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CST Microwave Studio Training Manual (Nottingham) 2014
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Especially helpful in post-processing (e.g. if a field needs to be
evaluated at the boundary of a shape).
TTR
Convert edges to curve.
Analytical Modeling
3D curves and faces can be created using analytical expressions.
Vib Analytical Modeling ~~" ~ »
3D curves and faces can be created using analytical expressions.
Loft Operation
Two picked faces can be used to create a new shape by a loft operation.
Pick two faces.
id Choose the properties
of the loft operation.
Preview
TONNE aa
B shape Toot
5 49@
Bending
It is possible to bend a (thin) solid on another solid object.
Example:
Creation of a helix
Solids touch each other
a oc SL
Please see the “Online Help” for additional examples on how to bend shapes.
a Er
SIUM ease samen
) =
Axes Scaling aa me
Normal 3d view _ Scaled view
This function helps to
no visualize structures which
ve have a small extend in one
as
spatial direction.
Sea Notes
Notes CAD Import & Parameterization
- Optional -
csT
Fa
Se er
Mechanical CAD Systems
2D formats:
3D exchange formats: DXF, GDS Il,
SAT, STEP, IGES, STL, OBJ Gerber, ADS,
av.
PCB layout formats:
Cadence Allegro, Mentor
Graphics, ODB++,
5000/CR-8000
Sonnet
3D native formats:
‘Autodesk Inventor, CATIA, Pro/E,
NASTRAN, Siemens NX,
Parasolid, Solid Edge, SolidWorks
biological modets:
arbitrary voxel data
eee \essa0-20.
| scoegeras-s.
TUE
>
meee
Scaling of imported models should be
avoided, it is better to set correct units
before starting the import.
Importing component, solid, and material
‘names from original CAD tool is
recommended (“Import attributes”)
Healing is only necessary if import quality
‘is very bad, should be done later if
meshing problems occur.
er
Material Settings
fe
Material names are taken from the CAD file. However, the
electromagnetic material parameters must be defined after the
import.
eae Sin [law
© FRA oss fe) S— Material name is Soe
Fee taken from CAD file. sa Tantom
© Vocum — che Fe
x oe
a
Botton open
{ar ropes
tail e
Males! FR4 (oss tes)
‘Material properties
are set to "vacuum"
If the material is available
in the material library its
properties will be able to
load from the library. Working with Imported Shapes
Imported CAD can be used as any other shape created with the build-in
modeler.
However, the construction history of the imported shapes is missing.
Nevertheless there are many possibilities how an imported shape can
be modified:
= "Local Modifications” functions (see next slides)
= "Transform" functions
= "Boolean" operations
= "Slice by UV-Plane” function (see next slides)
Y | worwiest.com
‘Small details are often irrelevant for the EM behavior,
but complicate the meshing and solving (especially for
TET-mesh).
Imported Model
% Pa von
Petegend ce
7 parte r
WH rexsee if 4
rate save
Piece Cin
Remove small
details.
blendings/chamfers.
WEEN Parameterization of Imported Shapes
Parameterization of Imported Shapes
© Pick edge middle point. ~ acu
eye + Align local coordinate system. [2 sonv«s
beta acsh alshanab = “Shape Tools”-+"Slice by UV Plane”
CI? Gs,
* “Shape Tools” —+“Separate Shape")
Perform a Boolean “add” of the = Pick opposite faces. = “Transform” —» iy Tans,
shapes. = Perform “Loft” Operation _* Use parameter! | If a shape causes problems during meshing oo of defects in the
CAD files you can try to automatically heal the shape.
Convenes Sept and Merge
AD ccaat a
a Sepore Supe
Shel and Sete
@ Seo or Ticker Set
| sotate Set Comerion
Loca Sed Coordin
Note: Perform the heating operation only if problems with mesh/matrix generation appear.
If the first attempt to heal the shape doesn't correct all problems, execute it multiple
time:
Tips and Tricks - Face Orientation
If the orientation of the faces of a solid is inconsistent, this can be
corrected either automatically or manually.
GG Componerts ‘ang [Ww
B® smucture
i ‘mpot_t » 2 >»
=
Shape ! not
recognized as solid.
PP «
Inner surfaces get a different color. This helps
to find faces with incorrect orientation. Tips and Tricks - Face Orientation
If the orientation of the faces of a solid is inconsistent, this can be
corrected either automatically or manually.
Pick faces with Le
wrong orientation.
ie” (Reverse Selected Faces
GB Componerts Shape Tools > Healing Tools > Model Healing
OR structure
1 impot_1
PE
Tips and Tricks - Close Gaps
Shape is open Pick edges surrounding the gap.
Oem
Shape Tools > Healing Tools
oe a > Model Healing
Giron
EEE ote aR Notes CST MICROWAVE STUDIO
Solver Overview
Which solver is best suited to my application?
» >
Ea Es 6
GB & & && esr
AA
Seanad
EM Simulation Workflow
Virtual Prototype - Model
Idea/Concept __ of device under test
AL v <)
eg7h i i | Numerical Method
EM Simulation i & &
Solver Settings
Prototype/ (e.g. Discretization,
_Measurements Boundary Conditions,
Frequency Range...)
Final Product lw
Nee ead
Go
Analysis of Results Which solver is the "Best
= Unique answer to this question is not easily possible as the
performance and accuracy depend on many parameters:
electrical size and geometry of the problem,
material models and material parameters used,
resonant behavior of the model,
type of the mesh and the boundary conditions,
acceleration methods available,
: Some helpful rules of thumb are available.
The application engineers of CST are available to
discuss the solver choice and the model setup.
Often more than one solver can efficiently handle a certain application. This
allows for very efficient convergence checking and cross-checking of results.
a T= COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | wwwest.com
& Transient Simulation
Behind the Scenes
Excitation Time Signal Output Time Signal
i ——_]_ Numerical time integration fomieeleclon|
of 3D Maxwell equations
using the FIT method
H
ae
ft
itt
=a
i
Transient Solver Run
1. The model is excited with a broadband signal (Gaussian pulse).
2. The response of the model is monitored in time-domain
(output time signals).
3. A discrete Fourier Transform is applied automatically to the time
signals to obtain the broadband behavior of the model in the
| frequency domain (broadband S-parameters).
CST = COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | wwwiest.com i Transient Simulation
Termination Criterion
In order to obtain accurate broadband results in the frequency domain
the electromagnetic energy in the computational domain needs to be
sufficiently decayed. Thus, the termination criterion of the transient
solver is based on the energy still in the computational domain.
Field Energy / 3.
Energy is normalized on maximum
value seen during the simulation ri
Sesssesssse
02 of 06 o8 1 1200 44
Time /ns
on Seen ane
B Transient Simulation
Accuracy
If the energy is not decayed sufficiently the accuracy of the results
suffer from the truncation error.
a
a ce
‘Truncated signal in time domain Inaccuracy (‘ripples’) in S-parameters
For comparison:
Accurate results For accurate S-parameters
an accuracy of -40dB or
better is recommended.
EI 4 Transient Simulation
Additional Termination Criteria
For other applications, e.g. TDR simulations, there are other termination
criteria available. They can be accessed via the “Special” solver settings.
Example: Simulated time set to 1 ns.
J
=
ea
a Seon
i Frequency Domain Simulation
ual Behind the Scenes
The steady state behavior of a model is calculated at different
frequency points.
Parameter Magriude i
est
For each frequency
point a linear
equation system
has to be solved.
442 44 46 48 5 52 S54 56 58 6
Frequency / Gre
The solver computes the broadband frequency behavior of the model
using an interpolation scheme. >
" Frequency Domain Simulation
ua Typical Settings
Typical setting if you want to obtain broadband S-parameter results:
‘Compute the 30 field monitors.
Perform adaptive mesh refinement to
‘optimize the discretization based on the
field distribution in the computational
domain.
Perform broadband frequency
eee TT Die bronco frequency sweep
‘Typical setting if you want to obtain results just for certain frequency
points: Frequency samples
[Acive|Twe [Adapt] Soupies|From [to [unt] ~
[O mextarce » 0 Ge
Specify the frequen rote neste ae
Specify the frequency pol s Pte = |
CSc
[Hitse broadband frequency sweep
Time Domain vs Frequency Domain
one in Mout
Time Domain Frequency Domain Frequency Domain Calculation
X(w)
i
BRBERESEE Solver Choice (I) - Overview
General Purpose Solvers (3D-Volume)
Transient
~ Electrically medium and large sized problems
* Broadband analysis,
+ Arbitrary time signals (e.g. digital signal, lightning pulse)
BE Frequency tomain
* Narrow band / single frequency
« Electrically small to medium sized problems
«= Periodic structures with Floquet port modes
| Special Solvers
Eigenmode
« Strongly resonant, closed structures (e.g.cavities)
C4
Integral Equation
= Electrically large structures
= Dominated by metal
Bi m1 over
= RCS calculation for electrically very large objects
Cttitayer solver
ny eee
ENE!
eS?
General Purpose
for S-parameter
calculation only
Resonant Fast
Solver Choice (Il) - Resonances
The following rules of thumb apply:
‘Weak Resonances
F-solver is better suited to strongly resonant applications than T-solver.
Strong Resonances
ei The following rules of thumb apply: __y Structure under study
af)
ety exe
(d= Amin) (4 > (20..30) - Amin)
pala era
Bi =
Ki von |
For electrically very small structures the quasi-static solvers provided
by CST EM STUDIO might be a good choice.
EEE
Solver Choice (IV) - Bandwidth
The following rules of thumb apply:
meni oo
-
ae
i ea
F-solver and I-solver are better suited to narrowband applications,
while the T-solver is better suited to broadband applications.
SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY Specialized Products
In addition to the general purpose solvers in CST MICROWAVE STUDIO CST
offers solvers specialized to certain classes of applications.
CST PCB STUDIO CST CABLE STUDIO
Specialized solvers for the Specialized solvers for the
simulation of PCB boards. simulation of complete
cable harness for all kind of
EMC investigations.
Notes
EEN Definition of Ports
CST
oa SR TPN ore
EM Simulation Workflow
of device under test
Idea/Concept ——
Ob Numerical Method
(Solver Choi
EM Simulation Bi ete
mee, e/ Solver Settings
re (e.g. Discretization, —
Final croducty
s Analysis of Results
a Neo orena Available Port Types
Ports for S-Parameter Computation
Discrete Ports Waveguide Ports
(Lumped Elements) (20 Eigenmodes) |
2 s
owe aan
Input: Knowledge of TEM Mode and Input: Area for eigenmode solution
ea Output: Pattern of E- and H-field,
Output: Voltage and current line impedance,
propagation constant
Discrete ports can be used for TEM- Waveguide ports provide a better
like modes (cutoff frequency = 0), match to the mode pattern as well as
not for higher order modes. higher accuracy for the S-parameters.
SIMULATION T
2
Discrete Ports **
S-Parameter Port Current Port | Voltage Port
itt itt)
hr Ok
Current source with internal
resistance. Realizes input
power of 1W (peak).
Microstrip Stripline — Coplanar waveguide
NS Discrete Edge Port Definition oe
a—-~ a
Pick two points, pick one point and a face,
or enter coordinates recty (not recommended).
og | Smaion | oe
2
Select port type
and impedance.
»
Discrete Face Port Definition **
Pick two edges or one edge and a face.
Select port type >
and impedance. - Available Port Types
Ports for S-Parameter Computation
7
Discrete Ports
(Lumped Elements)
Waveguide Ports
(2D Eigenmodes)
2 £
Input: Knowledge of TEM Mode and Input: Area for eigenmode solution
line impedance is required. Output: Pattern of E- and H-field,
Output: Voltage and current line impedance,
propagation constant
Waveguide ports provide a better
match to the mode pattern as well as
higher accuracy for the S-parameters.
Discrete ports can be used for TEM-
like modes (cutoff frequency = 0),
not for higher order modes.
ee Sd
Port Definition - Closed Structures
Typically, waveguide ports are defined based on a geometric object. Use the
pick tools to select a unique port plane.
rr
The port size is equal to the smallest rectangular area which includes all picked objects. Port Definition - Open Structures
1. Pick face.
2. Enter port menu.
Adjust additional
WL : port space using k
and h.
The extension factor k varies i?
in a range of 5 - 10, typically -
depending on the ratio w/h, €,
and the frequency.
PEMA Materials &
Boundary Conditions
06 REET TTR
cST
FA
EM Simulation Workflow
== = a
ay
Ge Simulation
meet
=“
Final Product
Senora
Virtual Prototype - Model
of device under test
uma Method
(Golver Choice)
Solver Settings
(e.g. Discretization,
GU
Analysis of Results Basic Materials
Define a new material or load materials
from the large material database.
Material Types
PEC: Perfect Electrical Conductor (¢ — co)
Normal: General material model. This is
typically used for dielectric materials.
Anisotropic: Permittivity © and permeability 1
depend upon the spatial direction.
Lossy Metal: Model for conductors with o # oo.
Corrugated Wall: Surface impedance model.
eed
= jean
‘Ohmic Sheet & Surface Imp. (Table): Surface
impedance model.
Shielded Cable: Transfer impedance wire model.
Thin Panel: Conductive thin sheet model.
wos
ageune
races uta ~
Sele oSs|
Loaded materials are available
for the creation of new shapes.
Ea Normal Material vs Lossy Metal
= The "lossy metal” material model is recommended for the
simulation of materials with a high but finite conductivity, e.g.,
copper, aluminum.
The skin effect is taken into account.
The skin depth must be much smaller than the material thickness,
i.e. fields cannot penetrate objects made of “lossy metal".
« The “normal” material model is recommended for the simulation
of materials with low conductivity, e.g., substrates, dielectrics.
Fields can penetrate objects made of normal material.
Boundaries (
CST MWS uses a computational domain of cuboid shape.
Therefore, 6 boundary surfaces have to be defined at the minimum and
maximum position in each coordinate direction (Xin Xmax» Yimin» Ynaxr Zine Znax)=
Example: T-Splitter Boundary Settings (7
Seven different settings are available.
32
Boundary Settings (7
ESR
;& —&2@e
Electric Boundaries: No electric field component tangential to boundary surface.
‘Magnetic Boundaries: No magnetic field component tangential to boundary
surface.
Open Boundaries: Operates like free space - Waves can pass this boundary
with minimal reflections. Perfectly matched layer (PML) condition.
Open (add space) Boundaries: Same as open, but adds some extra space for
far field calculation (automatically adapted to center frequency of desired
bandwidth). This option is recommended for antenna problems. Cn,
ey
Conducting Wall: Electric conducting wall with finite conductivity (defined
in Siemens/meter).
ell: Models ai
ite but period
EO Sees Three different settings are available.
Three possible symmetry planes are
available.
This can reduce the computational effort (memory
tational time) by a factor up to eight.
rao Result Handling
cSsT
Virtual Prototype - Model
Idea/Concept of device under test
Vv Gi Gi B= Numerical Method
EM Simulation i ee ee oen choice) ae
atin a
ae Solver Settings
Prototype/ (e.g. Discretization
Measurements Boundary Conditions,
Mh Frequency Range...)
Final Product y 4 Result Handling
= There are different types of results in CST STUDIO SUITE:
ai feeb nee 4. Standard results - Computed automatically for every
BE ety Ponsa simulation.
BE 2g Stameen
> ‘PG Balance: i
k ts Enewy Typically not resource intensive
2. Result monitors - User can preserve other results
Using so called monitors.
Typically resource intensive results
(e.g. field distribution in 3D space)
{for RF simulations
Monitors available
3. Result templates - Highly configurable mechanism to
extract special values from either
standard results or result monitors.
‘The power and flexibility of the VBA
programming language is available.
Me
1D Plot Options = S===
CST STUDIO SUITE provides a highly configurable interface to plot 1D results.
is Marker oes
Annotation
on
oa}. Linear and logarithmic scaling.
is possible for plot axes.
a Curve marker 1D Plot Options © = &
Different types of 1D plots commonly used in EM analysis are available.
Polar plot _Smith Chart (Admittance)
20 CST = COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY | wwwwest.com
3D Plot Options
For EM fields in 3D space there are a huge number of plotting options
available. Some examples are shown here.
Sensuen
Carpet Plot
Field values on
certain objects Post Processing Templates seins
Post processing templates provide a convenient way to compute values
which are derived from the standard results and the 3D field results.
1D_ Result -> Output is a 1D curve
1DC Result -> Output is a complex 1D curve
0D Result -> Output is a single value
os
i Tables
Ey 1D Reeds
(Po Gan (EEE)P-0.0Vabe
si
hill (25) Abs 09
Name and description of defined
Postprocessing templates Results of postprocessing
a __|| templates can be accessed
5) Camam am) || the "Tables" folder in the
Gas.) Gama)
‘COMPUTER SIMULATI
Macros & VBA Engine
= CST STUDIO SUITE comes with a built-in VBA engine which can be
used to automate frequently used sequences of operation.
* ACST STUDIO SUITE installation comes with more than 100 built-in
macros. For all macros the source code is available.
npr ed po
‘jeDagam, TOR
Fite Andis
sxe
Singhs
a >| ‘Macro source code is available
‘More than 100 and can serve as a template
macros are available. for own macros.
\ULATION TECHNOLOGY Notes
Notes Template Based Post Processing
and Tables
csT
A
se ee
Template Based Post Processing
« The template based post processing offers a range of very
powerful tools to manipulate the basic result data according to
the customer’s needs.
Each tool is provided in form of a customizable template.
More than 100 templates are available, ranging from quite
general (e.g., “Load 1D Data File”) to rather specialized
templates (e.g., “Inverse Chirp Z Transform”).
= Templates can be chained by using the result of one template as
the input for another, which makes the system even more
versatile.
= Once set up, a template will automatically be evaluated after
each solver run.
All template results will be stored during parameter sweeps and
optimizer runs.
= Template results can be used with the optimizer.
Ser
TNR How to set up and run a template?
= Go to “Template Based Post Processing” in the “Post Processing”
ribbon (Shortcut: CTRL-P).
= Select a template group-
= Select a template-
= Adialog window will
open to allow you to
customize the temp-
late (if applicable).
The template will be
appended to the list.
= Template groups are
organized by topic.
= The template list will be
evaluated sequentially |
after each solver run. |
= The “Result name” can be Foeatrane [mT aren pee
changed by the user.
= Results from evaluated
templates are stored under
“Tables” in the navigation ———><.(@ Tables
tree. Hf 10 Resuts
EH SParemeters
= Result values for OD | Tepe sta
results are also displayed Eh 0D Resuts
in the 4 column (“Value”) (fe 1.1.48 Max
of the template list.
Ee aa Template Types
= The second column in the template list shows the template
type, coded as follows:
= “0D/1D” in the middle determines if the result is a number (0D,
e.g., the maximum overall gain) or a curve with one or more data
points (1D, e.g., |S11] over frequency).
“C” at the end denotes a complex result value, e.g., a fully
‘complex impedance value.
“M” in front of the code denotes that the template produces
multiple results, e.g., it loads all available S-parameters. This type
of template is very helpful to keep the setup quick and the
template list concise.
= Templates of different types can often be combined:
= Load 1D curve “A” (1D)
= Extract mean value of “A” (0D)
= Subtract mean value from curve (1D)
Fe Ee ee ET
ee
Some Commonly Used Templates
= “2D/3D Field Results -> Evaluate Field ...” to extract near field
data or integrals thereof in points, on lines, or in subvolumes.
“Farfield/Antenna Properties -> Farfield Result” to extract
various kinds of farfield results.
= “General 1D -> 0D/1D Value from 1D Result” to apply various
mathematical operations (min, max, resample, FFT, etc.) to 1D
results, resulting in either a OD or 1D result.
= “General 1D -> Load Multiple 1D Results” to store all solver-
generated 1D results for each step in a parameter sweep.
« “General 1D -> Mix template Results” to use 0D/1D/1DC
results in algebraic equations.
» “S-Parameters -> S-Parameter ...” to store S-Parameter results
for each step in a parameter sweep.
= “Time Signals -> TDR ...” to calculate TDR results.
FST OTA Advanced: Write your own Template
= If necessary, users can modify existing or even write their own
templates using VBA.
= All templates are stored as .rtp files in a subfolder of the CST.
installation:
Subfolders show up as
groups in the template
= See “Post Processing Template Layout” in the online help for
more details.
= Please note that we can only provide very limited support for all
customer-written VBA code.
« Whenever a result is calculated for a given set of parameter
values, the resulting curve is stored in a table.
= This can lead to a large number of curves plotted on top of each
other:
side
‘cave
uve 2
cuve 3
uve 4
Curve S
cuve 6
uve 7
cuve 8
curve 9
uve 10
Curve tt Result Tables
|
= The table display can be modified to simplify the view.
Right-click on the table entry in the navigation tree or the plot
and select “Table properties”. [tentwrewsie SSCS
® Switch plot mode from “ALU” ee) Re
to “Parametric” to vary only — seca ate
‘one parameter while all others |) ;
are kept constant. LE
= The curve names
automatically
change from
“Curve X” to name
and value of the *
varying parameter.
sie
basee
gaeas
Parameter View “=
Amore flexible method is provided by the "Parameter View":
te [raring | wn
[Sx owwte nets
Saal & ttm =
Qe ramet ropes
Access the parameter view through the Post
Processing ribbon, or click on “Tables” in the
CRE ENCI 2 Caedted 23 we
3 andes 2 we
a leaned ome? sms 1c
(Cacdaes 8077 OSS TOC
Aunique "Run ID" identifies Accordingly, parameters If available, 1D result
each simulation run. are displayed types are indicated
ei (Gioked ODE) OSE TOC
Hide Une Cour
ide Unc Reus
| Ueber .
| bidet Clams
setby Rue
| sort sdctd Cota
eee ie
Use multiple selection to specify results for inspection, use
right-click ”Plot Selected...” to create a plot with only the
selected datasets.
“COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHN
ai Parameter View ~=-
Click on a parameter name
to select the whole column.
[pene oa
passed The
Ye cantar Petes
ite Seats
‘eset
| Giicame >
Right-click on a column and ee
select “Add Selected To Filter”. eee cso
Different conditions are
available, such as <, >=, Range,
etc. | est ento Covent
SePeamaentoRmD.. |
An expression will eo —__|__anete |
automatically be added to the eat 4
filter, according to the defined
condition. Only filtered results
will be displayed afterwards.
i
aana Notes Optimizer Overview
Motivation: Optimize a Waveguide Corner
S11 *
S11 after
<>
is
Goal:
Find the position for the metal pin that reduces $11 to values smaller than
-20dB over the frequency band of 8GHz to 10GHz. Optimization Characteristics
Sometimes, a detailed parameter sweep can give complete
information on the problem.
max(S11[4B])
rmax(S11[@8))
Note: For this plot, we made 441 simulations with different combinations of
x1 and y1 between -10 and 10.
If we are only interested in the optimal solution,
numerical optimization will find this point with much less evalu:
TEN ee A Optimization Terminology
Optimal Response vector
A parameter e.g. $21 vs.
set frequency
Optimization process: X = argmin U(R(x))
Objective (goal Design
or fitness) parameters e.g.
function dimensions,
material
properties etc.
Neen
Setting up the Optimization: Step 1
Parameterization
In your desig In the optimizer dialog...
_ Define structure parameters Select design parameters x and define ranges
Check the box of all
parameters that
should be used by
the optimizer Setting up the Optimization: Step 2
Select/Create Response R and
Define Goal Function U
S11
<—:-> | a a2 04 06 ee 9 92 94 96 98 10
x1 Frequency | Gz
bn
Goal: Decrease S11 below -20dB
348 SE
REAR
Setting up the Optimization: Step 2
Select or Create Response R
Any available result in the "1D Results” as well
as any 1D or OD template can be used as
response to define an optimization goal Setting up the Optimization: Step 2
Define Goal Function U
Choose from
different
operators, such as
>,<,move min, etc.
Set a target
= Se ale.
If necessary, you
can set a frequency
range for the
optimization, or
optimize for a
single frequency
EMM ean
Setting up the Optimization: Step 3
Select an optimization strategy
nue [nese =) a=]
=o el]
oe =) Local vs. Global Optimizers
Trust Region Nelder Mead
Framework Algorit
local global
Initial parameters already Initial parameters give a
give a good estimate of the poor estimate of the
optimum, parameter ranges optimum, parameter
are small. ranges are large.
a Eee aed
Optimization Strategies
‘A fast and accurate optimizer that converges
robustly, and finds an optimum within the
Trust Region | given parameter bounds using a low number
Framework _ | of evaluations.
‘An optimizer for more complex domains with
good convergence behavior:
Nelder Mead | Uses relatively few evaluations if the
Simplex Method | problem has a tow number of parameters
(i.e., less than 5 ).
Aglobal optimizer with good convergence
behavi
CMA* Evolution | stochastic search with a biology-inspired
Strategy selection process is adapted to complex
optimization problems.
“EWA:Covariance Matrix Adaptation
a Ss
SE TS Monitoring Progress |
oo
ii
j
Tia
vl
‘on
i
aa Soe
Under 1D Results\Optimizer, you can observe the optimizer
course of parameters and the according goal values. The
“Result Curves”-folder contains the first and best result.
Note that these values are updated on the fly for
inspection while an optimization is running!
After the defined goal is reached, the
optimizer will automatically stop and
show the results for the optimal
parameter set X.
You can always abort an optimization
manually in the “Progress” window. You
are then prompted whether you want to
re-calculate the best design so far, or
abort without keeping results.
Aoorteptnizaton?
(@ Abort eptnizatn and recaliate frthe best parameter seting
(© pbartentreeptnzaton
Cox) Cont) General Suggestions for Optimization
= Try to use a concise parameterization.
= Try to keep the number of goal functions low.
« Monitor parameter changes throughout optimization to gain
insight into convergence behavior.
= Sometimes, re-formulating your goal function makes the
difference (e.g., min vs. move min).
= You can use coarse parameter sweeps to determine good initial
values and boundaries, and to support the right choice of
optimization algorithm.
= If possible, employ face constraints together with sensitivities
when using the trust region optimizer.
Note: The default properties of the optimizers yield good results in
most cases. Do not change these properties unless recommended
otherwise by CST support engineers.
See
Optimizer - Online Example
- Optional -
csT
Se SMD Capacitor - Setup
Goal: Extract Equivalent Circuit.
— Open the file "SMD Capacitor.cst".
can an Measured data in certain
reference planes.
tee Equivalent circuit:
= {7 5 ~___ The topology represents the reat
react lature, ng he
so 7 frequency, the m les
om: quency, the more complex an
paramos “equivalent circuit is required.
Sa
SMD Capacitor - Tasks
Create an optimization task with an
S-parameter and a postprocessing task:
Create a response "Error" using the
"General 1D — Mix Template Results"
template:
Note:
Complex S-parameters
should be used for the
goal function, not only
‘the magnitude. SMD Capacitor - Optimizer Settings
Select optimization
strategy and set design
parameters and ranges:
Define your
optimization goal
function U:
Note:
‘When dealing with noisy measured data,
it can be advantageous to change the
initial point set as well as the goal norm
to LSE.
set X
|
Optimal parameter
|
||
|
Perfect match
between measured
data (S1,1 and S2,1)
and equivalent circuit
(83,3 and $4,3).
fis be a Model
radius = 6.69 mm
Teflon &, = 2.4
tan delta el. = 0,0002
thermal cond, = 0.2 W/(Km) thermal cond. = 0.2 W/(Km)
copper (pure)
cond, = 5.96e7 S/m
copper (pure)
cond. = 5.96e7 S/m
radius = 9 mm
.008 (defined at 7.5 GHz)
thermal cond. = 0.01 W/(Km)
Units: mm, GHz, ns ‘Mechanical type = normal
Frequency Range = 0 - 20 GHz Young's modulus = 0.5 GPa
E- and H-Field Monitors at 7.5 GHz Poisson’s ratio = 140*te-6/K
266 cst
Eee
New Project Template
« First choose “Create Project” to create a new project. | @
= This starts the configuration wizard in order to help you to | se
choose the appropriate module, main project settings and result
recorders for the particular application.
= Choose a
= Microwave & RF
= Circuit & Components }
= Coaxial (TEM) Connectors \ i
= The recommended solvers for the selected En
workflow are T and F. Here, select the Time Domain solver
= The default units are correct: mm, GHz, ns and Kelvi
= Set the frequency range between 0 and 20 GHz eal
and define E-Field and H-Field Monitors at 7.5 GHz.
‘As we want to perform a TDR simulation the upper limit of the frequency range is
set to a high value such that the resulting pulse fs sufficiently short to resolve the
inhomogeneity in the structure.
16? Ss
Uo se New Project Template - Summary
= Finally, verify your choices on the summary page.
‘create anew template
ence review your cece a cc it create he tempat:
<
= Additionally, the Project Template automatically sets the
background material to PEC and the boundaries to electric.
Per
Save Project
Save your project as "Coax.cst".
=
Gh seas
1% sweat
Bop
| Choe
NEN) Load "Teflon" and "Copper" from Library
AG Materials
“© Copper ure)
© PEC
© Ten PTFE) fossy)
Define a New Material "PP" (I)
Moseing Define a New Material "PP" (II)
Cx Cot) Ce] Coe
Coax Connector Construction (I)
Go to the ‘Modeling’ ribbon tab and create a cylinder made of
copper.
easing |
ee Od>
SEMEN Coax Connector Construction (Il)
Create a cylinder
made of Teflon. ®
Coax Connector Construction (Ill)
Create the inner conductor. Coax Connector Construction (IV)
Hide the outer conductor.
Coax Connector Construction (V)
J Modeling | or ~ Align the working coordinate
1B Align wes system with the front face. Coax Connector Construction (VI)
Create a cylinder
made of PP.
Coax Connector Construction (VII)
Create a cylinder made of copper. Coax Connector Construction (VIII)
Perform a Boolean add of both parts of the inner conductor.
BrP
talon
Select objects
in the tree.
Coax Connector Construction (IX)
Parameterize the position of the step.
%@ «(3
Pick the face.
Define offset=0 as initial value. | Coax Connector Construction (X)
SS
Check correct parameterization of the structure.
a Activate the cutting ee ——
3 plane in the ‘View —-
| SE*. ribbon tab.
32 aed
Coax Connector Construction (XI)
bial Align the working coordinate
B Align wes system with the front face.
TD Coax Connector Construction (XII)
SG Convones
© cagpanas
CE mar)
Select all shapes except
“outer” in the navigation tree.
Coax Connector Construction (XIII)
Show the outer conductor. Final Result
EINES
Create Ports
Switch to the ‘Simulation’ ribbon tab > sowsuen Define the port.
and pick the face of the dielectric:
@°O Check Boundary and Set Symmetry
6 The boundary conditions The symmetry conditions enable
have been correctly set the solver to save memory
by the project template. resources and simulation time.
With the symmetry conditions defined above the simulation time
shortens by a factor of four.
The S-parameter symmetry reduces the
simulation time again by a factor of two. Switch Off Line Impedance Adaptation
ewe ont rote set
For TDR simulations it is
recommended to switch off the
line impedance adaptation.
ER SIMULATIC SOR)
& >
——
Termination criterion:
The solver is stopped when the
energy in the computational
domain falls below this level.
Note: Alternative termination ndaoive Petes.)
criteria can be defined in the 7
solver specials (in the tab ( Sepeter.
“steady state") 1D Simulation Results (I)
Time signals
SB 1D Resuts
| FH Pot signals
i
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