< t Spstem ip Fok een aire 5 FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM 1, Movement - Skeletal system provides points of attachment for muscles. Your legs and arms move when the muscles pull on the bones, 2. Support - The backbone is the main support center for the upper body. It holds your head up and protects your spinal cord, Protection - The bones of your skull Protect your brain. Your ribs protect your lungs and heart from injury. ‘Makes Blood - Red and white blood Cells are formed by tissue called "marrow, which is in the center of the bone, 5. Storage - Bones store minerals, such as Calcium and phosphorus, for use by the body. FOUR BASIC BONE SHAPES 1. Long - arms, legs, fingers 2. Short - wrist and ankles 3. Flat - skull and sternum 4, Imegular - spine TYPICAL FOUR LAYERS OF THE BONE: @. Periosteum: Covers Bones b. Compact Bone: Lies beneath the periosteum ©. Spongy Bone: Lies beneath the compact bone d. Bone Marro spongy bone AXIAL SKELETON — includes the skull, spine, ribs ‘ond sternum, ils the gaps between the Cranium (Skull) — Rests on the superior end of ihe vertetoral column (backbone). Grouped inlo two categories: Cranial and Facial Bones, 1. Cranial Bones (crani — brain case) a. Frontal bone ~ forehead b. Temporal bone - temple; inferior lateral aspects ¢. Parietal bone - wall; sides and root d. Occipital bone - back of the head: Posterior part 2. Facial Bones 2. Maxilla (plural: maxiliae) - unite to form the upper jawbone . Mandible (mand ~ chew) — lower jawbone; largest and strongest facial bone Vertebral Column (Spinal Cord) |. The Cervical region/vertebrae (neck bones) ~ smaller than all other vertebrae 2. The Thoracic region/vertebrae (the ribs ‘attach to) ~ larger and stronger than cervical vertebrae 3. The Lumbar region/vertebrae (the lower Part of the back) - largest and strongest Of the unfused bones in the vertebral - column’ Sacrum ~ triangular bone formed by the union of five sacral vertebrae. Serves as a string foundation for the pelvic girdle. Coceyx - like the sacrum, is riangularin shape. Arliculates superiony with the apex of the sacrum, Thorax ~ refers to the entire chest @: Sternum (Breastbone) - flat, narow bone located center of the anterior thoracic wall,cong Bae Humans) f rane i i b. Ribs - Gives structural support to the ‘Carpus (Wrist Bones) - Proximal region of the sides of the thoracic cavity. hand a. Carpals b. Metacarpals c, Phalanges APPENDICULAR SKELETON — includes the ‘appendages of the body, which are the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs. Slavicle (Collarbone) - holds the shoulder joint ‘away from the rest of the upper body and is ‘only as thick as your ile finger. Scapula - located on the back side of the “acage and helps provide part of the shoulder jeint and movement for the arms Humerus (Upper Arm Bone) - Longest and largest bone of the upper limb. Articulates proximally with the scapula and distally with ‘the radius and ving, Radius - Located at the lateral aspect of the forearm {thumb side) Femur thigh bone, longest, heaviest, ond Una - Located at the medial aspect of the S¥oniges ona In the body foreorm [ittle-finger side) Patella (kneecap) ~ small angular bone located anterior to the knee joint Tibia (shin bone) - larger, medial, weight- bearing bone of the leg. REVIEWER IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION 1 | MADE BY: GIO AQUINOA ula — parallel and lateral to the tibia, ynsiderably smaller. Help stabilize the ankle Hinge Joint - Movement at joint in one direction like a door: Ex. Knee and Elbow ‘enkle) proximal region of the foot and Torsus ( consist of the tarsal bones: a. Tarsals b, Metatorsals j/ cc. Phalanges 4 orf Caleaneus ~ heel bone Fixed Immovable - Joint does no! move: Ee Skull Gliding Joint - Bones sii with a free flowing movs ipping over other bones ement; Ex. Knuckles JOINT OF THE BODY all and Socket Joint - Round end of bone filling snuggly within another bone; Ex. ‘Shoulder and Hip‘Tendon — Attaches muscles to bones PROBLEMS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM 1. Fracture Break 2. Dislocation - Out of joint 3. Sprain - Swelling in joints 4. Arthritis ~ Inflamed and stiff joints 5. Scoliosis - Curvature of the spine $ Osteoporosis ~ Britle bones EP YOUR SYSTEM WORKING WELL Exercise every day Eat all the right amount of servings of each food group every day. Drink at least 3-4 glasses of milk a day. Eat 1-2 vitamins a day. It will keep your bones strong, FACTS ABOUT OUR BONES There are 305 bones in your body when you are aibaby, but there are 206 bones in your body when you are an adult Half of your bones are in your hands and feet Girls stop growing at the age 16 Boys stop growing at the age 18. Your bones are made of bone marrow, which is where red and white blood cells come from ‘ihe longest bone in your body is your femur, {tis 1891/2 inchesjong when you are an adult. The smallest bong in your body is ear foints in yourbody. There are 37 bonesin your hand. ‘Your face has 14 bones in it. There are 6 bones in your pelvis Your leg is the fastest growing bone in your body There is a total of 22 Bones in your skull and 26 bones in your spine. ‘The hardest part Of the bone is thevouten part ‘An adult's rib cage has 12 ribs A giraffe has the same amount of bones iivits neck as you have in your neck. Its neck: just longer.V . The Skeletal System Anterior Posterior _——vina—_, , Ce ot‘Museutar system + ease oftsues nthe body withthe ay eben APS “euscles ore responsible forall types of body movement the machine of the body. Three Basic types of Muscles © Skeletal Muscle © cardiac Muscle & Smooth Muscle Trivia! muscles make up 40% of your total body weight (BM) aa nse muses are found the mide eat (stapes) Ae juse' a mma in Henge, FS purpose sto stable the smallest bone Inthe oY, the STAPES. = To take one step, you use 200 muscles. «Yeur songue i the strongest muscle in your Bode pe takes 47 muscles to smile and 43 to frown. characteristic of Muscles 1. Contractability ~ its ability t0 they get shorter and thicker) they sor pac (when multe Reo gs a ee) Tlestcity ~ abliryto return to original lengthy tert ~ ability to respond to stimulus Tone~ ‘tight tension in the muscles ataltmes, even a re5- shorten and thicken (when muscles work they contract eh vaee characteristic of skeletal Muscle Voluntary ~ subject to conscious control 7 Mostare attached by tendons to bones charaetertsti of smooth Muscle Y savoluntary=no ennselous control Stow, sustained and tireless ound mainly in the walls of hollow orzans jac Muscle ¥ Joined to another muscle cell at an intercalated disc Characteristic of Cardl Functions of Muscles 7 Produce movement ¥ Maintain posture Stabilize joints Generate heat tL ’ _— 2muscle Contractions Types oF potonic Contractions > The tension in the muscle remains constant despite a change in muscle length > The muscle shortens tsometrie Contractions > Tension in the muscles increases > The muscle is unable to shorten > Amuscle generates tension without changing length MUSGLE MAIN ACTION(S) Deltoid Raises your arm sideways at the shoulder Biceps Bends your arm at the elbow Abdominals Pull in your abdomen. Flex your trunk so you can bend forward Quadriceps ‘Straighten your leg at the knee and keep it straight when you stand Pectorals Raises your arm at the shoulder. Draws it across your chest Lotissimus dorsi Pulls your orm down at the shoulder. Draws it behind your back Trapezius Holds and rotates your shoulders. Moves your head back and sideways Triceps Straightens your orm at the elbow Gluteals Pull your leg back at the hip. Raise it sideways at the hip. Gluteus maximus is the biggest Hamstrings Bend your leg at the knee gastrocnemius Straightens the ankle joint so you can stand on tiptoes ‘Muscle and Body Movement Movement is attained due to a muscle moving an attached bons. Effects of Muscles Results of increased muscle use Increase in muscle size Y Increase in muscle strength Y Increase in muscle efficiency, Y Muscle becomes more fatigue resistantTypes of Body Movements 1° 1. Adduction ~ moving a body part toward the midline, 2. Abduction ~ moving a body part away from the midline. 3. Flexion (Flexor) ~ decreasing the angle between two bones and body part. Extension (Extensor) ~ increasing the angle between two bones and body part. Rotation ~ a circular motion which turns a body part on its axis. ‘Sphincters ~ ring like muscles that close body openings. example: rectum Elevators ~ lift @ part of the body Nou 8. Depressors ~ lower a part of the body. 9. Supination ~ the act of rotating the arm so the palm of the hand is upward. 10. . Pronation ~ the act of rotating the arm so the palm of the hand is turned downward. Types of Body Muscles Y Prime Mover-~ muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement. Antagonist - muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover, Symergist - muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation. Naming of Body Muscles. -) Direction of Muscie Fibers Y Example: RECTUS (straight) Relative Size of the Muscle Y Example: MAXIMUS (largest) Location of the Muscle Y Example: many muscles are named for bones (e.g., temporalis) Number of Origi ¥ Example: TRICEPS (three heads) Location of the Muscles ‘Origin and Insertion Y Example: STERNO (on the sternum) Shape of the Muscle Y Example: DELTOID (triangular) ‘Action of the Muscle extends o bone) Example: FLEXOR and EXTENSOR (flexes 0"ine WMP muscle Disorders Muscular Dystrophy: inherited, muscle enlerge due to creased fat and connective tissue, but Muscular D , fbers degenerate and atrophy. ~ Duchenne MD: lacking a protein to maintain the sarcolemma, ~ GerebralPalsy.- very common congenital disorder that affects the posture, balance and motor functions. ~ Masthemia Gravis - progressive weakness due to a shortage of acetyichotine receptors. 7 Muscle Cramps - Cramps in muscles can occur suddenly and Involuntarily, in one or more muscles. Overusing a muscle or pinching nerve can cause a cramp. Polymyositis it affects the systemic connective tissue ‘Causing weakness and muscle atrophy. Types of Joint Movements Joint Movement v ELBOW FLEXION =; ‘decreasing the ‘angle between the lower. ‘arm and the upper arm, ~ ELBOW EXTENSION — ‘increasing the angle between the lower arm and upper arm. Vv KNEE FLEXION. decreasing the ‘angle between the lower leg and the upper leg. Y KNEE EXTENSION - dESSézitzthe angle between the lower leg and the upper teg. ¥ SHOULDER ADDUCTION ~ ‘decreasing the angle between upper arm and the side. v SHOULDER ABDUCTION ~ increasing the angle between ‘upper arm and the side. SHOULDER FLEXION — creasing the angle between the upper arm and the chest. ¥ SHOULDER EXTENSION — Utreasing the angle between the upper arm and the chest, SHOULDER HORIZONTAL FLEXION ~ decreasing the angle between the upper arm and the chest. SHOULDER HORIZONTAL EXTENSION ~ increasing the angle between the upper arm and the chest, HIP FLEXION — decreasing the angle between the thighs and the torso. HIP EXTENSION — increasing the angle between the thighs and the torso. Y TRUNK FLEXION — decreasing the angle between the chest and the stomach. ¥ TRUNK EXTENSION ~ increasing the angle between the chest and the stomach. Y ANKLE FLEXION ~ decreasing the angle between the foot and the shin. Y ANKLE EXTENSION ~ decreasing the angle between the foot and the ca ee WRIST FLEXION - decreasing the angle between the palm and the unders aide of te ore nder alm and the u Y WRIST EXTENSION - increasing the angle between the P