Atou aud — pholow physics ® Lifecalupe —— (D More applied deows : P. Thorae, Spectroplyncs ” CChapman and Halt) A. P. Theene, TR. Goeneg Stewie and Laser Spachorcom" (Oxford Game Texts) EL Bectt J Orbs’ (Basson. west) +3. Wikeoy aud J. Haare, “Optocle cherie,” CPren hee alr) Crd More tear -oneted dilemabure Pry sits wf Riores omd Meleonen ” BH. rramiden and C-3. Seachoim © sapere ade Chapler 454, 15,16) . Prinaples of Ophea” Berne Wel "The Goatinn theo A hilat” Rloodan @ Pdeare mote “Tia Abert -stateg Dat by mo means Marke ond Purleay hoor, may be Meceranuy refec to reseacch arhdles whan apeuke topics +I Meussary we vole A2 along ual. ® Rao Winouded Cpacallel) cowcss nd (Parcel! Cousies+ Mhemic aud oval alr / © % Cunpectant for ao atom) “e _ + Rdvomed Goan hem Mme Chanith © fume - hopertiat fowl toma fuime = dUpenckeut peckuabahon Hany , omacgbe scotteuna @ Mouw topces from O% inne Slot Consequamith 2 _ Broadening, of the bound state, — NON -Va Wishing Probabs dh that te syslem Uy S85 A Mk atlonless NI FORMAN Comlor zahicn') A)Salection rules detovmune otter of Hee alysok - -Stated pours are allowed o¢ Rocbiddew @ we er awalyse tree of 1, Absve- staked proto iw more dell@ 2-Trommbion rates aud cckchon rubs @ Som plesk cotr: ene e- alem m an okchoma oa natic Rake ®© we wl corsidan etabivaliy ewtok Belly... tome Repardent pehrbahon Hay BON order 2. — Trawetien ambliludes Stachna pocnt: Cums dependent Schriding ee equahion 42 eHO = HOVERED » wile Heys LUPEQRRO) +vC2) 2m (Coulomb gaucp ie Velouly qaure or radiation Janse) H= Py ~@ (Re? +P.R) me = ied 2™ cad Position spauw P => -cay _ Pm i ao Wee PONE RGR) 5 2” Cosa - < : 7 YO ee Mer Marve y 7. (RW) 2 Ae (VY) ECLA Y = Rew) GQ) =tH2 RY = He uv £ +8 CP, Vt Bravery a Ho tind (&) 2m@ bo = -tt -2.% catomic Hertlenan) ew Aree ims OO * -ew @ WY 4 2 A Cumtecaehon wile tee fw o- 2m wear Bells We aie EO eRe 5 Sth => lon im P cam be neqhkeled om a~m ey Rela cam be treated ao Hint WO << He a peerbahon @) Teme -dobendont pelurbahor Haowy C1 ater oe enh Heetrbabion Hams C1 ater) Comore Aoteled Porwmak heatment : Mechanics) RAVomad Qvantium H = Ho +> Baa (©? Cun cue care zt) WoW @> = Ey Te l®) CUmbaturbedt Hamubtornan ques Hee Hyd Le Wavefunchis @Ansase : . oe fomciany VER t= LCL 4.) expficeye . th : > - . [é ClO 0m [WERE Tw Ck Cy cOKCH) < exp ret] = Lhe cw (2) exp eee] ? k n: co e ‘pts 3) 48> Hont Ce) Ce ©) Ye (Pr exe] ues J © kK ing Cu COY, Mer ieee BE OY rE). “ k ~ exp j-cEet Pee | = AWE, YC esl, “cext] + + BZ) ene) cp &) UY, 2) expl-‘eut]} « 6 pak Z cp lt, 7) exp [cB at | = Ly Hem lOc Ww. ‘ 5 le 4, Ce) expf-cent | w Makh plyma by He > ,dmbegrating and wang He Pact that VEY d= Soe, 5 HL EDe Wwe lave che) exp eee J : -CERt oes Cm LZ CEU Soe exp cent | sy WOVE). ke k iEnt ~H yar ey VERE *® AR HLWen t akep) = Fy Cele FD Pint Woh, de e ke > Wieb= (Ex -Ee) /%Fivot-order — perhebabon theory cant etait eT : ” Lo | Hout He? CelO& COE ACE TT we ~ Pdr « oe Dens Le] Vana fate Har Cd HCI A re g c Wren t 2 ao) => cpl?= 0 eon w ee Ch = LE Ce & ke un Armumplion das alten » waihally i a well Stahyrony slates Ya f= no ~tWng t w } Ch = Lb < tol butlved e th nt = CWnat Ds t . 4 \ @ Preare mole eThe Pest wikgrak absve io nagPi gr bh unkers Wha % vo =P Ey & Earhw Physically , Hus wumbonds, fo aw absorp han funn Sslom ; dniballly aa slak Iba>, Abborked one lob Oud war oa stale Me> + The seumot wiegra above iy mnaghigc be mtorr bark -W =p Ey wea- hurPhisicaddy , thar vents pends te are @rurtton Plows Les atom D varhoty vin [Yes 5 Ryn Hed a ploton of sreerguy Tr) and da coy ed te ND + Transiben probahei by} csCO \* @absecpron drausihbou rate Foc sumpliakys we volt rider welowat Lyd u . ¢ 2 ; \f dw| > | \ | dos Cirle Rese kus s wr Wweshed out) A L => fe ol'= (gy (aus he (ee) \] 5 HL ° analy deo a oO 2 c ae 6 = | (ae! apLiemno) € [ ° cH L = | aH St visit | & ce [lt GS Gt ten BE-2 wt y Cl-cos Ea Sencctpy ei Jp et )- ° Approxcmahons Same HS function lars shar martimum at ITS Oy ae tiliy aie slowdy Vane ey tanns Be and Moa aNol w) 4 No (Wea) Mpe(w) © Mya loon) os ~ and set s du > f ae ~ =b> tla] (¢,) AZ (em? nated fo Sum (O Ea) a —— = oe ome a (ot _ f i J MOM a5 = lar X oh ot | SEX ax veo ray © tout x = wt/2 on SS W 2 Ww i 1o$? >| 2) AS Cbg (en) [PE « Thereaes Enendy cake Hye Dehendr YORE Shongly om Kae tric hen anachex theminh Mog wd thy mmakex element Vawshes Ieee jio Tram hon role Wee = A] cro ie e : re AL PCO T(e.) AS (ob) |My | Th tor a the ke walewan by Pee woul omaulan Frequent ag a yee ES Cw) = tL 4 focw?hs Cw)- L bad - Wea 40 ( ce \ ee ECP | Canad | mc (Sree wee A The deawahew rae is mebarbonal te tig wally op Te radahon pola @ Pleas note for mt coder peturbahen erg, Har vale would be — probethernad te T” @ Avsorphen cwerr sch Whe = AMAR yy (dra) L (wba) mM Opa i aS et = bL (Fre Shucure umstant ) AMEohe 34 @ Stinwteted emisyon tromchion rate 7 ~ 4p pet T (v0 5 c War nt (20 \ | Ma, Cwrarl > Man = <4a\ op[-cP?ld.7 iy = {ut cP) erp[-ck er LEVY) Ve cchamged Hea Labels f the state») C Here we mre pede te skew Hat — * = Mao = Mn. => Wan = Woe Ite 4 Physica, tha uv commstert cake Ke panaplh o£ detitelbaka uma, ba am wdlos ure. Contam, atend and radabor, ov 24uik brivm, He transihew proba be aky frem a to 4 as tus samt ar Som b to a, Sor emg pour of States a,b @® Pleas nole eS Despite tue fact tuat Wea = Wave , sHmWlated emer oo ars where than apsorphion Tho 2 duc to the fact that +e urhal poplabon eh tue Wpen evel b ws drmaller tan that oh the Lower Sevel a. + SHmudated tmunwer beunwts denumimt Ga poputaben amvegsion % achieved CLAsee, MASER) ® Spoutaneous emcsiouw RPRVTAMCOUS emutsmiow A cigorous treatment of tris prouss Teauires a Fantom elechody namicaD howey . #2 | Sovne Mee provide an ad-hoc WMiscuceion epee ree eval (ret hee "BED fumabon rate Cabsorphen) , Ist orden peclurboshion Foy + of photons pos Wee = AT” (4 == IM pal’§ Cu 50.) om* \2T Eo) Vinpa, a — Vo lume. Lows h “Wants “ Ae Wlode amd tabesra na, ALOU yg Vv . =D W oa = 2 2 4 (2) se |Ura Cura) | mre \ aie) Use The Semi-lariud rexpt 0 vecoverea® AGED Mle for emission | yypvlaled MON — spon tansdis — Omrepyen . 4A Wo, = 41 (Ss ) Lrcoray +!) x 2 |e = Wee pee ame | meres ee Mot qurile te same ! Instead of Miwbed we have Nitwin)tl + Semi -Larcal adyaremaher Ulwe) S3) 50 teak Ppontenecu, ermuvion mange clect Cvedid for wens elds) Tr He absme of om extermod Beld NO and Wa, = 4m? Pa Sant Co Ve ba \Mbal § Cw -wee) To obtam the physiceh hewnhin rake Kee Alye- stated ahr wk be summed yaa the numba of allewed prom strbig Leto dw de> Var a @mic? sed ; aaah Coie Kk Summ ove leu recon vec, We, = AD a soe iB (5 .) [re toe} UR Cerna) | wd hes even alt augfas af omeumenWa 2.) - The Dipole Approki'matiow 2 Let A Gonniden tha rmahix efemenk eae = Sas U2) exp CE-8) E Va CR) aPe En mamy Coes tis matrix aferrent may be simplified by ax amin oe hws | ae eal + ®© Bee tH -order trum: elechte Bipoke Apjrommabhore @ Fivst- Nee fem: ekeetr’e quadrupole approcmahen / cmaoparic Atnele abjrodmation Tu +e aipde abpproimahon , «ROE, EC) depend oly or tua time + 7 Te rmoamabe Paka Vowwrhes ots oxk=0 ThA a veuy good ehrpremation oe obhod framaihienes Atomic otikamin: © 10 .cm _ on > belo sOpbead wavevector: k= 2 wio%em! x Sue the wavelongle of the radahon afl la once Larger thaw the atoru'e clustanes rnvelved His ba tong tiavellong the Upyprocama hon + Tie dipole apprommabion breaks clown for Wah Peg tamag Cog. X-Ray) badaahing @ Transition matax ohm ont Moo = e+

5Using the Heisen beng, equations of mohon fort » ©) WL Uhy TRA] L CoKy' TR Hol CMe Beko a poduabahyn) “1 d =P bp thlead - 1 (Eo-&) AWIzl das im Mee = tim d aes = PRas (= E (wpe) |é mu CAL 4aTE, 2 = anys ) 16.3.1 ont (Gan TE CWpad bo B.D be = Componmt ef the ap Matix okemnt otheng Fue polomzahion of He cadiahon gavel Please note Tha framntion defned by Uba v an elect dspolg Fromm hen Pig = O ap the tonto YQ focbrdd.en Dra 0 =p the transihon Ww allowed® Example let us cormidea B4dcoqgm om a amunochvemahe ald e of Prequtmus a alimg Hoe Ox's Assume. twat the apole Aro maher iy yosid Compute fue trawnHou rate ma y e-3 responding, be “ees ae Le) Hee) | € el Gorrespondna, a me -plolow absocption poar belwan tte ls stale aul (ad Tro 2P state tb) Te as State a (a) El). Evo dumut be m 2) ome 4 mo wet ap \6 ° Twihal state: iss Ride) Yo = 2(2 ole 5.) meee). t =e tonal state: WY Var = ™ aps Raley 4) (82 donot wuss bo Urbich, ne the s ‘ eH Shem wht ° Yap: 22% " , se GEN (0) wera] 1" oo A SP Ae Troms hon Pr qutmay: ba = Wesae? 3B ae (2a) Dipole mature alent Dag = ~e Xe wk be 2 Pye SMD PCatExpat axpwrmion eo ¥ A A Pz CSOD ErsmecHy ex tesine Sime ey ve Sact teat Uawnay oe , Yi ce, #9 smecah = \28 [vi (ore _ smo sing = © )2E' [,c0,6) #41 Ce) cae = \2 i cof wl : (eats a (ar ye de + PE" Lat wi] én Ss . 5 a lame one - =? Ve afuentetn ote fal Ya ee | vi] + PE Ly ide] ° om : ' + Rugula, rabegral: te wll ua SYP 00, p97 C6198 «Slang zt 2 components (tm yo 40 2 Sang 6S + tam ~! ' X Lompontnt Sy; IM =) ] 2% = Spi ~ Sop i gy Compomnt SYP [4 47) AB = Sonat #8w =p Va = 28 (2 1 a = Yo —= Smo ez ee ieee Simm | ex + 3 oo 6 ci FLL samy t Sams] cy i 1 ; praiz ed G Assumption The techie Fuld co Hermeadly polanz ed alow. fe. Hee, oly Von 22 wile coutibute Fhe 82 = hms V3 2 Wra> 4D fi. Teva) [C Suyo CeCe ‘3 © Please vote Ti wstead;our fasen fuld wore crudtankg polaveed , the stheation Would be Aiffeccct FE ~& tw Reecey] + signs ak = Fee Cd + cdy) Yow exe = Cr Foyt S m0] NGFa bg FE Le ET Sm Sami] ‘e C1 Gens! v3 =p ty tur care, Ho toma tivon fem Is to tee = War (Ext€ |= 2p state unk me | Ww aldeused Soman, Ra Cex ey )= = Sm\ => tramsihen to tue state wit m=-! & allowed Ch) Lefer assume mow Hak, brkeael vf 2p, the exated e otate ob tf upich tue trom! on should oCa bb 26 ° Twi tal state: Rigi Yo = Vis Frat State > Vos: Reo y,? Dipole malnx vornunt eee Iws, ae Oe?) dn °F ete Re co ae [i ale A YoY Yo as 4 VA BYb9.0. * fye YE ye \s & ASLaf | eon . . Yi Ye yé dam) YIN: Yeas. ) Kv ae wale valle « f$eneBa \ + Yo ie “fp NE Mane ig 20 Ko yt! (vi Mi Noa = ; i Yet Ceo oo =O => Th ae e transition ds sass uttun the Kole AP poemahou ,o focbed den These are examples » A Poe temchewy eee 2-e>- Selection cdo ection we) Letus wmida an akan im a radahon fut We wich to knou Anes temachows ove allowed amd coltch umes Cr di dduy @ To poctane — a 4 SeLecNow RULES Be ~Allows oe to determine which trations are allowed ond forbJdon one tre ounguon mmomention 4 vankum mumbink ave staabicg ¢ vat] Wlpbat comping Hoe spectra) Tull te comohing ty pitas of ent valiahve,ey Foc convene , we will wete the pele opeatoc ce xes t yew t 26 im torms of cls Wrmpenent m the Sphirniear bows 1 & eo, Eat, dort. a a A A a A A A Be ee) ree ee, ch 8) rey Bn + Deporte coms pon Cnty aE a V2 p= —Léeecyy= ©( 42 cas reps ( FY 00,89 alg fos vy = Fe (2B) 7400.6) @ Eudae dipole trann how en Tha trambon ampectude depends me Ta Eg 1 od kpole, 1 mane Polavzahoy rant Vector haf -steale wavefumchon YA (#) = BOYS co, 8) Yul I= RmerCed Ye? Co) ee ee AL 6 ~ ap fy 7 = Fale fage (o> Rate’) © lp» Fan! 4 y 201%) 1, (o,4) Y "eas ° TaRada wbegw2 Iv: mon-Vanis luna Augular ubyret Ts. may Vanish Wuma tua fact Hot Yo dys eo? PeCcore) > we have jn 12 une 47° mo a ae can'g sig. ci Ta = [Pine P¥icme) Plume) AOE -\e ag a a L 4, — ~— OT Swe ee te I¢ ° Magneke Guamtum Nwmbers See ag aa 2 canals gid Wwe wh dan : uCm- w+ Lom Tp = 2 ae oO td #0 =p om —wale g _ (a) G22 c pot Leaken Veet w He 2 aicechon ) msm jC.e » Am = 0 CO) Ant Coney poloiand Sight) olsomtl 3 ce »{Aam = tI + Orbthel angulaa Mementunn ln Onemendur25) paler, apart Prom tui numer cod factors way be writer ay We wih wurde Te ' u Tey =f aceoe) Pe” Cume) Py (te) Ge, GF=0 6% wit Tes [acene? Pe (ume) Per (emo) Smo» G-F1 CH? - et see tyr We oS ne (2241 oe PeMeme) 2 (Rtt—mn) Py Cane) + (Aan) » «Py Cume) 1 =PT., * [oreo (es =) Pe | Cam0) Pr (Lars) ‘ 2e+) -1 | + (fu) pm 2. (4270) | PM (ume) (20+)) gssouated vw From ee entteogenal' by velahion of Hal dagtabe funchany [cene) Py Cine Partemey = 2148 G9 | Sa, 4! - : (240 41) (eer me)! =p Ouky Hee fermen for urbch og! = PH] survive =# That uty alsa, Homihou v ee] yes ——_}Proad abemra the Serme does but Long 7 an (24 sume Pe” ee) & Py." Come) - Br, (oes ° @ Please note :4a)The abo eos a ruke ane oro be understoud hr Unde. = = P--S Oe a w=Crtg =o f odd => YM oda 2 ee am oven ye 1 (2,0) Fy oe) Nive ome melo), fe4 mw — ~ Nounisuing, 4 fos wibeg vont wo even SP Ltt eve T2 2 odd, 2! even BR Raver, 2 odd =P The dipole opermatoc OntA comacts states oA a Hewat Pantha (Lapoute fe pute’) 2 Cb) TR thee adsts a spin-orbit COvplinay EQ@)E-S helwam Lamas ) the otabiowmy states of toe lech oa. fee quantum numb T-Tte mg tee 4 ” 215) 3 Om GaileNe he ai hos Ce polechou rubs Can Hon Oblawad by compolina the dipole moatarx sfemeuts wm tue basis of tue Ugenstates ef 3 wotaron Por ao Pabidgou ee transition T are Lv May A3d=Ot) , 320k. 425 Ate ti) Am,=0 41 AJ=O% NOT eo cbiddem -+1uis A due to te fact two 3 a nop celated to tuo packy of Hus eyed F2 Rand wR ave R004 Quam numbers mre can shoe have, DLs, &1 )O ao Ds=o The ruke, Mowever, breaks down oe Neavior okmeuts , Sima the spn -orber couplung, Quile Strova, Ww tus Care .6 @ Eudric Yusdvupole — trawi Hen / Mra, Liye hon Hen Let us mor connder the seumnd tevm of the axpanniay axp(te. PV Y14 Che Hee Tn tne core > Moa = de aN ou theNylx 9g + t2 les aL ox oud ee ee ny % ot ax ars A Dt Bing OF os om thd. emo es) AToge baer a te es a @) ae: [2to- Hor) i” eee Ex Ho ~ Hex | ib we Find (ea) x2 2 mx L2, Hol ae Er 22 > me Cx hol = 2% = M Cx bt (4b) 5.7 ME Seohed = 2 abe Be ap Cea + CPI = on [x PaiHed + Tx 5 he | »\ Pe =m fue, He | ae Matex alement (x) a Syl xaHe ~Hoxel gS ZHr So MOva Ld] x2|Va> 2H SL eMollyldad> fe tm Woe = ti Sy Chamagn ™s by £1 =D Dems = +} Ter wstead of Ly Sy we had Sz be) ee wourd IRE me 0 Ams =O =O Amezt!)O Qms= 41/0 a Note % Ty the pies me oe a -alet Coubeena, tne Ui gensta le, wh Ho ave me og fhe Quanto = mumbens &1 j Suce Che, 3*) 40 ter \4¥o abgue- steled = amaluxsdurmmant crn Uenrack States cnt Whe Samm 8 bab aaltteunt J Ta War case, we ave ESL) + Aye tle 41 O (3420 24s 37) amy >= ne The alone States a and b awk lave Hoe Sane pow Hy, . Fer a Wigorous Aekvahion oh ee Abrus ~ stated Slechion Vues) Soo an exphamahon bared on tue Wig nee -Eevact Hasem Coa. Coa RK. Corny 1 pp. 139) (tora Tannoudat 1 Compaurneuer Dy «For an atom ustose nucleus Was a PMaQMaNC momo , Meoogreheo dt pele tanith can tate pace hehoan two Wy pete — shuichive Lempsenb 64 fun Same Fk Shchure Level (BL=A52 43-0) but AEF Examble + Staley #20 and Fol of fea ahrmic hydrogen ad. State. @ Emde quaderpole teansifhions iw Mpa = = onbiba <‘4] eS Che lees Q combon aut of Hoe Bectre quadruple opuater Kee atom XZ & even, =7 ieouples Stahes of ke ShMe pawl,Sbpl ¥ z1WoS = far (7) xz Na le) APe Ye) = Bena Ye" (org Wa = Rumer? Yen fo, ~“ = eswmempb = « (2z" Lsieoedy eo, 2 zeines var! Niece ete iae tT ° al 3 Vile 06,8) hee y~v ' (o.4| wet = Sy Ww) x Y, Ce x Ys 66,4) Hence op Fa Ep ——____b C (Wwa) = ener, emsnty of vakathon ot the anawoanr Fre quem ow, Wpat Eb-Es h Ea Nba > the mmher of Ahoms mating tho tame Hen Prom 4a to b pec Hut time by Absochina, raddahan Moa > Ba Na Clue Y Einsteum Coa fitank foc absorphon Worn, eCCwrd= zs and tig &bSorphion rate Wha be atem m tuo Ape Upynartma Her. / a ltbal” & 6 Wha = 47% er 7 Sa SE (£5 \ recone Ro | cK 4iféo | Ao 1 oma "C CCube y AveR aging OV2aQ bona HOC wmpolavised alt) , weWea = an (= & Cla) [vba | * ZRH 4g Sinw Wea = Noo gar mag write Nb Wba 2 / et > pt —~ = Boa CCwba) =P = 4m e Ieeal Na tart Boa an ( al éo We wt Moubd Coumder fe wumber +t ates omakeng tue fromm tion bra pa Unit Hm, e 2, Nav Wa, = Aan Nb 4 Ww Ban Np C (wead Sa>ype SPowta€ols — shmulated trons hor / tramnhons/ ote tame | Quieibyium ap Nap = Nba Bava CCwoar= | hay + Bene (Hba?| No Nea. Mant Bab CCWbad C+) ae ees The System wm thunmag — @qealtbevumn. Hence 5 Na _ _ ne = exp)- (a-Eb)/u,7) | 2 on] Kees | an (= (say =P Kay + Bos CCwrad = exp (rove Bea CCunay ioi) =D Clunad= Sab Bg &xpl bwin (eT) —Baw CA) Ox tre other tand) sne the ators ink raciaher , ere wa op u& bru Clu wl oro be oven bey ew Phancie didtnbohen Laws > Cour) = hove _! at Tet exp [heen Mer) ~ | Menta (4) = GSD ae Bay = Boa Cprndple of tee do bites balan ey Unoy) Bap= RWha Bap Tees Sime au L = Wha = AW (i [Doal Baw = be # (are Ce (ara) we Find eo = Kobe aS (1 io? Wer sya LATE hay =4l0me 1 a Saar (Gre, )'Pe