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  • Investigation of The Strength of The Connection Between A Concrete Cap and The Embedded End of A Steel H-Pile - State of Ohio Department of Highways (1947)

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    Article of the State of Ohio Department of Highways on the strength of pile caps on steel piles

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    Investigation of the strength of the connection between a concrete cap and the embedded end of a steel h-pile - State of Ohio Department of Highways (1947)

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    Article of the State of Ohio Department of Highways on the strength of pile caps on steel piles

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    126 views43 pages

    Investigation of The Strength of The Connection Between A Concrete Cap and The Embedded End of A Steel H-Pile - State of Ohio Department of Highways (1947)

    Uploaded by

    Vítor Freitas
    Article of the State of Ohio Department of Highways on the strength of pile caps on steel piles

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    OH WF. 19/a2t Highways, Deet of dh! Y __OMIO STATE LIBRAR) DOCUMENT DEPARTMENT ‘THE STATE LIBRARY OF OHTO 274 t' AVENUE COLUMBUS, OHIO 43201 ave 10 8 RESEARCH REPORT NO. 1 INVESTIGATION OF THE STRENGTH OF ‘THE’ CONNECTION BETWEEN A CONCRETE CAP AND THE EMBEDDED END OF A STEEL H-PILE MURRAY D. SHAFFER, DIRECTOR FRANK-M, WILLIAMS, ASSISTANT CHIEF ENGINEER, DECEMBER 1, 1947 3 6500 00148 7518 | vs ‘THE STATE LIBRARY OF OHIO 274E 1°" AVENUE COLUMBUS, OHIO 43201 STATE OF OHIO DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS RESEARCH REPORT NO. 1 INVESTIGATION OF THE STRENGTH OF THE CONNECTION BETWEEN A CONCRETE CAP AND THE EMBEDDED END OF A STEEL H-PILE MURRAY D. SHAFFER, DIRECTOR FRANK M, WILLIAMS, ASSISTANT CHIEF ENGINEER DECEMBER, 147 I TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction. Description of Tests.. Series Series Series Series ‘D’.. Summary of Specimen Design Data....... Summary of Concrete Data..... Specimen Design Drawings........... Photographs of Methods of Testing. Results of Load Bearing Tests......:.+0--5 Summary ‘A’ Series. Summary 'B’ Series... Summary ‘C’ Series.. Summary ‘D’ Series... Stress-Strain Diagrams... Photographs of Specimens. Discussion of Results....... General Series ‘A’. Series ‘B’. Series ‘C Series ‘D’... Load Carrying Capacity of 10" Pile Heads. Conclusion. . . Summary of Maximum Elastic Load-Deformation Dai ry 13 41 sheetineees 16 18 19 20 21 29 69 70 aa eeaen eat gD. 73 76 8 9 ACKNOWLEDGMENT ‘Thanks is extended to The Ohio State University and especially to Professor J. R. Shank, Assistant Director of the Engineering Experiment Station, for the use of testing equipment located in the Station. INVESTIGATION OF THE STRENGTH OF THE CONNECTION BETWEEN A CONCRETE CAP AND THE EMBEDDED END OF A STEEL H-PILE INTRODUCTION This investigation was begun late in 1945 by the Ohio Department of Highnays with the intention of obtaining information on the strength and behavior of the connection between a concrete cap and the embedded end of a steel H-pile when loaded to failure in a manner to cause the pile to be pressed into the concrete. It had been fonnd that there was a lack of factual data on this subject. Designs had been based on the assumption that an auxiliary bearing device was required at the top, enbedded end of a steel H-pile project- ing nto a concrete cap or footing, to prevent a high compressive stress per square inch in the concrete bearing directly on the surface of the end of the pile. It was customary to fasten a plate or similar device fon the end of the pile, usually welded thereto, to increase the contact area. This practice was similar in Ohio and elsewhere. The Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges (Fourth Edition, 1944) of the American Association of State Highway Officials required that: ‘For piles supporting concrete footings, piers or columns, the piles shall be capped with bearing plates not less than 3/4 inch thick except that in cases where the embedment of the pile in the concrete is 5 feet or wore, and the transfer of load is effected through bond and direct bearing, the plates may be omitted. The cap plates may be con- nected to the pile by either welding or riveting. Where dependence is placed! on bond and the piles are encased in thin sections of concrete, they shall be enclosed with 1/4 inch round reinforcing steel. The caps shall have two air holes to prevent pocketing of air while concrete is being poured.’ The 1939 Construction and Material Specifications 6f the Ohio De- partment’ of Highways required that: ‘Tops of piles encased in contrete shall be provided with steel bearing plates suitably fastened to the piles so as to avoid displacement of the plate and to provide even bearing on thé pile. These plates shall be of such size that the bear- ing on the footing concrete shal! not exceed 1000 pounds per square ne ee inch." The Jonuary 1947 Construction and Material Specifications of the Ohio Department of Highways, which were printed after the first two series of these tests had been completed, make no mention of a plate or other auxiliary bearing device since it was contemplated that the type and size of the.bearing device would be called for on the plans. The January 1946 Specifications for Design of Highway Structures of the Ohio Department of Highways limit the stress per square inch in concrete bearing on the surface of the end of a steel H-pile to 1800 pounds per square inch for Class ‘C’ concrete (6.3 sacks per cu. yd.) and to 1350 for Class ‘E’ (5.5 sacks per cu. yd.). The increased values in the 1946 design specifications (as com- pared with the previous permissible 1000 for either Class ‘C’ or Class ‘E’) were selected as a compromise. Several engineers in the Department believed that a much greater value could be used, such as 2500, and that such a greater value would be conservative since the contact concrete which is subject to high compression is in a confined position (surrounded by concrete not subjected to direct compression) and not at or near the edge of the concrete member as in a conventional test cylinder or as the compression side of a beam. However, since such suggested greater value would have been quite out of line with conventional national practice, it was considered advisable to use lesser increased values in the new design specifications, the pre~ paration of the text of which was completed late in 1945. The greater unit stress suggested, such as 2500, would not usually have obviated the need for an auxiliary bearing device but a lesser area would have been permitted to supplement the top area of the H-pile, and the device could have been of a type that would have interfered much less than the bearing plate with the placing of concrete arqund the top of the pile. DESCRIPTION OF TESTS ‘The bearing capacity of concrete caps or footers for steel H-piles or coluans, as reported herein, was studied in four series of tests comprising a total of forty-seven specimens. The series are designated by the letter preceding the test specimen number and a brief description of test designs are given in Table No. I. A detailed description of each test series follows. SERIES "AY Specimens: The test specimens for the ‘A’ Series, with A-9 the one exception, consisted of 12 inch lengths of 6” x 6" and 10" x 10" H-piles, with both ends milled to a reasonably accurate surface (+0.001"), embedded approximately 6 inches in a cast concrete block 23-1/2 inches square and 18 inches in depth. Test No. A-9 consisted of a free 12 inch length of 6" x 6"H-piling placed in direct bearing against the side of the un- damaged concrete block of Test No. A-8. The 6" x 6" H-pile sections were used in all tests of the ‘A’ Series except Test No. A-6 where the 10" x 10" H-pile section was used. Class ‘C’ concrete (6.3 sacks per cu. yd.) was used in Specimens Nos. A-1 through A-6 inclusive, and Class ‘E concrete (5,5 sacks per cu, yd.) was used in Specimens Nos. A-7 through A-9 inclusive. The sides of the H-pile sections used in Specimens Nos. A-4 and A-5 were greased to reduce the effect of side bond with the concrete and permit the énd bearing strength to be measured independently of the side bond strength, The properties of the congrete used in the ‘A’ Series are giver in Table No, II, entitled ‘Summary of Concrete Data’. The design of the individual test specimens are illustrated in detail by Figures 1 through 9: inclusive. Testing Procedure: A screw type testing machine of 500,000 pound capacity was used to determine the bearing strength of the H-pile specimens of the ‘A’ Series. The concrete block base of the specimen was set on the weigh - ing platform of the testing machine in a plaster of paris and portland cement cap, covering the entire bottom surface of the concrete block. The compressive load was applied directly to the top machined end sur- face of the H-pile section through a spherical head compression plate. The load was applied at the rate of 0,052 inches per minute (compres- sion. head movement) until failure of the specimen. An Anes dial, Yeading in thousandths of an inch, was mounted to record the deformation in the pile head by measuring the movement between the machine head and the weighing platform. Applied load readings were recorded for each 0.010 inch head travel of the machine. SERIES "BT Specimens: ‘A total of four specimens was used in the tests of the ‘BY Series. Specimens B-1 and B-2 were designed to test only the bond petween the sides of a 10" x 10" H-pile and the concrete, and were recessed 6 inches from the underside of the block to the bottom of the H-pile to eliminate end bearing. Specimens B-3 and B-4 were designed to test the end bearing capacity of a 6" x 6" H-pile embedded 9 inches in a plain concrete block 18 inches in depth. The sides of the H-piles were coated with paraffin to eliminate side bond with the concrete. The specimens cf this series were made from Class ‘C' concrete (6.3 sacks per cu. yd.), and the properties of the concrete used are given in Table No. I]. The design of the individual test specimens are illustrated by Figures 10 and 11. Testing Procedur: The specimens were tested in the same machine and at the same load rate as for the ‘A’ Series. The specimens of this series were sup- ported on the entire bottom edges by a soft wood square frame, 1-1/2 inches thick and 3 inches wide .on all sides. The deformations recorded represent the average of two Ames dials, reading to thousandths of an inch, one on each side of the protruding H-pile section and located s0 as to measure the distance between the traveling head of the testing machine and the top surface of the concrete block. This’ eliminated the deformation due to the crushing of the wood frame bearing support base. SERIES "Cc" Specimens: ‘This series of tests comprising a total of twenty-two test speci- mens were all made from Class ‘E’ concrete (5,5 sacks per cu. yd.). All H-pile sections employed in this series were 10" x 10" at 49 Ibs., and all concrete blocks were 33 inches square. ‘The H-pile sections were suspended in the concrete form by steel clamps supported on the sides of the forms. These clamps were not released until the concrete had completely set (24 hours). The depth of the concrete heads inthis series vary from6 inches to 2% inches, and the embedment of the H-pile sections varied from 6 inches to 18 inches and such embedment represented from 25 per cent to 100 per cent of the total depth of the concrete head. Specimens C-5 and C-6 were reinforced with three circular hoops of 3/4 inch round deformed steel bars, and Specimens C-7 and C-8 had a 3/4 inch plate welded to the embedded end of the H-pile to increase the end area in direct bearing against the concrete. All specimens except C-5 and C-6 were plain concrete. Specific test design details applicable to each pair of specimens (consecutive odd and even numbers) are given in Figures 12 through 22 inclusive. The concrete data and method of curing the specimens are given in Table No. II. Testing Procedure: A screw type testing machine of 1,000,000 pound capacity was used to determine the bearing strength of all the H-pile specimens of the ‘C! Series. Specimens C-1 through C-20 inclusive, were supported on all of the bottom edges by a square steel frame, 1 inch thick (solid) and 2 inches wide, bolted to the weighing platform cf the testing machine. The four-edge base support frame is illustrated in Plate 1. Two of the same size edge support bars were placed parallel to the H-pile web in such a manner as to provide support for the concrete block on two opposite sides of the bottom surface of Specimens C-21 and C-22, All specimens of the ‘C’ Series were set on the steel sup- port bars with e mixture of plaster of paris and portland cement caps. The method of aligning and capping the specimens is illustrated by Plate 2. The test loads were applied at the rate of 0.0315 inches per minute of machine head travel for all tests of the 'C’ Series. Deform- ation was recorded with two Ames dials placed on opposite sides of the H-pile section, as illustrated in Plate 3, and measured the distance between the moving head of the testing machine and the top of the concrete pile head. The average of these two readings was recorded as the deformation of the specimens. On some of the specimens of this series a third Ames dial was placed to measure the distance between the moving head and the weighing platform of the testing machine, | Specimens: | 4 ‘The specimens of the ‘D’ Series were identical to the specimens of the ‘C' Series in regard to the horizontal dimensions of the con- tt ig di crete head, size of H-pile sections, and the class of concrete used. g 2 @ 4 The H-pile sections were embedded 6 inches in the concrete head of all 2 Be 33/2 2 <3 i specimens of this series. Specimens D-1 and D-2 were 16 inches in g 82 88) 3 x BS fi depth and were reinforced with three circular hoops of 3/4 inch round # 8 2 Beeeete ieee 7 3 38 ‘ deformed steel bars. Specimens D-3 and D-4 were 18 inches in depth and e |} Ges s3] 8 g a i had the H-pile end bearing area increesed by a 3/4 inch plate, but were f fees ge] ¢ 22 Bues i not reinforced. ‘Specimens D-5 through D-8 inclusive, were 24 inches in & £8 33| 3 52 S305 i depth and were reinforced with @ mat of 1 inch round deformed steel 5 2egzgzzag | 3z zzSezzzzzzz| 22% ‘ bars spaced on 6 inch centers in both directions of the horizontal Ee Bindeddwe | oa] ddcd8833533) 2598 ali plane. The latter pair of specumens were also designed with bearing 225 [82 7 Rl plate across the embedded end of the H-pile, Specinens D-9 through esa | 528 Erle I D-12 inclusive, were 30 inch in depth of plain concrete with only 32q | $82 S| 22] sasessesess| seasee D-11 and D-12 having the additional end bearing plate. Specific test et gas | #2 a aa i design details applicable to each pair of specimens are illustrated 3 ees a | in Figures 23 through 28 inclusive. 2882 | 28¢ i | ‘The specimens of this series were cast in the normal attitude for esi) ee x. pile heads (differing from all previous specimens, where the pile 725 | ° i Saat sections were suspended from the top edges of ‘the concrete head form). ase a The pile sections were set in the bottom of a wood form having @ B° | she ee depth 6 inches greater than the desired depth of the concrete head. = Foo - The bottom 6 inches was then filled with thoroughly compacted soil me which held the pile section in place while the concrete was placed in - i the remaining depth of the form, The properties of the concrete used = 2. || eeee 2 Salles 28 are given in Table No. IT. 4280 peepee ce cel oe ae Testing Procedure: ae sagreges: | ds] 22 oe e The method of testing the specimens of this series was identical fa a a with that of the ‘C'-Series, with the four-édge support being used on @. Ie s L all specimens. ge ls 2 a “is & i! seaesuee TABLE KO. 11 i SUMMARY OF CONCRETE DATA* cea sua | ave “Sasa FET e ‘aoe We [reste [ ovve | senses. 730.10 Se eas |e rears | nave | erm.tes./20.n | ‘ feast] eae aa |e aS Sar one ! T 7 2855 Ba | Tee aay cerca | as esa i ro 4 3 7 T T 3710 — B : - ae - 1 28 5720 oa : 7 i — 7 2 ae FIGURE | FIGURE 2 c 2h, 22 5.5 4 aut 2 28 3780 i 12.8. 4 Te z 7 2495 i 8, 142 16 Sete 28 2 ze A078. | cae | 6 b aati ss] 3 jes | t | 3590 § a: 0.°i2 5.5 | 2 -! 1 2 3270. “ius tna ots on rare Do | sevennt nOTES on coneaere oaTA TEST CYLINDERS WERE THE STANOARD 6" X 12° COMPRESSION CYLINDER, CURED IN HOIST ROOM FOR 2B OAS i 2. ALL CEMENT USED IN CONCRETE WAS AIR ENTRAINING » AIR CONTENT OF CONCRETE SHOWN IN PER i Cent By VOLUN a. 3. ALL CONCRETE PILE HEADS, EXCEPT A-1, WERE CURED 7 DAYS WITH WET BURLAP AND 21 DAYS IHC LA~ SE SON AIR AT "IO" F. SPECIMEN A-T CURED 3 OAYS WITH WET BURLAP BEFORE TEST. FIGURE 3 4. TEST SPECIMEN GROUPS UNDER SPECIMEN NOS. IN TABLE INDICATE CHE BATCH OF CONCRETE. Al) SERIES “A" 8 '9* CONCRETE MINED IN A ENE-EKG CAPACITY FOWER MIXER AT LABORATORY = SERIES a SEES oh toc ene FIVE SEPaRATE BATONS OF “ASIAN” CONCRETE : a 6. COMERETE PLACED. IN FORMS ANO AROUIO HAPILE SECTIONS BY HAND SPADING IN SERIES 'A°,°8" AND 4 SRNPEGN Ala vtatarine Took was USED IN THEO" SERIES. Fi 1. ALL.CONCRETE WAS MROE USING NATURAL SAXO AND GRAVEL. ViNSOL RESIN’ (NEUTRAL IZED, ORY) WAS i AbbeD none Mix IN IME AGUT OF 0.01% BY HEIGHT OF CIENT e 2. CONCRETE CLASSIFICATION IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE O10 HIGINAY DEPARTMENT CONSTRUCTION AND reer Se ae ‘ : SOIGrTne SoeETeteations, Nctase °C" coneneve consisr™ oF aPeROXIMATELY (:5-1/2 VOLIME MIX ewe : Maotraths un ar GLP ATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF 4,000 L85,730, IN. AT 20 OAY AGE-CLASS be 2 ee hte sere OP APPRONIIATELY Vc8-1/ VEUM MIX, AM HAGA MINAS ULTRATEC * micoSi i" Enencn OF ac000" (35/501 TK, A 20 GAY AGE. STAENOTN DETERMINED BY. ABDVE, ay a FIGURE 5. FIGURE 6 9 e-- Coa atte FIGURE 7 FIGURE 26 FIGURE 25 FIGURE 20 FIGURE 28 FIGURE 27 FIGURE 22 FIGURE. 24 FIGURE 19 FIGURE 21 FIGURE 23 PLATE 1, STEEL SUPPORT RING USED IN SERIES C BOLTED IN PLACE ON WEIGHING PLATFORM OF TESTING MACHINE. PLATE 8, SERIES C SPECIMEN READY FOR TEST. 15 SERIES © SPECIMEN SUSPENDED ON TURNBLCKLES PEREPARATORY TO PLATE 2 ALIGNMENT AND CAPPING | 4 RESULTS OF LOAD BEARING TESTS ‘The maxiinum total load bearing capacities together with individual specimen design data, for the ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, and ‘D’ Series of tests, are summarized respectively in Tables Nos. III, IV, V and VI. Unit compressive stress values based on the maximum load and area of the H-pile section are also given. Data applicable to the H-pile sections employed in a series of tests are shown at the bottom of each summary table. Stress-strain diagrams have been prepared for each test specimen except A-1,,which was the preliminary test, and C-14, which was not tested due to a defective concrete head. These diagrams are illustrated by Figures 29 through 55 inclusive. In the test designs where paired (identical) specimens were employed, both load-deformation curves are plotted on the same diagram. The stress-strain diagrams are plotted to show the deformation in inches aid the total load in kips (1000 Ibs.). A second scale, parallel to the loading scale, indicates the correspond- ing unit compressive stress in the H-pile section in kips per square inch. In the test specimens illustrated by Figures 30, 34, 35 and 36, the applied load was released a number of times to determine the degree of elastic recovery in the deformed specimens. The curves illustrating released loadings are nunbered to enable tracing the elastic recovery of the specimens. In the ‘B’, ‘C’, and ‘D’ Series, Figures 37 to 55 inclusive, where specimen pairs were employed, the individual curves are identified by the test specimen number. In some of the tests of the ‘C’ Series, and all of the tests of the ‘D’ Series, the testing machine head-travel is plotted against the applied load and is identified by the letter ‘H’ after the test specimen nunber. The curve indicating the penetration of the H-pile section into the concrete head is identified by the letter “B’ after the test specimen number. ‘The conditions of the test specimens after loading to failure are illustrated in Plates 4 through 43 inclusive. All 6" x 6" H-pile speci- mens of the ‘A’ Series are illustrated by Plate 4, as the conmon failure was by buckling of the H-pile. Plate 5 illustrates the cracked concrete head of Test A-6. The indentation of the pile section into the concrete surface of Test A-9 is illustrated by Plate 6, and Figure $6 shows the results obtained by surface gage measurements of the indented area. In the ‘B’, ‘C’, and ‘D’ Series, photographic pairs are shown for each specimen tested to enable complete tracing of failure cracks appearing on the surface of the concrete head. suoyn00s arya fo vaso puo Poot tn40t wo pasey ssed}s 3349 (2) “IEE 995 Wp woN4d 0 eu0s MpDP UOHLDeE A114=F (T) soto orooi fawvas coon] wivia | oko | s2°6 at a O'ZI1 BiNvas GOOM: NIWId 9x9 00'6 gt ee €°901 fanvus coon) anise | o1xor | azo 8 oreit faves coon] -anizu | orxor | azo a Tapa] ee power | odd ‘poppoqea “°K yoding | pooy siid-u aug 1 yes BT aseg | 9010009 eog aye | 3% SLINSSY 1st QNIYVSE 7 VLVO NBHIOZES SBINaS 84 AUVHNS A *ON Tay tuopaos apgeg Jo ves0 pu Poot 120% wo POSEY scouts AIM (8) oe oe ware re | aera | are eee ed est ozo | orzo | oes | ages | ase fi em | woe 7 2 “e pide bur | obueis | yyieg | eouy syoq worsens MH (1) ome Siar oo a ee er Bee ertoe eo | are =v 3808 paar} ae | | a oar Faeraree[ ae | orf ae oer Sear aree] — maa | 9 ae 702 sae ares arias | aa [ 9 ore see eras [ amine | 98 ore 3608 sem anae[ ante | oro one aa a awe] ws | oo [ore Tay a eee iA per “yyoag. thea! a Pouran oda paRP=qHS oe oder peo ie eon a19908 oveg | 94220109 snéeg | 910009 S31UIS WV ABVHNS 1 ON 31M, ‘1 7Ns3¥ 1s3L ONIUVaS ¥ Viva WaHIO3dS 19 18 1093205 s1f-¥ £0 vaso puo Poot 10404 wo Posty sassouas 32u0 Sar) mas | ann ae ee se eee es re legen (aes ce a oor | ae | ee

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