Adjective Clause

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Adjective Clause dinamakan juga RELATIVE CLAUSE yaitu Clause (anak kalimat)
yang digunakan/berfungsi sebagai adjective yang menerangkan keadaan noun atau
pronoun. Untuk lebih jelasnya penjelasan mengenai Adjective Clause, perhatikan
penjelasan di bawah ini:

Contoh:
 I have read the book (that) you just mentioned.

Main Clause: I have read the book.

Subordinate Clause: (that) you just mentioned.

Anak kalimat menerangkan kata benda the book, disebut dengan Adjective Clause
 The lesson (that) she is learning is very difficult.

Main Clause: The lesson is very difficult.

Subordinate Clause: (that) she is learning.

Berdasarkan pada the Antecedent yang ditunjuk oleh introductory words (kata-kata
pendahulunya), Adjective Clause dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 2 macam, yaitu:

1. Relative Pronoun
 Kata Ganti Orang

Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah : Who, Whom, Whose, That

Fungsi :

a. Subjek:

- He paid the money to the man who / that had done the work

b. Objek Kata Kerja:

- He paid the man whom/that he had hired.

c. Objek Kata Depan:

- He paid the man from whom he had borrowed the money.

d. Kata Ganti Kepunyaan:

- This is the girl whose picture you saw.

 Benda, Binatang

Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah: Which, that

 Fungsi:

a. Subjek:

- Here is a book which/that describes animals.

b. Objek Kata Kerja:

- The chair which/that he broke is being repaired.

c. Objek Kata Depan:

- She was wearing the coat for which she had paid $2,00.

2. Relative Adverbs
 Waktu

Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: when

- This is the year when the Olympic Games are held.

 Tempat

Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: where

- Here is the house where I live.

 Alasan

Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: when

- Give me one good reason why you did that.

_________________________

1. Relative Pronoun

Yaitu Adjective Clause dengan memakai kata penghubung Relative Pronoun.

 The boy is called Bob. He gave me a present.
o The boy who gave me a present is called Bob. atau
o The boy who is called Bob gave me a present.

Beberapa contoh Adjective Clause lainnya:

 The boy whose radio was stolen is a student.
 The girl whom I gave a special reward is a bright student.
 The bike which I borrowed last week was sold.

2. Relative Adverb
Pelajaran tentang ini dibahas lebih lengkap pada Relative Clause. Hal-hal yang perlu
ditambahkan di sini, yaitu:

 Kata Why (yang menunjukkan alasan) yang menjadi Adverb penghubung,

mungkin (kadang-kadang) dapat digantikan dengan that atau kadang-kadang
dapat dihilangkan dalam kalimat.

- The reason (that) I came should be obvious to you.

- The reason (why) I came should be obvious to you.
- The reason I came should be obvious to you.

 When atau Where Bering dapat Baling ditukarkan dengan Preposition yang
menunjukkan tempat (a preposition of Place) ditambah dengan Which.

- The small town in which (= where) I was born has grown to a large
metropolis.
- The day on which (= when) they were to leave finally arrived.

Kadang-kadang that dapat menggantikan where atau when.

 The day that (or when, on which) the trial was to take place was a stormy one.
 Please suggest a good place that (or where) we can meet

Beberapa Hal Penting yang Berkaitan dengan Adjective Clause

 Perubahan dari Adjective Clause menjadi Adjective Phrase.

o Adjective Clause dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase yang

menjelaskan noun tanpa ada perubahan arti kalimat.
o Hanya Adjective Clause yang mempunyai subjek pronoun: who, which
atau that yang dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase.
o Adjective Clause dengan subjek: whom tidak dapat dirubah menjadi
Adjective Phrase.

Perhatikan Contoh berikut:

a. Adjective Clause

* The girl who is sitting next to me is Lisa.

==> The boy is playing the piano is Bent.

b. Adjective Phrase

* The girl sitting next to me is Lisa.

==> The boy playing the piano is Bent.

 Cara mengubah Adjective Clause menjadi Adjective Phrase.

(1) Subjek pronoun dan verb be dihilangkan.

* Adjective Clause: The man who is talking to Taylor is from Japan.

 * Adjective Phrase: The man talking to Taylor is from Japan.

* Adjective Clause: The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting.
* Adjective Phrase: The ideas presented in that book are interesting.

* Adjective Clause: Ali is the man who is responsible for preparing the budget.
* Adjective Phrase: Ali is the man responsible for preparing the budget.

* Adjective Clause: The books that are on the shelf are mine.
* Adjective Phrase: The books on the shelf are mine.

(2) Jika tidak ada verb be dalam Adjective Clause, seringkali subjek pronoun
dapat dihilangkan dan mengubah kata kerja dalam Clause itu menjadi bentuk
-ing.

* Adjective Clause: English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters.

* Adjective Phrase: English has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters.

* Adjective Clause: Anyone who wants to come with us is welcome.

* Adjective Phrase: Anyone wanting to come with us is welcome.

 Seringkali Adjective Clause digunakan dalam pola: noun + of which. Pola ini
terutama digunakan untuk tulisan bahasa Inggris resmi (formal written
English). Dalam pola ini biasanya Adjective Clause menerangkan "sesuatu".

* We have an antique table. The top of it has jade inlay.

o We have an antique table, the top of which has jade inlay.
o We toured a 300-year-old house. The exterior of the house consisted of
logs cemented with clay.
o We toured a 300-year-old house, the exterior of which consisted of
logs cemented with lay.

 Adjective Clause sering digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kuantitas dengan

of. Ungkapan kuantitas mendahului pronoun, dan hanya whom, which, dan
whose yang digunakan dalam pola ini.

Ungkapan kuantitas dengan "of" antara lain: some of, none of, both of, one of,
many of, two of, all of, each of, most of, dll.

* There are 20 students in my class. Most of them are from the Outside Java.
--> There are 20 students in my class, most of whom are from the Outside
Java.

* He gave several reasons. Only a few of them were valid.

--> He gave several reasons, only a few of which were valid.

 Tanda Baca pada Adjective Clauses

Pedoman umum dalam Tanda Baca pada Adjective Clauses yaitu:

 o Jangan menggunakan tanda koma bila Adjective Clause diperlukan
untuk mengidentifikasi noun yang dijelaskan olehnya.
o Gunakanlah tanda koma bila Adjective Clause hanya berfungsi untuk
memberi informasi tambahan dan tidak dimaksudkan untuk
mengidentifikasi noun yang dijelaskan olehnya.
 Henry whose wife works at a bank came to my house
yesterday.
 Alex, whose wife works at a bank, came to my house yesterday.

Keterangan:

Contoh pertama menggambarkan bahwa Henry memiliki lebih dari 1 istri.

Pada kalimat tersebut pembicara ingin mengindentifikasikan istrinya yang
bekerja di Bank, bukan yang lainnya.

Sedangkan pada kalimat kedua, kita sudah jelas, kalau Alex memiliki hanya 1
orang istri. Frase yang berada di antara koma hanya memberikan keterangan
tambahan saja. Tanpa frase tersebut pun orang lain sudah mengetahuinya kalau
istrinya Alex memang bekerja di sebuah Bank karena memang istrinya cuma 1
itu.

Perhatikan contoh berikut ini untuk lebih jelasnya dalam penggunaan tanda
koma dalam Adjective Clause.

o Soekarno, who is the first President of Republic of Indonesia, could

deliver speech well.

Perbedaan antara Adjective Clause dan Noun Clause

Karena adanya kesamaan dalam beberapa kata pendahulunya, maka kadang-kadang

antara Noun Clause dan Adjective Clause sering membingungkan.

Ada 2 macam perbedaan yang penting antara dua jenis Clause tersebut: perhatikan
contoh berikut ini:

 Adjective Clause biasanya didahului oleh noun atau pronoun yang

diterangkan.

Adjective Clause

o I know the house where he lives.

(where he lives mempunyai antecedent the house, yang merupakan objek dari
kata know)

Noun Clause

o I know where he lives.

 (where he lives adalah objek dari kata know)

Preposisi yang mendahului introductory word adalah milik Adjective Clause dan
bukan milik Noun Clause.

Adjective Clause
 The woman to whom he has been giving money is a poor relative of his.

(Adjective Clause dimulai dengan to yang merupakan bentuk a prepositional phrase

dengan whom dalam Adjective Clause itu. Dan To dapat diletakkan di bagian
belakang Adjective Clause. The woman, whom he has been giving money to, is a poor
relative of his).

Noun Clause
 He gives money to whoever needs it.

(The Noun Clause dimulai dengan whoever, seluruh Noun Clause itu adalah objek
dari to, yang tidak dapat dipindah letaknya. Dan juga -ever- merupakan bentuk yang
hanya bergandeng (mengikuti) dengan Noun Clause.

Adjective clause adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai adjektiva. Seperti telah kita
ketahui, adjektiva adalah kata yang menerangkan nomina. Jadi, adjective clause juga
berfungsi demikian, yaitu memberi keterangan pada nomina.

Adjective clause dimulai dengan relative pronoun atau relative adverb.

Berikut ini beberapa contoh adjective clause:

Adjective clause dengan relative pronoun

Contoh:
The man who is sitting over there is my father.
The book which you bought yesterday is very interesting.
This is the place that I visited some years ago.
Mr. Bambang whose son is my friend is presenting a paper in a seminar.

Adjective clause dengan relative adverb

Contoh:
This is the reason why she did it.
The time when the plane takes off and lands will be changed soon.
Palembang is the place where I was born.

Dalam contoh-contoh di atas bisa kita lihat bahwa adjective clause tersebut
menerangkan nomina yang ada di depannya (antecedent).
Misalnya:
Adjective clause who is sitting over there menerangkan nomina the man.
Adjective clause why she did it menerangkan nomina the reason.

adjective Clause digunakan untuk memberi keterangan, identitas, dan informasi lain
kepada katabenda (Antecedent). Dalam struktur Adjective Clause ditandai dengan
Relative Pronoun, yaitu: who, whom, whose, which, when, where, why, dan that.

Who
digunakan untuk orang dalam posisi subjek (human as subject).

Whom
digunakan untuk orang dalam posisi objek (human as object).

Which
digunakan untuk benda, baik dalam posisi subjek atau objek (non-human as
subject/object).

That
digunakan sebagai subtitusi who, whom, atau which.

Whose
digunakan untuk kepemilikan.

When
digunakan untuk waktu.

Why
digunakan untuk sebab.

Contoh :
My English teacher is the man who Is standing near the pillar.
The house where I live is being rdwvated.

Adjective clause dibagi menjadi dua macam, yaitu:

1. Important (defining) adjective clause, yaitu adjective clause yang merupakan

informasi penting bagi antecedent.

2. Unimportant (undefining) adjective clause, yaitu adjective clause yang merupakan

informasi yang tidak penting bagi antecedent .

Contoh :
Important
Bob's brother that (who) lives in New York is an actor.

Meaning
Bob has more than one brother.

Unimportant
Bob's brother, who lives in New York is an actor.

Meaning
Bob has only one brother.

Catatan :
Dalam important adjective clause, relative pronoun, seperti: who, whom, which dapat
digantikan dengan that; sedangkan dalam unimportant adjective clause tidak.

Adjective Clauses
See The Sentence for definitions of sentence, clause, and dependent clause.

A sentence which contains just one clause is called a simple sentence.

A sentence which contains one independent clause and one or more dependent
clauses is called a complex sentence. (Dependent clauses are also called subordinate
clauses.)

There are three basic types of dependent clauses: adjective clauses, adverb clauses,
and noun clauses. (Adjective clauses are also called relative clauses.)

This page contains information about adjective clauses. Also see Adverb Clauses and
Noun Clauses.

A. Adjective clauses perform the same function in sentences that adjectives do:
they modify nouns.

The teacher has a car. (Car is a noun.)

It�s a new car. (New is an adjective which modifies car.)
The car that she is driving is not hers.
(That she is driving is an adjective clause which modifies car. It�s a clause
because it has a subject (she) and a predicate (is driving); it�s an adjective clause
because it modifies a noun.)
Note that adjectives usually precede the nouns they modify; adjective clauses always
follow the nouns they modify.

B. A sentence which contains one adjective clause and one independent clause is
the result of combining two clauses which contain a repeated noun. You can
combine two independent clauses to make one sentence containing an adjective
clause by following these steps:

1. You must have two clauses which contain a repeated noun (or pronoun, or noun
and pronoun which refer to the same thing). Here are two examples:

The book is on the table. + I like the book.

The man is here. + The man wants the book.

2. Delete the repeated noun and replace it with a relative pronoun in the clause you
want to make dependent. See C. below for information on relative pronouns.
The book is on the table. + I like which
The man is here. + who wants the book

3. Move the relative pronoun to the beginning of its clause (if it is not already there).
The clause is now an adjective clause.

The book is on the table. + which I like

The man is here. + who wants the book

4. Put the adjective clause immediately after the noun phrase it modifies (the repeated
noun):

The book which I like is on the table.

The man who wants the book is here.

C. The subordinators in adjective clauses are called relative pronouns.

1. These are the most important relative pronouns: who, whom, that, which.

These relative pronouns can be omitted when they are objects of verbs. When they
are objects of prepositions, they can be omitted when they do not follow the
preposition.

WHO replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It cannot replace nouns and
pronouns that refer to animals or things. It can be the subject of a verb. In informal
writing (but not in academic writing), it can be used as the object of a verb.

WHOM replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It cannot replace nouns
and pronouns that refer to animals or things. It can be the object of a verb or
preposition. It cannot be the subject of a verb.

WHICH replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to animals or things. It cannot
replace nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It can be the subject of a verb. It can
also be the object of a verb or preposition.

THAT replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people, animals or things. It can be
the subject of a verb. It can also be the object of a verb or preposition (but that
cannot follow a preposition; whom, which, and whose are the only relative pronouns
that can follow a preposition).

2. The following words can also be used as relative pronouns: whose, when, where.

WHOSE replaces possessive forms of nouns and pronouns (see WF11 and pro in
Correction Symbols Two). It can refer to people, animals or things. It can be part of
a subject or part of an object of a verb or preposition, but it cannot be a complete
subject or object. Whose cannot be omitted. Here are examples with whose:

The man is happy. + I found the man�s wallet. =

The man whose wallet I found is happy.
The girl is excited. + Her mother won the lottery. =
The girl whose mother won the lottery is excited.

WHEN replaces a time (in + year, in + month, on + day,...). It cannot be a subject. It

can be omitted. Here is an example with when:

I will never forget the day. + I graduated on that day.=

I will never forget the day when I graduated.

The same meaning can be expressed in other ways:

I will never forget the day on which I graduated.

I will never forget the day that I graduated.
I will never forget the day I graduated.

WHERE replaces a place (in + country, in + city, at + school,...). It cannot be a

subject. It can be omitted but a preposition (at, in, to) usually must be added. Here is
an example with where:

The building is new. + He works in the building. =

The building where he works is new.

The same meaning can be expressed in other ways:

The building in which he works is new.

The building which he works in is new.
The building that he works in is new.
The building he works in is new.

D. Adjective clauses can be restrictive or nonrestrictive.

1. A restrictive adjective clause contains information that is necessary to identify the

noun it modifies. If a restrictive adjective clause is removed from a sentence, the
meaning of the main clause changes. A restrictive adjective clause is not separated
from the main clause by a comma or commas. Most adjective clauses are restrictive;
all of the examples of adjective clauses above are restrictive. Here is another example:

People who can�t swim should not jump into the ocean.

2. A nonrestrictive adjective clause gives additional information about the noun it

modifies but is not necessary to identify that noun. If a nonrestrictive adjective
clause is removed from a sentence, the meaning of the main clause does not
change. A nonrestrictive adjective clause is separated from the main clause by a
comma or commas. The relative pronoun that cannot be used in nonrestrictive
adjective clauses. The relative pronoun cannot be omitted from a nonrestrictive
clause. Here is an example:

Billy, who couldn�t swim, should not have jumped into the ocean.
E. Adjective clauses can often be reduced to phrases. The relative pronoun (RP)
must be the subject of the verb in the adjective clause. Adjective clauses can be
reduced to phrases in two different ways depending on the verb in the adjective
clause.

1. RP + BE = 0

People who are living in glass houses should not throw stones. (clause)
People living in glass houses should not throw stones. (phrase)
Mary applied for a job that was advertised in the paper. (clause)
Mary applied for a job advertised in the paper. (phrase)

2. RP + OTHER VERB (not BE) = OTHER VERB + ing

People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.(clause)

People living in glass houses should not throw stones. (phrase)
Students who sit in the front row usually participate more. (clause)
Students sitting in the front row usually participate more. (phrase)