Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Gas Distribution
Gas Distribution
15 May 2003
GAS DISTRIBUTION
GAS DISTRIBUTION
Any copyrighted material included in this UFC is identified at its point of use.
Use of the copyrighted material apart from this UFC must have the permission of the
copyright holder.
This UFC supersedes TM 5-848-1, dated 14 December 1990. The format of this UFC does not
conform to UFC 1-300-01; however, the format will be adjusted to conform at the next revision.
The body of this UFC is a document of a different number.
1
UFC 3-430-05FA
15 May 2003
FOREWORD
\1\
The Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) system is prescribed by MIL-STD 3007 and provides
planning, design, construction, sustainment, restoration, and modernization criteria, and applies
to the Military Departments, the Defense Agencies, and the DoD Field Activities in accordance
with USD(AT&L) Memorandum dated 29 May 2002. UFC will be used for all DoD projects and
work for other customers where appropriate. All construction outside of the United States is
also governed by Status of forces Agreements (SOFA), Host Nation Funded Construction
Agreements (HNFA), and in some instances, Bilateral Infrastructure Agreements (BIA.)
Therefore, the acquisition team must ensure compliance with the more stringent of the UFC, the
SOFA, the HNFA, and the BIA, as applicable.
UFC are living documents and will be periodically reviewed, updated, and made available to
users as part of the Services’ responsibility for providing technical criteria for military
construction. Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (HQUSACE), Naval Facilities
Engineering Command (NAVFAC), and Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency (AFCESA) are
responsible for administration of the UFC system. Defense agencies should contact the
preparing service for document interpretation and improvements. Technical content of UFC is
the responsibility of the cognizant DoD working group. Recommended changes with supporting
rationale should be sent to the respective service proponent office by the following electronic
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Hard copies of UFC printed from electronic media should be checked against the current
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AUTHORIZED BY:
______________________________________ ______________________________________
DONALD L. BASHAM, P.E. DR. JAMES W WRIGHT, P.E.
Chief, Engineering and Construction Chief Engineer
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Naval Facilities Engineering Command
______________________________________ ______________________________________
KATHLEEN I. FERGUSON, P.E. Dr. GET W. MOY, P.E.
The Deputy Civil Engineer Director, Installations Requirements and
DCS/Installations & Logistics Management
Department of the Air Force Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense
(Installations and Environment)
2
*TM 5-848-1/AFM 88-12, Chap. 1
GAS DISTRIBUTION
Paragraph Page
Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3
Safety requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3
Pressure Classes of distribution systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3
System planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3
Materials and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5
Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5
Plans and engineering data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5
Gas distribution system design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6
Appendix A. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Al Al
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1 B1
___________
*This manual supersedes TM 5-848-1/AFM 8812, Chap. 1, 1 December 1982.
1
TM 5-848-1/AFM 88-12, Chap. 1
C1
HEADQUARTERS
CHANGE DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY
GAS DISTRIBUTION
1. Remove old pages and insert new pages as indicated below: New or changed material is indicated by
a vertical bar in the margin of the page.
2. File this change sheet in front of the publication for reference purposes.
Official:
GORDON R. SULLIVAN
General, United States Army
Official: Chief of Staff
PATRICIA P. HICKERSON
Brigadier General, United States Army
The Adjutant General
MERRILL A. McPEAK, General USAF
Official: Chief of Staff
EDWARD A. PARDINI,
Colonel, USAF
Director of In formation Management
Distribution:
Army: To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-34E, block 0772 requirements for TM 5-
848-1.
Air Force: F
TM 5-848-1/AFM 88-12, Chap. 1
type of users or services affected by each potential service conditions under which they will operate or
shutdown. to which they may be subjected. In addition to the
(2) Low-pressure systems. Valves are required pressure regulating devices, suitable protective
on low-pressure systems only to meet the condi- devices to prevent accidental overpressurizing must
tions given in subparagraph f below. be provided. Suitable protective devices are as
f. Location of distribution system valves. A follows:
valve will be installed on the inlet piping of each (a) Spring-loaded relief valves conforming to
regulator station controlling the flow of pressure of ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section
gas in a distribution system. The distance between VIII, Division 1.
the valve and the regulator or regulators must be (b) Pilot-loaded back pressure regulators
sufficient to permit the operation of the valve used as relief valves and designed so that pilot
during an emergency, such as a large gas leak or a system or control line failure will open the regula-
fire in the regulator station. Valves on distribution tor.
mains, whether for operating or emergency pur- (c) Weight-loaded relief valves.
poses, will be readily accessible and easily operable (d) A monitoring regulator installed in series
during an emergency. Where a valve is installed in with the primary pressure regulator.
(e) A series regulator installed upstream from
a buried box or enclosure, ready access only to the the primary regulator and set to continuously limit
operating stem or mechanism is implied. The box the pressure on the inlet of the primary regulator to
or enclosure will be installed in a manner to avoid the maximum allowable operating pressure of the
transmitting external loads to the main. distribution system, or less.
g. Pressure regulators. Pressure regulators are (f) An automatic shutoff device installed in
necessary at all points where equipment or design series with the primary pressure regulator and set
requires reduction in or regulation of pressure. to shut off when the pressure on the distribution
Bypasses around pressure regulators will not be system reaches the maximum allowable operating
installed unless continuity of service is imperative pressure, or less. This device must remain closed
and the bypass is suitably regulated to prevent until reset manually. It should not be used where it
possible overpressure of downstream lines. might cause an interruption in service to a large
h. Central regulating and metering station. A number of mains or service lines.
central regulating and metering station is generally (g) Spring-loaded diaphragm type relief
provided by the gas supplier and is usually located valves.
near the entrance to the reservation. When (2) Controlling and limiting pressure in low-
provided by the Government, all necessary equip- pressure gas distribution systems. Each low-
ment will comply with the requirements of the gas pressure distribution system or low-pressure main
supplied from a gas source which is at a higher
supplier. An enclosure, if required, will be of fire-
pressure than the maximum allowable operating
resistant construction, such as masonry. Adequate pressure for the low-pressure system will be
provision will be made for ventilation. The design equipped with pressure regulating devices of ade-
of the enclosure will be coordinated with the using quate capacity. Other devices will be designed to
agency and gas supplier. A valve will be installed in meet the pressure, load, and other service condi-
the main supply line approximately 100 feet ahead tions under which they will have to operate. In
of the station. addition to the pressure regulating devices, a
i. Protection against accidental overpressurizing. suitable protective device to prevent accidental
Every distribution system and meter and connected overpressurizing must be provided and may in-
facilities will be provided with suitable pressure clude:
relieving or pressure limiting devices. (a) A liquid seal relief device that can be set
(1) Controlling and limiting pressure in high- to open accurately and consistently at the desired
pressure gas distribution systems. Each high- pressure.
pressure distribution system or main which is (b) Weight-loaded relief valves.
supplied from a source of gas at a higher pressure (c) An automatic shutoff device as described
than the maximum allowable operating pressure for in (1)(f) above.
the distribution system will be equipped with (d) A pilot-loaded back pressure regulator as
described in (1)(b) above.
pressure regulating devices of adequate capacity
(e) A monitoring regulator as described in
designed to meet the pressure, load, and other (1)(d) above.
Change 1
4
TM 5-848-1/AFM 88-12, Chap. 1
(f) A series regulator as described in (1)(e) standards on plastics. In addition, the latest infor-
above. mation issued by manufacturers of plastic pipe, or
(3) Design requirements for pressure relief and piping components will present in detail the special
pressure limiting devices. Such devices will: or specific properties and recommendations related
(a) Be constructed of materials normally to their products.
resistant to atmospheric corrosion externally and (2) Plastic piping materials are significantly
gas corrosion internally. more resistant to corrosion than metallic piping
(b) Have valves and seats designed so they materials being used for the distribution of natural
will not stick in positions which prevent the devices and other fuel gases. Galvanic corrosion of plastics
from operating properly. does not occur since all plastics are nonconductors
(c) Be designed and installed for easy main- and are not subject to electrochemical reactions as
tenance operation to check for leakage, pressure are metals.
rate actuation, and free valve movement. (3) All plastic pipes are significantly lighter than
(4) Telemetering or recording gauges. the same size metal pipes. Compared to steel pipe,
(a) Each distribution system supplied by more weight advantage varies from approximately 8 to 1
than one district pressure regulating station must be for polyethylene pipe to about 4½ to 1 for
equipped with telemetering or recording pressure fiberglass pipe; thus it is easier for the construction
gauges to indicate the gas pressure in the district crews to handle the plastic pipe.
line.
(b) On distribution systems supplied by a 7. Miscellaneous.
single district pressure regulating station, the a. Odorization. A suitable malodorous agent
designer will determine the necessity of installing will be injected into any gas which does not possess
telemetering or recording gauges in the supply line, a natural distinctive odor for the purpose of detect-
taking into consideration the number of buildings ing leaks. Unless the gas in the supply lines has
supplied, the operating pressures, the capacity of already been odorized by the gas supplier, it will be
installation, and other operating conditions. necessary to provide facilities for injecting a
malodorant. A storage tank and controlled device
6. Materials and equipment. for injecting the odorizing agent at a rate that is
a. General requirements. Materials and equip- proportional to the rate of gas flow, as determined
ment which will become permanent components of by pressure drop across an orifice, will be required.
a gas distribution system will be suitable and safe The point of injection will be on the downstream
for the conditions in the locality in which they are side of the central regulating and metering station.
to be installed. As a minimum, components will Recommendations can usually be obtained from gas
meet the safety requirements of Title 49, Code of suppliers for type and quantity of malodorant to
Federal Regulations, Part 192. To the extent prac- use and for suitable injecting equipment.
ticable, all materials will meet the requirements of b. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) systems.
ANSI B31.8 and the approval of the gas supplier. (1) Liquefied petroleum gases usually include
Plastic or steel pipe is preferred for distribution butane and propane or mixtures of them which can
systems. Cathodic protection is mandatory for un- be stored as liquids under moderate pressures of
derground ferrous gas distribution lines. Design of 80-250 psig at ambient temperature.
cathodic protection will be in accordance with TM (2) LPG gas distribution systems will be de-
5-811-7. Stations will be provided for testing the signed to comply with the requirements of NFPA
cathodic protection system. 58 instead of ANSI B31.8. Polyethylene and fiber-
b. Equipment specifications. The designer must glass pipe will not be used in LPG systems.
specify equipment compatible with the system’s
materials and operating requirements. In every 8. Plans and engineering data.
case, the safety requirements for equipment in a gas a. Plans. The plans will include a layout drawing
piping system will be comparable with those of the showing the entire distribution system and detail
piping components. drawings clearly showing pipe sizes, the location of
c. Plastic pipe. gas mains, service connections, details for
(1) In view of the rapid progress of technology abandoning gas piping, valves, and regulators.
in the field of plastic pipe materials, engineers ANSI B31.8 requires that abandoned gas lines be
should consult the latest issues of the AGA Plastic physically disconnected from gas sources. Shutoff
Pipe Manual for Gas Service; Title 49, Code of valves are not an acceptable means of disconnect.
Federal Regulations, Part 192; and the ASTM
Change 1 5
TM 5-848-1/AFM 88-12, Chap. 1
7
TM 5-848-1/AFM 88-12, Chap.1
curve, then the smooth pipe flow law is applicable. (b) If figure 1 shows the flow to be in the
In specific cases where the flow is rather high and range where the smooth pipe flow law equation or
a comparison of pressure drop between plastic pipe laminar flow equation (partially turbulent flow)
and steel or cast iron is desired, the following apply for the steel or cast-iron pipe being consid-
method is suggested: ered, then there is no advantage for plastic be-
(a) Determine whether partially or fully cause of reduced pipe surface friction.
turbulent flow formulas are applicable for figure 1 (c) If figure 1 shows that the rough pipe flow
using the given flow and pipe size. law (fully turbulent flow) applies, then there
8
TM 5-848-1/AFM 88-12, Chap.1
9
TM 5-848-1/AFM 88-12, Chap. 1
APPENDIX A
REFERENCES
Government Publications.
Department of the Army
TM 5-811-7 Electrical Design, Cathodic Protection.
Department of Transportation
Part 192, Title 49 of the Transportation of Natural and Other Gas by Pipeline: Minimum
Code of Federal Regula- Federal Safety Standards.
tions, 1979.
Nongovernment Publications.
American Gas Association (AGA), 115 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22209.
Plastic Pipe Manual for Gas Service, November 1977.
Orifice Metering of Natural Gas, Report No.3, 1955.
American National Standards Institute, Inc. (ANSI), 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018.
B31.8-89 & 1990 Addenda Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), United Engineering Center, 345 East 47th St.,
New York, NY 10017.
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and Interpretation:
Section VIII Pressure Vessels, Division 1 (1986; Addenda; Dec 1986, Dec
1987).
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103.
D2513-86a Thermoplastic Gas Pressure Piping Systems.
D2517-81 Reinforced Epoxy Resin Gas Pressure Pipe and Fittings.
D3350-84 Polyethylene Plastic Pipe and Fittings Materials.
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 470 Atlantic Ave., Boston, MA 02210.
58-1983 Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases.
* U.S. G.P.O.:1991-281-483:40070
A-1
PIN: 005623-001
The proponent agency of this publication is the Office of the Chief of Engineers, United States
Army. Users are invited to send comments and suggested improvements on DA Form 2028
(Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) to HQDA (CEMP-ET), WASH,
D.C. 20314-1000.
CARL E. VUONO
General, United States Army
Official: Chief of Staff
THOMAS F. SIKORA
Brigadier General, United States Army
The Adjutant General
JOHN M. LOH,
General, USAF
Official: Vice Chief of Staff
EDWARD A. PARDINI,
Colonel, USAF
Director of Information Management
Distribution:
Army: To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-34E, block 0772 requirements for TM 5-
848-1.
Air Force: F