its long history goes hand in hand with its rich literary tradition.

The Zhou dynasty

(1030-221 BC) saw some of the earliest forms of literature, and it was during this time
that the writings of Confucius and Lao Tzu were penned, from which the philosophies of
Confucianism and Taoism arose. Prose poetry flourished under the Han dynasty (202
BC-AD 220), and the Tang dynasty of the seventh- through tenth-centuries marked the
golden age of Chinese literature. The novel arose during the Song dynasty (960-1279),
and the following centuries saw the publication of the “four great classical novels.” The
twentieth century brought about the rapid modernization of China and its literature,
though censorship during the Cultural Revolution and under communist rule has
threatened to halt this transformation.

The names Confucius, Lao Tzu, and Sun Tzu are well-known around the world, but
many of China’s poets, philosophers, and novelists remain hidden gems to outsiders.
Take a look at the list below and discover 10 of China’s greatest writers, from the end of
the Zhou dynasty to the twentieth century.

1. Qu Yuan (339-278 BC) was a statesman and poet during the Warring States period.
He has been attributed to the first seven poems of the Chu ci (Songs of Chu). He
served under King Huai but was banished after composing the poem “Li Sao”
(Encountering Sorrow), which attacked the court for failing to listen to his advice. He
committed suicide by throwing himself in a river.

2. Wang Wei (701-761) was a painter, musician, poet, and devout Buddhist. He
composed “landscape poems” while roaming the lands near the Wang River,
exchanging verses with his friend Pei Di. A Zen Master taught him the doctrine
of dunwu (instantaneous enlightenment), and Wei’s later poetry reflects his devotion. He
was referred to as Shi fo, or the Buddha of Poetry. The poet Su Shi said of his works:
“There is painting in his poetry, and poetry in his painting.”
Pages from 1645 version of “Li Sao” by White whirlwind. Public domain via Wikimedia
Commons.
3. Shi Nai’en (1296-1372) was the author of the first of the “four great classical novels,”
though some historians believe his mentor Luo Guanzhong played a role its writing. Not
much is known about Shi, but the work attributed to him, Shuihu zhuan (Water Margin),
about a rebellious leader of outlaws, has been equally banned and celebrated over
hundreds of years. Water Margin was written in popular vernacular and expanded on its
characters in contrast to the historical writings of the time, advancing the art of the
novel.

4. Luo Guanzhong (1330-1400) was a prolific writer who has had many anonymous
works attributed to him over the years. Historians agree that the second of the “four
great classical novels,” Sanguo yani (Romance of the Three Kingdoms), was written by
Luo. Over 750,000 Chinese characters long, the novel told the story of three kingdoms
over the course of a century. It was based on a historical account and contained
historical figures, but also incorporated folk stories and plots from popular dramas of the
time.

5. Not much is known about Wu Cheng’en (c. 1500-1582), the author to whom the third
of the “four great classical novels,” Xi you ji (Journey to the West), is attributed. Loosely
based on the historical account of the Buddhist monk, Xuanzang, the novel humorously
followed a group of pilgrims on a journey to India and back. The novel contained
religious themes, witty dialogue, and elegant poems, as well as critical commentary on
contemporary Ming-era China.
6. The Laughing Scholar of Lanling was the pseudonym of the unknown author of the
controversial novel Jin Ping Mei (The Plum in the Golden Vase). It has been frequently
banned for its pornographic nature since its publication around 1610. American
translator David Todd Roy suspected poet Xu Wei (1521-1593) to be its author. Wei
was famous for his painting and calligraphy, and he was an early proponent of women’s
rights, writing a popular play on the legend of Mulan; however, he was also imprisoned
for the murder of his second wife.
Eileen Chang (September 30, 1920 – September 8, 1995) was a Chinese (Republic of
China) writer. Photo was taken in 1954 in Hong Kong, by北角英皇道兰心照相馆. Public
domain via Wikimedia Commons.
7. Cao Xueqin (1715-1763/64) was the author of the fourth of the “four great classical
novels,” Honglou meng (Dream of the Red Chamber), which told the story of an
aristocratic family and its downfall. The novel was written in vernacular and published in
two editions: the 80-chapter version reportedly based on Cao’s life, and the 120-chapter
“Cheng edition,” published posthumously in 1791 and believed to have been enhanced
by the scholar Gao E. Cao’s novel is so important to Chinese literature that an entire
field of study called hongxue (redology) arose in the 1920s.

8. Lu Xun (1881-1936) studied medicine in Japan as a young man but ultimately

concluded that he was better served as a writer. In 1918, he published his first short
story, A Madman’s Diary, the first colloquial story in modern Chinese literature. His
writings comprised many genres, from fiction to zawen (satire) to a historical account of
Chinese fiction. Mao Zedong called Lu “the standard-bearer” of the new Chinese culture
that arose after the May Fourth Movement.

9. Ba Jin (1904-2005), born Li Yaotang, began his career as a poet but achieved fame
as a novelist. His most famous novel was Jia (The Family); in addition to these novels,
he also translated Russian, British, German, and Italian works. Ba Jin’s most famous
later work was Suixiang lu (Random Thoughts), a painful reflection on the Cultural
Revolution in which he was persecuted as a “counter-revolutionary.”

10. Zhang Ailing (or Eileen Chang) (1920-1995) was a student during the Japanese
occupation of Hong Kong during World War II. She returned to her home in Shanghai
and supported herself by publishing short stories and novels about the plight of women
in difficult romantic relationships. She wrote the anti-communist novel Rice Sprout
Song in 1952 and moved to the United States three years later, where she wrote novels
and screenplays. In 2007, Ang Lee directed a movie adaptation of her novel Lust,
Caution.