13 SHM

Physics 111: Lecture 24
Today’s Agenda
l Introduction to Simple Harmonic Motion

ç Horizontal spring & mass
l The meaning of all these sines and cosines
l Vertical spring & mass
l The energy approach
l The simple pendulum
l The rod pendulum
Physics 111: Lecture 24, Pg 1

Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) Horizontal
Spring
l We know that if we stretch
a spring with a mass on
the end and let it go, the
mass will oscillate back k
and forth (if there is no m
friction).
l This oscillation is called k

Simple Harmonic m
Motion, and is actually
very easy to understand...
k
m

SHM Dynamics
l At any given instant we know F = -kx

that F = ma
a must be true. k a
m
l But in this case F = -kx
d2x
and ma = m 2
dt x
d2x
l So: -kx = ma = m 2
dt
d2x k
2
=- x a differential equation for x(t)!
dt m

SHM Dynamics...
d2x k k
2
= - x define w =
dt m m
d2x 2 Where w is the angular

2
= -w x
dt
frequency of motion
Try the solution x = A cos(wt)
dx
= - w A sin (w t )
dt
d2x 2 2
2
= - w A cos (w t )= - w x
dt
This works, so it must be a solution!
Movie (shm)
SHM Dynamics... Shadow
l But wait a minute...what does angular frequency w have to

do with moving back & forth in a straight line ??
y = R cos q = R cos (wt)
y
1 1
2 1 2
3 3
p
0 q
x p
4 2
6 -1 4 6
5 5

SHM Solution
d2x 2
l We just showed that 2
= -w x (which came from F = ma)
dt
has the solution x = A cos(wt) .
l This is not a unique solution, though. x = A sin(wt) is also a

solution.
l The most general solution is a linear combination of these two

solutions!
x = B sin(wt)+ C cos(wt)
dx
= w B cos (w t )- w C sin (w t )
dt
d2x 2 2 2
2
= - w B sin (w t )- w C cos (w t )= - w x ok
dt
Derivation:
We want to use the most general solution:
x = A cos(wt + f) is equivalent to x = B sin(wt)+ C cos(wt)
x = A cos(wt + f)
= A cos(wt) cosf - A sin(wt) sinf
= C cos(wt) + B sin(wt)
where C = A cos(f) and B = -A sin(f)
It works!
So we can use x = A cos(wt + f) as the most general solution!

SHM Solution...
l Drawing of A cos(wt )
l A = amplitude of oscillation
T = 2p/w
-2p -p p 2p q
A

SHM Solution...
l Drawing of A cos(wt + f)
-2p -p p 2p q

SHM Solution...
l Drawing of A cos(wt - p/2)
f=
-p/2
-2p -p p 2p q
= A sin(wt)!

Lecture 24, Act 1
Simple Harmonic Motion
l If you added the two sinusoidal waves shown in the top plot,
what would the result look like?
1.00
0.50
0.00
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
-0.50
-1.00
0.60
0.40
0.20
(a) 0.00
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
-0.20
-0.40
-0.60
2.00
1.50
1.00
(b) 0.50
0.00
0
0
0
0
1
0
-0.50
1
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.6
0.4
(c) 0.2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6

Lecture 24, Act 1
Solution
æA + B ö æA - B ö
l Recall your trig identities: cos (A )+ cos (B )= 2 cos ç ÷cos ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø
So cos (w t )+ cos (w t - f ) = a cos (w t - b )
f
b=
Where 2
æf ö
a = 2 cos ç ÷
è2 ø
l The sum of two or more sines or cosines having the same

frequency is just another sine or cosine with the same frequency.
l The answer is (b).
Prove this with Excel

What about Vertical Springs? Vertical
Spring
l We already know that for a vertical spring
1 2 if y is measured from j
U = ky
2 the equilibrium position
l The force of the spring is the negative

derivative of this function: k
dU
F =- = -ky
dy
l So this will be just like the horizontal case:
d2y y=0
-ky = ma = m 2
dt F = -ky
Which has solution y = A cos(wt + f) m
k
where w =
m
SHM So Far
l The most general solution is x = A cos(wt + f)

where A = amplitude
w = angular frequency
f = phase
k
l For a mass on a spring w =
m
ç The frequency does not depend on the amplitude!!!
ç We will see that this is true of all simple harmonic
motion!
l The oscillation occurs around the equilibrium point where
the net force is zero!

Simple
The Simple Pendulum
Pendulum
l A pendulum is made by suspending a mass m at the end of

a string of length L. Find the angular frequency of z
oscillation for small displacements.
q L
mg

Aside: sin q and cos q for small q
l A Taylor expansion of sin q and cos q about q = 0 gives:
q3 q5 q2 q4
sin q = q - + - ... and cos q = 1 - + - ...
3! 5 ! 2! 4!
So for q << 1, sin q » q and cos q » 1

The Simple Pendulum...
l Recall that the torque due to gravity about the rotation (z)
axis is t = -mgd. z
d = Lsin q » Lq for small q
so t = -mg Lq
d 2q
2
- mgLq = mL
dt 2 q L
l But t = Ia ,I = mL2
d 2q g
= -w 2
q where w =
dt 2 L
m
Differential equation for simple harmonic motion!
d
q = q0 cos(wt + f)
mg

Lecture 24, Act 2
l You are sitting on a swing. A friend gives you a small push
and you start swinging back & forth with period T1.
l Suppose you were standing on the swing rather than sitting.
When given a small push you start swinging back & forth
with period T2.
ç Which of the following is true:
(a) T1 = T2
(b) T1 > T2
(c) T1 < T2

Lecture 24, Act 2
Solution
g
l We have shown that for a simple pendulum w =
L
2p L
Since T= T = 2p
w g
l If we make a pendulum shorter, it oscillates faster (smaller period)

Lecture 24, Act 2
Solution
Standing up raises the CM of the swing, making it shorter!
Since L1 > L2 we see that T1 > T2 .
L2
L1
T1 T2
The Rod Pendulum
l A pendulum is made by suspending a thin rod of length L

and mass m at one end. Find the angular frequency of
oscillation for small displacements.
z
q
xCM
L
mg

The Rod Pendulum...
l The torque about the rotation (z) axis is
t = -mgd = -mg(L/2)sinq » -mg(L/2)q for small q

z
1 2
l In this case I = mL d I
3 } 678 L/2
2
L 1 2 d q
l So t = Ia becomes - mg q = mL
2 3 dt 2 q
xCM
d L
d 2q 2 3g mg
2
= -w q where w =
dt 2L

Lecture 24, Act 3 Physical
Period Pendulum
l What length do we make the simple pendulum so that it

has the same period as the rod pendulum?
LS
LR
3 2
(a) LS = LR (b) LS = LR (c) LS = LR
2 3

Lecture 24, Act 3
Solution
g 3g
wS = wR =
LS 2 LR
LS
LR
2
wS = w P if LS = LR
3

Recap of today’s lecture
l Introduction to Simple Harmonic Motion

ç Horizontal spring & mass
l The meaning of all these sines and cosines
l Vertical spring & mass
l The energy approach
l The simple pendulum
l The rod pendulum

Physics 111: Lecture 25
Today’s Agenda
l Recap of last lecture
l Using “initial conditions” to solve problems
l The general physical pendulum
l The torsion pendulum
l Energy in SHM
ç Atomic Vibrations
l Problem: Vertical Spring
l Problem: Transport Tunnel
l SHM Review

SHM and Springs
Force: d 2s 2 k
2
= -w s w =
dt m
k
s
Solution: 0
s = A cos(wt + f)
k m
m
0 s
Velocity and Acceleration
Position: x(t) = A cos(wt + f)

Velocity: v(t) = -wA sin(wt + f) by taking
Acceleration: a(t) = -w2A cos(wt + f) derivatives,
since:
xMAX = A
dx ( t )
vMAX = wA v(t ) =
aMAX = w2A dt
dv ( t )
a( t ) =
k dt
m
0 x
Lecture 25, Act 1
l A mass oscillates up & down on a spring. Its position as a
function of time is shown below. At which of the points shown
does the mass have positive velocity and negative acceleration?
y(t)
(a)
(c)
t
(b)

Lecture 25, Act 1
Solution
dy
l The slope of y(t) tells us the sign of the velocity since v =
dt
l y(t) and a(t) have the opposite sign since a(t) = -w2 y(t)
a<0 a<0
v<0 y(t) v>0
(a)
(c)
t
(b)
a>0 The answer is (c).
v>0
Example
l A mass m = 2 kg on a spring oscillates with amplitude A =

10 cm. At t = 0 its speed is maximum, and is v = +2 m/s.
ç What is the angular frequency of oscillation w?
ç What is the spring constant k?
v MAX 2 m s
vMAX = wA w= = = 20 s -1
A 10 cm
k
Also: w = k = mw 2
m
So k = (2 kg) x (20 s -1) 2 = 800 kg/s2 = 800 N/m
k
m
x
Initial Conditions
Use “initial conditions” to determine phase f! x(t) = A cos(wt + f)

Suppose we are told x(0) = 0 , and x is v(t) = -wA sin(wt + f)
initially increasing (i.e. v(0) = positive): a(t) = -w2A cos(wt + f)
x(0) = 0 = A cos(f) f = p/2 or -p/2

v(0) > 0 = -wA sin(f) f< 0
So f = -p/2
q
p 2p
k cos sin
m
0 x
Initial Conditions...
So we find f = -p/2!!
x(t) = A cos(wt - p/2 ) x(t) = A sin(wt)

v(t) = -wA sin(wt - p/2 ) v(t) = wA cos(wt)
a(t) = -w2A cos(wt - p/2 ) a(t) = -w2A sin(wt)
A x(t)
wt
p 2p
k
m -A
0 x
Lecture 25, Act 2
Initial Conditions
l A mass hanging from a vertical spring is lifted a distance d
above equilibrium and released at t = 0. Which of the
following describes its velocity and acceleration as a
function of time?
(a) v(t) = -vmax sin(wt) a(t) = -amax cos(wt)
(b) v(t) = vmax sin(wt) a(t) = amax cos(wt) k y
d
t=0 m
(c) v(t) = vmax cos(wt) a(t) = -amax cos(wt)
0
(both vmax and amax are positive numbers)

Lecture 25, Act 2
Solution
Since we start with the maximum possible

displacement at t = 0 we know that:
y = d cos(wt)
dy k y
v = = - w d sin (w t )º -v m ax sin (w t )
dt
dv
d
a= = - w 2 d cos (w t )º -a max cos (w t ) t=0 m
dt
0

Review of Simple Pendulum
l Using t = Ia and sin q » q for small q

z
d 2q2
- mgLq = mL
dt 2
t I a
q L
We found
d 2q 2 g
2
= -w q where w=
dt L m
d
Which has SHM solution q = q0 cos(wt + f)
mg

Review of Rod Pendulum
l Using t = Ia and sinq » q for small q

z
2
L 1 2 d q
- mg q = mL L/2
2 3 dt 2
t I a q
We found xCM
d L
d 2q 2 3g mg
2
= -w q where w =
dt 2L
Which has SHM solution q = q0 cos(wt + f)

General Physical Pendulum
Physical
l Suppose we have some arbitrarily shaped Pendulum
solid of mass M hung on a fixed axis, and
that we know where the CM is located and
what the moment of inertia I about the axis is. z-axis
l The torque about the rotation (z) axis for
small q is (sin q» q )
R
d 2q
t= -Mgd »-MgRq - MgR q = I q
dt 2
xCM
t a
d
2
Mg
d q MgR
= -w 2 q where w=
dt 2 I
q = q0 cos(wt + f)

Lecture 25, Act 3
Physical Pendulum
l A pendulum is made by hanging a thin hoola-hoop of
diameter D on a small nail.
ç What is the angular frequency of oscillation of the hoop
for small displacements? (ICM = mR2 for a hoop)
pivot (nail)
g
(a) w=
D
(b) 2g
w= D
D
(c) g
w=
2D

Lecture 25, Act 3 Hoop
Solution Pendulum
l The angular frequency of oscillation of the hoop for small
displacements will be given by w = mgR (see Lecture 25 notes)

I
Use parallel axis theorem: I = Icm + mR2

= mR2 + mR2 = 2mR2
pivot (nail)
mgR g g
w= = =
2 mR 2 2R D
cm
x R
g
So w= m
D

Torsion Pendulum
l Consider an object suspended by a wire

attached at its CM. The wire defines the wire
rotation axis, and the moment of inertia I
about this axis is known.
l The wire acts like a “rotational spring.” q
ç When the object is rotated, the wire is t
twisted. This produces a torque that
opposes the rotation. I
ç In analogy with a spring, the torque
produced is proportional to the
displacement: t = -kq

Torsion
Torsion Pendulum...
Pendulum
l Since t = -kq, t = Ia becomes
wire
d 2q
-kq = I
dt 2
q
t
2 k
d q 2
= -w q where w= I
2 I
dt
This is similar to the “mass on spring” except

I has taken the place of m (no surprise).

Energy in SHM
l For both the spring and the pendulum, we can derive the
SHM solution by using energy conservation.
l The total energy (K + U) of a

system undergoing SHM will U
always be constant!
K
E
l This is not surprising since there
are only conservative forces U
present, hence K+U energy is s
-A 0 A
conserved.

SHM and quadratic potentials
l SHM will occur whenever the potential is quadratic.

l Generally, this will not be the case:
l For example, the potential between
H atoms in an H2 molecule looks
something like this: U
K
U E
U
x
-A 0 A
x

SHM and quadratic potentials...
However, if we do a Taylor expansion of this function about

the minimum, we find that for small
displacements, the potential
IS quadratic:
U
U(x) = U(x0 ) + U¢(x0 ) (x- x0 ) U
1
+ U¢¢(x0 ) (x- x0 )2+....
2 x0
U¢(x0) = 0 (since x0 is minimum
of potential) x
Define x¢= x - x0 and U(x0 ) = 0

1 x¢
Then U(x) = U¢¢(x0 ) x¢2
2

SHM and quadratic potentials...
1
U(x) = U¢¢(x0) x¢2 U
2
Let k = U¢¢(x0) U
x0
Then:
x
1
U(x) = k x¢2
2
x¢
SHM potential!!

Problem: Vertical Spring
l A mass m = 102 g is hung from a vertical spring.

The equilibrium position is at y = 0. The mass is
then pulled down a distance d = 10 cm from
equilibrium and released at t = 0. The measured
period of oscillation is T = 0.8 s. k
ç What is the spring constant k?
y
ç Write down the equations for the position,
velocity, and acceleration of the mass as
functions of time. 0
ç What is the maximum velocity?
ç What is the maximum acceleration? m -d
t=0

Problem: Vertical Spring...
k
l What is k ? w = k = w 2m
m
2p
w = = 7 .85 s -1 k
T
y
-1 2 N
(
So: k = 7 .85 s ) 0 .102 kg = 6 .29
m
0
m -d
t=0

l What are the equations of motion?
l At t = 0,
ç y = -d = -ymax k
ç v=0
y
l So we conclude: y(t) = -d cos(wt)

0
v(t) = wd sin(wt)
a(t) = w2d cos(wt)
m -d
t=0

y(t) = -d cos(wt)
v(t) = wd sin(wt) wt
0 p 2p
a(t) = w2d cos(wt)
k
xmax = d = .1m y
vmax = wd = (7.85 s-1)(.1m) = 0.78 m/s 0
amax = w 2d = (7.85 s-1)2(.1m) = 6.2 m/s2 m -d

t=0

Transport Tunnel
l A straight tunnel is dug from Urbana through the center of

the Earth and out the other side. A physics 111 student
jumps into the hole at noon.
ç What time does she get back to Urbana?

Transport Tunnel...
GmM R
FG (R ) =
R2
where MR is the
FG mass inside radius R
R
RE FG (R ) M R RE2
=
MR FG (RE ) R 2 M E
but MR µ R 3
FG (R ) R 3 RE2 R
= 2 3 =
FG (RE ) R RE RE

Transport Tunnel...
FG (R ) R
=
FG (RE ) RE
FG R FG ( RE ) = -mg
RE
MR R
FG = -mg = -kR
RE
Like a mass on mg
k =
a spring with RE

Transport Tunnel...
Like a mass on k = mg
a spring with RE
k g
FG So: w = =
R m RE
RE plug in g = 9.81 m/s2
MR and RE = 6.38 x 106 m
get w = .00124 s-1

2p
and so T = = 5067 s
w
» 84 min

Transport Tunnel...
l So she gets back to Urbana 84 minutes later, at 1:24 p.m.

Transport Tunnel...
l Strange but true: The

period of oscillation does
not require that the tunnel
be straight through the
middle!! Any straight
tunnel gives the same
answer, as long as it is
frictionless and the density
of the Earth is constant.

Transport Tunnel...
l Another strange but true

fact: An object orbiting the
earth near the surface will
have a period of the same
length as that of the
transport tunnel.
a = w 2R
9.81 = w2 6.38(10)6 m
w = .00124 s-1
2p
so T = = 5067 s
w
» 84 min

Simple Harmonic Motion:
Summary k
s
k
w = 0
m
m
Force: d 2s 2
2
= -w s
dt
k
m
0 s
Solution:
s = A cos(wt + f) g s L
w =
L

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Physics 111: Lecture 24

l Introduction to Simple Harmonic Motion

Physics 111: Lecture 24, Pg 1

l This oscillation is called k

Physics 111: Lecture 24, Pg 2

l At any given instant we know F = -kx

Physics 111: Lecture 24, Pg 3

d2x 2 Where w is the angular

Try the solution x = A cos(wt)

l But wait a minute...what does angular frequency w have to

y = R cos q = R cos (wt)

Physics 111: Lecture 24, Pg 5

l This is not a unique solution, though. x = A sin(wt) is also a

l The most general solution is a linear combination of these two

We want to use the most general solution:

x = A cos(wt + f) is equivalent to x = B sin(wt)+ C cos(wt)

= A cos(wt) cosf - A sin(wt) sinf

where C = A cos(f) and B = -A sin(f)

So we can use x = A cos(wt + f) as the most general solution!

Physics 111: Lecture 24, Pg 7

Physics 111: Lecture 24, Pg 8

Physics 111: Lecture 24, Pg 9

l Drawing of A cos(wt - p/2)

Physics 111: Lecture 24, Pg 10

Physics 111: Lecture 24, Pg 11

So cos (w t )+ cos (w t - f ) = a cos (w t - b )

l The sum of two or more sines or cosines having the same

Physics 111: Lecture 24, Pg 12

l The force of the spring is the negative

l The most general solution is x = A cos(wt + f)

Physics 111: Lecture 24, Pg 14

l A pendulum is made by suspending a mass m at the end of

Physics 111: Lecture 24, Pg 15

l A Taylor expansion of sin q and cos q about q = 0 gives:

So for q << 1, sin q » q and cos q » 1

Physics 111: Lecture 24, Pg 16

Physics 111: Lecture 24, Pg 17

ç Which of the following is true:

Physics 111: Lecture 24, Pg 18

l If we make a pendulum shorter, it oscillates faster (smaller period)

Physics 111: Lecture 24, Pg 19

Since L1 > L2 we see that T1 > T2 .

l A pendulum is made by suspending a thin rod of length L

Physics 111: Lecture 24, Pg 21

l The torque about the rotation (z) axis is

t = -mgd = -mg(L/2)sinq » -mg(L/2)q for small q

Physics 111: Lecture 24, Pg 22

l What length do we make the simple pendulum so that it

Physics 111: Lecture 24, Pg 23

Physics 111: Lecture 24, Pg 24

l Introduction to Simple Harmonic Motion

Physics 111: Lecture 24, Pg 25

Physics 111: Lecture 24, Pg 26

Position: x(t) = A cos(wt + f)

Physics 111: Lecture 24, Pg 29

l A mass m = 2 kg on a spring oscillates with amplitude A =

So k = (2 kg) x (20 s -1) 2 = 800 kg/s2 = 800 N/m

Use “initial conditions” to determine phase f! x(t) = A cos(wt + f)

x(0) = 0 = A cos(f) f = p/2 or -p/2

x(t) = A cos(wt - p/2 ) x(t) = A sin(wt)

(a) v(t) = -vmax sin(wt) a(t) = -amax cos(wt)

(b) v(t) = vmax sin(wt) a(t) = amax cos(wt) k y

(both vmax and amax are positive numbers)

Physics 111: Lecture 24, Pg 34