TABLE OF CONTENTS

Unit 1 Matter
Chapter 1 Properties of Matter
Lesson 1 Matter and Its Properties ………………………………………………………………3
Lesson 2 Useful and Harmful Materials ……………………………………………………….15

Chapter 2 Changes That Materials Undergo

Lesson 1 Materials Change ………………………………………………………………………….34
Lesson 2 Changing Materials through the 5Rs ……………………………………………..45

Unit 2 Living Things and Their

Environment
Chapter 3 Human Reproduction
Lesson 1 The Male and the Female Reproductive Systems …………………………67
Lesson 2 Changes During Puberty ……………………………………………………………….74
Lesson 3 Menstrual Cycle and Fertilization ………………………………………………….80
Lesson 4 Proper Care of the Reproductive Organs ……………………………………….86

Chapter 4 All about Animals

Lesson 1 Animal Reproduction …………………………………………………………………..98
Lesson 2 Importance of Animals to Humans ………………………………………………105
Lesson 3 Endemic Animals to the Philippines …………………………………………….112
Chapter 5 All about Plans
Lesson 1 Reproduction in Plants …………………………………………………………………123
Lesson 2 Importance of Plants to Humans ………………………………………………….131

Chapter 6 You and the Living World

Lesson 1 The Ecosystem …………………………………………………………………………….143
Lesson 2 Different Ecosystems …………………………………………………………………..154
Launch Pad
Matter has different Properties. These properties enable you to differentiate one material from
another. This activity helps you classify materials according to their properties.

Materials: School bags of pupils, writing materials

Procedure:

1. Form small groups of four to five pupils each.

2. Sort out and classify the materials you will see inside the group’s bags.

3. Create categories/classes/groupings for the materials that you will classify.

Guide Questions:

1. How did you group the materials in your bags?

2. How did you categorize/classify/group the materials?

Sci-core
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. This book that you are reading is an
example of matter. It has mass, and it takes up space. Your bag on the floor has mass and takes up space.
So, your bas is also matter.

How about light and sound? Are they matter? No, they are not matter. They are energy. Can you
tell why light and sound are not matter? Right! Because light and sound do not have mass, and they do
not occupy space.

Different kinds of matter can be recognized through their properties. These can be either
extensive or intensive properties. Extensive properties of matter depend on the amount of the material.
These properties change if the amount of material changes. Do you know examples of extensive
properties of matter? Right! Mass, weight, and volume are examples of extensive properties of matter.
Mass and weight are two different concepts. Mass is the amount of matter present in the object.
Weight is the measure of how much gravity is pulling on the mass of the object. Let us say you are going
to the moon. Whatever your mass here on Earth is the same as that on the moon; however, your mass
here on Earth is different from that on the moon.

(PICTURE ATTACHED)

Volume is the amount of space occupied by an object. While you are seating on your chair, you
occupy space. When you stand, air molecules will occupy your place on the chair. Imagine an empty glass.
The air molecules occupy the space inside the glass. When you pour water into the glass, the water
molecules “push” the air molecules out, thus occupying space.

(PICTURE ATTACHED)

Intensive properties of matter are independent of the size or amount of the material; this means
that the material’s intensive properties are the same regardless of its amount. Temperature, pressure,
boiling point, melting point, hardness, malleability, luster color, density, and ductility are intensive
properties of matter.

Pressure is defined as force per unit are. Imagine you are peeling a mango with a knife. The effort
you exert is less. Why? That is because the knife has a small area (the edge of the blade) that touches the
mango’s skin. This makes peeling it easy.

(PICTURE ATTACHED)

Temperature is the degree of how hot or cold an object is. It is measure using a thermometer. Its
unit can be Fahrenheit, Celsius, or kelvin. Have you seen you mother boil water for your hot chocolate
drink? When a liquid is heated, it will reach a temperature wherein small bubbles form. This temperature
is called boiling point. Water boils at 100°C. What do you think will happen if the water is boiled for a long
time? Right! It will turn into vapor.

Now, what do you think will happen if you apply heat to a solid such as aluminum or iron bar? Its
temperature will increase until it reaches its melting point, causing the material to change its phase from
solid to liquid. Aluminum metals are used in automobile industries. At home, you use aluminum foil to
wrap your food. It needs a very high temperature to bring it to boil and melt. The table here shows that
different materials have different boiling and melting points.

Boiling and Melting Points of Some Metals

Element Boiling Point (°C) Melting Point (°C)

Aluminum 2 519 660.323
Copper 2 562 1 084.62
Gold 2 856 1 064.18
Silver 2 162 961.78

Hardness is the resistance to deformation, stiffness, abrasion, or cutting. The harder a material is, the
greater is its resistance to deformation. The hardness of minerals is ranked based on the Mohs scale, with
10 being the hardest and 1 being the softest. Look at this table. Can you tell the hardest mineral as well as
the softest?
 The Mohs Scale

Hardness Mineral
10 Diamond
9 Corundum
8 Topaz
7 Quartz
6 Orthoclase
5 Apatite
4 Fluorite
3 Calcite
2 Gypsum
1 Talc

(PICTURES ATTACHED ON BOTH SIDES)

Malleability is the ability of materials to be hammered into thin sheets. Metals such as gold, silver,
copper, iron, and aluminum are malleable. Nonmetals are not usually malleable. Gold and silver can be
shaped into different jewelry items or accessories. Iron can be pulled to become rods and beams for
building construction, and copper is used for electricity and electronics. Look at your window frame. Is it
made of metal? Do you think it is malleable? Why?

Big idea

Learning about the properties of

matter helps you in describing the
objects in your surroundings. Your
understanding of the materials gives
you the knowledge of using them
properly, safely, and optimally.
 Conductivity is the ability of a substance to allow the flow of energy or electricity. A conductor is a
material that allows the flow of electric current and heat. Insulators, on the other hand, are materials that
do not allow the flow of electric current and heat. Ceramic, wood, and plastics are examples of insulators.
Metals are the most conductive materials, and insulators are the least conductive. Silver, a metal, has the
highest conductivity among metals. It is followed by copper and gold. Silver is used in electronic circuits
because it does not spark easily.

Luster is the property of materials to reflect light. There are two types of luster-metallic and
nonmetallic. Have you seen metals such as gold and silver after they are polished? They shine and reflect
light. Other nonmetals, such as carbon muffler and graphite, look like metals when polished. Can you
name other materials that exhibit metallic luster? Translucent and transparent materials are common
among nonmetals. Translucent luster allows light to pass through. When you look at a translucent
material, it looks blurry. Transparent materials, on the other hand, allow you to see what is behind them.

(PICTURES ATTACHED)

Color is our visual perception of materials to differentiate them. The color that we see is the
reflected light. We see red as red and blue as blue because they are the colors that are in the light that is
reflected. You perceived colors through your eyes, and your brain makes sense of them. Thus, you see an
apple as red and a banana as yellow because their surface reflects red and yellow, respectively, captured
by your eyes and interpreted by the visual cortex in your brain.

(PICTURES ATTACHED)
Ductility is the property of materials to be stretched and pulled into wire or threads without
breaking. Most metals are good examples of ductile materials: gold, silver, lead, aluminum, and copper.

(PICTURES ATTACHED)

Density refers to how compact a material is. Materials with the same volume but different masses have
different densities. Think of a marshmallow. It is soft and when you squish it; it feels as if there’s air
inside. If you toast the marshmallow, it will melt and become small and compact. The table here shows a
list of materials and their density.

Densities of Some Liquids, Solids, and Gases

Material Density (g/𝒄𝒎𝟑 )

Liquids
Water at 4°C 1.0000
Water at 20°C 0.998
Gasoline 0.70
Mercury 13.6
Milk 1.03
 Material Density (g/𝒄𝒎𝟑 )
Solids
Magnesium 1.7
Aluminum 2.7
Brass 8.55
Copper 8.3-9.0
Gold 19.3
Iron 7.8
Zinc 7.14
Steel 8.03
Lead 11.3
Platinum 21.4
Uranium 18.7
Osmium 22.5
Ice at 0°C 0.92
Wood 0.67

Material Density (g/𝒄𝒎𝟑 )

Gases of Standard Temperature and Pressure
Air 0.001293
Carbon dioxide 0.001977
Carbon monoxide 0.00125
Hydrogen 0.00009
Helium 0.000178
Nitrogen 0.001251