PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
ON
TRANSFORMERS

Name : Bibaswan Hazra

Class : 12
Section :B
Roll Number :

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Bibaswan Hazra a bonafide
student of Delhi public school, Ruby Park Kolkata
class 12 success fully completed his physics
project on “TRANSFORMERS” during the year
2019-20 as per CBSE guidelines for the AISSCE
Practical Examination 2020.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I express my sincere gratitude towards my physics teacher

who had given us the opportunity to explore new avenues
for the physics project; Physics laboratory assistant for
standing with us throughout our endeavours; CBSE for
providing us with a platform to illustrate our creativity; my
friends for unconditional support and cooperation. The
book and websites need special mention here as they laid
the foundation to our projects. And of course ‘ my parents,
without whose guidance and perseverance the project
would not have been possible.

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 INTRODUCTION
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for
changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely
used device in both low and high current circuit. As such
transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In
electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer
size may be so small that it weight only a few tens of grams
where as in high voltage power circuits, it may weight
hundred of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one
circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of
moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called a
step-up transformer. A transformer which decreases the
A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus
both for high and low current circuits.

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 CONSTRUCTION
The transformer
consists of two
coils. They are
insulated from
each other by an
insulating
material and
wound around a
common core.
For operation at
low frequency,
we may have a
soft iron core.
The soft iron
core is constructed by joining thin iron strips coated with
varnish to insulate them to reduce energy losses by eddy
currents. The input circuit is called the primary coil. And
the output circuit is called the secondary coil.

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 THEORY AND WORKING OF A
TRANSFORMER
When an altering e.m.f is supplied to the primary coil
p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The altering
current in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux,
which induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in
the secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the
magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with the
secondary, then the induced e.m.f induced in each turn of
the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the
primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of
the e.m.f’s induced in the primary and the secondary and
Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary
coils of the transformer and
Dфь / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at
this instant,
we have
Ep = -Np dфь/dt ----------------- (1) and
Es = -Ns dфь/dt ----------------- (2)

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Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by
dividing (2) by (1) we get;
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ----------------(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in
the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in
primary coil is due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the
instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f.
further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then
the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given
by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be
neglected so therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation (3) can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

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In a step up transformer
Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np
In a step down transformer
Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If
Ip = value of primary current at the same instant t
And
Is = value of sec. current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip and
Output power at the same instant = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then
Input power = output power
Or
Ep Ip = Es Is
Or
Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
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In a step up transformer
As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current in secondary coil is weaker when secondary
voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in
the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the
current.
In a step down transformer
As k < 1, so Ip < Is or Is > Ip

whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the

same ratio.
Thus a step down transformer in reality steps up the
current.

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Efficiency :-
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output
power to the input power. i.e.
η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power
losses, η = 1. But in actual practice, there are many power
losses; therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than
one.

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 ENERGY LOSSES :
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a
transformer:
1. Copper loss: is the energy loss in the form of heat in the
copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating
of conducting wires.
2. Iron loss: is the energy loss in the form of heat in the
iron core of the transformer. This is due to formation of
eddy currents in iron core. It is minimized by taking
laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux: occurs inspite of best
insulations. Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of change
of magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteretic loss: is the loss of energy due to repeated
magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when
A.C. is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation: humming noise of a transformer.

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 USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations
 In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer,
air conditioner etc.
 A step down transformer is used for welding
purposes.
 A step down transformer is used for obtaining large
current.
 A step up transformer is used for the production of
X-Rays and NEON advertisement.
 Transformers are used in voltage regulators and
stabilized power supplies.
 Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c.
over long distances.
 Small transformers are used in Radio sets,
telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc.

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 DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS

Instrument transformers
Instrument transformers are used for measuring voltage
and current in electrical power systems, and for power
system
protection and
control. Where a
voltage or
current is too
large to be
conveniently
used by an
instrument, it
can be scaled
down to a
standardized low
value.
Instrument
transformers
isolate
measurement,
protection and control circuitry from the high currents or

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voltages present on the circuits being measured or
controlled.
A current transformer is a transformer designed to
provide a current in its secondary coil proportional to the
current flowing in its primary coil.
Voltage transformers (VTs), also referred to as "potential
transformers" (PTs), are designed to have an accurately
known transformation ratio in both magnitude and phase,
over a range of measuring circuit impedances. A voltage
transformer is intended to present a negligible load to the
supply being measured. The low secondary voltage allows
protective relay equipment and measuring instruments to
be operated at a lower voltages.[89]
Both current and voltage instrument transformers are
designed to have predictable characteristics on overloads.
Proper operation of over-currentprotective
relays requires that current transformers provide a
predictable transformation ratio even during a short-
circuit.

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RF transformers
There are several types of transformers used in radio
frequency (RF) work. Steel laminations are not suitable for
RF.
Air-core transformers
These are used for high frequency work. The lack of a core
means very
low inductance.
Such
transformers
may be nothing
more than a few
turns of wire
soldered onto
a printed circuit
board.
Ferrite-core transformers
Widely used in intermediate frequency (IF) stages
in superheterodyne radio receivers. are mostly tuned
transformers, containing a threaded ferrite slug that is
screwed in or out to adjust IF tuning. The transformers are
usually canned for stability and to reduce interference.

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Transmission-line transformers
For radio frequency use, transformers are sometimes
made from configurations of transmission line,
sometimes bifilar or coaxial cable, wound
around ferrite or
other types of core.
This style of
transformer gives an
extremely
wide bandwidth but
only a limited
number of ratios
(such as 1:9, 1:4 or
1:2) can be achieved
with this technique.
The core material
increases the
inductance dramatically, thereby raising its Q factor. The
cores of such transformers help improve performance at
the lower frequency end of the band. RF transformers
sometimes used a third coil (called a tickler winding) to
inject feedback into an earlier (detector) stage
in antique regenerative radio receivers.

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Baluns
Baluns
are

transformers designed specifically to connect

between balanced and unbalanced circuits. These are
sometimes made from configurations of transmission line
and sometimes bifilar or coaxial cable and are similar to
transmission line transformers in construction and
operation.

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 CONCLUSION

Various transformers are studied and their functioning are

investigated. We come to know the various uses of
transformers and their applications in our daily lives.
Transformers have played a significant role in the proper
transfer and distribution of current in the household with
minimal amount of energy losses .

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.scribd.com
 www.researchgate.net
 NCERT Physics Class 12 volume 2
 SL Arora PHYSICS For Class 12

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