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Chap31 PHY2049 PDF
Chap31 PHY2049 PDF
- Magnetic-Field Energy
- Transformers
1. Phasors and Alternating Currents
Ex. source of ac: coil of wire rotating with
constant ω in a magnetic field sinusoidal
alternating emf.
v = V cos ωt i = I cos ωt
v, i = instantaneous potential difference / current.
V, I = maximum potential difference / current
voltage/current amplitude. ω = 2πf
Phasor Diagrams
2
irav = I
π
average value
of Іcos ωtІ or
Іsin ωtІ
Root-Mean Square (rms) values:
2 I V
irms = (i ) av = Vrms =
2 2
i 2 = I 2 cos 2 ωt
di d
vL = L = L ( I cos ωt )
dt dt
(
vL = − IωL sin ωt = IωL cos ωt + 90 )
vL has 90º “head start” with respect to i.
Inductor in an ac circuit
i = I cos ωt
vL = IωL cos(ωt + 90 )
VL
v = V cos(ωt + ϕ )
dq
i= = I cos ωt → ∫ dq = ∫ I cos ωtdt C = q / vC
dt
I
q= sin ωt
ω
q I I
vc = = sin ωt = cos(ωt − 90 )
C ωC ωC
- R is independent of ω.
- XL and XC depend on ω.
- If ω = 0 (dc circuit) Xc = 1/ωC ∞
ic = 0
XL = ωL = 0
- If ω ∞, XL ∞ iL = 0
VC = IR
(amplitudes = maximum
VL = IX L values)
VC = IX C
-The instantaneous potential difference between terminals a,d =
= algebraic sum of vR, vC, vL (instantaneous voltages) =
= sum of projections of phasors VR, VC, VL
= projection of their vector sum (V) that represents the source voltage v and
instantaneous voltage vad across series of elements.
Impedance: Z = R 2 + ( X L − X c )2
V = IZ
Z = R 2 + [ωL − (1 / ωC )]2
ωL − 1 / ωC
tan ϕ =
R
i = I cos ωt
v = V cos(ωt + ϕ )
V I
Vrms = I rms Z = Z
2 2
Example 31.5
4. Power in Alternating-Current Circuits
1
P = VI
2
2
V I 2 Vrms
Pav = = Vrms I rms = I rms R =
2 2 R
1
P = VI
2
Power in a General Circuit
1
Pav = VI cos ϕ = Vrms I rms cos ϕ
2
5. Resonance in Alternating-Current Circuits
1 1
X L = XC ω 0L = ω0 =
ω0 C LC
6. Transformers
dΦ B dΦ B
ε 1 = − N1 ε 2 = −N2
dt dt
ε 2 N2
=
ε 1 N1
V2 N 2
=
V1 N1
V2 R
=
I1 ( N 2 / N1 )