Example: Example:

50 ksi 50 ksi
P P P P

σ σ
50 ksi 50 ksi 50 ksi = P
2.5 in2
Material "B" Material "B"
Pmax = 125 k
ε ε

Example: Flexural Capacity

4"
P P
M M 12"

σ σ
50 ksi X 50 ksi

Material "A" Material "B"

σ σ
ε ε 50 ksi X 50 ksi

Material "A" Material "B"

Pmax = 49k Pmax = 125k
ε ε
 4" 4"

12" 12"

σmax = 50 ksi σmax = 50 ksi

M
σ max = = 50 ksi
S
σ
σ S = 96 in3
50 ksi
50 ksi X

Mmax = 96 in3 x 50 ksi = 4800 k-in Material "B"

Material "A"

ε
ε

4" 4"
50 ksi

M M 12"
12"

σ σ
50 ksi 50 ksi X 50 ksi

M
σ max = = 50 ksi Material "A" Material "B"
Z
σ ε ε
Z = 144 in3
50 ksi

Material "B" Mmax = 144 in3 x 50 ksi = 7200 k-in Mmax = 4800 k-in Mmax = 7200 k-in

Example: Beam Capacity Example: Beam Capacity

w
L = 30 ft.

250 k-ft

M wL2
8

500 k-ft

M M M
wL2
500 k-ft. 500 k-ft. 500 k-ft. = 750 k − ft
8
Beam "A" Beam "B" Beam "A"
wmax = 6.67 k / ft.
θ θ θ
Example: Beam Capacity L = 30 ft.
w
w

500 k-ft
250 k-ft
wL2
M 8
M M
500 k-ft. 500 k-ft.

500 k-ft
Beam "A" Beam "B"
M 2
wL
500 k-ft. = 1000 k − ft θ θ
8
Beam "B"
wmax = 8.89 k / ft. wmax = 6.67 k / ft. wmax = 8.89 k / ft.

Why Ductility ? Lower Bound Theorem of Plastic Analysis

ƒ Permits redistribution of internal stresses and A limit load based on an internal stress or force
forces distribution that satisfies:
ƒ Increases strength of members, connections and
structures 1. Equilibrium

ƒ Permits design based on simple equilibrium models 2. Material Strength Limits for Ductile Response
(σ ≤ Fy , M ≤ Mp, P ≤ Py , etc)
ƒ Results in more robust structures
is less than or equal to the true limit load.
ƒ Provides warning of failure
ƒ Permits structure to survive severe earthquake
loading
Lower bound theorem only applicable for ductile structures

Example of lower bound theorem: Beam Capacity

Implications of the lower bound theorem ............
L = 30 ft.
For a structure made of ductile materials and
w
components:

Designs satisfying equilibrium and material

strength limits are safe.
M
Mp = 500 k-ft.

As a designer, as long as we satisfy equilibrium

Ductile flexural behavior
(i.e. provide a load path), a ductile structure will
redistribute internal stresses and forces so as to
θ
find the available load path.
What is the load capacity for this beam ?? wmax = 8.89 k / ft.
 L = 30 ft. L = 30 ft.

w w

What is the load capacity for this beam ??

By lower bound theorem: wL2
8
Choose any moment diagram in equilibrium
with the applied load.
The moment cannot exceed Mp at any point Moment diagram in equilibrium with
along the beam. applied load "w"

The resulting load capacity "w" will be less than

Possible lower bound solutions......
or equal to the true load capacity.

L = 30 ft. L = 30 ft.

w w

500 k-ft
wL2
8

M M
wL2
8
500 k-ft
wL2
= 500 k − ft w = 4.44 k / ft. (≤ 8.89 k / ft. )
8
wL2
= 500 k − ft w = 4.44 k / ft. (≤ 8.89 k / ft. )
8

L = 30 ft. L = 30 ft.

w w

250 k-ft 500 k-ft

wL2
M wL 2
M 8
8
500 k-ft
500 k-ft

wL2 wL2
= 750 k − ft w = 6.67 k / ft. (≤ 8.89 k / ft. ) = 1000 k − ft w = 8.89 k / ft. (= true wmax )
8 8
Examples of lower bound theorem Examples of lower bound theorem
Flexural capacity of a composite section:
Flexural capacity of steel section:
0.85 fc'
Fy C
C d
d T
T
Fy Fy
σ ≤ Fy
σsteel ≤ Fy σconc ≤ 0.85 fc'
Equilibrium: C=T Equilibrium: C=T
Mn = C * d = Z Fy Mn = C * d

Why Ductility ?

ƒ Permits redistribution of internal stresses and

forces
ƒ Increases strength of members, connections and
structures
ƒ Permits design based on simple equilibrium models
ƒ Results in more robust structures
ƒ Provides warning of failure
ƒ Permits structure to survive severe earthquake
loading

Why Ductility ?

ƒ Permits redistribution of internal stresses and

forces
ƒ Increases strength of members, connections and
structures
ƒ Permits design based on simple equilibrium models
ƒ Results in more robust structures
ƒ Provides warning of failure
ƒ Permits structure to survive severe earthquake
loading
 Building
Acceleration

Building: F = ma
Mass = m
Earthquake Forces
on Buildings:
Inertia Force Due to
Accelerating Mass

Ground
Acceleration

Conventional Building Code Philosophy for

To Survive Strong Earthquake
Earthquake-
Earthquake-Resistant Design without Collapse:

Objective: Prevent collapse in the extreme Design for Ductile Behavior

earthquake likely to occur at a
building site.

Objectives are not to:

- limit damage
- maintain function
- provide for easy repair

H H
H
Helastic

3/4 *Helastic

Available Ductility
Ductility = Inelastic Deformation
H 1/2 *Helastic
Required Strength

1/4 *Helastic

MAX
 Achieving Ductile Response....

Ductile Limit States Must Precede Brittle Limit States

How Do We Achieve Ductility in
Steel Structures ?

Example double angle tension member

gusset plate
double angle tension member

P P
P P

Example: Gross-section yielding of tension

Ductile Limit State:
Brittle Limit States:
Gross-section yielding of tension member member must precede net section
fracture of tension member
Net-section fracture of tension member
Block-shear fracture of tension member Gross-section yield: Pyield = Ag Fy
Net-section fracture of gusset plate
Net-section fracture: Pfracture = Ae Fu
Block-shear fracture of gusset plate
Bolt shear fracture
Plate bearing failure in double angles or gusset

double angle tension member double angle tension member

P P P P

Example: Gross-section yielding of tension member

The required strength for brittle limit
Pyield ≤ Pfracture states is defined by the capacity of the must precede bolt shear fracture
ductile element
Ag Fy ≤ Ae Fu Gross-section yield: Pyield = Ag Fy
0.4 Fu-bolt -N
Bolt shear fracture: Pbolt-fracture = nb ns Ab Fv Fv =
Ae Fy Fy Steels with a low yield ratio are 0.5 Fu-bolt -X
≥ = yield ratio
Ag Fu Fu preferable for ductile behavior
 double angle tension member double angle tension member

P P P P

Example: Bolts: 3 - 3/4" A325-X double shear

The required strength for brittle limit
Pyield ≤ Pbolt-fracture states is defined by the capacity of the Ab = 0.44 in2 Fv = 0.5 x 120 ksi = 60 ksi
ductile element Pbolt-fracture = 3 x 0.44 in2 x 60 ksi x 2 = 158k

Angles: 2L 4 x 4 x 1/4 A36

The ductile element must be the
weakest element in the load path Ag = 3.87 in2
Pyield = 3.87 in2 x 36 ksi = 139k

double angle tension member double angle tension member

P P P P

Pyield ≤ Pbolt-fracture Pyield ≤ Pbolt-fracture

Pyield = 139k Pbolt-fracture = 158k OK Pyield = 3.87 in2 x 54 ksi = 209k

Pbolt-fracture = 158k
What if the actual yield stress for the A36 angles is
greater than 36 ksi? Pyield ≤ Pbolt-fracture
Say, for example, the actual yield stress for the A36
Bolt fracture will occur before yield of angles non-ductile behavior
angle is 54 ksi.

double angle tension member double angle tension member

P P P P

Pyield ≤ Pbrittle Pyield ≤ Pbrittle

Stronger is not better in the ductile element

The required strength for brittle limit
(Ductile element must be weakest element in the load path) states is defined by the expected
capacity of the ductile element (not
For ductile response: must consider material overstrength in minimum specified capacity)
ductile element
Pyield = Ag RyFy Ry Fy = expected yield stress of angles
Achieving Ductile Response.... Achieving Ductile Response....

Ductile Limit States Must Precede Brittle Limit States Connection response is generally non-ductile.....
Define the required strength for brittle limit states based
on the expected yield capacity for ductile element Connections should be stronger than connected
members

The ductile element must be the weakest in the load path

Unanticipated over strength in the ductile element can

lead to non-ductile behavior.

Steels with a low value of yield ratio, Fy / Fu are preferable

for ductile elements
Achieving Ductile Response....
General Trends:

As Fy
Be cautious of high-strength steels
Elongation (material
ductility)

Fy / Fu

Ref: Salmon and Johnson - Steel

Structures: Design and Behavior
Achieving Ductile Response.... Achieving Ductile Response....

Be cautious of high-strength steels Use Sections with Low Width-Thickness Ratios and
Adequate Lateral Bracing
High strength steels are generally less ductile
(lower elongations) and generally have a higher
yield ratio.

High strength steels are generally undesirable

for ductile elements

Effect of Local Buckling on Flexural Strength and Ductility

θ Plastic Buckling
Moment Capacity
M
Mp Inelastic Buckling
M
Mr Elastic Buckling

Mp

λps λp λr Width-Thickness Ratio (b/t)

Ductility

Increasing b / t

Plastic Buckling Plastic Buckling

Moment Capacity

Moment Capacity

Mp Inelastic Buckling Mp Inelastic Buckling

Mr Elastic Buckling Mr Elastic Buckling

Slender Element Sections Noncompact Sections

λps λp λr Width-Thickness Ratio (b/t) λps λp λr Width-Thickness Ratio (b/t)

Ductility

Ductility
 Plastic Buckling Plastic Buckling
Moment Capacity

Moment Capacity
Mp Inelastic Buckling Mp Inelastic Buckling

Mr Elastic Buckling Mr Elastic Buckling

Compact Sections Seismically

Compact Sections

λps λp λr Width-Thickness Ratio (b/t) λps λp λr Width-Thickness Ratio (b/t)

Ductility

Ductility
Local buckling of a seismically compact moment frame beam.....

Local buckling of noncompact and slender element sections

5000 Local buckling of a seismically compact EBF link.....

4000
Mp
3000
Bending Moment (kN-m)

2000

1000

-1000

-2000

-3000
Mp
-4000
RBS Connection
-5000
-0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Drift Angle (radian)
 Effect of Local Buckling on Ductility

200
For ductile flexural response:
Use compact or seismically compact sections
Link Shear Force (kips)

150

100

50 bf

-50
Example: W-Shape
tf
-100

-150 h
-200
-0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 tw

Link Rotation, γ (rad)

Lateral Torsional Buckling

Beam Flanges Lateral torsional buckling Lb
bf Es controlled by:
Compact: ≤ 0.38 ry
2t f Fy

Lb = distance between beam lateral braces

Seismically Compact: bf Es
≤ 0.30 ry = weak axis radius of gyration
2t f Fy

Beam lateral braces

Beam Web
h Es
Compact: ≤ 3.76
tw Fy

h Es Lb Lb
Seismically Compact: ≤ 2.45
tw Fy

Effect of Lateral Torsional Buckling on Flexural Strength and Ductility:

Ductility:

θ
M

Mp

Increasing Lb / ry

θ
 Effect of Lateral Buckling on Ductility Achieving Ductile Response....

For ductile flexural response:

Recognize that buckling of a compression member is
Use lateral bracing based on plastic design
requirements or seismic design requirements
non-ductile

⎡ ⎛M ⎞⎤ ⎛ E ⎞
Plastic Design: Lb ≤ ⎢0.12 + 0.076 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ ⎥ ⎜ ⎟ ry
⎢⎣ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ M2 ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎝ Fy ⎠

⎛E ⎞
Seismic Design: Lb ≤ 0.086 ⎜ ⎟ ry
⎜F ⎟
⎝ y ⎠

Experimental Behavior of Brace Under Cyclic Axial Loading

Pcr
W6x20 Kl/r = 80

δ P

Pcr

δ
P

How Do We Achieve Ductile Response in Steel Structures ? How Do We Achieve Ductile Response in Steel Structures ?

• Ductile limit states must precede brittle limit states

ƒ Ductile elements must be the weakest in the load path
ƒ Stronger is not better in ductile elements
ƒ Define Required Strength for brittle limit states based on
expected yield capacity of ductile element

• Provide connections that are stronger than members

• Avoid high strength steels in ductile elements

• Use cross-sections with low b/t ratios

• Provide adequate lateral bracing

• Recognize that compression member buckling is non-ductile