fh Woks | Ving Gaia, tl, Si a Tatal Kaa f Pies a Wea Beg‘of Queretaro (May 15, 1967 and executed Emperor Marimiian nine 19, 1857 (Ries shiny aniversary), Ths fled out Emperor Napoeoa I's umbiton to clonize Lain Ameren. In Rizal's times two European nations (lalians and Get- san) siceeded in uniyng their own eowntes The Taka Snder the leadership of Count Cavour and of Carbal ad ‘Army of Red Shir drove out the Attias and Pench armies trom Hay and procaimcd the Kingdom ot aly under King Vitor Emmanuel, with Rome a aptly” The Pras led ‘by Ono von Bamarck, the "ion Chancel”, detested France it the FrancPrian War andextabahed the German Empire Janay 1,181, with King Wile of Pri afr Kone ts Geum Wi i een be Fans Pan ar, Emperor Napolon IV's Second French " ‘nd over rin the Third French Repub arose, wih Asaph There a rn Present ‘The times of Rizal saw the lowering of Wester imperialism England emerged as the world's leading imperialist power. On Account of her invincible navy and magnificent army, she was fable to conquer many counties throughout the world: and to ‘establish a global colonial empure. Thus the British people during the plonious reign of Queen Victoria. (1837-1901) proudly asserted: “Britannia rules the waves.” By winning the Ftst (pv War (1840-1842) against the tottering Chinese Empire tnder the Manchu dynasty, she acquired the island of Hon Kong (Fragraat Harbor). Inthe Second Opiuin War (18561860) she wou again and forced the helpless Manchu dynasty to cede the Kowloon Peninsula opposite Hong Kong. In 1859, ater suppressing the Indian. Rebelion and domanding the Mogul Empire, she imposed her raj (rule) over the subcontinent of Toda (now consisting of India, Pakistan, and Bangledess). By winning the Three Anglo-Burmese Wars (1824-26, 1852. and 1885), she conquered Burma, Other lands in Asia which became Brissh colonies were Ceylon (Sti Lanks), Maldives, Aden, Malaya, Singapore, and Egypt, Australis and New Zealand ia the South Pacific alo became British colonies. Other impe-talsts, folowing Britain's example, grabbed the weak countries Southeast Asta and colonized them, In 1858 N03, France, vith the help of Filipino tops wader Spanish colficers.? conquered Vietnam: annexed Cambodia (1863) and ‘Laos (1893); and. merged all these countries into a federated ‘colony under the name of French Indochina, The Dutch, after chia pcm, he poured out the ery of his agoniing het, a Follows: THEY ASK ME FOR VERSES. ‘You tbs i wc ‘That mote and torn wo hing ‘And yet can wake the strain, Nov wil the Mose one note inp! Coty it shaken accents de ‘Asi ey soul ell 10 wring, ‘And son sound sce But 0 fing Aes at 48 o6n tw lame, Solin sa lation pent My al cam eter fel noe sng There wit atime = th, "te foo tre — Bar that tine lng ago hs pat ‘When upon me the Mise hi a Indutgem snile ana fendohips de But ot that age How alto fee ‘The thought with me yet nl ay [Aviram the hour flee play There inger on syseious ots ‘And in oor ind the memory Roas Gtnintrhy sed no py A plan am, that rely grown {stom ir ott Eater fe ‘het oll aren peifere ted [Andi hat m3 ren Row ‘Te and nt ean ey oe iy mw forgoten nce to he ‘Where tag i fi song taught me, 6s‘And cascades with thei ceaseless four, ‘And all ong the spreading shore ‘he murmurs ofthe sounding ses ie ei ids happy dy, ‘And in my breast there seems the while Seething voleame esto play, ‘A tard I wat, my wich alway ‘To cal upon the eeting sind forth, and spread around Wt Game, From zone fo zone with pia acim, And carth to heaven tether Bind" Bat it elt, aad now 90 more Like a tee that broken and ere— ‘My natal gods bring the echo clear (OF songs that i past tes they Boe: Wide seas tered to foreign shore Wan bope of change afd other fate My folly as made cleat too late For inthe pce of good I sught ‘The seat reveal unto ugh, But mace death's specie on me wai, ‘te otc ha mie, ‘Were teat the Samy sis Which eta ower regen Sng Sorpeen no move tha eso he For songs of ve trom ut 3 hea That ely sng sper ‘Soce now wih cred salt haste Unreting er tne desert wate An les gone a te at Riral as Laver of Books. A favorite pastime of Rizal in Madrid was reading Instead of gambling and frting wath women 8 many young Filipinos did inthe Spanish metropolis he stayed Er home tnd fend worn el ng ‘Sc rary ‘hood, he liked to read x % ae Riral economia! on ining expenses, and withthe mone be saved, he purchased books tom a secon hand Doo wore eed yeti Ser Roses He was ale o bul a eaed Private vary Hin collection of hooks indoged. Te Bi Hebrew Grammar, Lives of the Presiden of the Unied States from: Washington to Johnson, Compete Works of Volare (9 volumes), Complete Works of Horace (3 volumes), Complete Works of C. Bernard (16 volumes) History ofthe French Revol tion, The Wandering Jew, Ancient Poetry, Works of Thucydides, The Byzantine Empire, ‘The Characters by La Bruyere, The Renaissance, Uncle Tom's Cabin by Hartet Beecher Sto Works of Alexander Dumas, Louis XIV and His Court, and rumerous Sooks on medicine, philosophy, languages, history ‘geog-aphy ts, and sciences. Rizal was deeply affected by Beecher Siowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin and Eugene Sue's The Wandering Jet. These two books aroused hissympathy forthe oppressed and unfortunate people Rza's First Vet to Parts (188). During his frst summer vacation in Madsid Rizal went to Pars, sojourning in this pay Capital of France from June 17 to August 20, 1858. At firs, he twas bileted at the Hotel de Pars on 37 Rue de Maubange; Tater, he moved 10 a cheaper hotel on 124 Rue de Rennes in the Latin Quarter, where it was cheaper to live Like all tourists, Rizal was charmingly ttllated by the attractive sights of Paris, such as the beautifl boulevards (par- ticularly the Champs Elyses), the Opera House, the Place de ls Concorde, the Arch of Triumph, the Bois de Boulogne (mag- nificent park), the Madelsine Charch, the Cathedral of Notre Dame, the Column of Vendome, the Invalides (containing the tomb of ‘Napoleon the Great), and the fabulous. Versailles Unlike ordinary turists, whose main interest in visiting foreign countries isto see the beautiful sights, 10 enjoy themselves in fight cubs and theatres, and to shop for sourveni items, Rizal lenproved his mind by observing closely the French way of life sand spending many hours atthe museums, aotably the workdlam- ‘ous Louvre; the botanical gardens, especially the Laxembourg, the Haris and art gallenes; and the hospitals, incloding the Lecnnece Hospital, where he observed Dr. Niaise eating his patients and the Laribosere Hospital, where he observed the ‘examination of diferent diseases of women ‘Om the lighter side of his vst in Paris, Rizal was mistaken by the Parisians a Japanese. The prices of food, drinks, theatre kets, laundry, hotel accommodations, and transportation were{2058 MIZAL: LS, moni AN WHITING, ‘oo high for his slender purse so that he commented in a leter ‘to his family: “Pars is the cosiest capital in Europe." Rizal as 4 Mason, In Spain Rizal came in close contact with ‘prominent Spanish liberal and republican Spaniards, who were ‘mostly Masons, including Miguel Morayt statesman, profesor, historian, and writer; Francisco Pi y Marga, journalist, sates: ‘th and former President ofthe short-lived Firs Spanish Repu lic; Manvel Becerra, Minister of Ulramar (Colonies): Emilio Junoy, journalist and member of the Spanish Cortes, and Juan Ruie Zonila, parliamentarian and head of the Republican Prog. ressive Party im Made, Rizal was impressed by the way the Spanish Masons openly and ffcely criticized the government policies and lambasted the friars, which could not be done inthe Philippines In due time, fn March 1886, he joined the Masonic lodge called Acacie Madrid. His reason for becoming @ mason was io secure Freemasonry's aid in is fight against the fnars in the Philippines. ‘Since the friars sed the Catholic religion as a shield to entrench themsclies in power and wealth and to persecute the Filpine Patriots, he intended to utilize Freemansonry as his shield to combat ‘them lr he transferred to Lodge Solidaridad (Madi), where he became a Master Mason on November 15, 1890. Stil ater, ‘on February 15, 1892, he was awarded the diploma as Manet Mason by Le Grand Orient de Prance in Pasig” ‘As a Mason, Rizal played a lukewarm role in Freemasonry, unlike MH del Pilar. G. Lopes Saena, and Mariano Ponce who were very active in Mason affis, His only Masonic writing wi a lecture titled “Science, Vir and Labor,” which he delt ‘veted i 1889 at Lodge Solidaridad, Madrid. A petinent portion of this lecture reads follows: ‘The duty of modern man, tomy way of thihing, is work forthe redemption of humamty, because ome man is dune there woul be lets wfortunate and mere happy ‘men that is ponuble in this ie, Humanity cannot be ‘edeemed 10 fog as there are opprewed peoples, so long 1 tere are some men ube live om the tears of any, so long as there are emasculated minds and Blinded eyes that enabled cers 10 te lke sultan who alone may eajoy ey nda 2) Sen, ny cnet rede we ro ct free feb tou wan pone oe on, il re lee, ond weer esa oho jure Shem For bumanty fo be shew atin he ty iy ‘Svar wich od ae seceary ta thn Siitcc weld oe dct eo oreey popes So decimate td no rea ad be hea in 1 mur, Wi cemry ft wpe exes ch 1 he tun fhe by ry and bey high fener eee aan Wore, Aer Riz departure for Spin, things tered rom tad to wore a alam, Te rvs ise tepucaes flo on saint of droght sc Soca On op of GF ccomonie daar, the munaet ofthe Domiican-ouned teed isn th rea fhe and at ye al fanly. "This bacenda manner, 2 fregurot gusts Fea eee oe fr fet ag sree (es hero's fates, who wat a god rar of uke. But there came atime when & dreadful pest killed most of the turkeys. When the manager requested for a tutkey, Don Franc had 1 deny hi Pais he nde he ew sig turkeys for breeding purposes. Enraged by hi fllre to recive ‘trkey the vindictive manager array icressed the reals ‘the lands leted by Don Francisco and Pociano. Due 1 hard times in Calambe, the monthly allowancce of a Maid wee ale ral an the we ier we they never aeived, causing much slfering to him. At one time ae was forced to sell his younger brother's pony in order to send money to Maid. ‘A touching incident in Rizal's life im Maid oscured on June 24, 1884, Became he was broke, he was unable to take Iweakfast that day. With an empty stomach, he attended is clas atthe university, partcpated in the comes in Greck Im tage and won the gold medal Inthe evening ofthe same day be was able to eat inner, for he wat a guest speaker in 4 anguet Held in Ronor of sr Lana and Felix Resurecson idaigo at Restaurant Inge, Madd Rizal's Salute to Luna and Hidalgo. The bangoet on the ‘evening of June 25, IR was sponsored by the Fiipiao commun-lity to celebrate the double victory of the Filipino artist inthe National Exposition of Fine Artin Marid — Lums’s Spoaee winning frst prize and Hidslgo's Christian Virgins Eeposed te ‘the Populace,sesond prize. was atended by prominen,Spavih fans, ‘newspapermen, and menofleters. statesmen ond Fripinos ‘Speaking in sonorous Casitian, Rizal held his audience spelibound. He saluted Luna and Hidalgo as the two glories of Spain and the Philippines, whose artstic achicvemente tos ended geographical frontiers and racial origins, for gemin sniveral — “genius kitows no. country,” seats Saproun, everywhere. genias & ike light, air, the patrinony of evermety ‘cosmopolitan like space, like life like God.” He ale oo with efined sarcasm the bigot and. blindness of nance §unworthy Spaniards (referring othe Bad firs inthe Phlinonea) ‘ho could not comprehend the universality of eon This magnificeat speech of Rizal was grected with wild ‘erations, for seldom did the Spaniards heat sock ap seat {rom the lips of a brown Fiipina which was simon pees nobility of thought, in Spanish shetonc, tm sinceiy oy feeling. fad in sonorous eloquence, Is (ull eat ius folloga. In speaking tere you, Ia not scared bythe fu that you may Tsien to me sith hewatmnens | en ‘ia your tam othe soya ony ‘annot hep bu be indulgent. Sympathetic elas sore the smopher: rmermal caren ren afd fecrous sous ich; and comequeny Ida not er ‘my humble petwn nor do I doubt your beacons Me sow, you sek only got, and fom We hee whete noble Sentiments reac. you‘do nt pee na tiles, ”you ee the whole and you judge thee a txtend your hand 10 one who tke met denies eso Im one single thought, inne single wsprution = ert of fei, the splendor ote Mashoroe, ler, in Icy the reiton why we ate phere In the history of nation there are names tat Signy 30 achievement that teal owen ae umes tat, ike map formal: evs pean we though, sams that became sp ml on Sood ofiove hetneen the nah Te nines of st 70 iaulgo belong to thee: thei glories lume the wo txtremes ofthe gabe — the Eas andthe West. Spin snd ‘he Philippines Te uterng ther T believe Tee to lami nous aches Gat starting from both repons, ae going To be fatwined there above, impelled by the feeling of common rig, and fom that height wie two peoples with ternal {wo people tha ea und space separate nn wo, ‘Peoples in ch the seeds of dmion that men and test body, eommopotitan ike space like fe ke God ‘The patriarchal ers in the Piippins & waning. The deeds of her illustrious sone are no longer wasted ay a ome. The octal ehyslis i leaing the cocoon The smortow of «Tong day for thse repions announced ie {ian Gite and rose clored downs, and that race, flo fmto lethargy during the stor night whe the sa mies ‘ther oatients, again awakens, moved by The cl impact that contact with Western peopes produces nd she demands ight, fe, the ciation that atone ine they ieqocath her thas confiming the erally of ents ‘evalton, of change, of pert, of progres ‘You know this well and you ext nit. To you is de the benuty ofthe diamonds tha the Pilippes csr iy sown: She produced the precious tones; Larope pave nem polsh. And al of ws contemplate prouly your work we fe the Mame, the breath the mate ured They imbibed over there the poetry of ature — a ature grandiose and terse scala, in sev ‘om, nits dymam 3 atre, see, ermal, snd nan fly ins manifestation conta, stati a nature that ‘amps is sealon alla t tates and produce. ts chlren arty it wherever they go. Analyze if not the chatter thet works ed however igh you may aor tht pose you will sci in everyting as forming their Knowles. 2 {he sol that presses over everthing at the sprng othe ‘mechanism, a the sobstantal form, asthe raw att {ne pomible not to refet on what onc sl fel ot posable o be one thing and do something ese) The‘ontadctons are only apparent, they are only paradoxes EL Spar, tough tat cnr that wet an be head the trl of the mule, the ening the swe: the mealc creaking ot the srmor ofthe trea the sobs ofthe Beteaved the murmar of payer, wt ach Vitor an ream, av one ears the in ende he tt ofthe cnt of the eaaracs or the hngresine and ‘eaatl temor ofthe ear The anc mare ha epee ck primes ine ‘encs alo in he suokes: On the xk asl te Hains trclancoly, beauty, aad weakness, vite of fete fore the majestic harmony of its mountains and ranges or that remon a Lana ae the shadows, the cotrans, the monbund gh mater. and the cre The he ‘evebeiton ofthe dark tempest the tp, the light ‘ing the rowing eruptions of thew case. Fos tet tenor cg ipa ke the Phtipinsin hr moon mgs on er to ‘ssh er orto hatte eta sad oes the ire lh. And Both despite being ate to mses. appearence on, alou heart do im pte of ota eiferenecs In eee ther palette the spenders faye of wnfodg gly ‘with which they surround thir Nave Land hoth prey ‘he spt of or soir nd pia ie. maid ssbjected to hash ten; wnvedored maninds case ‘eptation oan open sage with prnccpatons, fen Blumentrit proved to bea get tourist guide a well sa homiuble hose. He showed the sen and stra apts of stent 16 his vitor One afternoon he nied the to beet garden whee the best her of bona nes ete At 2 we es Yr fron Mi Vi 1807 tively discussion among the diners about vay of avig the sion pos through a nebo One ofthe ment the group was the burgmaster ((O¥R ha Bete th ures Tpprched the party and deity ntoduced his two pr ends, Ril ake in cnt German for which eason urgomaster and his fends were amazed ‘The baron Thal how lon it took hi to learn German, And Rizal “Eleven month, wr", "The burgomaster was futher Timsred, and in great admiration, he Tauded the “privileged Intent” of Rizal. Bumeotit embraced Rial, tling him that few Germans could speak wel hirown language es Kea coud ‘On another afternoon Rial and Viola wore invited 9 mecing of te Tours Chi of Letmerit, of wich Blumen frost secretary. Rial spoke extemporancouly i ent Get Than othe offers and movers pramng Austin's iscenes fats hota, rare oving, and noble pele Te aence Ary applauded him, for they wre cachanted by his eloquence nd fucty in German Riba, desing to commemorate his happy hours atthe Blumenira homes painted» port of the kind profewo and ve ito him, Blomenrit m pleased with theft Ie was during his visit to Leiter when Real met ashes scooned seni of Eup, Dr Caos Cpe. lune Trourh hin to Coepela's home, and Rizal had ice comer: on with ths Posh scholar, Blmentit sa inodueed Ri to Profesor Rober Kiuschak, an eminent natal (On thet at night in Leitmeri, Riza and Vina. o rei rocate Blumentit’s hop, tendered thang! a arene Sinner —in hs honor a thet hotel On May 16, a 985 A.M., Rizal and Violet senna by win, Blomentit, bi wife, and cilren were st he slo Staton tose tom of and they al abe ers oping the train soy departed Rizal cated nto his grave the bea memorice of fs vist yo Leer. In» fete fo Blamentit wr in Visas Sn May 34, 1847, Rial expresed hand Viol cone the leas of Dora, the profesor’ Ine daughter2088 RIZAL: LIFE, WOM AND WRITINGS 1." thus wrote Rizal, “are very sad because ou litle fiend i sick. We still remember ber litle blue eyes; we heat hee laughter, and we see her lite teth. Poor Doritat saw her after us when the train was leaving! With all my heart 1 her prompt recovery” In another letier, written in Brann, Austria, on May 19, 1887, theee days after leaving Leimert, Rizal rote to Bhumene {tt “I shall make my good friends of Leitmertz the objects of my thoughts and I shall say of myself: You are not alone, Rizal im a small corner of Bohemia thete are good, noble, and friendly souls who lke you: thik of them consider them as they were With you, a8 if they saw you; they will rejoice over your Joye, and will weep over your suffering .-. Please kiss the children for me, express my greetings 10 your wile, and to your good father and the friends in Leitmeritz 1am at heart an inhabitant ‘of Leitmeritz just as you yourself are a Filipina in sentimente, | believe Austria will always live in my heart”? In the same letter, Rizal told Blumentit that he forgot his diamond stickpin at his room in Hotel Krebs Prague, After Leitmeritz, Rizal and Viola visited the historic city of Prague, They carried letters of recommendation from Blumentntt to Dr. Willkoram, professor of natural history in the University of Prague. The good professor and his charming. ‘wile and daughters welcomed them and showed them the city histori spots. Rizal and Viola visited the tomb of Copernicus, the famous ‘astronomer; the museum of natural history the bacteriological laboratories; the famous cave where San Juan Nepomuceno the Catholic saint, was imprisoned; and the bridge from which this, Stunt was hurled into the river Alter saying good-bye to Professor Willkomm and his family, the two tourists went to Brun. According to Viola, "nothing » of importance happened” in this Gy, Vienna. On May 20, Rizal and Viola arrived inthe beautiful sity of Vienna, capital of Austria-Hungary. Famous in song and sory, this city fascinated Rizal because ofits beautiful buildings, religious images, haunting waltzes, and majestic charm, Viena was truly the "Queen of the Danube”. inet Noreafal, ove ofthe greatest novels hrng tat tne. This great Avstian sovelit wat ray imprested by Ria, and years here spoke Nighy irl “whose genta he 20 much admited. i turn, forwarded it to Rizal in Vienna, Rizal and Viola stayed at Hotel Metropole. They visited hey teresting places sch at churches, muscums at falleries, cheaters, and public parks. They met two good frien Df Blumentstt — Masner and Nordmann, Austrian scholars Danubian Voyage to Lints. Oni May 24, Rizal and Viola left ‘Vienna om river Boat to sce the beautiful sights of the Danube River As they taveled along the famous river, Rizal observed Keenly the river sights — the barges loaded with products, the ‘lowers and plants growing slong the river banks, the boats with families living on them, and the qusint villages on the riversides. We panicularly noticed that the passengers on the river boat ‘were using paper napkins during the meals, which was a novelty {G him. His fellow passenger, Viola, commented that te paper ‘napkins were "more hypienlcand economical than cloth napkins" From Lintz to Rheinfall. The river voyage ended in Lintz ‘They traveled overland to Salzburg, and from there to Munich sshere they sojourned fora short time to savor the famous Munich beer, reputed to be the best in Germany. From Mun tey went Naren oe of the ode ‘ities of Germany. Among the sights aw in this ‘were the horrible torture machines wed by the Inquisition, Rizal ‘amined earefuly these torture machines. He and Viola were Impressed by the manufacture of dolls which was the biggest industry of the city. ‘After Munich, they visited Ulm. The cathedral ofthis city ‘was “the largest and tallest in all Germany”. Viola related that he and Rizal climbed its many hundred steps. He rested twice fon the way 10 the tower and felt dizzy from the stain upon. reaching the top. Rial, on the other hand, ascended without ‘esting and was not tired when he reached the top.{O08 RIZAL: IF, Wome AO WTO From Ulm, they went to Stuttgart, Baden, and then Rhein (Cascade of the Rhine). At Rhcinfail, they saw the waterfall, “the most beautiful waterfall of Europe” Geneva, After sightecing in Lausanne, Rizal and Viola left 20 litle boat, crossing the fogsy Leman Lake to Geneve, Ting Swi city is one of the most Beautiful cities in Europe, vies: ‘by word tourists every year, The people of Geneva wore input, speaking French, German, and Malian. Rizal conversed: with them in these three languages ‘Aside from visiting the tourist spots, Rizal and Viola went boating om the lake, In this aquatic excursion, Rizal showed fae rowing prowess which he acquited during his boyhood days i Calamba (On June 19, 1887, Rizal treated Viola to 8 blow-out, It was his 26h birthday. According to a Filipino custom, he celcbrated his birthday with & sumptuous meal, Rizal and Viola spent fifteen delightful days in Geneva. On. June 23, they parted ways — Viola returned 10 Barcelona while Riral continued the tout 0 Haly ‘Rizal Resents Exhibiton of Igorots im 1887 Madrid Expost- tion. While Riza, accompanied by Dr. Viots, was happily touring Europe; an Exposition of the Philippines was beld in Madre, Spain. Upon reaching Geneva (Switzerland), he reccived wad news from his friends in Madrid of the deplorable conditions 0 the primitive Igorots who were exhibited in this eapostion, sae ‘of whom died, and whose scanty clothing (G-strings) and crude ‘weapons were objects of mockery and laughter by the Spenish Beople and pres. Being a champion of human dignity, Rizal was outraged by this degradation of his fellow countrymen the Igorots of Nesthery Luzon. In a leter to his friend, Blumentrtt, datcd Gener June 6, 1887, he said My poor compatriots (Igorets—Z,) who are now ‘bing exhibited in Madrid are mocked by Spanish acespap 10 ee nec ne a Ks als Si Sota ptember nah IER dn enmne mie oe Spice yeah ec ayn Sei SECS er voan uct prone een ech s oiren Consomneee (oer cel ogee papell dy toe aie TO Bap ied Conrado | gtr said be was in favor of pois: ‘un exposition é “buat cere istesigan tare oy cece fs» cuioy to emeyain tc le hata of Madd" Me eae eect don os tinct pena o es eee eee Sree st Be eee cmuneriineaene nie Rizal in Italy. From Geneva, Rizal went to Italy. He visited “Tin, Mian, Venice, and Florence, On June 27, 87, he Teche os, he Eka 9d ee “0 Sos cay batioag moa vo on ike Tame Rest Eig yo i dot of we ten ete oo es ee ep acre Fata sat arama chen artes Ponisi eccrpatmgensh Seta oy esta fares Sores ay ocr mart rea i cn inva ite pee rae ankiann a pa geile Marana eo ota pln rape ree veer ae . if St. Paul, Oe ane 2 te Fe Dayo Por ad SP saat aed i ti eWay Pipe pal Cec Neo Ed hts and memories of the Eten the “grandour that was Rome’2088 MAL: LIFE, Wonk ANO MRT bythe main des, party of St. Peter's Coach Depa Ocean We setae tigen ee a pervaded the Vatican, RS Sen ae Every night flr sghsccing the whole dy, Rie to bis hotel very tied“ am ined 4 dog” he woe Slums, but I wil sep ms 4 gods? After weck of wonderful sojourn ia Rome, {0 return to the Philippines. He hac wi = iad spar Pins Heady wen or er m Chapter 10 First Homecoming, 1887-88 All the alluring beauties of foreign counties and all the ‘beautiful memories of hit sojourn in alien lands could neither make Rizal forget his fatherland nor turn his back to his own faationaity. True that he studied abroad, acquired the lore and languages of foreign nations, and enjoyed the friendship of many treat men of the: Western world; but he remained at heart a {tue Filipina with an unquenchable love for the Philippines and fn unihakable determination to die in the land of his birth. ‘Thus, ater five years of memorable sojourn in Europe, he returned othe Phlippines in August 1887 and practised medicine fn Calamba. He lived the quiet life ofa country doctor. But bis tnemies, who resented his Nol, persecuted him, even threatening to ill him, Decision to Return Home. Because of the publication ofthe [Noli Me Tangere and the uproar it caused among the friars, Rial was warmed by Pasiano (his brother), Silvestre Ubaldo (bisbrother-imiaw), Chengoy (Jose M. Cecilio), and other friends fot to return home. But he did not heed their warning. He was ‘determined to return to the Philippines forthe following reasons: (1) t0 operate on his mother’s eyes; (2) to serve his people who had long been oppressed by Spanish tyrants; (3) to find out for Ihimseit how the Noli and his other writings were affecting Filipinos and Spaniards in the Philippines; and (4) to inquire ‘why Leonor Rivera remained silent. In a leter to Blumentrit, written in Geneva o1 June 19, 1867, Rizal said: "Your advice that Uive in Madeid and continac to write from there is very benevolent but T cannot accept it. ‘cannot endure the life in Madrid where everything is voice in ‘2 -wilderess. My parents want 10 see me, and I want to see 1Js Rome, on June 29, 1897, Riza amt £2 . 1887, Riel wrote to hie father, ‘eRovacng his homecoming. “On the 15th o Jay at the ater be wrote, “I shall embark for our country 40 tha from the Tah of August, we shal ee eachother" sc My ty as ap o July 3, 1887, he boarded the steamer Diemnah, the se teamer which brought him to Ex ago. There Jere sou 0 asemgers,inctung% Ealshnen erm amore ono Speak many Janguages, so that he acted mrp fora EG alah en te cat se a nk Scena act Seeger perl ye r became rough and some of Rizal's books got wet. Haiphong which was Manila Angus 2 i eee rea it er Arrival ia Mant. Rzas voyage = ints voyage om Saigon to Manila Besant. On Avgis ed the maton war ff an hee _ remotes pti ne ie en en te sa en tac Seren tae ne enone vi as as Se and the same heary walls surrounding the city, es m4 i amcing 87108) Happy Homecoming, On Avgust Sth, he retumed to nba, His family weleomed him affectionately, with plentifl of joy. Writing to Blumentrtt of his homecoming, he sai had a_pleasant voyage. 1 found my family enjoying good Ith and our happiness was great in seeing each other agai, ‘They shed tears of oy and I had to answer ten thousand questions tthe same time" The rejoicings of Rizal's return over, his family became ‘worried for his safety. Paciano didnot leave him during the first days after arrival to protect him from any enemy assault His own father would not let him go out alone, lest something ‘might happen to him Tn Calamba, Rizal established & medical clinic, His first patient was his mother, who was almost bliad. He tated her yes, but could not perform any surgical operation because her eye cataracts were not yet ripe. News of the arival of a great doctor from Germany spread far and wide. Patients ftom Manila and the provinces flocked to Calamba. Rizal, who came to be talled “Doctor Uliman” because he came from Geemany. ested their ailments and soon he acquired a lucrative medhcal practice His professional fees were reasonable, even gratis tthe poor. Within a few months, he was able to earn PIO as a physician ‘By February, 1888, he earned a total of PS,000 as medical fes. Unlike many successfl medical practitioners, Rizal did oot selfishly devote all his time to enriching himself. He opened a gymnasium for young folks, where he introduced Europea sports. He tried to interest his townmates in gymnastics, fencing and shooting so as to discourage che cockfights and gambling.” Rizal suffered one failure during his six months of sojourn in Calamba — his failure to sce Leonor Rivera, He ttied 0 20 ‘to Dagupan, but his parents absolutely forbade him to go because Leonor’s mother did not lke him for a son-in-law. With a heavy heart, Rizal bowed 10 his parent's wish. He was caught within the iron grip of the custom of his time that marriages must he arranged by the parent: of both groom and bride. Storm aver the Noli. Meanwhile, as Rizal wes peacefully living in Calamba, his enemies plowed his doom, Aside from proctsing medicine, attending to his gymnasium, which he estab Tished, and taking part in the towa’s civic affairs, he painted 2208 REAL: LIFE, Wome Ao WTO several beautifl landscapes and translated the German ‘of Von Wildernath into Tagalog, ‘A few weeks after his arrival, a storm broke over his novel, ‘One day Rizal received a letter ftom Governor General Erni ‘errero (1885-88) requesting him to come to Malaeaan Palace, Somebody had whispered to the govemor's ear that the Noll contained subversive ideas Rizal went to Manila and appeared st Malacafang. When he was informed by Governor General Tertero of the charge, he denied it, explaining that he metely exposed the truth, bul he didnot advocate subversive ideas, Pleased by bis explanation | and curious about the controversial book, the governor general fsked the author for a copy of the Noli x0 thit he could read 't. Rizal had no copy then because the only copy he brought home was given 10 a friend, However, he promised to secure ‘one for the governor genera Rizal visited the Jesuit fathers to ask forthe copy he sent them. but they would mot part with it, ‘The Jesuits, especially his former professors — Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanche?, Fr Jove Hech, and Fr. Federico Faura — were glad to see him, He hhad a spirited discussion with Father Faura, who ventured an ‘pinion that “everything in it was the truth", but added: “You. may lose your head for Fortunately, Rizal found a copy in the hands of a fiend He was able o get it and gave it to Governor General Tetrero, ‘The governor general, who was a liberal-minded Spaniard. Knew that Rizal's life was in Jeopardy because the tars wete powerfull For security measure, he assigned a young Spanish heutenant, ‘Don Jone Taviel de Andrade, as bodyguardof Rizal. Ths Heuten- ant belonged t0 a noble family, He was cultured and knew ‘inting, and could speak English, French, and Spanish, Governor General Terrero read the Noli and found nothing wrong, with it But Rizal's enemies were powerful. The Archbishop of Manila, Msgr. Pedro Payo (a Dominican) seat a copy of the Noli to Father Rector Gregorio Echavaria of the Univensty of Santo Tomas for examination by 2 committee of the faculty. The committee, which was composed of Dominican professors, submitted its. report to the Father Rector, who immediately transmitted i 19 Archbishop Payo, The archbishop, ie lot no time in forwarding tothe goveroe sera Tis report of te tclty members ofthe University of Santo Coma: Sed thet the Nol as “tees, impons, and senda Deri he tlio order on ant patote ner of pubic eae npn othe goverment ef pain od Ti econ ie the Pitppine lands ne pol onder General Tere was dati with the report of Domine for he hnew Sat the Domine were i jars ann Rl He set the mae tothe Permanent Eokemston Ot Cewsonbip which war componed of piss and laymen Te ep ot cmminon war de ys hn, Pr Savador Fost, Aupeinian cur of Toodo, and sabre {rt povctoor praca on December 2.1 found the noel © Wis ivenite dees upeont toe Church tnd Spain, and wr cndad "ha the importation, reproduction and cca TTF ate perndou book nthe tans be absolutely prob i the newspaper pubhed Fonts wien report of the SCarip “contains Raat and hs tenth become prchemive and uneasy. The enemies f Rial creda unholy Se Tae banalng of the No only served (0 make 1 popular Pe iy wemed wread it Nowe abou the great bok trend eaeiay sss What the hard Spend ers ot tr sh tsed manes hed very mu. Despite the government cers asd ie vighnnse of The co Cumin Cra may Pronnon sere al wo et hoof copie ofthe Nol which they fond at eight being coved doors nts o Governor Gencal Tetra thee wee no mise imprsament of ms oacoon of Fine se 0 Ferisetes wy ie nar recrnore fortach ears tsi fropie coup rextng tne novel sa ator Atachers of the Na. Te bale over the Nol 1008 the form of sorte war of wor. Fates Font printed tis report ‘STutabacd copies of tin order © decd he contort Sore 'AvoterAupusian Fr, loa Rogues, Prot of ‘Gectanper pec a wen of ight pene wader the oer ding Chcsions de Suns acres (Gectons of Sap Ser atte) fo bat he Noland ober at Spanih wring Those cg pamphlets were cals flow1. Porque no los he de ler? (Why Should Y not Read Then?) 2 Guards detlos. Porque? (Beware of Them, Why?) 3. Yegue me dice usted dela peste? (And What Can You Tell Me of Plague?) 4 Porque wiunfan lor impos? (Why Do the pes “Triemph?) S. Gre used que de vras no hay purgatorio? (D ‘Tink There ls Really No Pargnory), Hay ono hay inferno? (Is There or There Note?) 7. Que te parece a wed de eon liteos? (Wat Do You Think of These Likes) 8 Confesiono condenacion? (Conexion ot Daonation?) You Copies of these ant: Rizal pamphlets written by Fray Rode ‘iguez were sold daily in the churches afer Mass, Many Filipinos were forced to buy them in order aot to displeaie the fam but they did ot believe what their author sald with hysterical fervor, Repercussions ofthe stoum over the Noll reached Spain, I Bs fiercely attacked on the session hall of the Senate of the ‘Spanish, Cortes by various senaicts, paticularly General Jone {de Salamanca on April 1, 1888, General Luis M. de Pano on April 12, and Sr. Fernando Vida on June’ !1. The Spanish academician of Madr, Vicente Barruntes. who formerly ‘exupied high goverament positions in the Philippines, testy ‘titcied the Nolin an article published in La Epa Meter {(@ newspaper of Madr) i January. 1890, Defenders of the Noll. The muct maligned Noli had its allan defenders who feariessly came out to prove the merits ‘of the novel or to refute the arguments ofthe unkind attackers “Marcelo. del Pilar, Dr_ Antonio Ma. Reghlor Crscane Leper Jaen, Mariano Ponce, and other Filipina reforms i forcon lands, of course, rushed to uphold the truths of the Nef Sancher, Rizal's favorite teacher at the Atenco, defen Praised it in public. Don Scpismunda Moet. former, Mi ‘Of the Crown; Dr. Miguel Morayta, historian and atatewn and Profesor Blumestit, cholo al educso, Ted an ies the novel ‘A balan defense ofthe Noll ame trom an wnepeced owe. It was by Rev. Vicente Onrda, Flipine Cabal Prcscholar, a thelopan of the Mani Cathedral and Fngaig stor ofthe famows Liteon of Crist by Thomas 1 Keone Fates Oar ig dc he pena oe Desidero Magalang, wrote © detec hich os pblaed in Stgapre man appends 1 ppb! dated Jly Tarn, He bate the argumens of Fe. Rodagec slows 1, Rizal cannot bean “ignorant man”, a Fr. Rodger aged, Became he was 8 graduate of Spanish universes And'was 2 recipient of scholastic hooors 2, Rieal does nt attack the Church and Spa, 28 Fi Rodrigues eahmed, becnise what Rizal attacked inte No twee the bad Spanish officials and not Span, and the bad {nd eorrpt friars and not the Church 2. Father Rodrigues ssid that those who read the Not commits mortal sin, since be (Rodrigue) had vead the towel, therefore he as commits moral in Later, when Rizal ered ofthe ll deters of Father ur fs nv he sed cae hte a oe Sheiming* Ril, inst tended hs nove gaint Darras tack, in a leter writen in Brosels, Belgiom, in February, ttn eter he exposed Baran Yxorance of Pippin tay und mental dameaty which womoythy of amet ‘Sin Barames met in Rie smectite sn polemis ‘Daring the days when the Noll wat the target of «heated controvery between the rs and their minions) and the frends ra, Ut copies of wer al ota the pris or copy toured to unprsedentd lec. Both en and enemies ofthe Not fod texemely tet sere xcopy Acording fo ual n' ltr fo Peano Canon om Gcrcm, June 13, IHF, the pce he set pr copy wes ve psa can tome po) bu the price ate one 10 BY pst Pa copy Tvl de Andree. Wile the worm over the No ves raging uy, Ril ct molested in Cala. Ths te to Governor General Tener’ geneity In sigriog 8 Te him. Between tt Spanien bodyguard, ose “Tividde Anat and Ril. beau ends Booed.‘Together, Rizal and Andrade, both young, educated and ‘cultured, made walking tours of the verdant countrysides, discus ‘ed topics of common interest, and enjoyed fencing, shooting, hunting and painting. Lt. Andrade became a great admirer of the man he was ordered to watch und protect. Years later, he wrote of Rizal: “Rizal was refined, educated and gentlemanly, ‘The bobbies that mos interested him were hunting. fencing. shooting. painting, and hiking. 1 well remember our exeursion {to Mount Making, not so much for the beautiful view as for the rumors and pernicious effects that teslt from as one who believed and reported to Manila that Rizs! and I, at the top of the mountain, hoisted the German fag and proc imed its sovereignty over the Philippines. 1 imagined that such ‘onsense emanated from the friars of Calamba, but id not take the trouble 10 make inguities about the matter” What marred Rizal's happy days in Calamba with Lt ‘Andrade were (1) the death of his older sister, Olimpia, and @) the groundless tales circulated by his enemies that he was German spy, an agent of Bismarck, 4 Protestant, a Mason, ' witch, a soul beyond salvation, etc." Calamba’s Agrarian Trouble. Governor General Terrero, influenced by certain facts in Noli Me Tangere, ordered 4 gov: {emment investigation of the fri estates to remedy whatever ‘niguitics might have been present in connection with land tates and with tenant relations. One of the friar estates affected was the Calamba Hacienda which the Dominican Order owned since 1843. In compliance with the governor general's orders, dat December 30, 1887, the Civil Governor of Laguna, Province directed the municipal authorities of Calamba to investigate the ‘eranian conditions of thei locality Upon hearing of the investigation, the Calamba folks sol- icited Rizal's help im gathering the facts and listing their pre~ vances against the hacienda management, so that the cent overment might institute certain agrarian reforms. Altera thorough study of the conditions in Calamba, Rizal wrote down his findings which the tenants and three of the ‘officals of the hacicoda signed on January 6, 1888, These find- ings, which were formally submitted to the government for action, were the fllowing."® 0 i Nomecnin (887 880) 1, The hands of the Dominican Onder comprised ot oly andr town Calan, bt so the town of Camo The profit of the Dominican Order continually nce bebzue ofthe rs ices of the Text pau by be tone 3. The hacienda owner aver contd single en- taro forthe eration othe tw sta fo the dation {ihe hen, a forthe improvement of apc "Tena who had spent much labor in clearing the lands were dnponessed of sd ands or fey ress 5. High rts of nterent were charged the tena fot say payne of rena and when the rena could nt setuid the hace, management conscatedet ‘rola, oo, and bones Farewell te Calamba, Riss expose of the deplorable conditions of tenancy n Calamb infuriated further his enemies ‘The ars exeied pressure om Malacatan Palace (> liminate fim. They siked Governor General Terero to deport him, but fe later refed beemse there was, 0 ald charge aint Risa in court Anonymous threats against Rizal's ie. were fective by his parents, The alarmed parca, claves and {ends (incking Lt "Taviel de Andrade) advised him t0 go ten for his He was in danger ‘One day Governor General Tereo summoned Rizal and “advised” han fo leave the Philippines for his own good. He ras ving Rial chance teacape the fury of the far wrath. “This tine Ril had ogo He could at very wl disobey the governor general's yelled orders But be Was not running tke w coward fom fight, He mas courageous, fact which his frst enemizs could not deny. A vallant hor that he was, he Sar hot afd of any mam and mene was he aad to de. He competed to eave Calamba for two esos (1 hs presence in'Calamba vss jeopardiong the salty su happiness of his ns ad (2) he could ight Bett hs enemies and rs cae th cater eftoay by Ang 0 foreign countries |A Poem for Lipa. Shortly before Rizal left Calamba in 1888 bis friend from Lips requested him to write a poem in commen a{08 MAL: LAre Wonks AND WHITING ‘oration of the town's elevation to villa (city) by virtue of the Becerra Law of 1888. Gladly, he wrote 4 poem dedicated to the industrious folks of Lipa, This was the "Hino AU Trabajo” (Hymn to Labor). He finished it and sent it 1 Lipa before his ‘departure fom Calamba. It runs a follows: HYMN TO LABOR Horus: For our county ia war For our county i peace ‘The Filipino wil be ready, White he Iver and whem he dics ew. [As toom athe Eas i ted wth ight Forth tothe felis to plow the loam! Since ts work that sot the man, ‘The mosherand, family and the home Hard though the so may prove to be, Implacabe the sun above For motherland, cut wives and babes hall be exty with ur love wives: Courageously set out 10 work, ‘Your home it sae with «faithl wife Impanting ia her chien, love For wisdom, and, nd wane Me ‘When night! beings ut to ou rest, ‘May smibng fortune guard cur door; at ere fate should are her “The wife would til on a Delore mes: Halt Hit Give prase to work! ‘The country’s vigour ander wealth For work ft up your brow serene ei your bod, your ie, your heath IE any youth protests is tove His work shal prove ithe be good. “That man alone who stves aed wis Can find the way to feed his brood. boys: “each ws then the hardest tasks For down thy tails we arn out feet, “That when our county calls tommorow ‘Thy purposes we may complete ‘And may our elders sx who see S221 How worthy of their ses! [No incense eam elt our dead ones Likes brave som who apes! PyChapter 11 In Hong Kong and Macao, 1888 Hounded by powerful enemies, Rizal was forced 10 leave his country for a second time in February 1888. He was then a practising physician, and ‘reams of emancipating his people from bondage by the magic power of hit pen. Times had changed. Rial st 27 was an ‘embitered victim of human iniguites,« disilsioned dreamer, ‘runrated reformer ‘Tae Tep to Hong Kong. On February 3, 186, after «short stay of sx months in his beloved Calamba, Rizal left Manila for Hong Kong on board the Zafro. He was sck and sad during the’ rossing ofthe choppy China Sea, He did not get off his Ship when it made bet stopover at Amoy on February 7. For three reasons (1) he was ot feeling wel, (2) it was raining hard, and (3) he beard that the city was diny. He arrived in Hong Kong on February 8 ‘Dutng his stayin Hog Kong British colony, Rizal wrote ater to Bhumentrit, dated February 16,1888, expressing his biterness. This lect furs as follows [A last can write freely. At last can express my ‘ough bout far of censor fem the cht! They Tore me toleeve my county. Half ck Heft the howe, (Ob, dear Blumentit, you have mo idea of my minor tyey, Without head tay end Listnant Tail de tora og A aa (88) ‘Andrade, what would become ofme! Without he sympathies cof the Gonernor General the dcecors ofthe cil adminis ‘ation and cv goverament, I would now be in some ‘eon, All the provincial and the archbishop went daly to the Governor General to complain agaist me_ The Syadic ‘ot the Dominicans wrote + denunciation othe alae that night they saw me Bold seeret meetings sith mem and “Women on top of a hl It tue Tent walking at dawn, Tora hil accompanied by any men, women, and children, foe the purpoe of enjoying the coolness of the moming, tht always eacorted by the ewtenant of the Guasda Ci ‘tho knows Tagalog, Who the conaprator of sere sessions hot wil bold thorn in the open st among. women and Guldca? Hallowed the acewuton to feach the Governor ‘General she could see what kindof enemies 1 have My countrymen offered me money to leave the islands ‘Tey sake me to do 50 n0C ony for My OWN interest but tbo this, beeause Ihave many fiends and scquintances ‘whom they would have deported with me to Balabag or the Marianas Ieands, Thus half ik, U bade a hasty farewell to my family. I am returning to Europe by way of Japan fn the United Sttes. We shoud se each oer again. T tive 20 much to tell ou, In Hong Kong, Rizal stayed at Victoria Hotel. He was, welcomed hy the Filipino fesidems, including Jose Maria Basa, Balbino Mauricio, and Manuel Yriarte (sn of Francisco Year, alalde mayor of Laguna). |A Spaniard, Jote Sainz de Varanda, who was a former secretary of Governor General Terrero, shadowed Rizal's move: ment in Hong Kong. It is believed that he was commissioned by the Spanish authorities to spy on Rizal Hong Kong,” wrote Rizal to Blumentrtton February 16, 1888, “isa small, but very clean city. Many Portuguese, Hindus, English, Chinese, and Jews live init. There are some Filipinos, the majority of whom being those who had been exiled to the Marianas Islands in 1872 They are poor, gentle, and timid, Formerly thiy were rich mechanics, indus, and finan ns2008 RIZAL: LIFE, Won AND WHIT Vit to Macae. On February 18, Rizal, sccompanicd by Basa, boarded the ferry steamer Kiu-Kiang for Macao. He was ‘surprised to see among the passengers a familias figure — Sainz ée Varanda Macto is a Portuguese colony near Hong Kong. “The city ‘of Macao,” wrote Riza, in his diary, “is small, low, and gloomy ‘There are many junks, sampans, but few steamers. It looks sad ‘and js‘almost dend.”™ In Macao, Riral and Basa stayed at the home of Don Juan Francisco Lecaros, a Filipino gentleman marred toa Portuguese lady. He was rich and spent his days culivating plants and flowers, many of which came from the Philippines. During his two-day sojourn in Macao, Riral visited the theatre, casino, cathedral and churches, pagodas, botanical gar- den, and bazaars. he also saw the famous Grotto of Camoens, Portuga’s national poet. In the evening of February 19, he ‘witnessed a Catholic procession, in which the devotees were ‘dressed in blue and purple dresses and were carrying unlighted candles ‘On February 20, Rizal and Basa returned to Hong Kong, ‘again on board the ferry steamer Kiu Kiang. Experiences in Hong Kong. During his two-week visit in ‘Hong Kong, Rizal studied Chinese lif, language, drama, and ‘customs. He wrote'down in his own diary the following exper |. Noisy celebration of the Chinese New Year which lasted trom February 110 (Saturday) to 13th (Monday) Continuous explosions of firecrackers The richer the Chinese, the more Grecrackers he exploded. Rea hime fired many ftecrckers atthe window of his hotel 2, oisterous Chinese theatre, with nosy audience ‘and wiser musi. In the Chinese dramatic at, Rizal ‘served the following: (1) a man astde «stick means & ‘man riding ow horseback, (2) an actor ralsing hs leg means be is entering howe, (3) a red dens ndiats » weg, (0a gil about 10 be married eoyly covers her fae with fan even inthe presence of het ance, and (S).a man raising | whip spies hei about to ride 2 hore. ara KoA Mn 08) 3. The marathon lariat party. wherein the guess were served numerous dues, such as ded Truits, gese Strings, centry eg, shark fis, bites, white duck, chicken with vinegat, Gch heads, roasted pgs, te, ete. The longest meal inthe wor 4. The Dominican Order ws the richest religous ‘order in Hong Kong. Tt engaged actively in business. It ‘owned mate than 700 Rouse for rent and many shares ia foreign banks. 1 had millions of dollars deposited in the ‘bank which earned fabulous terest S. Of the Hong Kong cemeteries belonging 10 the Protestants, Catholic, and Muslims, that ofthe Protestant was the mon Betti because of i+ well-groomed pants {nd clean pathways. The Catholic cemetery was mst pomp 0s, with ornate and expensive mawoleums and eatavap nly carved sepulchers. The Muslim cemetery was the Simplest, containing ooly a isle mouque and tombsiones th Acute iserptons| Departure From Hong Kong. On February 22, 1888, Rizal left Hong Kong on board the Oceanic, an. American steamer His destination was Japan. He did not like the meals on board, but he liked the sip because i was clean and efficiently managed. His cabinmate was a British Protestant misionary who had lived in China for 27 years and knew the Chinese language very well Rizal called him “a good man”.” Other passengers, with whom Rizal conversed in their owe, languages, were two Portuguese, (wo Chinese, several British, and an American woman Protestant msionary.Chapter 12 Romantic Interlude in Japan (1888) ‘One ofthe happiest interes inthe ie of Rizal was his sojourn inthe Land ofthe Chery Blossoms for one month and {halt (February 24-— April 13.1888). He was enchanted by the natural beauty of Tapa, the charmig mane of the apanese nd the pitrexque shrines Moreover, he fl intone wus Japenese te whose lovlns Insc jy and fomance in hs sorowing he. Her real tame was Seiko Una Fal affectionately called her O-Set San. Fate, however, cut Shor his happy aye in Japan. He had to sacrifice his own bbappincss to cary on his work forthe redemption ofhs oppressed people. Rlcl Arrives in Yokama. Early in the morning of Tuesday, February 28, 1888, Rizal arved ia Yokobama. He registered 2 the Grand Hotel “The next day he proceeded 10 Tokyo and took a room at ‘Tokyo Hotel, where he stayed ffom March 2 t0 7. He was impressed by the ay of Tokyo. He wrote 10 Profesor Blumen trite "Tokyo is more expensive than Paris. The walls ae built I eyclopean manner. The streets are large and wide" * Rina in Tokyo. Shortly after Rizal's arrival in Tokyo, he was sted at hi hotly Juan Peer Caballero, secretary of The Spanish Legation Theatr tvited het ive athe Spanish Legation, Rial, bing an inteligent man, ralzed that the Spanish diplomatic authorities mere insiruted fom Manila monitor tis movements in Japan. He accepted the invitation for two one ne ne (8 ‘reasons: (1) he could economize his ving expenses by saying atthe legation and (2) he ad nothing to hide from the prying ‘eyes of the Spanish authorities. ‘On March 7, Rizal checked out of Tokyo Hotel and lived tthe Spanish Legation. He and Perez Caballero became good friends. In a letior to Blumentnit, he described the Spanish diplomat as “a young, fine, and excellent writer” and "an able Aipiomat who had traveled much”? During his fist day in Tokyo, Rizal was embarrassed because the did) not Know the Japanese language. He looked ikea Japanese, but could not talk Japanese. He had s hard time shopping, for he could not be understood and the Japanese chiliren laughed at him. Thus he wrote to Blumentrit. “Here you have your friend, Rizal the wonder of the Japanese, who fas the face ofa Japanese but does not speak Japanese, On the sree, when T go shopping, people look at me and il-educated chilren laugh because I speak such astrange language. In Tokyo vety few persons speak English, but in Yokohama many speak i Some eleven an Earopcanzed Japanese who doe not want t0 be taken a such.” ‘To avoid futher embarrassment, Rizal decided t study the Japanese language. Being 2 born linguist, he was able o speak within afew days. He also studied the Japanese drama (kobUKI), ars, music, and judo (Japanese art of self defense). He browsed im the muscums, libraries, art galleries, and shrines. He visited Mega, Nikko, Hakone Miyashita, andthe charming wilags japan ‘Rizal and the Tokyo Musiclans. One cool afernoonin March, 1888, Rizal was promenading in a street of Tokyo near park. 1 was a beautiful spring afternoon. There were many people al the pat ‘As he approached the park, Rizal heard the Tokyo band playing a classical work of Strauss, He was impressed by the fuper’ performances of the Western music. He stopped and listened in rap attention. He thought: “How admirable was the ‘enditon, 1 wonder how these Japanese people have assimilated the modern European musi tthe extent of playing the beautifal ‘musical masterpieces of the great European composers so well!”2008 MEAL: LIFE, ORR Aa RETIN + Te band sapped paying. The musias descended fom the Sand tl wate und fo es, Some ego 0 Converse. To Rizal's amazement, they wer aking in Tago He apron them, ng n Tpsoy “Pano apa stan pe kaya?” (Convatot where are you fron?) ‘Toe musicians were equally suprised and deliphicd to mect hi 4They tid him they were Flin an tha te pcp instrament inthe band were Japan, ut they were payne only the sesondary lnsttuments Ra's tmprein fJapan. Ril was favorably pres by Japan, He wars Keen observe, aking opm note he We, estos, and caltore ofthe people. He eas meal ight head tour who merely enjoy antactiv ses hat ape ont he exe. Te hg Mi avr prs Rea in Japon were 1. The beauty ofthe country — its lower, mountain, streams, and scone panoramas. 2. The cleanliness, politeness, and industy of the Japanese people 3. The picturesque dress and simple charm of the Japanese women, 4. There were ery fw thieves ia Japa 30 thatthe houses remained open day und night andi the Bote room ‘ne could safely lave money on the table 5. ‘egpaes were rarely sem i the ity streets, unke fn Manila and other ccs. However, there is one thing which he didnot like in Japan, land that was the popular mode of transportation by means of rickshaws drawn by men. His sensitive soul recoiled at sceing tmuman beings working like horses, pulling the carts eal rickshaws, He felt disgusted at the way a human bet employed like a horse. Romance with O-Sei-San. One spring afternoon, a few days tore hax smoved tothe Spanish Legation in the Azabu district ‘of Tokyo, Rizal saw a prety Japancse gi walking past the legation gate. Being a man with an eye for feminine beauty, he ‘was attracted by her regal loveliness and charm. He craved 10 meet her — but how? 0 [Rizal made inquiries among the legation employees and learned from one of them (a Japancse gardener) that she was ‘Seiko Usui, who lived in her parents’ home and that she used 10 pass by the leation during her daily afternoon walk. ‘The following afternoon, Rizal and the Japanese gardenct waited at the legation gate and watched for the gil.” As she Upprowched, he took off his hat and politely introduced himself, {was the custom in Germany. At that time, Rizal's Japanese ‘ras all very poor £0 that the gardener came to his ald and ‘Explained to the git thatthe young man vas 2 physician from Manila who was 2 guest of the Spanish Legation, Seiko-san was milly amused a the gallant gentleman from the Philippines who spoke in halting Japanese. She replied in English, for she Knew that language and also French. The two then conversed in both English and French — the language barrier was thus eliminated ‘Since that first meeting, Rizal and O-Sei San, a8 Rial called her, met almost dally. Together, they visited the interesting spots of the city — the Imperial Art Gallery, the Imperial Library, the universities, the Shokubutsu-en (Botanical Garden), the city parks (particularly Hibiya Park), and the picturesque shrines, ‘Both found happiness in each other's company, Rizal was then’ a lonely phyrician of 27 years old, dsusioned by his frostrated romance with Leonor Rivers and embittered by ‘Spanish injustices at home, O-Sei'San was a lonely samur dnughier of 23 years old and had never yet experienced the tecstasy of true love. Affinity of interest in the arts paved the ‘way for their romance Rizal saw in lovely O-Sci-San the qualities of his teal ‘womanhood — beauty, charm, modesty, and intelligence. No ‘wonder, he fell deeply in love with ber. O-Se-San reciprocated bis affection, for it was the first time her heart palptated with Joy 10 fee 8 mano alt, ip, comer, and erate ‘O-Sei-San helped Rizal in-many ways. More than a ‘sweetheart, she was his guide, interpreter, and taro. She guided him in observing the shrines and villages around Tokyo. She improved his knowledge of Nippongo (Japanese language) andJapsinese history. And she interpreted for him the Kabuki plays ‘and the quaint customs and mores ofthe Japanese people. -Sei-San’s beauty and affection almost tempted Rizal to stle down in Japan. AC the same time, he was offered a good Job at the Spanish Legation. It he were a man of lesser heroic ‘mould, of lesser wil power, he would have lived ‘in Japan — and happily at that with O-Sei-San; but then the stm eel ad he Pliner, wo lost a Rizal. = ee Riral on O-Sei-San. Rizal's great love for O-SeiSan is attested by the hero's diary. On the eve of his departure, he swrote in his diay ‘Tapan has enchanted me. The beaut scenery, the ‘owers, the ees, and the nhsbieas 0 pence 50 ‘courteous, and so pleasant O St Sen, Sayonara, Sayonara! have spent» happy golden month; T donot know i Tan Inve another one ke that in al my le Love, money, ‘iendabip, appreciation, Honors — these have: not bees snc Ti that Lam kaving ie for he woe, Aiko, Tote Twa fered an en) ayo Wet ‘beloved and esteemed, ene ee tee arenes See etal eae ete Eee tena SiS) taleees ‘You sal never return to kaow tha Ihave one more thou of you and thit your image ives ia my memory: fant undoubedy, Tam always thinking of you, Your name lives in the sight of my ips, Your image accompanies aad imately thoughts. When sal seat to ess another vine stern Ike that ste temple of Meguro? When Stull ue sect ours spent wih you return Whe shall find them sweeter, more trang, more planng? You the ‘olor ofthe Camelia, i fess te slegance i ‘An! tat descendant of soble family, fuihfl to an tunfortnate vengeance, you are lovely be everthing has ended! Sayonara, Sayonarat With this tenderly tragic entry in his own dary, Rizal bade farewell to lovely O-Sei-San* Sayonara, Japan. On Apsil 13, 1888, Rizal boarded the ‘Beli. an English steamer, at Yokohama, bound forthe United States. He left Japan with « heavy heart, for be Knew that he ‘would never again sce thi beautiful "Land ofthe Chersy Blos- Soms" and his beloved Sei San. Truly, his sojoura in Japan for 45 days was one of the happiest interludes in his life ‘O-SeiSan After Rizal's Departure. As everything on earth ‘nas to end, the beautifel romance between Rizal and O Set San inevitably came to a dolorous ending. Sacrificing his personal happiness, Rizal had wo cary on his Wbertarian mission in Europe, accordingly, he resumed his voyage, leaving behind the lovely ‘O-Sei-San, whom he passionately loved Brokem-hearted by the departre of Rizal, the fist man t0 in Tokyo. Theit wedlock was blessed by only one child — a ‘daughter named Yuriko. After many years of teaching, Chariton ‘was! awarded by the Japanese: government with an imperial ‘decoration = Order of Merit, Sth Class. He died on November 2, 1915, survived by O-Sei-San, whose veal name was Seiko Usui, and their daughter Yuriko. ‘This daughter Inter maried ‘Yoshiharu Takiguchi, son of a Japanese senator. Mes. Chariton (O-Sei-San), as widow, lived in 3 comfort. ble home in Shijuko district, Tokyo. She survived World War TT, but her home was destroyed in 1944 by the U.S. bombing ‘of Tokyo. She died on May I, 1947 at the age of 80. She was buried in her husband's tomb at Zoshigawa Cemetery. A Japanese inscription on their tomb reads as follows ‘Alled Charlton, Sth Order of Merit, sod wie Seiko4008 RIZAL: LIFE WORE AO ATOR Veyne Aero te Paci. Despite his sorowing hea Rial enjoyed the pleasant trans Pactic voyage tothe United Sits, On owt spe cto sm Flap any Cas Raasido Tormr, hs Wie Ena Secor tony ot Ecsta md ve mPa (ne ayo ofthe children ih young ty, sed Rial “De i kev feneet mas an oed Rcan We wrt noe Na Me Tonga “Yeh, Va Richa,” rep Ri In goat oy tn boy redo hs moder, foing het that the famous man is thee fellow passenger she feletated Ril, elng po tt fey were Wenig v's cee inl nd Tete. Another sng wich Re toed onboard te Bip vas Teo Secs tna es inurl; novela, and chonpon ef buna ta ene, forced byte lane povertnca flere We ae oe 5 Ral wat compet te eve the Pups yt ale fuiorles. A the hepning tthe vee os elchena ‘cho wes meray doer be Late ob he kes Inagung® nd 9 be Cd me commas wht he es sate pamcogrn eiming pecan, Real ae many for languages, nea Tapa, beaten Mandl eed ha tee dant eg et ‘Ykahume to San Ponca the 8 Nee Me a they ened London where toy ped Dial and Techs ware Ueda. Both wer vali pouiog, apne fos of nonce" tytey Bets at then of pets ng he tase pnt tule Sere ta fr tha pope ected happeae Ral od Teco te sory of his Me nin to emancipate ns oppemed pope fom Spans treny to of ere ton ech he adh ay teres rom te ce ey ofc sod bd ars cosg ti feo nagy cols ‘ers he cu elytra hs iersian aes Duo intimate sunspot sno eat eats Get Doane asp teat oor cay tee ae parioion tod mapnen sles patted Hod om influenced him to fortify his own crusade for nan «his in bis own country. (On December 1, 1888, after a last warm handshake snd bidding each other “goodbye,” Rizal and Tetcho pasted wins ‘= never to meet agsin. Rizal remained in London to condct Iistorical researches. on Mora at the British. Muscum, wile ‘etcho returned to Japan ‘In 1889, shortly after his return to Japan, he published his travel diary which contained his impressions of Rizal, as follows" ‘Me. Rizal mas a chizen of Manila in the Posies ‘Age about 77 to 29, Young ashe was. he wis print in seven languages = it was in 8 Bed that we fst et ee fo Linas by way of Ameria mith bin Ever since U had been ier coursing with bi, Rizal was an oper henfed ma He wis ao hal phi ting, He wis am actomplished, good at pare sills taguiite war work, especial Earied at London ate in May, 1K te nperaily stayed at "King Henry's Road,” then moved 10 Room 56 ‘€ Partiament Hil Road. inte to stay bere untl te fay or March, but unfortunately London. bad een thou by fog since early October. {havea sight nes. tnd it appened 10 be very bard forme 1 spe the coming Sater here I decided 4 yp home, and Scheduled 1 leave London on December the int “On December the Fist {4 up cay It wa fine sunny day, after uncomfortable dayn of fog ad fun. The ‘Sun tone 261 congratulated my chy departure for home Took « farewell of my people and st 830A M. when | ‘war going down the Pasamnet Hil Road, I met Mr. Riza omng up tomy hotel, Teale him ode wth me onthe ‘oach: MF. Ril came fim Manila. He has goodcommand fo seven itferent foreign languages at the age of only twemsyacven. He was frank ac daring fellow. fond Of varios ars, especially good at deaingARE MICAL: LIFE WOMKE AND WRIT Atter the publication of his travel dary, Tetcho resigned bis postion as editor of Tokyo newspaper, Choys, and entered politics. In 1890 he was elected n= member of the lower house of the First Imperial Diet (Japanese parliament), wl carried on his ight for human rights. The following yea he published a politcal novel tiled Nanka-no-Datharan (Storm ‘Over The South Sea) which resembles Rizal's Noll Me Tangere in plot, Three years later (1894) he published another novel entitled O-unabara (The Big Ocean) which was similar to” EY Fikdustersmo, While sil a member of the Imperial Diet, Tetcho died of heart attack in Tokyo in February, 1896 (ten’ months belore Rizal's execution). He was then 49 years old Chapter 13 Rizal’s Visit to the United States (1888) Rizal first saw America on April 28, 1888. His arrival in this great country was marred by racial prejudice, for he saw: ‘the discriminatory treatment of the Chinese and the Negrocs by the white Americans. He kept note of what he observed duting his tip fom San Francisco to New York, where he took a ship for England. From his notes and his letierst0 his fiends, we {get a wealth of first-hand impressions of America, some of which were rather unfavorable but true. Rizal was a man of truth, and the wrote what he had seen and experienced Arrival in San Franclco. The steamer Relic, with Rizal fn board, docked at San Pranciscd on Saturday morning, April 28, tsH8. All passengers were not allowed to land. The American health authorities placed the ship under quarantine onthe ground ‘that it came from the Far East where a cholera epidemic was alleged tobe raging. Rizal was surprised because he knew there ‘was no cholera epidemic at that time in the Far East. He joined the other passengers in protesting the unjustifiable action of the heaith authorities. The American cons in Japan hd given the of health, and the British Govemor of Hong Kong certified to the absence of cholera cases in China? He soon discovered that the placing of the ship under {quarantine was motivated by politics, The ship was carying 643. Chinese cools.” At that time public opinion onthe Pace coast was azuinst cheap coolie labor because the cools fFom China were displacing white laborers in railroad construction carmps, To win the votes of the whites in California (fr election was neat, the administration impeded the entry of Chinese cools ow408 MEAL: LIFE, Wome ANO WRITINGS Rizal noticed that contrary to quarantine regulations 700 bales of valuable Chinese silk were landed without fumigation, ‘thatthe ship doctor went ashore without peotet on the part of the health officers, and the customs employees ate several times ‘on board the supposedly cholera infested ship. “After a week of quarantine, al frstclase passengers, includ- {ing Rizal, were permitted to land. But the Chinese and Japanese assengers of the second and third-clast accommodations were orced to remain on board for a longer quarantine perio! Rizal in San Francisco, On Friday sftecnoon, May 4, 1888, the day he was permitted to go ashore, Rizal registered at the Palace Hotel, which was then considered a first-class hotel in the city: On this day, he wrote on his dary=* | lodged in Palace Hotel $4 a day with bath and everything included. Stockton St. 312 saw the Golden Gate. On Sunday the stores are closed, The bes Street Jn San Francisco it Market Street, Rizal mentioned in his diary the name of Leland Stanford, who was « millionaire senator representing California in the U.S. Senate at that time. This senator was the founder and benefactor of Stanford University at Palo Alto, California. Abo recorded in Rizal's diary was a street — Dupont Street — in Chinatown Which is Grant Avenve today. Rinal stayed in San Francisco for two days'— May 4 t0 6, 1888. The President of the United States at that time was Grover (Cleveland ‘Acrous the American Continent. On May, 1888 — Sunday. 430 PIM. — Rizal left San Francisco for Osidand, nine miles across San Francisco Bay, by ferry boat. In Oakland, he boarded the train for his trip across the continent. He took his supper at Sacramento for 75¢ and slept fn his coach, Early the following moming (May 7), he awoke and had a {ood breakfast at Reno, Nevada, now glamourized by American high-pressure propaganda as “The Biggest Litle City in the World.” Rizal's dary recounts his travel observation a follows:? ‘Monday, May 7 saw an Indian atied in sem-Euro- ‘ean sit, and seri-ldian sit, Ieaning aginst» wall Wide 0 deserts without plants nor tees. Unpopulted. Lovely place Dare mounting Sunds. A big extension of white land, ke halk Far from this desert can be seen some blue mount ‘was fine day. Ie was warm, and there was sill now on the top of some mountains ‘Twesday, May 8 Tis beauifal morning. We stop trom plnce to place. We are near Open. I bebeve with» {00d sytem of iigation this place could be cultivated. We {Treat Dah stat, the Sd state we pasad over In proach ‘ng Otden the feds are seen wih horses, oxen, and tree, Some small houses ate seen from a distance From Ogden to Denver, The dock i set ome hour abead of time. We tte now begining 1 see owers with yellow color on the Wray. The mouetain ats ditance are covered with stow ‘The Danke of Sat Lake are more Deal than other hig swe saw. The mules are very big. There afe mountain in the middle of the Take ike the and of Tain is Laguna ‘de Bay. We sa three Mormon boys at Farminton, There Iwere sheep, cows, and horse in the meadows. This 400 not thickly populated. A Bock of ducks i the lake ‘Galen greeted us at Slt Lake City. In Uta, the women serve at the table. We changed tain at Ogden, and we trl not have any change unl Denver. In Provo I ate much for 35¢, We are pasing between wo mounts hough a ‘arrow chanael Wednesday, May 9. We are pusing through the moun: tains and rocks along a river: the river i powsy and ts nose {ives ie tothe ile terstory. We wee up at Colorado, the Sth state we comid over. At 10:30 we lim up certalo Ioight, and this why Snow is seen along the way. There fare many pines. We passed though tanaele made of wood to protect the road against snow. Icces in these tunnels fe very bright which gave majestic eflect. The porter of ‘he Pullman Car, an American, sa sort of thie. Colorado has more tees than te tree sates we passed over. There ste many hore. ‘Tharsday, May 10. We woke up in Nebraska, The sovatry is plan. We reached Omaha, a big city — the biggest since we left San Franco. The Misious River twice a wide a the Pag River init widest part Iti many. The train pased over the Minsour bridge for Zand "2 minutes, the tain goes slowly. We are Dow ia Iino. eaeFay, May 11. We woke up near Chicago, The country ts calvated. 1 shows our near to Cheapo. We let Chicago at 8:14 Friday night” What I observed in Chica the Englh testy (Canada — 2.) im the afternoon, and we shall son se¢ Niagara Fall. We so fr some time Yo See the pont that are beau; we went tothe side below the lls, Twas [etmeen two rocks and this the pestest cascade ever ‘aw ti wot so beautiful or 0 fine a the fale at Loe Baton (sc Pagsanan — Z.); but much bigger, mors impor: ing nception of the term. ‘We shall be Indios Bravos! ‘Ths was born a new society of Filipina patriots in Paris — the Indios Bravos (Brave Indians). It replaced the ephemeral ‘Kidlat Club, Iis members pledged to excel im intecctal ancl ‘physical prowess in order to win the admiration of the foreignes, particularly the Spaniards. They practised with great enthusiasm the se of the sword and pistol. Rizal taught them judo, an ‘Asian art of self-defense, that he learned in Japan, R.D.LM. Society. Another society founded by Rizal in Paris during the Universal Expeniton of 1889 was the mysterious Sociedad R-D.L.M. (R.D.L-M. Society) Many biographers of Rizal do not mention it. In fact, fs existence and tole in the levers and his fellow propagandiss. only two men tiomed! ths secret society, a follows’ (1) Rizal's Letter to Jose Maria Basa, Paris, September 21, 1849 and (2) Ris Letter {to Marcelo H. del Pilar, Paris, November 4, 1889.” ‘According to Dr. Leoncio Lopes: Rizal, grandnephew ofthe hero, the society has a symbol or countersign represented by & ire divided into three parts by two semicircles having in the ‘center the interlocked letters I and B meaning Indias Bravos, land the letters R.D.LM. placed outside an upper, lower, left ‘and right sides ofthe crcle.°* The letters R-D.L.M. ae believed 156 eee oe to be the initials of the society’s secret name Redencion de loz Matayon (Redemption of the Malays). So much mystery surtounded the R.D.LM, because Rizal ripily guarded its secret existence. Evidently, it was patterned tfter Freemasonry. It had various degrees of merership, “with the members not knowing etch other.” Only a few of Rizal's trusted friends became members of the R-D.LM.. namely, ‘Gregorio Aguilera, Jose Ma. Basa, Julio Llorente, Mareelo H tel Pilar, Mariano Ponce, Baldomero Roxas, and Father Jose Maria Changeo (Filipino priest) “The aim of the scerct society, as stated by Rizal was “the propagation ofall useful knowledge — scientific, ants, literary, Ete, in the Philipines.” Evidently, there was another aim re redemption of the Malay race. It must be noted tht Inspired by a famous ook emitied Max Havelaar (Isé) written by Multatul(pscudonym of E. D. Dekker, Dutel fiuthor) This book exposed the miserable conditions of the ‘oppressed Malay inhabitants of the Netherlands East Indies tuner Dutch rule ‘A discerning study of the available Ruzaliana, documents and Rizal's actuation, show that the R-D.LM. had something tio with the Malay race. As Dr. Leoncio Lopez Rizal cogently Stated, Rizal's colonization projet in Borneo was “not merely to have a place where Filipinos could live and work with more Uiherty as well a fee themuelves from the oppressive conditions in the Philippines... bat for something else more important, sthich is to fave freedom of ation to attain the aims of the RuDLM. which means. the Redemption of the Malay Race. Rizal, writing 40 Blamentet from Hong Kong on February 21. 1802, revealed his intention t6 be a leader of eeedon. i J Philippines, then in ther lands "In Borneo.” he tld Blumentrit, “I shail not be planter (plantador) but the leader (Gaulilo) ofthe planters who ate thinking st emigeating there with me. fee! Matered by the fea that I can stil serve my Country with my pen You know very well that always, at all times, 1 am ready to seeve my fatherland wot only with my pen. but also with my We whenever my fatherland would demand this sacrifice, But as T see that Tam geting ol, my ideals and 2 1s{2086 RIZAL APE, wonKs AMO WHUTINO reams are fading: if iis impossible for me, to give freedom to ‘my country, at least I should ike to give it 10 these noble compatriot in ther lands." Moreover, the contract or his Bornean colonization included. such provisions the right of the colonists to buy the lands, the free use ofthe seashores, and the unusual long term of lease {or 999 yeaa, “a period of time long enough for many generations to form a nation and to consolidate it satus” and to realize Rizal's dream of redeeming the Malay race Annetated Edition of Morga Published. Rizal's outstanding achievement in Paris was the publication in 1890 of his annotated ealiion of Morga’s Sueesos, which he wrote in the British Museum. It was printed by Garnier Freses. The Prologue was ‘written by Professor Blumentritt, upon the request of Rica {nis Prologue, Blumentrit commended Rizal for his fine historical scholarship. However, he fesnkly censured Rizal for ‘wo things which revealed Rizal's errors, namely: (1) Rizal ‘commits the error of many historians in apprabing the events ‘of the past in the light of present standards and (2) Rizal's attcks on the Church were infair and unjustified because the abuses of the friars should not be construed to mcan that Cathoi ‘ism is bad, Thus Blurmentrit sad" ‘The high estimation of your notes (Ries anneations = 2) does ot prevent me fom confessing that mre than ‘once, 1 inerved thot you partite ip te ero of many ‘modem historians, wh Judge events of centuries, In the light of concep that cortespon to contempt) sas Tihs should mot be. The hsm should hot impute tthe smen of the 1th ceatry the wide horizon i eth move The second pot th which am nti agoement fas 0 do wh someof your flat gan Cat Mice thal at in relgn tt the evel met atl the abases of many pete shel we lok fo he wep of ‘many events Limentle for rsh. fr Sn. a fo food mame ofthe Ewropcan race Nowwithstanding the two blemishes of Rials work, it iy Splendid piece of historiography. Rial annotated and published Morga’s Sucesos because it Was the best ofthe musy histories ‘Sed Sura Pat The ed Egat 1 082 ‘of the Philippines written by the early Spanish writers, being ‘accurate in the naration of events, unbiased in judgement, and ‘anmareed by childish fantasies, Riral dedicated his new edition of Morga to the Filipino people s0 that they would Know of their glorious past. His ‘dedication iss follows: ‘ ‘TO THE FILIPINOS Inthe Nol Me Tangere I started to sketch the present state of our Fatherland: the effect which iy attempt eo. ‘dace made me rae, before proseeting o develop before Your eyes ether pictures 10 fellow then [idee the preset and measure the path tered during fhe'tes centuries Born and reared in ignorance of our pst like almost all of you: without voice mor autbonty ta speak of hat te have not seen nor Mdied I deemed i necessary 10 Invoke the testimony of anlustows Spaniard who coil led the destinies of the Piippines at the bepnning ois ‘ew era and personally witnessed the lst aye a ur ancient tatonalty. [ts theefore, the shadow oF ou ancestor” fivlzation which the author now shall al lore you T transmit to yu fitflly his words without champng them ‘0 mutilating them, adapting, ony in wo fara possible, {fo modern orthography and inttoducing state lesrness in the ater defective punctuation of the original, actate 1s reading, The ole the natonaty, andthe vites of “Morya together with the date and testimonies of hi stem: porares, Spaniards forthe most part, commend the work ‘our serous eofsideration. the book suceeds in awakening you, the comin ess of out past loted fom memory. and recs ‘that has Bee fated snd ealamaiated then I shall mot Shave labored in vain, and with ths basis, sgh thought bere canall devote ourselves tothe study ofthe fate In this historical work, Rizal proved thatthe Filipinos were already civilized before the advent of Spain. They hd clothes, ‘government, laws, writing, lierature, religion, ars, sciences and ‘commerce with neighboriog Asan nations. Rizal this basted2008 RIZAL LE, MONKS AND RTM the historical heresies of the Spanish writers who claimed that ‘the early Flipinos were savages and were of ow mentality. ‘Comment on Morga’s Publication Date. The title page of Rizal's annotated edition of Morga reads: “Paris, Libreria de Garnier Hermanos, 1890.” From this printed date, al biographers ‘of Rizal came to asert that his edition of Morga was published in 1890, However there is documentary evidence to show that Rizal's caiion of Morya must have come off the pres in 1889-n0t 1800. On October 12,1889, Blumentsit wrote to Rial from Leitmeit, saying: “Ihave just received your magnificent edition of Monga, This edition with your erudite notes wil glorify your name. Rizal himself, in his letter to Dr. Baldomero Roxas from Paris, December 28, 1889, stated: “Today I sent to Lipa four copies of Morga. Later I will send some mote, From Barcelona, Mariano Ponce wrote to Rizal on December 31,1889, saying: “I received the book Sucesor. Many thanks. Thave read only Blumentsits prologue. Truly excellent. Please send me immediately about tem copies that I can send to the Philippines by the first mail that = going there." ‘The three letters cited above — from Blumentrt, B. Roxas, and M. Ponce — are incontrovertible proofs that Morga's Suceior by Rizal actualy came off the press in 1889, Otherwise, how could these three fiends of Rizal read the book before 1850? iotheque Nationale (Paris) enriched his historical knowledge. His splendid annotations t0| ‘Morpa's book showed his familiarity withthe basic principles of historiography. “AS he once told Isabelo de los: Reyes: “A historian ought to be rigorously imparted... T never assert anything. on my own authorty. T ote texts and when 1 do, 1 sthave them before me." His knowledge of foreign languages enabled Rizal to read historical documents and books in the languages in which they were originally written. For instance, he read Pigafeta’s famous First Voyage Around the World i Ttlian; the historical works of Marden, Raffles, Lord Stanley, and Wallace in English the writings of Blumentrtt, Jagor, and Virchow in German; the ho. Second Sjur a Pt The Und Ex O88 books of M. Jacquet, J. Mallat, sad A. Marche in French; and the works of T:H. Pardo de Tavera, Pedro A. Paterno, Miguel “Morayta, and Pi y Margall in Spanish. By is extensive reading of archival soures and books in foreign countries, he acquired wide knowledge not only of Philippine history, but also the history of European colorization ia Asa ‘Aside from his excelent annotations on Morga’s book, Rizal wrote other works which qualify him to bes real historian ‘Among thea were the two historical commentaries writen in London. Mary! (December 6, 188) and Tawalist of Toa Batata (Gana 7, 1889); Filipinas dentro de Cien Ao (The Philippines ‘Within a Century), published in La Solidaridad in four issues (on September 30, Ociober 31, December 15, 1889 and February 1S, 1890; Sobre la Indolenci de ls Flpinos (The Tadolence of the Filipinos), published in La Solidaridad in five succenive ‘issues on July 15, July 31, August 1, August 31, and September 1, 1890; La Polinca Colonial on Fiipinas (Colonial Policy in the Philippines), no date; Manila en ef mey de Diciembre, 1872 (Manila im the Month of December, 1872), no. date: Historia dela Familia Rizal de Calama (Hisiory of the Rizal family of ‘Calamba); no date and’ Los Pueblos del Archipelago Indico (The Peoples of the Indian Archipelago), no date ‘The Philippines Within 4 Century. In this article Rizal ‘expressed his views onthe Spanish colonization i the Philippines and predicted with amazing accuracy the tragic end of Spain's Sovereignty in Asia. He portrayed at the begining of his article the glorious past of the Flipin> people, then described their {economic stagnation and unhappiness under the hash and bung! ing Spanish rule. Toward the lest paragraphs of the article, he [peered into the future and warned Spain of what would happen {o her colonial empite in Asia if she would not adopt & more Liberal and enlightened policy toward the Philippines Significant passages inthis historical essay areas fllows:"* ‘To recapitulate: the Philippines wil remain Spaish it they enter upon the feof aw and vaio, ithe igs Of their Inhabitants are respecte, s the oer rights de ‘them ate granted, f the Ubeal poy of the government Carted out without tnekery or meanness, without suber ‘es o fae interpretative,Otherwise if an atempr is made to se in the Islands 1 ode 10 be exploited, a rexource 10 satiny ambitions. tings ears to all rien of reason, then, However great tmay be the loyalty of the Fipins, i wil be imporile to hinder the operations of the inexorable lw Of istry. Colonies esashed to subserve the policy and commerce ofthe sovereign country, all eventually heasme indepen: dent, he Philippines secure thet independence after heroic and stubbor confit, they can rest acured that either England nor Germany or France, and sil lex Holland vil date to ake up what Spin hasbeen unable to hold Perhaps the great American Republic, whone interests lie m the Pacific and wo had no hand i the spolation of ‘Arica may some day dream of foreign possesion. This ‘not imposible, for the example is contagious, covetouness And ambition are among the strongest woes Very tkely, the Philipines will defend with inexpres Me valor the Iierty secured a he rie of 0 much Bod tnd sacrifice. With the new me that wil spring rom thet Soi and with the recollection oftheir past, ty wil perhaps freely upon the wide Foad of progress and all willabor topthertstrengthen hei fatherland Then the’ mines wil be made t0 give up their go fr relieving the county wll revive the maritime and mercantile Me for ‘which the anders afe Ged by their nator, aly, std insins, and once more tee, ike the bad tat leaves ‘ge, ke the omer that nfl to the hi, il coer thet pie vac hat ae gry yi oat an wl again become aed Yo pease cher happy oo, eptable sed daring a “The Indlence ofthe Fipinos. This other csay of Rizal is ‘ko a prestigious work of historical scholarship. It am able defense ofthe alleged indolene ofthe Filipinos. tn the spit ofa eal scholar, Rizal made aerial stay of the causes why his people did not work hard during the Spanish regime. His ‘main thesis was thatthe Fipiaos are not by nature indolent. Long before the coming ofthe Spaniards, be pointed out, the Filipinos were industious and hard-working They were ‘ery active in agriclture, industries, and commerce. The Spanish ‘eed tj Pan he Uae apn FY conquest of the country brought about a decline in economic ‘ctvtics because the Filipinos hid woandoned thei presSpunssh {industries and worked less than their ancestors. Such decline ‘economic life was due to certain causes: (I) the naive revo fand other internal disorders which followed the establishment ‘Of Spanish rule, (2) the wars which the Filipinos fought for Spatn| ‘against the Dutch, Portuguese, English, and other enemies: (3) ‘the frightful raide on the coasial towne and village of Christian Philippines by the Muslim pirates of Mindanao and Sulu: (3) ‘the foreed labor which compelled thousands of Filipino laborers to work in shipyards, roads, bridges, and other public works, resulting in the abandonment of industry, commerce, and eric ture; (8) lack of stimulus to work harder because the people ‘could not enjoy the fruits of ther labor; (6) government neylet land indifference 1 agriculture, industry, and commerce (7) the bad example shown by the Spaniards in despising manual labor (the teaching of Spanish missionaries that it easier for a [Poor man to enter heaven than fora rich man, hence the Filpino® refer not to work and be poor so that they could easily enter heaven after they die; (9) encouragement and propagation of ‘gambling by the Spanish authorities; and (10) system of Spanish ‘education id not promote economic enterprise sis cts" fo ‘as Rizal asserted, the education of the ative was “from his birth until he sinks into his grave... is bratalizing, depressive and anti-human” and "deprives him of bis, dignity It is true, admitted ital, thatthe Filipinos are easy-going and do not work so hard because they are wise enough fait themselves to their warm, tropical climate. They do not have to ill themselves working hird in onder to live tveause mulre fives them abundant harvests by working less than those i Kemperate and atid counties. “The fact.” explained Rizal,“ that in tropical countries violent work is nota go Tew is death, ens this it ke f just mother has therelore made the © fertile, a more productive, as a compensation. An hours work wader tht Durning sum in the midst of pernicious influences springs fom nature in activity isequal toa day's labor ima temperate ehimate iis, then, just that the earth yields a hundredfold! International Assocation of Filipinologsts. Taking advantage ‘of world attention which was then focused at the Universal Expo{2088 WIZAL: LIFE, Moni AND WaITNO ition 6¢ 1889 n Paris, Rizal proposed to establish an “International ‘Association of Filipinologiss” and have its inaugural convention inthe French capital. He ist submitted thisiea to Blumentrit in 2 letter dated January 14, 1889, and the latter gladly supported him, He wrote the prospectus of this interational association. ‘According to his prospectus, the aim ofthe association is to study the Philippines from the scientific and historical point of view.” ‘The officers were as follows. President Dr Ferdinand Blumen (asa) ‘Vice President Mr. Eamund Plauchut (rene) Counselor De. Reinhold Rost (Anglo German) Coumetor De. Antonio Ma. Regior (tine Spans) Secretary Dr. Jose Rizal ino) Rizal scheduled the holding of the inaugural convention of ‘the Imernational Assocation of Flipioologst in Paris in August 1889. He prepared the agenda and invited renowned scholars in Europe, such as Dr. Reinhold Rost, Sir Henry Yuk, Feoxlor Jagor. Dr. A.B. Meyer, Dr. H. Kern, and Dr. Crepelak, to take part inthe proceedings” Unfortunately, their inaugural convention did not materialize because the French government sliscouraged the holding of conferences by private organizations ‘daring the period of the intemnational exposition. Project for Filipino College in Hong Keng. Another magni ficent project of Rizal in Paris which also fizzled out was his plan t0 establish a modern college in Hong Kong, He wrote to his friend, Jose Maria Bass, about this matter, According 10 Rizal. this college aims “to train and edicate men of good family and financial means in accordance withthe demands of modera times and circumstances". A rich Filipino resident in Mariano Cunana, from Mexico, Pampanga, promised to help him raise Pa0,000'as inital capital for the college ‘Te curriculum consisted of the folowing subject: we ‘ean eo a Pie id The Uh apn FY hice — Stady of Religion — Natural Law — Civil ‘Law — Deportmeat — Hygiene. Mathematir — Physics and Chemistry — Nora Hit: tory — Geography — Political Economy. Universal History — Philippine History — Laie, Reto, ad Poetics. ‘Spanish — English — French — German — Chinete —Tagsloe: ‘Gymnastics — Equitation — Feacing — Swimming — ‘Music Drawing — Dancing Unfortunately, this project of Rizal to establish » modern college in Hong Kong did not materialize. However, yeas later, ‘ducing his exile in Dapitan, he actully founded a schoot for boys, in which he put into practice some of his splendid pedagos- ical concepts. “Por Teletooo.” We have mentioned before that Rizal defended his Noll from the slanderous attack of Fray Jove Rod riguez by ening a satirical booklet entitled La Vision det ray ‘Rodriguez. In the fall of 1889 he wrote another satirical work ‘entitled Por Telefono asa reply 0 another slanderer, Fr. Salvador Font, who masterminded the banning of his Nol Por Telefono Was published in booklet form in Barcelona, 1889, Rizal received the printed copies from Mariano Ponce, as revealed by his letter tothe latter, dated Pars, August 13,1889 “This satirical pamphlet wnder the authorship of “Dimas ‘Atang” (one of Rizal's pen-names) isa wit satire which iicules Father Font. t describes in comical vin a telephone conversation ‘between Father Font who was in Madrid andthe father provincial fof the San Agustin Convent in Manila, Incidentally, Por Telefono demonstrates not only Rizal sparkling wt but aso his prophetic insight. Hs opening paragraph reads 25 follows:”” In the year 1900 the Philippines forthe est ime was ‘connected o the Metropolis (Madsid—Z) by mean of theBy ths opening pargrapo, Rizal preiced much ahead of tis imes that people could carry on evcscs telephonic covers sation. is amazing how he coud ave foreseen this phenome. ‘on, which we enjoy now. History shows thatthe fin ado traph signals evived by Marcon! actos the Attic wasn 101 Tweie years afer the publication of Rus Por Teoma Christmas in Paris Doscmber 25,1859 was a witty day is Rizal and Jose Albert who were ing gly mall tom sd ty Caan tT He hve 2 ‘umpruous Chrismas diner, They scraped enough money to Celebrate Yuletide. They prepared» Chrtxas der with ed chicken, rice and vepewbles ‘This dinner proved fof Rial’ ‘Shortly after New Year, Rizal made a brief vist to London. Biographers do not know the purpose of this vist It may be due to two reasons: (Ito check up his annotated edition of ‘Morga's Sucesos with the original copy in the British Muscom and (2) to see Gertrude Becket for the last time By the midate of January 1890, he was back im Pais. He ‘complained of a terrible headache. At that time an epidemic of ites was raping in Earpe Form he was ma seken with hy, aes mf z Chapter 16 In Belgian Brussels (1890) On January 28, 1890, Rial left Paris for Brussels, capital ‘of Belgium Two reasons impel Rizal t leave Paris, namely (A) the coot of living in Paris was very high because of the Universal Exposition and (2) the gay social life of the city hampered his literary works, especially the writing of his second novel EI Flibuserismo. His fiends, including MH. del Pilar tnd Valentin Ventura, were of the belief that he left because fhe was running away from a git just as he left London.* Whea the fold ther thatthe reason for his leaving Paris was economic because his money was dwindling, Ventura generously invited ‘him to ive with him in Pars without paying fent. He could aot accept Ventura's invitation, for he had a high sense of dignity fand would not accept charity from any man. Life in Brussel. Rizal was accompanied by Jose Albert when he moved to Brussels. They lived in a modest boarding ‘house on 38 Rue Philippe Champagne, which was run by (wo Jaceby sisters (Suzanne and Marie). Later Alber left the city, ‘and was replaced by Jose Alejandro, an enginceting student In Brussels, Rizal was busy writing his second novel which ‘was a continuation of the Noli He was never idle even for an hour. Aside from writing its chapters, he wrote anicls for La ‘Solidaridad and eters to his family and fends. Being a phys ‘ian, he spent part of his time inthe medical clinic. For recreation he had gymnastics atthe gymnasium and target practice and {fencing atthe armory. Thus he wrote 19 Antonio Luna: “! 30 to the clinic, I ead, I write, Igo to the gymnasium and to the armory. Speaking of shooting, I'am sending you a target contain- fing ten bullet holes: it was seven and a ball meters fom me. at twenty-five meters I can put all my shots ito a twenty-cen- timeter target.”Speaking of Rizal's frugality Jose Alejandro, his roommate in Bruel, sai: “In Brustels we took our meals in a howe and Rizal on one occasion suggested that we eat pansit, We were spending so much a day and s0 we spent one daY's approp- ration for the purchase of the necessary ingredients, It seem, however, that he committed an error in his calculations this ime for we spent two day’s appropriation and the past came out ‘more thin what we intended to have, In order to remedy the frvor we were compelled to have pansit for Iunch and supper for two days = Articles Published In La Solidaridad. During his sojourn in Brusels, Rizal wrote articles for La Solidandad in defense of lis oppresied people and to point out the evils of Spanish rule {in the Philippines. Among these articles which appeared in the [trot pertodial weres 1. *A La Defena” (To La Defensa), April 30, 1899 ‘Ths ws cep to an ant-Filipi waiting of & Spanish wuthor Paci de tn Esconir which was published 9y La Defense on March 30, 1889 2. “La Verda Pra Todos” (The Truth For AN); May 31, 189. Riza defense agaist the Sponsh charges that (he native fea ofcials were ignorant and depraved 3. “Vicente Baranes! Ter Taga,” dine 15,188, {this ale, Rizal exposes Barrantes’ ignorance on the Tagalog teat 44 “Uma Profanacion” (A Proanstion). July 3, 1889. [A tier attack against the fats or denying Christian Daal toManane Hecbosa ia Calamba because he was a brother i law of Rizal. Herhona,hosband of Laci, tied of cholera con May 23, i, S. “Werdaes Nuevas” (New Truths), Joly 31,188, * Atopy to Viemte Belle Sancher” eter published in Lt Poona, Madrid pewspapes,on Sly 4, 189, which aserted that the granting of teforins inthe Piippines would ra ‘the “peaefl and materal rule” ofthe firs 6, “Cruekad (Cray), August 15, 1899. bine ‘defense of Bhamentt from the screllow attacks of his 1, *Diteensit”(Diteences, September 1, 189. ‘A ceply toa timed ae eed “OM! rut” pebtshed {hn Pom om Auguste, 9, which wales ose Fripnor who ated for reform. “taconequencin" (aeonequenon), November c ‘OF Anton Ln gu he ack the Barons newopape Hl Puchi 9. “Lluntey Riss” (Tears an Laughter, November 10, 189, A deounciaton of Spanish racial prejudice aginst ie brown Filipinos ‘Rizal mentioned inthis atl Row the audlence, com posed mostly of Spaniard and meso, stopped applauding then he reewed fist rie in the Mera contest im 1880 Tecnine of his Brown color 10, “Ingres” (gratitude) January 15, 1890. teply to Governor General Valerio Weyler who, while ‘iting Calamba told the people that they "chu ot allow Uhemelves to be deceived by the vain promises of their ‘ongratet sons ‘New Onhoaraphy of Tao, Langue ope of is Eucopean education and his Knowledge of foreign Tanguages, Riz foved hs own native language. He was the et to advocate the Flipniation of ts orthography. For tntance, the Tagalog lerirs & and w shouldbe used instead ofthe Spanish cand “Thus the Hispanized Tagalog word salacot (peasant s headed should he weten salah andthe Hispanized Tagalog term aaa te changed into ara ‘As carly 8 in September, 1886, when he was in Leipig, Rial adopted the Flpzed Tagalog orthography i his Tagalog translations ofSchilers Wife Telfand Andersen's Faity Tales tind apa he used iim his fist novel Nol? Me Tangere (Bertin, i “While he was sojouming in ruses, his atte ented “Sotie la Nucva Onografin de lt Lengua Tagila” (The new Onthograply of the Tagalog Language) was publisbed in: La Soha on Ape 13,19, nth aie ead dawn the rules of the new Tagalog orthography and, with modesty Sincerity be gave the credit forthe adoption ofthis new onthog-2008 IZAL: IPE WORKS AMO WRITINGS ‘raphy to Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, author of the celed- {ated work El Sanscrto en la Lengua Tagola (Sanskrit in the ‘Tagalog Language) which was published in Paris, 1884 “I put this on record,” wrote Rizal, “so that when the history ‘of this orthography is traced, which is already being adopted by the enlightened Tagaists, that what is Cacsar’s be given to Cacsar. This innovation is due solely wo Dr, Pardo de Tavera's ttuies on Tals, I was one of ts mou 2elouspropsgsn- s ‘Rizal Crigctzes Madrid Fiipines for Gambling. In Brussels, Rizal received news fom Juan Lina and Valentin Ventura thatthe Fulipinos in Spain were destroying the good name of theie nation ’by gambling to0 much. These two compatriots in Pars urged him todo something about ‘Accordingly, Rizal wrote 19 MH, de Pilar on May 28, 1890 to remind the Filipinos in Madrid that they did no come to Europe to gamble, but to work for their Fatherland’ freedom. His letter runs as follows" Lana in Pris compli of the gumbig he il im Mart dos Vent The say th, cor sews tem the Pilippine, th paren ate very much dis fisted. Lam ated we oe Serving the far sheme ‘here i noting at home to remind them that he Flare docs notome to Burope to game snd amuse him tutto work for hi iberty and for the ity ois tac Wis not necesary to leave the Prilpine to amber there they aredy gable yery mach we wh st led "pen 10 do something. wei wham the poor people pce ther moet hopes, spend our men these tes precy sen the years of youth ul Se cnployed teaming tmove noble and ty forthe wey reson that youth ae ind lofty, I fonr moch tat we are Oghing Yor cles Ahsion and that isead of being worthy of ibe, we se sory of ainery 1 appeal t the patsotis ofall Pilipinas to give the ‘Spanish people prof that we ate sapeior to or msfortane fad that neither are we capable of being brutalized mor ‘an our noble sentiments be deafened with the coupon ot exons. ‘The, Filipinos in Madrid were angry when they learned (of Rizal's moralizing. They dersively called him “Paps” (Pope) instead of “Pepe”. Bad News from Home. Letters from home which Rizal received in Brussels worried him. The Calamba agrarian rouble ‘was geting worse. The management of the Dominican hacienda ‘continually raised the land rents until such time that Rizal's father refused to pay his rent. Other tenants, inspted by Don Francisco's courage also refused to pay the unreasonable rents ‘The Dominican Order fled a sit in court to disposes the Rizal family of their lands in Calamba. Meanwhile the tenants, inctuding the Rizal family, were persecuted, Paciano and the ‘rothervin-law: Antonio Loper (husband of Narcisa) and Si- Yestre Ubaldo (husband of Olympia) were deported ta Mindoro, “Another brother in-law, Manvel T, Hidalgo (hsband of Satur hina) was banished for a second time to Bohol ‘The sad news from home depressed Rizal. His heart bled ‘tw know the sorrowful plight of his parents, brother, and brothers in-law. From Brussels, he wrote to his sister Soledad on June 6, 1890:" have caused much harm to our family, but af leat there 1S not disgraceful nor does H humilite anytody Cn the Contrary W raises us up and gives us more dignity inthe tyes of our very enemies themelves: to fll withthe head gh and the brow serene f not to falls 10 trump “The sad things ofall with the stain of adonor, Moceonet may be what my encmies desire me to be, Jet ever sccuration are they able fo hurl aaint me which makes te bash of lower my forehead, and Thope that God ‘be mer enough wth me to prevent me fom commiting, ‘ne of those fle which would involve my Tam Presentment of Death. In his moment of despair Rizal had. bad Areams during the nights in Brusels when he was restless because he was always thinking of his unhappy family in Calaraba, ‘Although he was not superstitious, he feared that he would not live long. He was not afraid to dic, but he wanted to finish his second novel before he went to his grave. m‘This morbid presentiment of early death was divulged by him to MH. del Pilar, in a letter from Brussels dated June 11, 1890, as follows: "Sad preseatiments assault me though ¥ do ‘not give them entire credence. In my childhood I had a strange belie that I would not reach thiny years of age. 1 do not know why thought, this. There were two months during which almost every night T’had no other ream than that my friends and ‘relatives were dead. Once I dreamed that I descended by a path ‘8 multitude of persons seated, dressed in white, wth white faces, Silent and surrounded by white light. There I saw my two breth ren, one of them already dead and the other one stil alive. ‘Although I do not believe in these things and although my body is very strong and T have no illness and have no fear, T am ‘preparing myself for death and for any eventuality, “Lang Laan (Ever Ready) is my trve name. For this reason, T want {6 Finish at all costs the second volume of the Nol! and if it i possible T do not want to leave unfiaished what nobody else ‘ould continue... Do not believe that I are depressed or sad tevery two days | go to the gymnasium and practise fencing and ‘hooting, but who can tell any misfortune that may come’™ Preparation o Go Home. In the face of the suflerings which affcted his family, Rizal planned 0 go home, He coukd not Say in Brussel writing & book while his parents, relatives, and friends in the distant Philipines were persecuted Upon hearing that Graciano Lopez Jeena was planning t0 {0 10 Cuba, he wrote to Ponce on July 9, 1890, opposing Graciano's plan of action. He said that Graciano should not 0 ‘Cuba to die of yellow fever, instead he “ought 10 go to the Philipps to allow himscif to Be killed in defense of his ideals ‘Adding, Rizal said “We have only once to die, and if we do not die well, we Jose an opportunity which will aot again be presented to us"? In another leter to Ponce, dated July 18,1890, he expressed his determination to go home, a8 follows:"” 1 want to go back tthe Philippines, and although 1 now would’ be daring and imprudent, what does that ‘mater? The Flipioos ae all very pret, and that is why ‘Our county is gong the way Shei. AB it seems 10 me that ‘Ne ale nor making any progress by following prudence, 1 m nang bm (0) ‘am going to look for anther pathway! The nly thing that ‘an detain me i 4 doubt whether my paren ogee. 1 am ‘trad to distr hee lst years. In case they should object {o my homecoming, I would work for iveliboed in some ‘ther part of the worl AA his friends, including Blumentrit, Jose Ma. Basa, and Ponce, were horitied by Rizal's plan to retura to the Philippines. ‘They warned him of the danger that awaited him at home. Decision to Go to Madrid. Rizal ignored the dire warning. of his friends. No threat of danger could change his pla Something, however, happened that suddenly made him change his mind, It was a letter from Paciano which related that ‘hey lost the case against the Dominicans in Manila, but they ‘appealed it tthe Supreme Court in Spain, hence a lawyer was ‘needed to handle tin Madrid. Accordingly, Rizal wrote to M-H. ‘el Pilar on June 20, 1890 retaining the latter's services as lawyer. He further informed Del Pilar that he was going to Madrid, in ‘order to supervise the handling of the case In another letter to Ponce, writen at Brussels, July 29, 1890, Rizal announced that he was leaving Brussels at the begin fing of the following month and would arrive in Madrid about the bed or th (August)! “To My Muse” (1890), It was against a background of mental anguish in Brussels, duriag those sid days when he was worried bby family disasters, that he wrote his pathetic pocm, "A Mi.” (To my Muse). This poem lacks the exquisteness of “To the Flowers of Heidelberg” and is less polished than To the Filipino Youth,” but itis passionate in feeling, Tt runs as follows: TO MY MUSE Invoked no longer i he Muse “The lyre i ot of date: The poets H no longer sme, ‘And youth its inspiration now imbues ‘With other form and tate today our fancies aught (0t verse would stil require Heicon's il temains unsought, ‘And without bed we but lage ‘Why the cote Is wot brought. i{2008 UZAL: LIFE, WonKs Ao WHITING Inthe place of thought sincere ‘That our hearts may tech ‘We mus seize a pen of ste, ‘And with verse ad line severe Fling abroad jest and jeer. ‘Muse, that i the past inapned me, ‘And with songs of love hast Bred me ‘Go wou now to fll pone, Fo today in sordid prose Tims eam the gold that hired me, Now must I ponder deep, ‘Meditate, and tirvgle on" Een sometimes I must weeps For be who love woul! keep Great pain has undergone Fle ate the days of eat, ‘The days of Lave delights “When flowers stil would please And give to soffenng souls surease From pain and sorrows bight ‘One by one they have pase on, All Tove and moved among: Deve or maried fom me gone, For all | place my hear spor By fate averse are stung. Go thou, too, O Muse, depart. ‘Other regions fate fin For my land but offers art Fr the laurel, chains that bind, For temple prisons bind ‘But before thou leavest me, speak: ‘Tell me with thy voice sublime, ‘Thou cout ever from me eck ‘A vong of sorrow for the weak, Detiance o the trans cme. ‘Romance with Petite Jucoby. Two things brought some mes sure of cheer to the despondent Riza, as he was preparing for his trip to Madrid. Fist was the summertime festival of Belgium, ae nang Dm 100) which was celebrated in camival style — with colorful costumes, fantastic Moats, and many days of merriment. Second wis his romance with Petite Jacoby, the pretty niece of his landladies. Rizal was so charming and dignified gentleman that Petite ‘Susanne was attracted to him, He was lonely ina strange country ‘and Leonor Rivera was so far away. Naturally, being a normal ‘young man, be found certain bis ia the company of a pretty Belgian gir, He might have flirted with Petite Susanne, but he could not stoop low to a deceptive amorous relationship Like other women — Segunds Katigbak, Orang Valenzuela, Leonor Rivera, O-Sei San, Geltic Beckett, Constelo Ortign 5 Perez and the Nelie Boustead — Suzanne Fellin love with Rizal ‘She cried when he loft toward the end of July, 1890 for Madr, stopping for # few days in Pars. ‘Although Rizal was in faraway Madrid, Suranne could not forget him, She wrote to him in French: ‘Where are you now? Do you think of me once in a nile? Lam reminded of our tender cnycrstions reading Your letter, although it cod apd scferemt Herc yout fete Ihave something which males up for your abience How pleated T would be to fllew you, to travel wih You who are always io my thought ‘You wiah me all kinds of ck, but forget that im the absence ofa beloved one tender heart can el Map ‘A thousand things serve 10 distract your mind, my {een bu i my cases am sad, tonely always lone With sy thoughts nothing, abuluely nothing relives my 50 tow. Are you coming back? That's what T want anid desire most ardently — you cannot fuse me 1 do not despair and limit myself o murine aint time which runs sofas when carries us toward separation tut goer 10 slouly whem is brnping vs together opin fee very unhappy thinking that perhaps 1 might never ‘now with one word you can make me you going t0 wot 10 me?Chapter 17 Misfortunes in Madrid (1890-91) Early in August, 1890, Rizal arrived in Madrid. He tried all legal means 10 seek justice for bis family and the Calamba tenants, but to n0 avail. Disappointment after disappointment piled om him, until the eros he bore seemed insuperable (0 ‘amy. He almost fought two ducts —one with Antonio Luna and the other with Wenceslao E. Retana. On top of his mistor. ‘tunes, Leonor Rivera married a British engineer. The infidelity (of the gir, with whom he was engaged for eleven years, broke his heart. With resilient strength of character, he survived the bitter pangs of love's disillusionment and continued his mission to redeem his oppressed people. Failure to Get Justice for Family. Upon arrival in Madd, Rizal immediately sought the help of the Filipino colony, the ‘Asociacion Hispano-Filipina, and the liberal Spanish newspapers (La tusacia, EI Globo, La Republica, El Resumen, ete) in securing justice for the oppressed Calambs tenants, including his family." Together with M.HL. del Pilar (who acted as his lawyer) and Dr. Dominador Gomez (secretary ofthe Asociacion Hispano-Filipina), he called on the Minister of Colonies (Sefor Fie) in order to protest the injustices committed by Governor General Valerian Weyler and the Dominicans. against the Calamba folks. Nothing came out of Rizal's interview with Minister Fabie, ‘As El Resumen, a Madrid newspaper which sympathized with the Filipino cause, sid: “To cover the ert open the pus, tnd fold the arms'— this is the Spanish colonial policy” sen a (080-8 More terrible news reached Rizalin Madrid ashe was waging 4 tile fight for justice. From his brotherindaw, Sivestre Ubaldo, he received copy ofthe ejeetment order by tie Domini ‘ans against Francisco Rizal and other Calamba tenants.” From his sister, Saturnina, he learned of the deportation of Paciano (Rizal), Antonino (Lopez), Silveste (Ubaldo), Teong (Mateo Elejorde), and Dandoy (Dr. Riza’ relative) o Mindoro; these ‘unfortunate deportees were arrested in Calamba and were ship- ped out of Manila on September 6, 1890. He further learned {rom Saturnina’s letter that their parents had heen forcibly ejected from their home and were then living in the house of Narcisa (Antonino’s wife) * In his desperation, Rizal sought the sid ofthe liberal Spanish statesmen, who were former members of the Ministry, including Becerra and Maura. Again, he was disippointed, for these statesmen merely gave him honeyed words of sympathy, and ‘nothing che, Blumentrtt in Leitmerir hearing of his friend's plight, urged hhim to see Queen Regent Maria Cristina’ (then ruler of Spain during the minority of Alfonso XIII). But how could he see Her majesty? He had neither powerful friends to bring hime to ‘the queen's presence nor gold to grease the palms of iafuential courtien, Rizal's Eulogy to Panganiban. Barely had Rizal settled down, in Madrid, when he experienced another disappointment. This was the doleful news shat his friend, Jose Ma, Panganiban, talented co-worker in the Propaganda Movement, died in Bar- celona on August 19, 1890, after a hngering lines. He deeply ‘mourned the passing of this Bicol hero, th a sorrowing heart, Rizal took up his pen and wrote ‘culogy to Panganiban as follows” a pre Panganiban, that exellent companion’ of labor and ‘eat that amiable fend nd countryman beloved, bas est descibed to the tomb a the early age of 27 years We. Just caught it ast whisper a im expe in vt ts a ‘iC were, and it seem as if we ate nening to is phrases ‘saturated with energetic pasiodsm, inspired by the purest love of his mative landHis was a desperntion wo die far, very far from the native si, separated feom his family, from his deepest affections. and in the Dower of ie youth in his ronest ihaions and hopes, when roy fture was i sigh, That is why his lst words wee of loving remembrance this dozed Fatherland, were beac avewel (0 the Philippines. An if weal take inc account certain evens ‘thi ife consecrated o a most vehement ove of naive land, we understand the sorrow hs heart must hae fel to sce buried with hi letimate hopes, ardent Sse, td fan aspirations, August 19, (1890), was a day of mourning 0 numerous Fipinos in Europe. And what fatal coincidence onthe same'month and’ day of the year just passed we had to deplos the death of another taend ‘and countryman Feliciano Gonzales Timbang ‘A sad late! Panganiban, endowed ith, wocommon tale, with prvleged tateligence, und with indcangable industry, was one of the sired, eptimate hopes M5 unfortunate county. That head has been huned i the cs that vigorous intelligence has Been prematurely ended Fipines. ow unfortunate thu art! Aborted Duet With Antonio Lana. Towards the end of ‘August, 1890, Rizal attended a social reunion of the Filipinos in Maud. AS was customary in these weekly reunions the paisanos. wine was served. Alter drinking so many glasses, the ‘uests became more loquacious and the conversations flowed freely, One of them, Antonio Lana, became drunk At that time, Luna was bitter because of is frustrated ‘romance with Nellie Boustead. Deep in his heart, he was blaming Rizal for his failure 10 win her, although Rizal had previously explained to him that he had aothing to do about wt. tn a tof Jealousy, which his akobol-befogged mind could. not contr [Luna uttered certain unsavory remarks about Nelle. Rizal heard him. His high sens of chivalry could not tolerate ‘any slur against the honor of any woman’ Angered by the slanderous remarks, he challenged Luna, his fiend, toa duel.” ‘Rizal was a better pistol shot than Luna. But the Tater was “his superior as swordsman, Luna, a the challenged party, had the choice of weapons. Logically, he would have 10 choose the sword; in which ease, Riz’ Iie would be in jeopatdy ‘The Filipinos were shocked by the incident. They tied 10 pacify Rizal and Luna, pointing ovt to both that such a duel ‘would damage their cause in Spain Fortunately, Luna, when he became sober, realized that he tuad made a fool of imelf during is drunken state. He apologized for his bad remarks about the girl, Rizal immediately ‘ccepled his splogy, and the two became good friends again.” Rizal Challenges Retana to Duel Rizal was, by nature neither hot-empered nor pupnaciows, But whea the honor of his people, family, yomen, or friends was besmiched, be never ‘stated to fight even i he were risking his own life. On another ‘occasion, he challenged another man to a duel — Wenceslao E. Retana, his bitter enemy of the pen Retana, a talented Spanish scholar, was then press agent of the friars in Spain. He used to attack the Filipinos, including ‘Rizal, in various newspapers in Madrid and other cities in Spain ‘One day he imprudently wrote an article in La Epoca. an anti-Flipino newspaper in Madrid, aserting thatthe family and fiends of Rizal had not paid their rents 0 that they were ejected from their lands in Calamba by the Dominicans Such an insult sired Rizal to action. Immediately, he sont his seconds to Retana with his challenge to a duel. Only Retana’s blood or his apology could vindicate the good name of Rizal's family and frends ecaute he believed that discretion isthe better part of valor, and, more so tosave his own skin, Retana at once published {retraction and an apology in the newspapers, His seconds had wwamed him that he bad no chance whatsoever against Rizal on 4 field of honor, for Rizal was his superior in both pistol and sword.” ‘The incident silenced Retana's developed a great admiration for the later, and years afterward he wrote the fist book-length biography ofthe greatest Filipino hero, whote talents he came to recognize and whose martyrdom he glorified. "” 1”O88 MLZAL LE, WOES AMO RTI Intdelcy of Leonor Rivera. In the autumn of 1890 Rizal was feeling biter at s0 many disappointments he encountered in Madrid. One night he and some friends attended a play at ‘Teatro Apolo, and there he lost his gold watch chain with a locket containing the picture of Leonor Rivera, his beloved sweetheart ‘The loss of the locket proved to be a bad omen. Early in December, 1890, with the cold winds of winter sweeping across ‘the shivering city, Rizal received aleter from Leonor, announ ing her coming marriage to an Englishman (the choice of her mother) and asking his forgiveness. This letler was a great blow to him, He was stunned, his eyes dimmed with teats, and his heart broke." ‘Several agoniaing weeks pasted before he could confide to his bestfriend, Blumemtt. In his reply to Rizal, dated February 15, 1891, Blumentitt consoled him, saying: “Your last letter filed us with sadness; afterall the misfortunes that have befallen you, now your beloved has abandoned you. My wile cannot ‘understand how a woman whom a Rizal has honored with his love would be able to abandon him she is disgusted with thi girl. 1 myself feel it deeply. but only on your account, Know how your heart is pained: but you are one of the heroes ‘who conquer pain from a wound inflicted by 4 woman, because they follow higher ends. You have a courageous hear, and you are in love with a nobler woman, the Motherland Filipinas like one of those enchanted princesses in the German legends, who is a captive of a horsid dragon, until she is freed by allant knight" Three months later, Blumentritt sent another comforting letter saying: “I am grieved with all my heart that you have lost the irl 0 whom you wete engaged, but if se’ was able to renounce a Rizal. she did not possess the nobility of your spirit ‘Sti slike a child! who east away a diamond to seize pebble In other words, she Is not the woman for Rizal.” RizalDel Pilar Rivalry. Toward the closing days of 1850 there arose an unfortunate rivalry between Rizal and M.H. del Pilar for supremacy. Rizal, the mot talented Filipino of his time, was until then the undisputed leader of the Filipinos in Europe. On the other hand, Del Pilar, the fearless lawyer jour- alist, was gaining prestige in Madeid for his vigorous editonals in La Solidaridad, which he came to own. He had purchased this fortnightly periodical from Pablo Rianzares, its frst prop fletor, and had replaced Graciano Lopes Jaent a its edior, [As leader, Rizal tied 10 imbue his compatriots with his ‘own idealism for he believed that to gain prestige fr the Pron ‘ganda Movement and to win the respect of the Spanish people ‘they mast possess high standards of morality, dignity. and spirit ‘of sacrifice, Unfortunately, his idealism was not shared by certain frivolous countrymen, who loved wine, women, amd cards, Con sequent, Rizal’s leadership declined. Some of his former adm ers, who supported his leadership turned against him because they resented his imterfercnce in their private lives. They became supporters of Del Pilar. ‘The editorial policy of La Solidaridad under Del Pilar's ‘management enhanced the clesvage between Rizal and Del Pla. ‘zal and his cose friends objected to the periodical's editorial policy which was occasionally contrary to Ris political views To avert the break-up between Rizal and MH. del Pilar, ‘the Filipinos in Madrid, numbering about ninety. met on January 1, 1891, New Year's Day, to patch up theit differences and 10 intensify the campaign fr reform. It was decided inthis meeting that a leader caled Responsable, be chenen to divect the affairs ‘of the Filipino community and to determine the editorial policy ‘of La Solidaridad. Del Pilar opposed the proposition thit the periodical be placed under the control of the Responsable on the ground that it was a private enterprise, however, he was willing to publish articles that would express the aspirations and demands of the Fiipino people Owing to Del Pilar’s opposition, the proposition to place La Solidaridad under the contol ofthe Responsable was aban- ‘doned. The meeting proceeded to the business of electing the Responsable. It was agreed that the Respansable should be lected by 4 twovthieds vote of the Filipino community Rizal Abdicate His Leadership. The election took place Goring the frst week of February, 1891. The Filipinos were divided into two hostile camps — the Rizalistas and the PilarisiasPassion ran high, inflaming animosity and disunity inthe ranks ‘of the compatriots. From the very beginning, on the Gest day ‘of the voting, Rizal was winning. but he could not obtain the required two-thirds vote tobe proclaimed Responsable. On the Second day of balloting, the result was again indecisive — Rizal ‘won but the votes cast for him did not reach the required ‘two-thirds, ‘The siwation was becoming explosive and erica. On the third day, Mariano Ponce appealed to his countrymen with stirring eloquence to vote for Rizal. Some Pilrists, evident, Ineeded his plea. For the voting that day resulted in Rizal victory. Having obtained the necessary two-thirds vote, he became the Responsable ‘But Rizal graciously declined the coveted postion. He was ‘4 man of honor and dignity, with a high sense of delcadeza, ‘which many politicians in all counties and in all ges, seklom possess, $0 that he did not relish being a leader of » divided people. He knew that some of his compatriots who supported Del Pilar despised or dsiced him. So he preferred to abdicate his leadership rather than be the cause of disunity and bitermess smnong his countrymen, ‘Adios, Madrid. Rial wrote a brief note thanking his com- patriots for electing him as Responsable. Sadly. he packed up his bags, paid his bills, and boarded a tain leaving for Biarits ‘As his train pulled out of the rallwiy station, he gazed through its window atthe city of Madrid, where he was happy during his first sojourn (I8K2-85) but unhappy on his second visit (1890-91) Twas the last ime he saw Mari, His agonizing heart ade goodbye to the metropolis, of which he had written years ago" Madi is ome ofthe gayest etes ofthe world which combines the spin of Europe and the Eat which a ed the orderines, the eovenienc, the bon ton of filed Europe without didining, without fpeling, the bwiliant colors, the ardent passion, the primitive customs ofthe Alcan ties, of the chivalrous Arabe whoue traces te sll ecogizable everywhere, inthe look, Yelm. and juices ofthe peopl ad even in thet Laws am Chapter 18 Biarritz Vacation and Romance with Nelly Boustead (1891) To seek solace for his disappointments in Madrid, Rial ‘took a vacation in the resort ity of Biatitz on the fabulous French Riviera. He was a guest of the rich Boustead family at is winter residence — Villa Ehads, He had befriended Me Eduardo Boustead' and his wile anu two charming. digters (Adelina and Nee) in Pars in 188990, He used to fence with the Boustead sisters atthe studio of Juan Lunt an 1 attend [artis atthe Boustead Parsian home. It was in Blarnt where he had serious romance with Nellie and fished the lst chapter ‘of his second novel, El Flibuserion. With the Bousteds in Biarritz When Rizal arrived ia Biaesite at the beginning of February. 1891, he was warmly welcomed by the Bousteads, particularly Mr. Boustead who hd taken a ‘eat liking for him because of his remarkable talents As a family guest, he was treated with friendliness and hospitality by Mrs. Boustead, Adelina, Nellie, and Aunt label (Ms. Bous- reads sister). The one-month vacation in Biarite worked wonders for ‘Rizal. The scenic beaches filled with tourists from all parts of the word, the refreshing breezes of the Atlamic ocean, nd the festive atmosphere of the city cheered his despondent spit and ‘made him forget the bitter memories of Madrid. His sonowing heart began to sing once more with joy and his health improved remarkable swiftness. Weiting (rom Biase to Mariano4008 MEAL LIFE wom Ano aI TINGS Ponce on February 11, 1891, he said: “I have put on much ‘weight since I arrived here; my cheeks are no longer shrunken '% before for the reason that I go to bed early and I have no Romance with Nelile Boustead. Biartits, with its romantic gardens, delightful vlls, and panoramic beauties, is an seal setting for romance. On en emotional rebounce, Rizal lost his beloved Leonor, came 1 entertain considerable affection for Nel, the prettier and younger daughter of his host, He found her to be a real Flipina, highly intelligent, vivacious in temperament, and morally’ upright. He wrote to his intimate friends, except Professor Blumentrit, of his love for Nellie, also called Nelly, and his intention 19 propose marriage to her As catly as on February 4, 1891, M.H. del Par teased him ‘bout changing the “o" in Noo an “e", which means Nol to Nelly.” Five days later, Tomas Arejola kt Rizal" 1m your letter you tak repeatedly of Boustead who can tbe madame of a mademoisele. Several times here since last year have been tld about tht your woman who, according to your Iter is abo a Filipino, ‘They fold me {hat she highly commendabe for her thorough education, het very hevutifl moral and physical qualities, and in adh tion, for being a Flip. On ths occasion and al the tne You are there exposed fo the warmth ofthe textment and Attention of that fay, may I take the Whey for making the folowing reflections. Through you yours, Uk that yoW are now free from your engagement i the Philipines, ‘On the cther hand, while conditions there are not ster, {your permanence in our countrys ot advaabe; and even IWitwere so, they would ever leave you in peace at Jou ome: Consequently, by marrying there, I fear that instead of happines, you would aly find itemess and trouble, And what i the remedy? See if Mademoiselle Bowstead suits you, court her, ind marry het, and we ate ete to appland such good ac. ‘Antonio Luna, who had previously loved and lost Nelly, ‘encouraged Rizal 16 woo and marry her, From Madrid, he wrote to Rizal, saying With respect to Ney, frankly, I think there is nothing ‘tween us more than ome af thee flendhips enlivened by being fellow countrymen. It sem nothing more” My word uf honor. Thad been her ance, tre wrote to each other like het Decause I knew how ‘roy she wa. but crcumstances Beyond oe antral mide ABN that happiness one chershed evaporate ‘She ie oo She is naturally endowed with quis admirable im a young ‘woman and T believeth she ill ag happiness aot only {0 you bit to any other man whois worthy of her Sangre you mone congrats» tnd. Conatula With the encouragement of his close frends, Rizal courted Nelly who, in turn, reciprocated his affection. Unfortunately, their romance beneath the lovely Biarritz moon did nat have 8 happy faity tale finale, Rizal's matringe proposal failed for two reasons: (I) he refused to give up his Catholic faith and be converted to Protestantism, a5 Nelly demande, and (2) Nelly’s rmethet did not like Rizal a8 son-in-law Nelly Boustcad, being a good Protestant, wanted Rizal to cxpouse Protestantism before their marrage. Rizal, being a man ‘of firm conviction, refused. Although he became 2 Mason, he remained loyal 10 the Catholic religion, the faith of his clan ‘Years later, when he was living in exile in Dapitan, he refuted Father Pablo Pastells” accusation that he was a Protesant a follows: “As 10 being a Protestant... If Your Reverence only ‘knew what I had lst for not accepting Protestantises, you would not Say such a thing. Had I not always respocted the religious des, had T held religion as a matter of convenience of an art fettng along in this life, instead of being a poor exile, 1 would how be a ich man, fee, and covered with honors. Nelly's mother, like the mother of Leonor Rivera, had no swish to entrust her daughter's happiness to a man wha was poor {in material things, a physician without a paying clientele, a writer 10 earned nothing from his pen, ai a reformer who wis persecuted by the friars and government officials in his own ‘out. slthough they could not get married, Rizal and Nellie parted ‘2 ood friends. When she learned that Rizal was leaving Europe, she sent him a farewell eter, saying “Now that you ae leaving [Lwish you a happy trip and may you triumph in your undertak= ings, and above all may the Lord look down on you with favor ms08 RIZAL: LIFE, Wom AO WALT and guide your way giving you much blessings, and may you eam to enjoy! My remembrance wil accompany you a8 aso ‘my prayers 1 Fitbusterismo Finished in Blarritz, Frustrated in romance, [Rizal found consolation in writing. Evidently, while wooing [Nellie and enjoying so “many magnificent moonlight nights” with her. he kept working on his second novel which he began to ‘write in Calamta in 1887, ‘On March 29, 1891, the eve of his departure from Biarritz ‘to Paris, he finished the manuscript of EI Filthustersmo. Waiting ‘to Blumentrit on that date, he sd” [have Gnahed my book! Oh, no, I have aot writen Wt my idea of revenge agaist my enemies but only what {s for the good of those who are sffering, fr the rights of the Tagalog race, though brown and may not have prod features! ‘Surely, I wil eave tomorrow for Pai, an rom there 1 dont kaom where Iam goin. ‘To Pais and Back to Broa. Ashe had writen to Blumen- tit, Rial bade farewell he hospitable and indy Bost {pecens and daughters) on March 0, 191 and proceeded to Pars by Wain. He stayed at the home of his fd, Valentin entra, on # Rue de Chateaudum From Pars, he wrote this fend, Jose Ma. Bas, in Hong ong, on April 4 exprsing his desire to goto that Beh colony and practise ophthalmology in onder arn hs ving Moreover, this eter, be requested Baa to advance him the Amount ora fist clas steamer tke from Europe to ont Kong. By the mide of Apri, 1971, Rizal was back in Brussel, where he was happy recetved by) Mare "and Swann Jacoby {is Tandades) and, above al, by Petite Surtone the Belgian girl who loved him). Resrement trom the Propaganda Movement. Sine shcs- ing ht leaderhip n Madi in Tansary, 191, owing tothe intrigues o his jeaios compatriots, Rizal retired from the Prop. ‘ganda Movement, or reform crt. He desired to push Wa ‘teond novel to practi his medial profession, and Ise, when the became financially independent, he expected 19 make « more vigorous campaign for his country's redemption From Brussels, on May 1, 181, he notified the Propaganda authorities in Manito cancel his monthly allowance and devote the money to some better cause, such a the education of & young Filipino student in Europe. His notification was contained ina leter addressed to Mr. A.L. Lorena (pseudonym of Deodato ‘Arellano, as follows:" ‘Through the Kindness of J.A.:Lreeived your tener of 13 Rebruaey with # deft of PIOD that the Propaganda is fending me for the months of January and February and | thank You for such atention| 1m onder to avoid increasing is attentions 1 believe 13) teriement i necessary. Twill exablsh myself and ear 1 living: My chosen place i either in the Phlippines. Nong Kong. or Japan, because Europe seems to mea place! cle and I'am hereby noting the Propaganda of my intention so hit it may make Hs deion. ‘With the PSO that st send me monthly oul do seething beter, which it dftay Ue costo the easton ‘of another young man who ie notin the sume sition 3 Tam. Though seh am amount i mafsen hve on i Place in Europe, tf not enough for one who wishes te {complish something and to carry out the plans tht he may cherish, ently, U have asked Friend Bisa to furnish me th the funds fr ny return, 90 thal T can sat arm fimall fortune. Ha ts, aftr the end of few year, | ‘become financially independent shall be ale to undertake ‘2 more vigorous and effective campaign than thet have been doing until now: Rizal Stopped Writing for La Solidaridad. Simultancous with his retirement from the Propaganda Movement, Rizal ceased ‘writing articles for La Solidaridad. Many of his friends in Spain “urged bim to continue writing for the patriotic periodical, because his setiles always attracted considerable attention in European, countries. (MH. del Pilar himself realized the need for Rizal's collab. ‘oration in both the Propaganda Movement and in the La Sot daridad newspaper because the enthusiasm for the reform{ORE MEZAL LIE, MORES AN RTO ‘crusade in Spain was declining. On August 7, 1991, he wrote ‘to Rizal begging forgiveness for any resentment and requesting him (Rizal) to resume waiting for the Le Solidaridad, “a shor,” he said in is leter, “if you have any resentment, I beg you to ‘ut it aside; if you consider me at fault, and this fault is pardon able, forgive me... We would much like that you resime ‘writing for it; not only would we strengthen La Solidaridad but ‘we would defeat the fir intrigue in the Philippines.” Im his reply vo Del Pls letter, Rial wrote denying any resentment and explaining why he stopped writing for La Sol ‘daria a follows 1am extremely suprised your eter, ling me aout reictment, duagreenents, sd. teconslaony eT {etic iis utes to ak about what dos mt ex and ‘tit has existed, ough have croporated inthe ps1 thik ie you do, tht there Beng meting. one ght at to wate me ang aout 11 mopped wring for La Solidaridad, was becse several reason Ist | ced tine fo work ony book, nd wanted other Filipinos to work i conse 3 very important te pay tat there, beauty in the ‘rok and you are sendy atthe top snd abo Rave my {em ideas, is beter to leve you alone to diet the poly Soch as you wndertand fe and 1d nt mode a i This tas wo advantages It eves both of lee and ities Your rete, which is very necnay touch armen of Desig ae sede in our Country. Th ocy not mean to SytatT ned ot work and flow the Sour of your Serk Tam ike am amy core who, acdc moment, You willie are to descend upon te flank ofthe enemy Before you. Only st God to ge me the mean todo seo fo the ation, the Paige Revising the Fi for Publeaton. In Brusscls Rizal worked day after day revising the finshed manuscript of EI Fiibustersmo and readied it for printing, Apparently, the revision was mostly completed on May 30, 1891. On this date, he wrote Jose Ma Basa: "My book is now ready to go to press; the fist twenty chapters are already corrected and can be pried and T am ecopying the rest. ICT recoive any money you wil surely have Joly, Tam writing it with more ardor than the Noli and although it isnot so cheerful, at least itis more profound and more perfect... In case I do not receive money, vill you ask them to send me money for the priting of my book? If not, 1 will be leaving this place and be with you." ‘Two weeks later, on June 13, Rizal informed Basa: “I am ‘sow negotiating with's printing firm and as I do not know if it willbe printed here (Belgien) or in Spain, I cannot send it to you as yet, In ease its not published here, 1 wll send it you by the next mail. Only three chapters are left to be corrected 11s longer than the Nol, frst part. 1 will be finished before the 16th of this month. If by chance anything happens to me, |Lieave its publication to Antonio Luna, including its correc tion... Ifmy Nol (se. Fil — 2.) snot published, I shall board train on the following day when I receive your leter with the passage-money; but if my book i published T shall have to wat ‘uni i eomes off the press."Chapter 19 El Filibusterismo Published in Ghent (1891) Days flew swiftly for Rizal in Brussels like ying arrows. Day in and day out, he was busy revising and polishing the ‘manuscript of Bi Filusterismo s0 tht it could be teady for the press. He had begun writing tin October, 1847, while practising ‘medicine in Calamba," The following yeur (1888). in London, hhe made some changes i the plot and corrected some chapters already writen *He wrote mote chaptcrs in Pais and Madi, And finshed the manuscript in Biarritz on March 29, 1891." It took him, therefore, three years to write his second novel Privations in Ghent. On July 5, 191, Rizal eft Brussels for Ghent, a famous university city im Belgium. His reasons for ‘moving to Ghent were (1) the cost of printing in Ghent was cheaper than in Brussels and (2) to escape from the enticing attraction of Petite Suzanne. In Ghent, he met two compatriots, Jose Alejandro (from Pampangs) and Filberto Evangelista (rom Manila), both studying engineering in the work-famed University of Ghent ‘Owing to his limited funds, Rizal lived in cheap boarding house, with Jose Alejandro at roommate. Theirs was avery frugal if, subsisting on the barest necessities. To economize further, they prepared their own daly breakfast in their room ‘Years later Alejandro, who became a general during the Filipino: American War of 1899-1902 and an engineet, recounted ‘in his memoirs their hard life in Ghent, follows:* In Ghent we tved in a room paying x0 moch for our Yodging and breakfast. Rizal asked me: “How much would the room cost us without the brskfat” ale tothe landlady and she told me that she wood duce the rent s0 much f witht breakfast Risa made bis calculations and’ conchided that if we made out own breakfast we could save something. He bought tes. sug leat and a box of bscuts. Upon arriving at the be te opened the acu and cous ach and tha, by diving the number of bsculs by 30 days, we would ave so many biscuits for each breaklst The frst day, because of my personal pre, I contested myself with my tation And so withthe following day. Mut tm the third ay, I fold im that ey ration wae mot enough forme. Then he answered: "You my bora from yu ‘ation for tomortow”. Thr frequent boron ate up al ‘ny shares in 15 dry, whe be igoromly timed him {0 his ily eatin, ‘The Printing of Et Fibasteriemo. Shortly after his arial {in Ghent, Rial searched fora printing shop that could give him the lowest quotation for the publication of his novel. At last, he did find a publisher —F. MEYER: VAN LOO PRESS, No 6 Viaanderen Street — who was willing to print his book on instalment basis. He pawned his jewels in order to pay the down payment and the early partial payments during the printing of the novel Meanwhile, as the prining was going on, Rizal became esperate because his funds were runting low and the money the expected from his friends did not areve. He had received some money from Basa and P200 from Rodriguee Arias forthe copies of Morga's Sucesos sold in Marita. But these funds were also used up, and much more were needed to pay the printer Woiting t0 Basa from Gheot on July 1891, Rizal said hhave already pawned all my jewels, [live in a small oom, 1 feat inthe cheapest restaurant in ordcr to evonomire and be able {0 publish my book; soon I will have to stop its publication sf ‘no money comes... "8 On August 6, the printing had t0 be suspended, as Rizal feared, because he could no longer give the necessary funds to the printer. On this dat, he wrote 10 Basa in Hong Kong: "At {yu wil sce in the enclosed clipping, the printing ofthe second part (sequel to the Noll 2.) advanced, and 1 am now on4008 UZAL: LIF, won Ao WRITING [page 112. Because no money is forthcoming and I owe everybody and Iam broke, I wil have to suspend the publication and leave the work half-finished” ‘Ventura, Savior of the Fil. Rizal's Calvary in connector ‘with the printing of the Noli was repeated in the F's priming, His ands ran ou in Ghent a similar eslamity that he experienced in Bein in the winter of 1886. Once more he felt the dolorous ‘ip of despair. Ina moment of bitter disillusionment, he almost Iharled the manuscript of the Fl into the flames, just as he almost did the Nolin Bedi. “I do not know,” Rizal told Basa in woeful mood, “if the money which I expect does not arrive by the next mail, twill {ve up the book and all, and I will embark to live and work for myself... At times {feel like burning my manuscript. But then I think of you, and 1 know tha there are many good men (© you, good men who truly love their country” ‘When everything seemed los, help came from an unexpected source. Valentin Ventara in Pars learned of Riza’ tnd immediately sent him the necessary funds. With aid, the printing of the Fill was resumed ‘The FUL Comes Of the Presi. At last, on September 18, 1891, £1 Flibustenimo came of the press. Rizal, now 8 very happy man, immediately sent on this date two printed copes to Hong Kong — one for Bass and the othe for Sisto Lopez" ‘To his friend in Paris, Valentin Ventura, who generously loaned him the funds needed to finish the printing of the nove, Rizal gratefully donated the orginal manscript and an autog- raphed printed copy. He sent other complimentary copies 10 Blumentrtt, Mariano Ponce, G. Loper Tuena, T-H. Pardo de ‘Tavera, Antonio and Juan Luna, and other friends. Flipino patriots in foreign lands and in the Philippines praised the novel to the skies. The members of the Fiipin Colony of Barcelona published a tribute in La Publicidad, Barcelona newspaper, eulogizing the novel's original style which “is comparable only to the Sublime Alexander Dumas” and may well be’ offered as “a| model and a precious jewel in the now decadent literature of Spain”? The liberal Madrid newspaper, EI Nuevo Regimen, serialized ‘the novel in is issues of October, 1891 Practically all copies of the sist edition (Ghent edition) of £1 Filibustersmo were placed in wooden boxes ind shipped to Hong Kong, but almost all the boxes were confseaed and the books were lot. So it came 10 pass thatthe book immediately ‘became rare, and the few available Ghent copies were sold at ‘ety high prices, reaching as high ay 400 pesetas pet copy. Dedicated to Gom-Bur-Za. Evidently, Rizal in all he years of his studies, travels. and Tabors i foreign lands. hod not forgotten the martyrdom of Fathers Gomer, Butgvs. and Zam> ‘or, which Paciano related wo firm when he was a mere lad in (Calamba, He dedicated Fitbusteramo to them, His dedication reads 36 follows ‘To the memory ofthe priews, Don Mariano Gomez (5 years old). Don Jone Burts (30 yours od). an Dow Jacinto Zamora (35 years old). Excwted in Bagumbayan Field onthe 2h of February, 12 The Church, by refusing to degrade you, has placed in ‘Sut the rime that hasbeen imputed f you, the Gover ‘ent by surtounding your (al with mtey and shadows ‘asc the belie that there was some error omanited i {ata moments: und all the Phiipines, by worshipping your ‘emery ans cling yous marty, fn sense Tecoenines {our culpability ms far. therefore, a your complicny in ‘he Cavite mutiny snot clearly proved, at you mayor may ave been utils, and a You may ot may ROL have cherished sentiments for usice and for ery, have the fh to dente my Bork you a victims of the ci which undertake to combat. And while we wat expec pow ‘Spain some day to testore your good name tel ceae te be smswcrable for your death, Het these pages serve ay tay ‘neath of dried leaves over your unknown tombs, and let Abe understood that every One who without clear prot stacks your memory sais hs hangs i our bod Never in the annals of mankind has a hero writen such a ‘sublime and touching tnbute to other heroes as Rizal ‘To straighten historical records, however, we mast rectify Rizal's historical maccuracies in his dedcatory note. Fis of the martyrdom of Gomez, Burgas, and. Zam ‘curred on =ome nuZAL LIFE WORKS AND WRITINS February 17, 1872 — not on the 28th. Secondly, Father Gomez ‘was TB years old — not 85, Father Burgos was 38 years old — not 30, and Father Zamora was 37 years old — not 35. ‘The Maneseript and the Book. The original manuscript of EI Filbusterimo in. Rizal's own handwriting is now preserved in the Flipiana Division of the Bureau of Public Libraries, Manila, It bad been acquired by the Philippine Government from Valentin Ventura for P10,000. It consists of 279 pages of long sheets of paper. “The author's corrections are seen throughout the manuscript Only a few pages have not been revised by Rizal “Two features i the manuscript do not appear inthe printed ‘book, namely. the FOREWORD and the WARNING. These ‘were not pat into peat, evidently, to save printing cos. ‘The FOREWORD appears just before the dedicatory page tne manuscript. It runs a5 follows:"” ‘We have w often been frightened bythe phantom of faipusteram that from only 4 ause's narration thas become 1 pouive aod real being whose name alone (in depaving {eo our serovty) makes ox commit the greatest the in ‘rdet not to mect the feared fealty. Intend of feeng. we ‘Shall oak face, and with determined if inexpert, and ‘we shal ase the veil to uncover before the multitude the Inechanism of it skeleton 1K, upon secing it, ovr coustry and its government refed we shall conse? ourtclves happy 0 matter whether they cence ws forthe andacity, 0 mater whether we pay for Wik the young staden of Sais who wished to penerate the secret ofthe priestly posure. (On the other band, i ln the face of reality, instead of being soothed, one's fat 1 ineressed and the teepeation of another is aggravate then they wil have 10 Be left inthe hands of time which ‘dates the living, in the hands of fatality which weaves the destinies of peoples and thei governments with the faults tnd crrors that they are somtmiting every day.) Eacope, 1891 The Author ‘The WARNING is found on the other side of the dedication. It is a follows: ‘They ate going to waste thet time who would attack this book by holding ont tif, or who from other motives, ‘would ty to dacever init more o less known piyscgnoonice ‘Troe to his purpose of exposing the dinamo the patient and, i order not to divert himset nor divert the reader ‘hast he marae only teal acs wbich happened recently Spd are absolutely authentic i substance, he har dpa his characters so that they may not turn to be the typical pictues some readers fund in his fit book. Man pac Bis ices romain, and £0 ocentuate oF show their eects ‘he pen of the writer aspires Inscription on Tie Page. The tile page of BF Fiibusterismo ‘contains am inscription written by Ferdnand Blumentrit. This Inscription, which isnot found in many published English trans lations, is 38 follows: 11 can emily be supposed that a rebel (ibustera) hax secretly bewitched the league ol far tals anterograde: So that, unwiingly following his tciteme nt, they sould favor and foment that policy which purses one vole en. to spread ideas of rebelion throughout the length nd Ferdinand Blomenintt ‘Synopsis of E1Fiibusterismo. This novel isa sequel to the [Noli 1 has litle humor, less idealism, and lee romance than the Noll Me Tangere. Its more revolutionary. more tragic that the first novel ‘The hero of El Flibusterismois.a rich jeweler named Simoun, He was Crisostomo Ibarra of the Noll, who, with Eliss' help, ‘escaped from the pursuing soldiers at Laguna de Bay. dug up his buried treasure, and fed to Cuba where he became rich and befriended many Spanish officials. After many years, he eturns to the Philippines, where he freely moved around. He is & powerful figure not only because he i a rich jeweler, but also because e ia good friend and adviser ofthe governor gener{008 MEAL: LiFe. OMS AND RETIN ‘Ouwardly, Simoun i a friend of Spain. However, deep his heart, he secret chershing a terible revenge against the Spanish authorities. His two magnificent obsessions are (1) 10 rescue Maria Cara from the nunnery of Santa Clara and (2) t0 foment 2 revolution against the hated Spanish masters. ‘The story of £1 Flibusterismo begins on board the clumsy, roundish shaped steamer abo, s0 appropriately named. This Steamer i sling upstream the Pasig fom Manila 10 Laguna de Bay. Among the passengers are Simoun, the rich jeweler; Dosa \Vietoring, the ridiculously pro-Spanish native woman who 1s going to Loguna in search of her henpecked husband, Tiburcio {de Espadara, who has deserted her; Paulita Gomez, het beautiful ‘ece; Ben-Zayb (anagram of Ibafez), a Spanish journalist who ‘writes sly articles about the Filipinos; Padre Sibyl, Viee-Recior ff the University of Santo Tomas: Padre Camorra, the parish priest ofthe town of Tiani; Don Custodio, a pro-Spanish Filipino Folding a high postion in the government; Padre Salvi, thin Franciscan nar and former cura of San Diego; Padre Irene, a kind friar who was a friend of the Filipino students; Padre Florentino, 2 retired scholarly and patriotic Filipino priest; Is gani, a poet-nephew of Padre Floreatino and a lover of Paulta; nd Basilio, son of Sisa and promising medical student, whowe ‘medical education is financed by his patron, Capitan Tiago. Simoun, a man of wealth and mystery sa very close friend and confidante of the Spanish governor general. Because of his fea influence in Malacafang, he was called the “Brown Cardi fal’ or the “Black Eminence”, By sing his wealth and his poliucal influence, he eacourages corruption in the government, promotes the oppression of the masies, and hastens the mora Segradation of the country so that the people may become desperate and fight. He smuggles arms into the country with the ep of a rich Chinese merchsnt, Quiroga, who wants very fuch w be Chinese consul of Manila. His fist attempt to begit the armed uprising did not materialize because atthe lit hour he hears the sad news that Maria Clara died in the nunnery. Ta hs agonizing moment of bereavement, he did not give the signal for the outbreak of hoxties. After along time of illness brought about by the bitter loss ‘of Maria Clara, Simoun perfects his plan to overthrow the ‘government. On the occasion ofthe wesling of Paulta Gomez find Ianto Pelaez, he gives as wedding gift to them a beautiful lamp. Only he and his confidential asocate, Basilio (Sisa's son ‘who joined his revolutionary cause), know that when the wick ‘Of his lamp burs lower the nitroglycerine, hidden in its secret, ‘compartment, wil explode, destroying the house where the ‘wedding feast is going to be held and keiling all che guess, ‘ncluding the governor general, the fias, and the government ‘the goweenment buildings in Mi ‘As the wedding feast beyins, the poct Isagani, who has been rejected by Pauita because of his liberal ideas, standing outside the house, watching sorrowfully the merriment inside Basilio, his friend, warns hie to go away because the lighted lamp will soon explode, ‘Upon hearing the horse secret ofthe lamp, Isagani realizes that his beloved Paulita was in grave danger. To save he life, the rusher into the house, seizes the lighted lamp, and hurls i Jno the river, where i explodes. ‘The revolutionary plot was thus discovered. Simoun was comered by the soldiers, but he escaped. Mortlly wounded, land carrying his treasure chest, he sought refuge im the home ‘of Padre Florentino by the sea “The Spanish authorities, however, ears of his presence in the house of Padre Florentino, Lieutenant Pere2 ofthe Guardia Civil informs the priest by letter that he would come at eight ‘dock that night to arrest Simoun, Simoun eluded arrest by taking polson. As he i dying, he confesses to Padre Florentino, revealing his true Weatity, his dastardly plan to use his wealth io avenge himself, ad his sinister faim to destroy his friends and enemies. The confession of the dying Simoun is long and painful. fe Is already night when Padve Floreatino, wiping the sweat for his wrinkled brow, rises and begins to mediate. He consoles the dying man, saying: “God will forgive you, Sefor Simoun, He knows thai we are fallible. He has seen that you have suffered, and in ordaining thatthe chastixement for'your aul should come as death from the very ones you have instigated 7to crime, we can see His infinite merey. He has frustrated your plans one by one, the best conceived, first by the death of Maria Clara, then-by a lack of preparation, then in some mysterious way. Letus bow to His will and render bien thanks!” ‘Watching Simoun die peacefully with a clear conscience and at peace with God, Padre’ Florentino murmurs “Where are the youth who wil consecate thei golden ours, thet illusions, ond thee enthatnm to the welfare oftheiratve land? Where atthe youth who wil generously four out thir blood to wash away 30 much shame so ch rime, 20 much sbomination? Pare and specs must the ism be that the scrifce may be acceptable! Where are ‘you, youth, who wil embody in yourselves the vigor of hie ‘hat has Lit our Yan, the party of ideas that bas een contaminated ia our bai, the ie of enthosiasm that hat been quenchedia our heats! We await you, O youth Come foc we await you™ Padre Florentino falls upon his knees and prays for the ead jeweler. He takes the treasure chest and throws it nto the sea. As the waves cose over the sinking chest, he invokes: “May nature guard you in her deep abyss among the pears and corals Of her eral Seas When for same holy fd subline purpores mam may med you, God wil Hit ‘wisdom draw pou trom the bos of the waves, Meanie {here you wal not work woe, you will nt drt jasc, you wil not foment avarice!” ‘There are other characters in EI Flibsterismo. Theres ‘Cabesang Tales, who is dispossessed of his land in Trani by the friars ike that of Rizal's father. In desperation, he becomes & bandit chieftain named Matanghwin. His daughter Juli ‘sweetheart of Basilio (Sisx’s son), kills herself rather than be Aishonored by Padre Camorra. There is Macaraig a rich student land leader of the Filipino students in their movement 19 have fn academy where they could learn Spanish. Theres the bigoted ‘Dominican friar-professor, Padre Millon, who teaches physics inthe University of Santo Tomas without scientific experiments. ‘One of hin students, Placido Penitente from Batangas, becomes ‘discontented with the poor method of instruction in the univer- sity. And there is Sedor Pasta, the old Flipino lawyer, who refuses 10 help the Filipino sindents in their petitions the frovernment for educational rlorms ‘Other characters in El Filibusterivmo ate Tandans Sebi grandfather of Juli and Cabesang Tales’ father. Mr- American Impresario who owned the seshow atthe fer (sit) of Oulay exhibiting an Egyptian mummy, Sandoval, 2 Spanish stdent ‘who supports the cause of the Filipino studems to propagate the teacing of Spanish; Peeson, one ofthe Filipino stents ho apitates for the teaching of Spanish: Cakesana Andang, the ‘mother of Placido Penitente: Pepay; the prety dares al mi tes of Don Custodio; Padre Fermandez, 2 good Dominican {tine and friend of fsagani: Don Timoteo, the father of Sus Placa; Tano, the soa of Cahesang Tales an twother and Chichay, the silversmith who made the bid Paulta Gomer ‘Asin the Not the characters in Flibusersmo were drawn, ‘by Rizal fom realile. For instance, Padre Florentino wis Fathoe Leoncio Lopez, Rizal's friend and priest of Cala: Isagani the poet was. Vicente lustre, Batangueno (rend of Rul in Madrid. and Paulita Gomez, the gitt_who loved fsagan’ but married Juanito Pelacz, was Leonor Rivers “Noll” ana “Fi Compared. The two novels of Rizal v in many respects, although they are written by the same author and are supposed to be dealing with the same story and have the same characters, The Noli a romantic now, i is 4 "work of the heart” — a “book of feeling”; it has freshness, coor, humor, lightness, and wit, ‘Om the other hand, the Fl is a poitial novel: ia “work of the head” — a “book of the thought"; i contains biterness, hatred, pain, violence, and sorrow. “The original intention of Rizal was to make the Fu longer than the Noli. As printed, however, itis shorter than the Noli Weontains 38 chapters as against the Nols 6S, Rizal had to cut the Fil drastically owing 1 lack of funds. “The friends of Rizal and our Rizaits txay die in opin 8 10 which isthe superior novel — the Noll or the Plt" Rizal himself considered the Nol as superior 10 the Fill as a novel thereby agreeing with M.H. del Pilar who had the same opision. 9ORE MLZAL LIFE, MORES AD RETIN Retana, Rizal's first Spanish biographer, also believes thatthe [Nols superior tothe Fl. However, others — including, Blumentritt, Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Dr- Rafael Palma!* —are of the opinion that the Fi is superior to the Noll. Lopez Jacna, in a letter to Rizal dated October 2, 1991, said: “EI Filbusterizmo ix novel superior {o your Noli Me Tangere, as much for its exquisite delicate, literary style, its easy and correct dialogue, its clear phraseology vigorous and elegant, as for its profound ideas and sublime thoughts" However he was not Satisfied fully with the Fl as 1 political novel because its “end is not a worthy climax t0.a Work so beautiful”. Accordingly, he advised Rizal to write another novel which would give definite solution 10. the ‘country’s problem $0 that "the coming of the beutiful day of four redemption” may be hastened. “The issue of which isthe superior novel — the Nol! of the ‘Rll — is purely academic. Both are good novels from the point Of view of history. Both depict with realistic colors the actual ‘onitions of the Philippines and the Filipinos during the decadent days of Spanish rule; both ate instrumental in awakening the Spirit of Fiipino nationalism: and both are responsible in paving the ground forthe Philippine Revolution that brought about the Meanwhile, Rizal and his sster were peacefully crossing the ‘Qhina Sea, They were fully unaware of the Spanish duplicity. Chapter 21 Second Homecoming And The Liga Filipina k ahora ire ieee cena ome a sees ae ena at oor me ceeee ocean samme ase plano eenp area pape votre stain Roca eae oles recreate ieiemoeeenaees ee ras aos _aetelatens titre eae sot tga comers Siraiaer erent es Ye oe Coes cna Se Romemsecreenene nie celneces Boge es ere aie aceon py208 IZA. ORK Ao WRIT Genetal Eulogio Despujol, Conde de Caspe * He was told to come back at that night at 7.00 o'clock. Promptly at 7-00 p.m. he returned to Malacafan and was able o confer with Governor General Despujol, who agreed to pardon his father but not the ‘est oh family and toldhim to return on Wednesday (lune 29) ° After his brief interview with the governor general, he sited his sisters in the city — first Narcsa(Sise, wile of Antonio Lopez) and ater Neneng (Saturnina, wife of Manel T, Hidalgo), Visiting Friends in Central Luzon. At 6:00 P.M. of the following day (June 27), Rizal boarded ¢ train in Tutuban Station fd visited his friends in Malolos (Bulacan), San Fernand (Pampanga), Tarlac (Tarlac), and Bacolor (Pampanga), * He was, selcomed and lavishly entertained at the homes of his friends These friends were good patie, who were his supporters in the reform crusade, and he took the opportunity to greet them ‘Personally and discussed the problems affecting this people, Rizal retumed by tran to Manila on the next day, June 28, at $ o'clock in the afternoon. Whether he knew it or not, he (was shadowed by government spice who watched carctlly his ‘every movement. The homes he had visted were raided by the ‘Guardia Civil which seized some copies ofthe Noll and Fil and some “subversive” pamphlets ‘Other Interviews ith Despulol. After Rizal's visit to his {tiends in Centcal Luzon, he had other interviews with Govenor General Despujol, These interviews were vividly recorded im his diary, a6 follows:? On Wednesday (une 29 — 7) at 7:30, 1 saw His Excellency 1 did not suceed 10 have the penalty of ene ited, but he gave me hope with regard to my sors AS 4 was the feast of St. Peter and St Poul ur interno fended a 915.1 was 1 come sgn the allowing day at 730, ‘Tae folowing day, Thuy Use 30), we ahd abot the question of Bomeo. The general vas opposed to iy ‘ery much opposed. He told me to ome hac Sunday (On Sumtay Quly 3 — 2.) 1 returned, We talked about ‘sundry things and U thanked hm for having hited the ex of my ster Told hi that my father ad brother would rive on the fit boat. He aed me i woul ke Yo po ed ent Homann the Ug Fine 82) abroad to Hong Kong, told him yes. He told me tortura (on Wednesday” ooning tbe Lig Fie. One evening of Sunday Jl 3, tng berg ir wih Gero Coser espa Ril tended a mecting of he patios a the home Of the Chinese pin mein, Bowteo One, on Vine Stet, Yona Manin mon honest er Pd Sano Sf (Ponder Nason ta vot wench, Domne Frac (tie La), Mn nd aac A anos (Score) nrc, me, oes ot Bua Gan Dre {er and Wop Mater of Md Foo monic Intge "Ambrosio Sevador,goernadoriloof Olay Mon; Bonifacio Arevalo (Harem, dent and Mason; Deo Rtas trotherrinw of MH el lar and tian empoyee tne ary Am Pes (i, eng eee Ages df Ros sand Maso: Noes Seder (fren), contactor nd Manos is Viral tale Sab Ma Frei Vitec (Ue) pharma a Mason: Maven Ctisotomo andlor; Namerano Adan pe, ty Fac and Mason; Estunio Laan, artsan and Mason Teo oer court nd hon Andes Boa, athoe employee Apotiario Mab (Kaba), yer ad aso: Seam Zatet,playwrih, pot, an poveroment employee "Rial elie’ the ejects of he Liga Fina, cc teapot Fapcy, which be dors to ea and ts len tictodoecomms i fhe peopl He preeriedthe Const wa te Lia hich he bad writen ong Kooga fe provisos The pets were foorbly pred and iy torrente oxalate ofthe Lip Te ofc of he new league wee ed, a ws re Savedor, pret; Beogto. Alans sera macs Aero, iar tnd Agi de le Rost, fal Consttton ofthe Lge Flpina. Thc ims ofthe Lipa Frpas mode inte Conan, were the following To ene the whl aching it oe comp md Coovetoe toe 2 Moma pret in ve wat ad ry 3. Defensa inceJOH UZAL LIF, WORE A TNO “+ Encourgement of efucton, apes, and com. 5. Study and application of reforms, The moto of he Lie Plpna ws: Uous nar Oma (One ice aps a ‘The governing body ofthe enue wa he Supreme which had jusiton ver the whele country. eres eos Si roe cy, «ween el hoe ae {PoC Sy prove a2 Po Ce All Ppioos who have sear the wear of hinterland are duties for member Erey member aa nan fee of two pesos and a monty due of 10 cemavon The des of te Liga rmemburs ae a foo: (1) 0 the andes of he Spree Counc) to hepinserog ey Imenbers (to keepin unctat Soc eae {Ug atbrie;() haw ombols tame case ene hang etl he becomes pect oh soe 0 eat i eal ying a may ww tc ep (oss al te «al Ppa aa 7) ‘ial Aree an ade a Fer Santas, On Wedos ‘uly 6, Ral went Manatan Pus to ee Me eh incon wih the govemor peer Duane ieee Gover Genel Bl men howe hm some sed tts whch wee syed faut i Leseaplow ey hee, incrniatory lat ere cle Pobre Pesos Fe de the athonip oF. Jaci te printed 9 hc Tea Sey Anion Pa, Mai Tey were we apt th Domina ay who ama ou ne ay een Hormenig A Tel Fite 402 Fort Santiago, he was Kept incomunicado, as he related in his diary. signed me a at furnied room with «bed, a dozen uy ove tube, «wat bn ands ior, The {oom hd thee window’ ove whoa! gl wich pets co ‘Tyas snipe whi loos out on he y wal {ts beach and ether which wa the door ved wih fyadock. Two anny men t sos goede W. They td orders tre cm tayone wh might gulf the Beach Teould tt se nor awh anyone xcept he cont oon “The following day, July 7, the Gaceta de Mona pushes the sory of Rial arrest which produced indignant crmmation ttmong the Flipino peopl, particularly the member ofthe ney ‘npanzed Liga Fina. [Arbltrary Deportation to Dapitan. The sume ine of the GGaceta July 7, 1890) contained Governor General Despujol's leer deporting Riza 10 “one of the lands inthe South The fubcrnatral decree gave the rettons for Rita's deportation, Siollows: 1. Rizl had published books and articles abroad which ‘showed disloyalty to Spain and which were “frankly antic Cathie” and "imprudenyanttrae™ 2. A few hours fer his arrival in Mania “Where w found in one of the packages. bundle of handily tnt Pores Fale in which the patient and humble {enerory of Filipino satiaed, and which accusation is Dublshed agsiat the customs of the religous overs” 3. His novel El Flbusersmo was dedicated 10 the memory of thee “trator” (Burgos, Gomer, and Zamora), tnd onthe tie page he wrote that in view ofthe vices and from ofthe Spanish administration, "the ony savtion fr the Philippines was separation from the mother county” 4. "The end which he pursues in his efforts and writings ‘sto tear fom the loyal Filipino breast the easres of oUF oly Catholic th” Shortly after midnight of July 14 (that is 12:30 a.m. of July 15, 1992, Rizal was brought under heavy guard to the steamer (Cebu which was sling for Dapitan. This steamer under Captain aw4008 REAL: Pe, won AND WRETING Dela dpa st 1:00AM, Jy 15, ing south, peg ‘Mindoro and Panay, and reaching Dapitan on Sunday, ‘of July, at 7:00 in the evening. apd Copia Dagan vet aoe ud handed Rie oer 1 apt Rar Carer, spn commana ef Dagan ‘Tut sane sgh, Daly 7 TE Rl began alee ely Bape sl ia a 3,8, ped of as Chapter 22 Exile in Dapitan, 1892-96 Riral lived in exile in far-away Dapitan,! a remote town in ‘Mindanao which was under the missionary jurisdiction of the Jesuits, from 1892 to 1896. This four-year interregnurn sn bis lite was tediously unexciting, but was abundantly frat wit varied achievements, He practised medicine, pursued scifi ‘suis, continued his artistic and literary works, widened tis knowledge of languages, established a school fr boys, promoted ‘community development projects, invented a wooden machine for making bricks, and engaged in farming and commerce Despite his mulifarious activities, he kept an extensive corre: ppondence with his family, relatives, fellow reformiss, und em: Dent sclentiss and scholars of Europe, including Blumenti Reinhold Rost, A. B. Meyer, W. Joest of Berlin, S, Knuttle o Stuttgart, and N. M. Keihl of Prague eglaning of Exile in Dapltan. The fieamer Cebu which ‘brought Rizal to Dapitan carried a leter trom Father Pablo Society in the Philipines, to a letter, Father Superior Pastels informed Father Obach that Rizal could live atthe parish convent on the fllowing conditions” 1. “That Rizal pubis retrace his ertors concer religon, and make satements that were deny pro Spare And against revolution. 2. “That he perform the chureh rites and make general confession of his past le. 3. “That benesforth be conduct himself in an EY mater Span ajc an an fe as{2088 MIZAL LIFE, WOR a8 RETO is caer Sem sdetttns rate catie cores Stseoe aes Serre Cas sy Mnf etn ao tags parr reine Sate Seer i rk Saree rane ead Sermon Sefer ane care Sis eaten sees eae his chestaut horse. Pe eee ae oo es sed Hig os piiems ees re Se econ saree captain's birthday, ree ree ‘Wins in Mania Lottery. On September 2, 1872 the legpy ‘own of Daptan burt in bere excitement, The mal bet Buney ‘at spproching the town, win colored peanants yng i the sea treres Captain Casceo, thinking that x igh Span cal cing hy edn nfo cranes he town fly to gather at the shore, eed inset Tasbed bringing a brass band. iM ‘The mil boa, Butuan, brought no Spanish oficial but he anny tings that the Latery Heke No, 973 jomly owned by Captnin Carre, De. Ral and Francs Equi (Span rien of Dipl. nlpcrng town ef Dapan) se the second prize of P2000 inthe government ownes Mats Ln ro Rizal's shar ofthe wining ltr eet wat 6.20 receiving this sum, he gave P20 to is father and POD ta fren Bat in Hong Kooy and te et be inetd ey rcasng apical ands song he oat of Talay ‘one kilometer away from Dapitar econ Rial winning inthe Mans Lotery reveals an bis her ie He never dank hard gored meter ee, Date was ory ad. During i i sojour in Madd ftom 1882 1o 185 he aways invest at lean te pesca vey at on 100 088 ‘month in lottery tickets.’ “This was his only vice," commented ‘Wenceslao E. Retana, his first Spanish biographer and former ‘enemy* Riral-Pastels Debate on Religion. During his exile in Dapitan Rizal had a long and scholarly debate with Father Pastels on religion. It started when Father Pastels sent him a book by Sarda, with advice thatthe latter (Rizal) should desist from his ‘majaderas (folishness) in viewing religion from the prism of individual judgment and self-esteem. ‘This interesting religious debate may be read in four letters ‘written by Rizal, as follows: (1) September 1, 1892; (2) November 11, 1892; 3) January 9, 1893; and (4) April 4, 1893; and in Father Pastlls' replies dated: (1) October 12, 1892, (2) December £8, 1892, (3) February 2, 1893, and (4) April (no exact date), 18937 Im all his letters to Father Pastlls, Rizal revealed his ant- Catholic ideas which he had acquicedin Europe and embitterment at his persecution by the bad friars. It is understandable why he was bitter against the friars who committed certain abuses under the cloak of religion. As he wrote to Blumentritt from Paris on January 20, 1860: “I want to hit the friar, but only friars who utilized religion not only as a shield, but also as a weapon, castle, fortress, armor, etc; was forced to attack their false and supertitious religion in order to fight the enemy who Wid himself ehind i" ‘According to Rizal, individual judgment i agit from God and everybody should use it like a lantern to show the way and that self-esteem, if moderated by judgment, saves man from lunworthy acts. He abo argued that the pursuit of truth may he {in different paths, and hus “religions may vary, but they all ead the light Father Pastels tried his best to win back Rizal 10 the fold ‘of Catholicism, Divine Faith, be 1d Rizal, supersedes every- thing, including reason, self-esteem, and individual judgment. [No matter how wise | man is, he argued, his intelligence is limited, hence he needs the guidance of God. He refuted Rizal's tacks on Catholic dogmas as misconceptions of rationalism and naturalism, errors of misguided souls. am{088 RIZAL LIFE, WORER AO RETO ‘This interesting debate between two brilliant polemicits ended inconclusively. Rizal could not be convinced by Pastels? ‘arguments 50 that he lived in Dapitan beyond the pale of his Dapitan beyons the pale In spite of their religious differences, Rizal and Pastels ‘remained good friends, Father Pastlls gave Rizal scopy ofthe ‘mitacién de Cristo (Imitation of Christ, a femous Catholic book ‘by Father Thomas « Kemps. And Rial in grateful reciprocation, fe his Jett opponent in debate Bust of St. Pal wich be Although Rizal did not subscribe to Pastlls’ religious interpretation of Catholic dogmas, he continued 10 be a Catholic. He continued to hear Mass at the Catholic church of Dapiten land celebrate. Christmas” and other religious fiestas in the Catholic way. His Catholicism, however, was the Catholicism {hat inguires and enlightens, the “Catholiciem of Renan and ‘Teilhard de Chardin”, Rizal Challenges a Frenchman to « Duel. While Rizal was sill debating with Father Pastlls by means of exchange of letters, the became involved in a quarel with a French acquaintance in Dapitan, Mr. Juan Lardet, a businessman. This man purchased ‘many logs from the lands of Rizal It so happened that some of the logs were of poor quality Larde, in letter written to Antonio Miranda, « Dapiten ‘merchant and friend of Rizal, expressed his' disgust with the ‘business deal and stated that “if he (Rieal — Z.) were a truthful ‘man, he would have told me that the himber not inchided in the account were bad” Miranda inisceetly forwarded Lardet’s letter to Rizal. One ofthe hero's weaknesses, it should be noted was his sensitivity ‘When he read Larde’s letter, he flared up in anger, regarding the Frenchman's unsavory comment as an afront to hi integrity ‘Immediately, be confronted Lardet and challenged him toa duel, When the commandant heard of the incident, Camicero {old the Frenchman to apologize rather than accept the challenge. “My friend, you have not a Chinaman's chance in «fight with Rizal on a ‘field of honor. Rizal is an expert in martial ais, shooting". particulary in fencing and pistol m {ne (002.108) Honing the commande’ se, Lardet wrote 10 Ri in Fey died Dap Mah 3,90 loping fore iano, Kl» penance ‘oder (tape chiie co) seeped he soy, Poodles ores ante recon wat td 1 ieoning to rea hat ie etre his vemsiy mutt ttn chatene peas 0 © el Aone Ln a i30 and. Ec Reto ewe yur inland Father Sanches. Fier Pat, side fom Wi pense stort te peste Rist 10 dard ha ron af Sig, mew fe Jn Minanse ~ Father mach, [ter Dapan, and Per ove Visca ciple 10 ty ter Ceo ting tak Tal win te Cabo fll Fechemory, by sgt! Eur Fansice de Pale Sener, Riis vor teher the Aten de Mania, to Daptan, Father Scher, since R's dy a th eno, ad spe ties esa pe end ered Manda no cae SCL a he Atos et bed um, He ste ay Sn pent fed Rats Mle Tang phe = Ine, on aval a Dain, Fate Sencar ten hie noting ret te ae OF ok he ‘uh whe me tind seedy Ri Ala They sari sloged pens ns fen) saat etal eons of Secs new hv Fe os, ia cold fot be connsd by nto ovd teacher Dep hs faire to persde Rie to dcr Na na shod fom cn tn Gale gon, Enter Sones eyed {tr tanrtconpuy, te mated Ra in eating he oom plus. On be bkiy, Rial gave hin © prot Bh Haro mumerix cited Star sles ones, ot (Studies on the Tagalog Language), — a Tagalog grammar which Ritter and wich debattiohsbelned former exh eye Ltn Dept, In Dap, Ril hd on excrpany Wo, yt msc Size Auge, mre of ay te tm in ling in tn eng i nein times upon Spr pores ne Morn. ong tasters A eben Tain, Nat, Recessed taphew Tetons, Evtansn, Mase, snd Proms. He200 REAL IPE, oR AO RETIN ball his house by the seashore of rounded by trait tees. He had alto another house for hit school Boyt and owt for his patients, Deering his ein Dapitan, Rizal wrote to Blamentit on December 19,1893." uli Youhow weve here. hve tre house one sure, note hexagonal and hind ogo ie aoe to, woodandip. ath aut ee wee ry mother str Tilda, nephew sn nthe ectognalive my Boyt en good youngster om tench thei, pen ‘Sedna; din he esagonal ve my ccken From tone et he marmar osc set Wook ohh comes from he ih rocks ee the erste tea whee Thre sal boas two canes orate, te ay ere. There tary frat es, mangoes, lame, gyabene, blo, tanks, tT have abi, doc, eee Cal) a {re vt my pant nd the chee, wae ny pope dpa thom in movewent. At hala sven we ek sen pic ane oan Lt etm for patents eh come my nd I reget ons fy bart, trea the peopl there, and retin a whey ‘eon wt ch he Nol Pa ron apc. Tspend te igh edi ‘and studying a “ ‘Rinals Encounter with the Friae's Spy. During the ealy d ‘of November 1893 Rizal was living peacefully and happily at hs hous in Talsay a kilometer away trom Dapitan. His mother, si ters Narcisa and Trinidad, and yome nephews were then ving with hin, Hisbisfl life was then suddenly jolted bya strange incident involving a spy of the firs. This spy with the assumed name of “Pablo Mercado” and posing asa elative, secretly visited Rizal at his house on the night of November 3, 1893, He introduced himself asa fiend and relative, showing a photo of Rizal anda pair of but- tons with the initials P.M." (Pablo Mercado) as evidence of his Kinship withthe Rial family. nthe course of their conversation the strange visitor offered his services as a confidential courier of Rizal's letters and writings forthe patriots in Manila. Rizal, being man of prudence and ‘keen perception became suspicious, IrKed by the impostor’ les, the wanted to throw him out of the house, but mindful of his me duty as a host and considering the late hour ofthe night and the heavy rafal, he hospitably invited the unwanted visto 19 say at bis house forthe night. And early the nextday, he sent him ay. Alter the departure of his bogus relative, Rizal attended t0 his daily choces, forycting the incident of the previous night Later he leaened that the rascal was still in Dapitan,teling people that he was a beloved relative of Dr. Rizal. Losing his fool, he went to the comandencia and denounced the impostor to Captain Juan Sitges (who succeeded Captain Camicero on May 4, 1893 as commandant of Dapitan. Without much ado, Sitges ordered the arrest of “Pablo. Mercado” and instructed ‘Anstacio Adriatic, co investigate him immediately. “The truth came out during this investigation. The real name of "Pablo Mereado” was Florencio Namanan, He was native ‘of Cagayan de Misamis, single and about 30 years oid, He was bired by the Recollectfiars toa secret mision in Dapitan — 10 introduce himsell to Rizal as a tend and relative, to spy on Rizal’s activities, and t0ileh certain letters and writings of Rial ‘which tight incriminate him in the revolutionary movement. ‘Strangely, Commandant Siges suddenly quashed the ivestign- ‘ion and released the spy. He promptly forwarded the transcripts ‘ofthe investigation together with is offical report to Govern General Blanco who, in turn, Kept these documents highly confidential, Rizal, who was surprised at the turn of events, ‘equested for a copy ofthe proceedings ofthe investigation, but Sitges denied his request. As now declassified and preserved ‘the Biblioteca Nacional in Madrid, these: docursnts contain ‘ertain mysterious deletions ‘These available documents on the failed mission of the ftian’spy have been quoted by three Rizalist biographers — ‘Retana (1907), Palma (1949) and Jose Baron Fernand (1982) ‘ut none of these biographers quoted the text of another docu iment which is more reliable and valuable ia clarifying the whole incident. Hts Rizal's Letter to his brother-in-law, Manuel T. Hidalgo, written in Dapitan, December 20, 1893, a follows: My DeatBrotheria-Law Maneng, 1 was una 1 write you by the previous mai ‘of time, forthe boat elt Unexpectedly,‘Wit regard io Pablo Mercado, | tel you that he came here presenting himself as a courteous fiend inorder to cn me my leters, writings, et but I found him ot $2on, andi id not throw him out ofthe house brusque, it wis becaue U almays want to be mice and polite to ‘everyone. Nevertees, as It was raining. {Tet Me seep here, Sending him away very early the mest dy. Tw going 10 lt him alone in contempt but the rascal went around ‘saying secretly that he wa my cousin or brother naw, 1 Feported him tothe Commandant who had him atesed 1 was eevee in his decaation that he was sent by the Recslects who gave hin P72 and promised hrm more Ibe suceeded m wreating fom me myles (or certain eon a Mani, The rea me ht Be wt» cou ‘one Me Litonja, son of Lue Chiquita, according to fim and brother sn law of Mariana Ramirez. He wunted sme to weite 10 thee genilemen’ He ought slong besides 1 pictre of mine, sayng that k wat give to him by one Me Legaspi of Tondo or San Niclas | don't remember exactly Tr seems that he belongs ta gos family of Cagayan ‘Mita. Be careful of him, he 3 tl oy, somewhat ‘hickse, shy Squla-yed, dak, lender, road shoulder, and of impudent manners, He smokes much, spe more, Si ath Merry Christma and Happy New Year: ‘Your brother naw who loves you, (Signed) Jose Rial Based-upon all these avaiable documentary sources, the incident of the secret mision of “Pablo Mercado” in Dapitan was not an “Assassination Attempt on Rizal.” It was merely an "espionage plot concocted by the friars. ‘As Physician n Dupitan. Rizal practised medicine io Dapitan He had many patients, but most of them were poor 10 that he ‘even gave them free medicine. To his friend in Hong Kong, Dr. Marge, he wrote: "Here the people are so poor that T have ‘even to give medicine gratis." He had, however, some nich Patients who paid him handsomely for hit surgical skill. oy te bute 10 In August 1853 his mother and sister (Maria) arrived in ‘Dapitan and lived with him for one yoar and « hall. He operated ‘on bis mother's right eye. The operation was successful, but Dofia Teodora, ignoring her son's instructions, removed the fom her eyes, thereby causing the’ wound to be infected, Thus Rial tld’ Hidalgo, his brother-in-law: "Now 1 understand very well why physician should not treat the mem- bers of his family." Fortunately, the infection was arested so that Dosa Teodora’s sight, thanks to her son's ophthalmic pro- wess, was fully restored Rizal's fame asa physician, particulary as an eye specialist, spread far and wide. He bad’ many patients who came from diferent pats of the Philippines — from Luzon, Bohol, Cebu, Panay, Negros, and Mindanao —and even from Hong Kong. ‘A rich Filipino patient, Don Tgnacio Tumarong, was able to see ‘again because Of Riza’ ophthalmic skill; and highly gratified by the restoration of his sight, he paid 3,000, Another rich patient, an Englishman, paid PS00. Don Florencio Azaca 1 rich hacendero of Aklan, was aso cured of eye ailment, and paid Rizal a cargo of sugar.” ‘As a physician, Rizal became interested in focal medicine tnd in the use of medicinal plans. He studied the medicinal Plants of the Philippines and their curative values. To poor patients, who could not afford to buy imported medicine, he Prescribed the local medicinal plants Water System for Dapitan. Rizal held the title of expert surveyor (pesto agrimensor), which he obtained from the ‘Ateneo. He supplemented his taining as a surveyor by his ‘reading of engineering books, so that he came to know about ‘engineering, in Daptan, he applied his knowledge of engineering by constructing 2 system of waterworks in order fo furnish clean water to the townspeople. Modern engineers marvelled how Rizal could have built such a system of waterworks, for he had inadequate tols and ‘meager materials, and his finances were very limited. Without ny aid from the government, he succeeded in giving 2 good ‘yates system fo Dapitan. ‘An American engineer, Mr. H.P. Cameron, praised Rizal's ‘engineering feat in the following words:"* 2‘Another famous and wellknown water saply is that ‘of Dapitan, Mindanao, designed and conrevted by Dr [Riza during is banishment in tat monicpalty by the Spanish authorities "Ths supply comes from ste mounan steam sro the rer rom Dapitan and follows the contour of the county for the whole distance. When tne considers that Doctor Rial had no explosives with thick (oblast the hard roeks and mo resources save hi owt Ingemar, ene cannot help bel honor a man, who apaiat Adverse contons, had the courage and tenacity to contact the aqueduct which had or bottom the Rute iy fom the Rowse sos, and was covered wih concrete ade fom lime barbed om these cra. The leapt ofthis aquedoet is several llometer, and winds in and Out among. the fucks amd i carried across gules ia bamboo pipes apc by rocks or bik pers to the dctibution reservoir Community Projects for Dapitan. When Rizal arrived in Dapitan, he decided to improve 10 the best of his God-given talens, and to awaken the ive consciousness ofits people. He rote to Fr, Pastlls:°T want vo do all hat Tan fr this town, Aside from constructing the town’s fist water system, he spent many moaths draining the marshes in ordet to pet id of malaria tha infested Dapitan. As European-tcained physician, hhe knew that malaria is spread by the mosguitos which thrive in swampy pees The P300 whic as) nish patient paid him was used by him to equip the town with is lighting system This ighting sysicm consisted of coconut el lamps placed fn the dark streets ‘of Dapitan. Elect lighting was unknown then 1 sas not until 1984 when Manila saw the fat cletre lights Another community project of Rizal was the beautification ‘of Dupitan. With the help of his forme Jesuit teacher and frend, Father Sanchee, he remodeled the town lazain ord to enhance its heauty. He jokingly remarked that he would make i mcely 0 that could “rival the best i Europe™ In front ofthe church, Rizal and Father Sanche? made a huge relief map of Mindanao ‘out of earth, stones and gras. This map sill adorns the town plaza of Dapitan Rizal as Teacher. Since boyhood Rizal knew the value of good education, During his uavels abroad he observed. the 24 the Philippines. ‘educational system of modern nations. He himself planned 10 ‘establish 2 modern college in Hong Kong for Filipino boys so that he could train them in modern pedagogical concept, which were then unknown in the Philipines. His exile to Dapitan gave him the opportunity 10 put into practice his edictional ideas. In 1893 he established a school tthich existed until the end of his exile in July, 1896. 1 began with three pupils and Jn the course of time’ the carolment Increased to 16 and later to 21, In his letter (0 Blumetrit on ‘March 13, Rizal said that he had 16 pupils ia his schoo! and that these pupils did not pay any tition” Instead of charging ‘them tuition fees, he made them work im his garden, fel, and ‘onstruction projects in the community Rizal taught his boys reading, whiting, languages (Spanish ‘and English), geography, history, mathematics (arithmetic and peometiy), industhal work, nature study, moral, and gymnas- tics" He trained them how to collect specimens of plants aad ‘imal, 1 love work, and t0 “behave lke men” Formal clases were conducted between 2:00 pm, and 4:00 pm. Rizal, the teacher, sat on a hammock, while the pupils sat ‘0m 4 long bamboo bench. On one day the lessons were conducted ‘Spanish on the next day, in English. As in the Atenco, the best pupil was called “emperor” and he sat at the head of the bench; the poorest pupil dccupied the end of the bench, During the recess the pupils built fires in the garden to daive away the insects, pruned the fut ees, and manured the soi Outside the class hours, Rizal encouraged them to play ames in order to strengthen thet bodies. They had gymnastics, boring, wrestling, stone-throwing, swimming, arms (native fee ing), and boating. ‘Hymn to Talsay.” Rizal conducted his school at his home in Talsay, near Dapitan, where be had his farm and hospital His favorite rendezvous with his boys was under a talsay tree alter which the place was named, tn honor of Taisay. be wrote + poom entitled "Himno A Talisay” for bis popls to sing” HYMN TO TALISAY [Ax Dapian, the sandy shore20 bape ga, WI t i | i er Daptan’s date all No Talay like this tower, Nove can match our reservoir Our ving poo! the sex profound! 1No rowing boat the world around Fors moment can pase ous We study sciences exact, ‘The history of our motherland; ‘Tee languages or four command; ‘Bring faith apd reson in accord. ur hands can manage atone time ‘The sil and working spade and pen, ‘The man's maul ~ for vine men (Companions — and the fun tnd sword Live, tive, © leafy green Tatas! ‘Ou voces sng thy praise in chorus ‘Gear sat, and precios tresore for ws (Gur eilchooa's wisdom and balm In gh that wale for every mas, In wrrow and advert, ‘Thy memory 2 charm will be, ‘And inthe tomb, thy name, thy calm chorus Hai, 0 Talia! Firm and unig Ever aspiring ‘Stately By pit ‘Things, everywhere a sea land and it Shalt thou dominate Contribution te Science. Rizal found Mindanao a rich vi field for collecting specimens. With his baroto (suilboa!) and ‘companied by his pupils, he explored the jungles and coasts, secking specimens of insects, birds, snakes, lizards, fogs, shells, ‘and plans. He sent these specimens tothe’ museum of Europe, ‘eperially the Dresden Museum. In payment for these valuable ‘specimens, the European scientists sent him scientific books and surgieal instrament, ‘During his four-year exile in Dapitan, Rizal built up a rich collection of concology which consisted of 346 shells representing 208 species." He dlicovered some rare specimens whict were named in bis bonor by the scientists. Among these were Draco rica (a fying dragon), Apoponi ria (a small beetle), and Rhacophoras raat (a rare fro8) Rizal also conducted anthropologial, ethnographical. archaeological, geological and geographical studies, a revealed by his voluminous correspondence with his scientist friends in| Europe. There was no limit to his scientific versatility Linguistic Studies. A born linguist, Rizal continued is studies of languages, In Dapitan he learned the Bisayan, Sub ‘anum, and Malay languages. He wrote a Tagalog grammar, mode BInp pe ane score a teen es ooseas eee en pe me fens ie alec vie oe peo eases Mpc’ o Mcrae mu ae a pepe eee vee ee eae el foot Soa Sa ne So fk te ere eects et Neth eR ct Sere ge oe eae are saci menace fu ee cone reece Loreen eben ee agen err Sere eranee ome mee eee erage eee Sn stratearare ee ee Lie secre pal ren taste Sane nee een ae See era ena oan en Suite ire aang mae core eee cee a Se aoe Eee ee eer See cae emia io eames Loco ae ea Soa enema ete aie et : i (00.10 rl called “The: Dapitan Gidl,” « woodcarving of Josephine Bracken (his wife), and a bust of St. Paul which he gave to Father Pastels Rital as Farmer. In Dapitan Rizal devoted much of his time t0 agriculture. He bought 16 hectares of land in Talisay ‘where he but his home, school, and hospital, and planted cacao, Coffe, sugarcane, coconuts and frit wees. “My land,” he wrote to his sister Trinidad, "ie half an hour from the sea. Iti very ‘poetic and very picturesque. I you and our parents come 1 will Build big house we can al ve in”. Later, he acquired more lands until his total holdings reached 70 hectares, containing £6,000 hemp plants, 1,00 coconut tres, and sumerous fui trees, stigareane, cor, coffee and cacao (Qn his farms, Rizal introduced modern methods of aprcul ture which he had observed in Europe and) America. His popis ‘ncped him in the daily farm labor. He encouraged the Dapitan farmers to discard their primitive system of tillage and adopt the modern ageicultaral: methods. He imported) agricultural machinery from the United States. Rizal dreamed of establishing an agricultural colony in the sitio of Ponot near Sindagan Bay, where there was plenty of ‘water and good port facilities. He believed that this place would be ideal to rise cacao, coffe, coconuts, and eatile. He invited his relatives and frends, especially those in Calamba, 9 come to his projected agricultural colony. “We will establish a new Kalama.” he wrote to Hidalgo, his brother-in-law Unfort nately this eolony did not materialize, like hs previous Borneo oonization, because he coud aot get the support ofthe govern- Rizal as Businessman, Aside from farming, Rizal engaged in business. In partnership with Ramon Carteon, a Dapitan merchant, he made profitable busines ventures in fishing, coprs, “nt hemp industries. He invited his relatives, particularly Satur hina and Hidalgo to come to Mindanao, for there “is vast and imple fiekd for business” in the island" He particulary told Stmnina that in Dapitan she could profitably engage in the textile, jewelry, and hemp business." tia letter to Hidalgo, dated January 19, 1893, he expressed his plan to improve the fsbing industry of Dapitan. He said am2088 RIZAL: LIFE MONKS AKO WRITINGS that the town has a good beach tke Calamba and there is abundant fish in the sea; however, the Fishing folks, using primi- tive methods of fishing, were abie only to catch small fishes. Accordingly, he instructed Hidalgo {© help him buy a big net for trawl fishing (pukutan) and t9 send him two good Calamba fishermen who could teach the Dapitan folks better methods of fishing. ‘The most profitable business venture of Rizal in Dapitan ‘was in the hemp industry. At one time, he shipped 150 bales ‘of hemp to a foreign fem in Manila at huge probit for himself and his business partner. He purchased hemp in Dapitan st P7 and 4 reales per picul and sod it ia Manila at PLO and 4 reales, ving him a profit of P3 per picul.” In hit letter to Blumentrtt (on July 31, 1894, he said: “To kill time and to help also the People of this town, I have become merchant. T buy absca and ship it to Manila. Luck was with re this month, T made a profit of P200 in one sroke.,* (On May 14, 1893, Rizal formed a business partnership with Ramon Carreon (Dapitan businessman) in ime manufactring.™ ‘Their limeburner had a monthly capacity of more than 400 bags of lime ‘To break the Chinese monopoly on business in Dapitan, Rizal organized on January 1.1895 the Cooperative Assocation ‘of Dapitan Farmers. According to its constitution, which he had ‘rated, its purposes were "to improve the farm products, oba Detter outlets for them, collect funds for their purchases, and hcp the producers and workers by establishing a store wherein they can buy prime commodities at moderate prices”. * ‘Rizal's Inventive Ability. One litle-known fact about Rizal was that he was alo an inventor. It should be remembered that in 1847, while practising medicine in Calamba, he invented 4 Coming down o our ime, ring the Congressional discussions and hearings on the Rizal {or NolF-Fi) tll in 1956, the proponents and opponents of the Dill also engaged themselves in a bitter and long-drawn-out 2 Kanan, Tome Sept. 4 To Pre Ain Cri Mats Pelt Wenge pp. 281308 m‘debate that finally resulted in the enactment of 4 compromise ‘measure, now known as Republic Act No. 1425. ‘The attacks on Riza’ first novel were ot only confined in the Philippines but were also staged in the Spanish capital. ‘There, Senator Fervando Vida, Deputy (and ex-General) Las 'M. de Pando, and Premier Praxedes Mateo Sagasa were among. those who unjustly lambasted and criticized Rizal and his Nell in the two chambers of the Spanish Cortes in 18K8 and 1889.° 11 is comforting to learn, however, that about thirteen years tater. Congressman Henry Allen Cooper of Wisconsin delivered tan culogy of Rizal and even recited the martyr's Ultimo Pen- ‘samiento on the floor of the United States Howse of Represen tatives in order to prove the capacity ofthe Filipinos for set go. ‘emment, He said in part: “It has been said that, if Amencan ingtutions had done nothing ele than furish to the work the character of Gcorge Washington, that alone would entitle them tw the respect of mankind. So, Sir, Isay to all those who denounce the Flipinos indiscriminately as barbarians and savages, without Possibility of a civilized future, that this despised race proved ‘self entitled to their respect and to the respect of mankind, hen it furnished to the world the character of Jose Rizal”? The result of this appeal of Representative Cooper was the Approval of whats popularly known as the Philippine Bil o 190. ‘The preceding paragraphs have shown that by the Nall slone Rizal, among his contemporaries, had become the most promi- ‘nent oe the central figure of the Propaganda Movement ‘Aanin, we ask the question: Why did Rizal become the _eatest Filipino hero? Because inthis writer's humble option. 1 Filipino has yet been born who could equal or surpass Rizal 4 “a person of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger. oF fortitude in suffering.” Of these traits of our bero, let us see ‘what a Filipino and an American biographer sid What is most admirable i Rea," wrote Rafael Pa his complete self-denial. his complete shundannent his personal interest order to hak only of thse of his 2, Oh, Joe nl Ut an Tana, 9. ™ country. He could have been whatever he withed 19 be, ‘onsdering his natural endowments he could have cared considerable sums of money frm his profersion, he sould havostived relatively rich, happy, prosperous, hal he not dedicated himself ro public mates. But in him the vive ‘ofthe species was stronger than the voice of personal prop: yest or of private fortune, and he preferred to lve far frm 1s family nd to sacrifice bis personal afetions frat al Ihe had dreamed of He heeded not his bother, not even bis parents, beings whom he respected and venerated 50 ‘Uc, tm onde to follow the road hs camcience had traced ‘or hi “He id ot have great means st his dapat cary out Ris campuign, bul that didnot discourage i. he contented himseif vith what he had. He suffered the rigors ‘ofthe cold winter of Europe, he suffered hunger, pean, land misery; but when he rained his yes to eaven and a Is ideal his hope was rtorn. He complained of bs oun. trymen, he complained of sme of those who had promi im eip and dt not help him until at ties. profouny seated, he wanted t renounce hs campig forever, ‘Bving up everything. But such moments were cvancscnt be on felt comforted and resumed the tack uf heating the ros of his string “™ Dr. Frank C. Laubach, an Ametican biographer of Rizal, ‘poke of the hero's courage in the following worth is consuming ile purpose was the sect of his mot courage. Phsial courage re, was one of is nerd teats But that hgh courage to wie loving bs mre shih he at last achieved, dar cannot be anherte. 1 must be forged out i the fives of slfering amd tcrnpton AAs we read through his Ie. we can sce how the mol sinew and fiber grew yeut by yeat she ficed new penis land was forced wo make Fea devon. It rosie courage to write hs two great novel, fling mthing thi ober ‘man had ventured to sry belore, sanding slant lone ‘agaist the most powerful imerests im his country ad 9 Spain, and Knowing fll well that depots woud sike bck, He had reached another hte pateaw of heron Puna he Pe he Many i 96 262en he wrote hose eters in Hongkong. “To be opened after my death” ad sled into the “trap a Mania wnat ‘any isioos. Then nhs Daptn exile, when he was tempied 4o exeape, and sad "No", not once but hundieds of mes for four fog yeas. and when. onthe way to Cubs, Petes ‘Roxas pleaded wi him 10 sep ofthe bot of Sagspare pon Bsn territory and sve his he, what incr stteghe Ht must have caused him to anawer over and ores ageen "No, 1, 90" When the sentence of death and te etl ‘morning of his execution brought the final test, December 30,1895, he walked with pertect calm tothe Teg ine oe {Boag by his own cha the onl here figure ht ‘To the bigoted Spaniards in Spain and in the Philippines, Riral was the mostintligent, most courageous, and mont danger: ‘ous enemy of the reactionaries and the tyrants; therfore ke should be shot publicly in otder to serve as an example and a warning to those of his kind. This was the reason why. Real, alter brief mock trial, was sentenced to death and made 1 face the tiring squad at Bagumbayan Field, now the Luneta, in ‘the easly morning of December 30, 1896, And forthe third and lst time, ne repeat the question: Why Riza the greatest Fino hero that ence heed? Bese, te a man honored afer death by pub worup, Reakae of exceptional service to mukind™ We tan ty that xen betes hm, Rial was lead aclaimed by bh iiproa sed a8 the foremost leader of his people: Wry fe Barclond tothe Great Malayan on March Ns 1485, bre H. dl Pili kk “Rizal motion a ereho d hone ane onsttune la mis pura ¢inmacalda bandera Je pacers Plaidy ox savor no son oa ena ale ee cae ue milan bo eas bandcra"® Fernand hooey, ant Rial his “dating amigo, compatero pucane’ ee a late rom Zaragoza, Spam. on October 25 18D see the model Filipino. your application to sudy and pom ee ave phic on n high wich revere abd cee et 2 anc al Man end Mary, 5482408. 10 Epistle esine, Ye Sunde 1 id Tome Sopnde 9 23 Bicolano Dr. Tomés Aréjota wrote Rizal in Madrid, February 9, 1891, saying: "Your moral influence over {And Guillermo Puta of Bulacan wrote this tribute to Rizal, saying: “V4. a quien se fe puede (lamar) con razon, cabeza tutelar de los filipinos, aunque la comparacion pareaca algo fidicula, porque posce la virud de straer contigo enconadas volumtades, zanat as discordasyencmistadesrencorost's, rout cn fiestas a hombres que no querian verse en lacalle “Among the foreigners who recognized Rizal as the leading Filipe of his tine wete Blume Napoleon M. Khel, Dr Reinhold Rox, and Vicente Barants, Prot. Bhumentt (old Dr Masia Vila May, IN tat "Ril wae the ea product ofthe Pippin and that hs coming fo the world was like the appearance of rare comet, whose rate bilbance appears nly very other century" Napoleon M._ Khel of Progse, ‘Ni, Wrote Rl tnd sai cn Vi wn nie repreentane dela Exp colonial.“ De. Rost, isting ‘Matiyologht and Libram othe Inia Office n London calle Rit "uns peria de hombre” while Don Vieeme Barrantes ‘a to at tha Rial a “he st among the Falipives Even before the outheak ofthe Revolution agaist Spain in 166 any ntact e te prove that Wis countymen here and svoadtecngnized Riss leadership the er pat (oF 1889 he was unanimously elected by the Fin i Barchont fnd Madi as honorary president ofthe La Solidaridad" Some month later. in Panis, he organized and became chit ofthe Tnx Bravo In Sansa, 19, Rizal was again wnanimowst ‘chosen Respansuble (Chit of th: Spanish Fitpne Associaton He'mav al the founder and moving spt ithe lounding of the Figo Fina i Mana on Sly, 192 1 ene Reng, Tome CutHistory te we that the secety known as the Katipunan likewise acknowledged Risal'seadeip and great ‘et by making hi its Honorary Presiden and fying family name Rizal atthe pewor forthe thir-dopee hem bers. ‘A year after Rizal's execution, General Emilio Aguinaldo and therother revolutionary chiefs exiled to Hongkong eld ‘commemorative program there on December 29, 1897 on the ‘ceasion ofthe first anniversary of the hero's exceution and martyrdom.” Of utmost significance in the public's appreciation for Rizal's Patriotic labors in behalf of his people were the tributes paid by the Revolutionary Government to his memory. In his opening address at the Congress asscmbled at Malolos, Bulacan, on September 15, 1898, President Aguinaldo invoked the spirits of ‘the departed heroes of the Fatherland, this ‘Mosriows spins of RIZAL. Loper Jaen, of Marcelo ‘del Pilar! August shacks of Burgos, Ponca Panganiban ‘Wiarlke genase of Aguinaldo(Cripalo 0), and Toma, ‘of Natividad and Evangelista! Arse & momen fom Sout ‘unknown graves!21 ‘Then on December 20, 1898 atthe revolutionary capital at Matos, President Aguinaldo issued the fst official proclema: tion making December 3 of that year as "Rizal Day". The same proclamation ordered the hoisting of the Filiping flags half-mast "{rom 12:00 noon o December 29 t0 12-00 noon on December 30, 1898" and the closing of “al offices the govern. ment” during the whole day of December 30." Actually an ‘impressive Rizal Day program, spasored by the Club Filipino was held in Manila on December 30, 1898" 18 should further be noted that both the La Independencia, alted by Gen. Antonio Luna, and the EY Heraldo deta Revels 18 Genova F 2d, The Katwnan 6 20 LA Saran, Th Eon al Day 2 Ogre F. Zaid, Te Pippin Reston 282 22 Pape tn. 2 2 Serna Fret Rat Day Para in Man me ‘don, official organ of the Revolutionary Government, issued a special supplement is honor of Rizal in one of thew December ‘tives in 198 “Two of the greatest Filipino poets in the Spanish language ‘aid glowing tributes to the Martyr of Bagumbryan in acknow Tedgment of the hero's labors and sacrifices for his people Fernando Ma, Guerrero wrote on September 25, 1898, thu “No has muert, 90. La gloria es tu destino tu corona, os foegos de fa nor Yt inoable altar muestta concn ‘And Cecilio Apostol, on December 30 of the same year, wrote ‘these lines: “iDuerme en par en la sombras dl nad, Redentor de una Part exavanda! No lores de tn tmba en ct misero ‘Que 5 una bala destozd tu rine. ‘The Filipinos were not alone in grieving the wotimely death fof thei hero and idel, for the intellectual and seieniie citcles fof the world felt keenly the loss of Rizal, who was their esteemed colleague and friend. Dr. Camilo Osis and Wenceslo E. Retana both “spoke of the universal homage accorded to Rizal fimmediatoly ater his death. Dr. Osis wrote thus: Expressions of deep sympathy came from Iumennit and many others sich at Dr. Renward.Brawtcter of Lcerne, scholar on things Mali: Dr. Feador Jager 3 GGeeman author of Philippine Travels Di. Fred Katie an eminent German geographer and ethnographer: Sehor Ricardo Palma, « distinguished man of Jtters fom Peru, Profesor M. ‘Buchner, Diretor of the. hnographic Moseum of Monich and noted Malayolops= Moteur Edmom Panchut, « Peach Onemtalist uth of sarous works and writer on Philippine subjects, Dr. W. Joes Cmineat German geographer and Professors the University 2, ns Op a9 8.erin: Dr H Kem rteuor of Saeki inthe Une yf Leon and crated ary on Many sey Dr. "1. Montano. datingchedrenh nga aed ‘thoy and ator os Memon one Pepe Be Fe Mac, Profcr of te Uneaty of ane tl 4 a polis noed Ost eras ome sed 1°. Teek Wilk ub os cing na coments ‘ray Rial Hen Mand Wich tere eee, De Betas, Caan pa adr, Dr Bete, eed aman at ana ator worst fe ok Prilpynes: Dr A.B, Meyer Direc o the Mancun o Enomrapiy of Dresden tad eminent Fipntoga a Oselccen a Lege. Decor UExprest tapas seein Dr Rua we ra DE Sis wn in Gorman y Last Farell Me HW 4 oxime Elo itr Me Jo Foreman shee ‘sorts the Pippin ir © M.Hlen 4 Gann Aus: Dy H. See, Swed san he poten 2, Atari gnc and wer, Dr. 1M Pochosth ‘aie Creche, stor af werk ou fact ma ea he Pi ‘Among the sentinel services held espe to ‘honor Rizal, the one sponsored by the Anthropological ‘Sone of Beso Noncmbet 2, 1957 a inte Be Rae Yechow, Presiden, was the most inportat ad sige Dr Sle ech the German waatn oR Mya The newpaper, magasns, an other periodical though- theca wort fn Germany, Aut: France He Landon the United Staten, Japa, Hongkong Macao ean ‘American pore Sir end i ‘oun of Ras maton rr Wot hone <,DI th America, epsaly Governor Wan 1 ‘aly choose Ral ot tse Pps ptosis Mushy 75 Onin. op op. esa, 2 Rant op ap 77 ait po am, ‘One Hero of his people? Nothing could be farther from the ‘ruth. In the preceding pages, we have shown beyond the shadow ‘of a doubt that the Great Malayan, by his own efforts and Ssacifices for his oppressed countrymen, had projected imselt {the foremost leader of the Philippines unl the moment of his immolation, and this fact was spontancously acknowledged not only by his own people but aso by the lite of ater lands wo intimately knew his patriotic labors. We have likewise shown that immediately after his execution, his own people ha justly claimed him ak thei foremont hero and marty The intelectual and scientific world, ax we have also demonstrated, was not slow im according him signal honors asa hero of humanity and 3s an ‘Apostle of Freedom. ‘Mr. Taf, as Chairman ofthe Second Philippine Commission, arrived in the Philippines in June, 1900. This Commision began its legislative functions on September Ist of the same year. On Jane 11 of the ensuing year the Philippine Commision approved. ‘Act No. 137, which organized “the poltico-ibitary district of ‘Morong” into the “Province of Rizal”. This was the FIRST OFFICIAL STEP taken by the Taft Commission to honor our fsreates hero and martyr. I should be borne in ming that SIX DAYS before the passage of Act No. 137, the Taft Commission held a meeting atthe town of Pasig fr the purpose of organizing the province. In that mecting attended by the leading citizens (of both Manila aad Morong, a plan was presented to combine ‘he two distri into one, but this proposal met with determined and vigorous objection from the leaders of Moroag, At this poi." reads the ‘Minutes of Proceedings of ‘the Taft Commision, De. Tavera, of the Federal Par) ‘sho accompanied the Commission, asked that he might ‘make 3 songction wth reference tothe proponcd union of Mania dt Moron provinces. IC was hs opinion that 0 ‘eof union neither the ame of Morong. no Marts ugh {o be retained. He then sated the coor which prevaed Inthe United Sites and other countries f naming portant Tocalites on estes ia memory of tome ilustrow otzen ‘ofthe country. nin with this be sugested thatthe uted provinces be named “Riza ia memory ania honor a the ‘mow irious Plipmo and the most asa Tagalog he ‘ands nad ever Known ‘The Presient (Wallam H. Taft=O) stated that tte Commission, ot test than the Flipinos, fe proud todo honor tothe name of Riza, and if, after consideration. it decided 4 unite the provinces, t roof his pope sil we cn ny that what the Common eee pel eens ear males ts Fes nag epberdly fosdhaimnt apo pelo ote pce if cb eos mete dtr tog ie te swt worl th ramet Reo nd mary of te Fein gg the now pine hese f Ri {ad of hls bth: Nays we em go een fiber ad concur wth Cin apt Prot Bumeatt, who sida 1097, 1s obvious then that the dea of naming the sisi of Not on Rl THE MOST PROMINENT MAN Morong alter Rial came from Dr. Pardo de Taner, Flin, rns OWN PEOPLE but THE GREATEST MAN TIE td nt fom Jue Te am Amciean. It simerening to ow MALAYAN RACE HAS PRODUCED. He nemy wil that two countrymen of tr Tat Jose George A Mako J pea tr ae eon {and Dr. Frank C: Laubach — who both resided inthe Philippines for many years and who were very familiar with the history and lives of great Filipinos — do not subscribe to the view that Jose Rizal isan Americavmade hero. Jusice Malcolm had this to say: In thove exrly days (ofthe Amenean occupation — 0}, it was bruted about thatthe Americans had "ma ‘zal a hero to serve their purposes. That was indeed & sinister interpretation of voluntary American action designed to pay tnbute toa great man” Dr. Laubach’s view about the question i a¢ follows: ‘The tradition that every American hears when he reaches the Philippe Islands i that Wills Howard Tat feeling that the Plipins needed a hero, made one out of ‘Riza: We trust that this book (Risal= Man and Martyr — ©.) will serve to show how empy that statement hI speaks wel for Taf that be was suficientl fre from rica Dejucice to appreciate in some measute the sature of ‘rea Flpino Tt was a Spaniard who did more than any ‘ther to Save Rizal for posterity Retana, whose work (Wide y Eseries del Dr. Jove Rial, Madd, 1907 by far the most complete and scholarly that we have (in 1936 — 0.) Like Rizal. he lost all his money in the exe ‘ofthe Filipinos, and det « poor man. Granting for the sake of argument that the Taft Commision chose Rizal out of several great Filipinos as the Number One 2. Rego fe Pipi Common 9.22 29. tein, Amer CoCr 78 20, Laech, op ot p28 Spaniard il ot learn tower is nme bth respect and teveence* (Caplsatin supped) esha the following quotation fom the ate Wiliam Came ron Fortean arden admire of Ris and the Goveroor-Genetal ‘ofthe Philippines during the construction of the Rizal Mausoleum fon the Lune, appropriate at this pint. He sad 11 eminely proper tht Rial soul nye become the acknowledged mts! hero ofthe Philippine poole The American smiisaton hs em ee) aan recogntom eng de the anniversary Of MS death to Be [Gy ofoburance, placing hs pctore om the postage stamp ‘rout commonly ase in the Islnd and the arene. ‘operating withthe Flpinsin making he to his schod ie Bupa x national prt, and ecouraing the erection {pubic soberpion of monument inhi hoor onthe Uneta Mania near the pce whore he met is death ‘Gow othe longest and sont impoctan ets tn Mala teen same im his memory -— Rizal Avene ‘The tc in ony ccs had swt ave eteted monuments {o Bir, tnd trowiont he oan the pt cle teach he young ligne fo revere is meron ashe grees! (of Pipe parte ales supplied) [Now and then we come acros sme Filipinos who venture the opinion that Andres Bomfacio, and not Jose Riz, deserves to be acknowledged and canonized as our fst rational hero. ‘They maintain hat Rizal never held & gun, a rifle, ot a sword 31. ro ot 1, ian Roertean T pin an, Vli fighting for the liberty and independence of our country in the batlefield, They further assert that while the foremost ational heroes of other countries are soldier-generals, ike George Washington of the United States of America, Napoleon |.and Joan of Are of France, Simon Bolivar of Venezuela, Jose de San Martin of Argentina, Bernardo O'Higgins of Chile, Jimmu Tenno of Japan, etc, our greatest hero was pacifist and civilian whose weapon was his quil. However, our people in exeteising their good sense, independent judgment, and ‘unusual discernment, have not followed the examples of other ations in selecting and acknowledging a military leader for their {greatest hero, Rafael Palma has very well stated the case of Rizal versus Bonifacio in these words: should be a source of pride and stscton tothe Filipinos o have among theit atonal heroes one of such cxcilent qualities and merits which may be equalled but ‘not surasied by anyother aan. Wheteas generally the hneroes Of oscdentl nations are warriors sad generals who serve their ause wth the Sword, diiling blot! ad ters, the hero of the Filipinos served ik ene with the pen, demonstrating that the pem i as mighty as the sword {0 ‘redeem a people from tir politica avery. Is toe that, ‘nur case the sword of Bonlaio was afc all weeded to Shake off the yoke ofa foreign power; but the revelation ‘epard by Bonifacio was ony the elect, the consequence Of the spiritual redemption wrought by the pe of Rial Hence. nt nly in etonolaial order but also in pit of importance the previous work of Rial ems to ws Superior {0 tat of Bonito, because although thal of Borat was of immediate results, hat of Riza wall have more dure ted permanent effece™ ‘And let us note further what other great men said about the pen being mightier and more powerful than the sword, [Napoleon I himself, who was a great conqueror and ruler, said: "There are only two powers in the work, the sword and the pen; and in the end the former is always oongucred by the latter" The following statement of Sir Thomas Browne is more ‘applicable to the role played by Rizal in our libertarian struggle: BE Para om a 9 287 4 Tyan Ear a nay of Tgp "Scholars are men of peace; they beat no arms; but their tongues se sharper than the sword; their pens carry further and give a louder report than thunder. Thad rather stand in the shock of «basilisk than inthe fury ofa merciless pen”.** And finaly et tus quote from Bulwer: “Take away the sword; states can be stved without it; being the pea!™™ For those who may sill doubt and question the fact that Rizal s grea tar gre ‘than Bonifacio, or any other Filipino ‘hero the following cbservation made by Retana wil be sufficient: Tendo kik pies tienen su Solo mas ringune tiene wt mayor ko, que Blipnas Anes esapareceed de lon Fated‘ Unides yy cs dee! —~ la memoria de ‘Wichingtins qu de Fipinas Ta memoria de RIZAL. NO Ine RIZAL: como medgo, un Mariani ni come bute tin Gustave Dove, a timo poeta bn Goethe, 3 como \wopope i Virchow, i cheno etigrao wn Rate, ‘Smo’ Slipninta up Blumen, como hstrador wn ‘aca com pensad un Hers, ni comomaayslop> {in Kern, con Bsa an Descartes, como now {in Za, como tterata un Menénde> y Play, nr com? ‘elt um Quer, como gedgrafo wn Reces, mi como twowk wn Pa Distingidee en muchas dsepinas. pero fring Joell alana eS grado supremo que ne gura Tenor Fae pat: fe marr de amor a. as. en om elcino de RIZAL hay ots flipios:y jen gue som RIZAL oe de ads ae oso? ‘Scuilamete, em a fata exude su spits. em la fubleza Gljoteco de sa coreasn, en su goetogse tod, mini sosdora, buena, arabe, peologla que si ‘ela tok hs sentimentes y aracones de-on posto 5 wisadone wctina de om FepEN OFFODESS espana dela Revolucin tagala se jure por ste sao hectar Fac, somo ex suo, el eapp armado de aquel Ironimicita Amis, Bonifacio: Be abt el hombre gue dis peer grit conten la tani, que au as primers hacsis ct que monk en ls bres, Y 4 eve hombre fpenas se Te feeverda; Sele ha erepomigun tonurcats ks vats populace aos hao canta. Mn (ene ques RIZAL, enemigo de la Revolucion, que calicode sarale y deahonrose, le gorica el pucbio. hasta deitcare.. ”,No se ve en esto ua poco eminentemente ‘piri, que tro en RIZAL un resumen vient? Todo Siipno leva denizo de sf odo lo mis que puede de RIZAL; ‘aro es, en cambio, el que Heva dentro de st algo del emagogo Boniface, La inmoraliad de RIZAL est asepurads de cen manera Pero como mis asegurads esti et porque, lt Inilones de Blipinos de hoy, de matanay de skmpre beben ybeberin expt de RIZAL nose miten de raSon In the preceding pages we have tried to show that Rizal ‘was not only great hero but the greatest among the Filipinos, ‘As a matter of fact; the Austrian savant Prof. Bhumentrit judged him as “the most prominent man of his own people” and “the ‘eatest man the Malayan race has produced”. We have also shown that even during his Ifetime, Rizal was already acclaimed bby both Filipinos and foreigners as the foremost leader of his ‘People and that this admiration for him has increased with the passing of time since his dramatic death on the Luneta that fateful morning of December 30, 1896. Likewise, we atempted to disprove the claim made by some quarters that Rizal is an ‘American-made hero, and we also tied to explain why Rieal is _reater than any other Filipino hero, including Andres Bonifacio. ‘Who made Rizal the foremost hero of the Philippines? The answer is: no singleperson or groups of persons were responsible for making the Greatest Malayan the Number One Hero of Bis ‘people. Rizal himself, his own people, and the foreigners all together contributed t9 make him the greatest hero and martyr ‘of his people. No amount of adulation and canonization by both Filipinos and foreigners could convert Rial imo a great hero if he did not possess in himself what Palma calls “excellent qualities and merits” of what Retana spoke of “la finura exquisit de sa spit, la nobleza.quijotesca de su corazén, 3 ‘psicologia toda, romantics, sofadora, buena, adorable. Psicologia que simtetz6 todos los semimientos y aspiraciones de tun pueblo que sultia, viendose vicima, de st. reximer ‘oprobioso. 9, Recast. 150-8, 16 APPENDIX B MEMOIRS OF A STUDENT IN MANILA by P. Jaciato® (CHAPTER 1 MY BIRTH-EARLY YEARS. 1 wat born in Calamba of 19 June,.1861, betwocn eleven ‘snd midnight, afew days Before fll oon, It was a Wednesday find iny coming out in this vale of lea woul have cont my moter bere had she not vowed tothe Virgin of Antipolo 10 take me to her sanctuary by way of pilgrimage.” AIT remember of my carly days is ¥ did't koow bow 1 found myst n'a town with some santy notions of the morning sm, of my parent, te “The education that I eceived since my cars infancy was what as shaped iy habits, ke jr that rela the ‘lor'r the ody a fst bed Cs remember theft tmelancholy nights that [spent the terrace [artes — Z| af tour howe’ if they happened only yesteday — nits fall of ‘he Wao Aisa fw tres amr) br Poker Sours, on ren sinct Spanh on aye ou mah of ay aba ine ot Daag ‘Sarai Sheed eae Ou aay 0 Pecan Gon Vayoe. eu ‘Sint raion" One sand soe he aye sod shame hee 9! ‘Mignone Rom eal Monts many yu an