tips Thursday, November 8, 2018 T oipot Ionization energy = ‘effective nuctear charg J someroaes “IE potential is the energy to take out e. So itis high at F b/c F no want its e out. Zeff shows how strongly each valence e is attracted to its nucleus, and it shows core energy charge. Atoms are getting smaller across due to e being strongly compressed together at the nucleus. And it's hard to take e out due to Zeff. 7 ectronegativtydference t 9% ionic character ‘Pond distance = bond energy multiple bonds are short but stronger *each bond has 2e Lewis Dot= look at valence e at electron configuration, get octet rule on each atom JONIC BONDS Bulk properties Lattice energy (-) : energy released through cation + anion make ionic Coulomb's Law= explains the force of attractions in relationship the charges of ions and the distance More lattice = more attractions b/w ions Find Lattice Energy: 1L. Look at charge. Higher + charge means higher lattice a. Effect of ionic charge (more charge = more exo (-) ) 2. Look at atomic radius. More atomic size a. Effect of ionic size (more distance = less exo ) COVALENT BONDS Discrete units Bond Energy (+) = indicate the supply of energy to separate atoms “found by intramolecular force (bonds within individual molecules) Vs lattice = "energy released! (.) = bonds are formed LOOK @ Intermolecular Force= the weaker attractions between neighboring molecular “explains how s--> I—-> g LDF: Occurs on every covalent/intermolecular forces. Big mass = more surface area (hotdog) = high Boiling point Comparing intermolecular forces: 1L. Look for LDF. Find the largest mass. (needs to be large difference)Cpk (color of atoms model) Thursday, November 8, 2018 1020 AM " B c N ° P si P s aa. Small atomic mass have tighter e clouds b. Big atomic mass have loose e, so create more temporary dipole moments 2. Similar mass=LDF are equal a. Look for h bonds i, Combines with F ON with... 1) HasH donor 2) Lone pairs/valence electrons as H acceptors a) HF works only (rest of Fno work = immiscibilty) li, Exceptions: H bond donors on CCI3H and CF3H b. Look for dipole dipole moment i. Find electronegavity difference 1) PERIOD 2 a) Oto 4 =nonpolar b) 5to2=polar ) Morethan 2) PERIOD 3&up a) 0 =nonpolar b) .1to2=polar ) Morethan 2= ionic ii, Polar or nonpolar SOuD 1. Fixed place = high inter force uauID 1. Closer = weaker inter force Gas 1. Empty space = lowest inter force