Modification after meeting on 20/10/15

21/10/2015

Indian Standard
(DRAFT)
CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONING-GUIDELINES FOR ORDINARY/ AND STANDARD AND HIGH
STRENGTH GRADES OF CONCRETE

(Second Revision)
1 SCOPE

1.1 This standard provides the guidelines for proportioning concrete mixes as per the requirements using the
concrete making materials including other supplementary materials identified for this purpose. The
proportioning is carried out to achieve specified characteristics at specified age, workability of fresh concrete
and durability requirements.

1.2 This standard is applicable for ordinary/and standard and high strength concrete grades only.

1.3 All requirements of IS 456 in so far as they apply, shall be deemed to form part of this standard.

2 RFERENCES

The following standards contain provisions, which through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this
standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision and
parties to agreements based on this standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most
recent editions of the standards indicated below:

IS No. Title
383: 1970 2016 Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete (second
revision)
456: 2000 Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete (fourth revision)

2386 (Part 3): Methods of test for aggregates for concrete: Part 3 Specific gravity,
1963 density, voids, absorption and bulking

3812 (Part1): Specification for pulverized fuel ash: Part 1 for use as pozzolana
2003 2013 in cement, cement mortar and concrete (Third revision)

269 : 2013 Specification for 33 grade ordinary Portland cement ( Fifth revision)

8112 : 2013 Specification for 43 grade ordinary Portland cement (Second revision)

12269 : 2013 Specification for 53 grade ordinary Portland cement ( first revision)

1489 (Part 1 Specification for Portland-Pozzolana cement (Third Revision)

& II): 1991

455: 1989 Specification for Portland-Slag cement (Fourth Revision)

9103: 1999 Specification for admixtures for concrete (first revision)

3.0 TERMINIOLOGY

3.1 Water/Cement Ratio (w/c) – The water/cement ratio (w/c) is calculated by dividing the mass of the mixing
water by the mass of the cement.

3.2 Water/Cementitious Materials Ratio (w/cm) – The water/cementitious materials ratio (w/cm) is calculated
by dividing the mass of the mixing water by the combined mass of the cement, flyash and other cementitious
materials.

4.0 DATA FOR MIX PROPORTIONING

4.1 The following data are required for mix proportioning of a particular grade of concrete:
a) Grade designation;
b) Type of cement;
c) Maximum nominal size of aggregate;
d) Minimum cement content and maximum water-cement ratio to be adopted;
OR
Exposure conditions as per Table 4 and Table 5 of IS 456;
e) Maximum water-cement ratio
f) Workability required at the time of placement;
g) Time duration from mixing to placement
h) Exposure conditions as per Table 4 and Table 5 of IS 456;
i) Maximum temperature of concrete at the time of placing;
j) Method of transporting and placing;
k) Degree of site control (good/fair) or value of established standard deviation, if any
l) Type of coarse aggregate (angular/sub angular/gravel with some crushed particles/
rounded gravel/manufactured coarse aggregate;
m) Type of fine aggregate (Natural Sand/ Crushed Stone or gravel Sand/ Manufactured
Sand/ Mixed Sand)
n) Maximum cement content;
o) Whether a chemical admixture shall or shall not be used and the type of chemical admixture and the
extent of use
p) Whether a mineral admixture shall or shall not be used and the type of mineral admixture and the extent
of use
q) Any other specific requirement like early age strength requirements

4.2 Target Strength for Mix Proportioning

In order that not more than the specified proportion of test results are likely to fall below the characteristic
strength, the concrete mix has to be proportioned for higher target mean compressive strength f’ck. The margin
over characteristic strength is given by the following relation:

f’ck = fck+1.65 S
or
 f’ck = fck + X

whichever is higher

TABLE 1 VALUE OF X

SI No. Grade of Concrete Value of X, N/mm2

(1) (2) (3)
i) M 10 
M 15 
ii)
iii) 
iv) M 20 5.0
v) 
M 25
vi)
M 30 

M 35 
vii) 
viii) 
ix) 6.5
x) M 40 
xi) M 45 

xii) M 50  8.0

M 55 
M 60 


M65 & above
_______________________________________________________________
where
f’ck = target mean compressive strength at 28 days in N/mm 2,
fck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days in N/mm 2, and
S = standard deviation N/mm2.

4.2.1 Standard Deviation

The standard deviation for each grade of concrete shall be calculated separately.

4.2.1.1 Standard Deviation based on test strength of sample

a) Number of test results of samples-
The total number of test strength of samples required to constitute an acceptable record for
calculation of standard deviation shall be not less than 30. Attempts should be made to obtain the 30
samples (taken from site), as early as possible, when a mix is used for the first time.
b) In case of significant changes in concrete-
When significant changes are made in the production of concrete batches (for example changes in the
materials used, mix proportioning, equipment or technical control), the standard deviation value shall
be separately calculated for such batches of concrete.

c) Standard deviation to be brought up-to-date-

 The calculation of the standard deviation shall be brought up-to-date periodically and after every
change of mix proportioning. However Standard deviation should be checked every month subject to
minimum 30 test results to ensure that it is less than the value considered in mix design. If higher,
necessary modification should be done in the mix.

4.2.1.2 Calculation of standard deviation

Calculate the sample standard deviation, S, of the strength test records as follows:

 For a single group of consecutive test results:

n 2
( X i
 X)
S i 1
(1)
( n  1)
Where

S = sample standard deviation

n = number of test results considered
X = average of n test results considered, and
Xi = individual test result

 For two groups (mixes) of consecutive test results of same grade

( n1  1)s12  ( n2  1)s22
S (2)
( n1  n2  2)

Where

S = standard deviation for the two groups combined

S1, S2 = standard deviation for group 1 and 2, respectively, calculated in accordance with eq. (1-2)
n1, n2 = number of test results in group 1 and 2, respectively

4.2.1.3 Assumed standard deviation

Where sufficient test results for a particular grade of concrete are not available, the value of standard deviation
given in Table 1 2 may be assumed for the proportioning of mix in the first instance. As soon as the results of
samples are available, actual calculated standard deviation shall be used and the mix proportioned properly
suitably. However, when adequate past records for a similar grade exist and justify to the designer a value of
standard deviation different from that shown in table 1 2, it shall be permissible to use that value.
 TABLE 2 ASSUMED STANDARD DEVIATION
(Clauses 3.2.1.2, A-3 and B-3)

SI No. Grade of Concrete Assumed Standard Deviation N/mm2

(1) (2) (3)
i) 3.5
ii) M 10

M 15
iii) 4.0
iv)
M 20
v) 
vi) M 25
vii) 5.0
viii) M 30 
ix) M 35 

x) M 40
xi) 
M 45
xii) M 50 

xiii) M 55  6.0
XIV
M 60 

XV

M 65
M 70

M 75
M 80 


The values of standard deviation for higher grades may be obtained from specialized literature and experimental
results as per IS 456.
NOTE- The above values correspond to good degree of site control having proper storage of cement; weight
batching of all materials; controlled addition of water; regular checking of all materials; aggregate grading and
moisture content; and regular checking of workability and strength. Where there is deviation from the above (fair
degree of site control), values given in the above table shall be increased by 1 N/mm 2.

5.0 SELECTION OF MIX PROPORTIONS

5.1 Selection of Water-Cement Ratio (see Note)

Different cements, supplementary cementitious materials and aggregates of different maximum size, grading,
surface texture, shape and other characteristics may produce concrete of different compressive strength for the
same free water-cement ratio. Therefore, the relationship between strength and free water-cement ratio should
preferably be established for the materials actually to be used. In the absence of such data, the preliminary free
water-cement ratio (by mass) corresponding to the target strength at 28 days may be selected from the established
relationship, if available. Otherwise, the water-cement ratio given in Table 5 of IS 456 for respective environment
exposure conditions may be used as starting point. or from the relationship as shown in Fig.1.
NOTE- The supplementary cementitious materials, that is, mineral admixtures shall also be considered in
water-cement ratio calculations in accordance with Table 5 of IS 456.

NOTE- While using PPC or PSC, appropriate curve corresponding to the water cement ratio should be taken
based on the 28 day compressive strength of cement shall be used for selection of water-cement/ water-
cementitious material ratio. In the absence of data on 28 day strength of cement for PPC or PSC, the curve for 43
grade OPC can be utilized for trials.

5.1.1 The free water-cement/water-cementitious material ratio selected according to 4.1 should be checked against
the limiting water-cement/ water-cementitious material ratio for the requirements of durability and the lower of
the two values adopted.
5.2 Estimation of Air Content
Approximate amount of entrapped air to be expected in normal (non-air-entrained) concrete is given in Table 3.

TABLE 3 APPROXIMATE AIR CONTENT

Nominal Maximum Size Entrapped Air, as Percentage

of Aggregate, mm of Volume of Concrete
10 1.5
20 1.0
40 0.8

5.2.1 The actual values of air content can also be adopted during mix proportioning if; the site data (at least 5
results) for similar mix is available.
5.3 Selection of Water content and Admixture Content
The water content of concrete is influenced by a number of factors, such as aggregate size, aggregate shape,
aggregate texture, workability, water-cement ratio, cement and other supplementary cementitious material type
and content, chemical admixture and environmental conditions. An increase in aggregates size, a reduction in
water-cement ratio and slumps, and use of rounded aggregate and water reducing admixture will reduce the water
demand. On the other hand increased temperature, cement content, slump, water-cement ratio, aggregate
angularity and a decrease in the proportion of the coarse aggregate to fine aggregate will increase water demand.

The quantity of maximum mixing water per unit volume of concrete may be determined from Table 2 4. The
water content in Table 2 4 is for angular coarse aggregate and for 25 to 50 mm slump range. The water estimate in
Table 2 4 can be reduced by approximately 10 kg for sub-angular aggregates, 20 kg 15 kg for gravel with some
crushed particles and 25 kg 20 kg for rounded gravel to produce same workability. For the desired workability
(other than 25 to 50mm slump range), the required water content may be established by trial or an increase
or decrease by about 3 percent for each increase or decrease of every additional 25 mm slump or may be
established by trial. or alternatively by use of chemical admixture conforming to IS 9103. This illustrates
the need for trial batch testing of local materials as each aggregate source is different and can influence
concrete properties different. The mixing water so calculated can be reduced further by use of chemical
admixture conforming to IS 9103. Water reducing admixture or super plasticizing admixtures usually
decrease water content by 5 to 10 percent and 20 percent and above respectively at appropriate dosages.

The requirement of water content and/or chemical admixture content may increase with the addition of high
dosages of mineral admixture. The guidelines on selecting appropriate admixture and its dosages are given in
appendix ‘A’.

Table 4 Maximum Water Content per Cubic Metre of Concrete for Nominal Maximum Size of Aggregate
(Clauses 4.2, A-5 and B-5)

Sl No. Nominal Maximum Size of Aggregate (mm) Maximum Water Content1 kg

1 10 208
2 20 186
3 40 165
i)
Water content corresponding to saturated surface dry aggregate.

Note:
(i) These quantities of mixing water are for use in computing cement/cementitious material content for trial
batches.
(ii) On account of long distances over which concrete needs to be carried from batching plant/RMC
plant, the concrete mix is generally designed for a higher slump initially than the slump required at
the time of placing. The initial slump value shall depend on the distance of transport and loss of
slump with time.

5.4 Calculation of Cementitious Material Content

The cement and supplementary cementitious material content per unit volume of concrete may be calculated from
the free water-cement ratio (see 4.1) and the quantity of water per unit volume of concrete.

In certain situations, while using part replacement of cement by flyash, GGBS, silica fume and metakaoline
increase in cementitious material content may be warranted, particularly if flyash is 20% or more and GGBS is
30% or more. The decision on increase in cementitious material content and its percentage may be based on
experience and trials or the cementitious content so calculated may be increased by 10% for preliminary trial.

The cementitious material content so calculated shall be checked against the minimum content for the
requirements of durability as per IS 456 and greater of the two values adopted. The maximum cement content
shall be in accordance with IS: 456 or as specified.

5.4.1 The percentage flyash to be used has to be decided based on the project requirement and the quality of
material.

5.5 Estimation of Coarse Aggregate Proportion

Aggregates of essentially the same nominal maximum size, type and grading will produce concrete of satisfactory
workability when a given volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of total aggregate is used. Approximate
values for this aggregate volume are given in Table 3 5 for a water-cement/water-cementitious material ratio of
0.5, which may be suitably adjusted for other water-cement ratios, the proportion of volume of coarse
aggregates is increased at the rate of 0.01 m 3 for every decrease in water-cement ratio by 0.05 and decreased
at the rate of 0.01 m3 for every increase in water-cement ratio by 0.05. It can be seen that for equal
workability, the volume of coarse aggregate in a unit volume of concrete is dependent only on its nominal
maximum size and grading zone of fine aggregate. Differences in the amount of mortar required for workability
with different aggregates, due to differences in particle shape and grading, can be adjusted by changing coarse
to fine aggregate ratio. Generally higher fine aggregate content is required for crushed angular coarse
aggregates due to increased surface area. compensated for automatically by differences in rodded void content.
5.5.1 For more workable concrete mixes which is sometimes required when placement is by pump or when the
concrete is required to be worked around congested reinforcing steel, it may be desirable to reduce the estimated
coarse aggregate content determined using Table 3 4 up to 10 percent. However, caution shall be exercised to
assure that the resulting slump, water-cement ratio and strength properties of concrete are consistent with the
recommendations of IS: 456 and meet project specification requirements as applicable.

NOTE- Some adjustments can be made in the volume of coarse aggregate, to compensate for the shape of the
aggregate.

Table 5 Volume of Coarse Aggregate per Unit Volume of Total Aggregate for Different Zones of Fine
Aggregate for Water-Cement/Water-Cementitious Material Ratio of 0.50
(clause 4.5, A-7 and B-7)
Sl. Nominal Maximum Volume of Coarse Aggregate per Unit Volume of total Aggregate for
No. Size of Aggregate Different Zones of Fine Aggregate
mm Zone IV Zone III Zone II Zone I
1 10 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44
2 20 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60
3 40 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.69
1)

NOTE-
(i) Volumes are based on aggregates in saturated surface dry condition.
(ii) These volumes are for Crushed (angular) aggregate and suitable adjustments may be made for
other shape of aggregate.

5.6 Combination of Different Coarse Aggregate Fractions

The coarse aggregate used shall conform to IS: 383. Coarse aggregates of different sizes may be combined in
suitable proportions so as to result in an overall grading conforming to Table 2 of IS: 383 for particular normal
maximum size of aggregate.

5.7 Estimation of Fine and Coarse Aggregate Proportion Contents

With the completion of procedure given in 4.4, all the ingredients have been estimated except the coarse and fine
aggregate content. These quantities are determined by finding out the absolute volume of cementitious material,
water and the chemical admixture; by dividing their mass by their respective specific gravity, multiplying by
1/1000 and subtracting the result of their summation from unit volume. The values so obtained are divided into
coarse and fine aggregate fractions by volume in accordance with coarse aggregate proportion already determined
in 4.4. The coarse and fine aggregate contents are then determined by multiplying with their respective specific
gravities and multiplying by 1000.

6 TRIAL MIXES

The calculated mix proportions shall be checked by means of trial batches.

Workability of the trial mix No. 1 shall be measured. The mix shall be carefully observed for freedom from
segregation and bleeding and its finishing properties. It the measured workability of Trial Mix No. 1 is different
from the stipulated value, the water and/or admixture content shall be adjusted suitably. With this adjustment, the
mix proportion shall be recalculated keeping the free water-cement ratio at the pre-selected value, which will
comprise Trial Mix No. 2. In additional two more Trial Mixes No. 3 and 4 shall be made with the water content
same as Trial mix No. 2 and varying the free water-cement ratio by ± 10 percent of the preselected value.

Mix No. 2 to 4 normally provides sufficient information, including the relationship between compressive strength
and water-cement ratio, from which the mix proportions can be finalized. Additional field trials are recommended
particularly for workability requirements. The concrete for field trials shall be produced by methods of actual
concrete production.

7 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
An illustrative example of concrete mix proportioning is given in Annex B. Another illustrative example of mix
proportioning of concrete using fly ash is given in Annex C. These examples are merely illustrative to explain the
procedure and the actual mix proportioning shall be based on trial batches with the given materials.

8 APPROACH TO MIX PROPORTIONING FOR HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE (GRADE M65

& ABOVE)

8.1 Introduction:
High Strength Concrete is defined as the concrete that has characteristic compressive strength of 65
N/mm2 or more. This part provides the guidance for selecting mix proportion for M65 or above.
Usually, for high strength concrete mixes specially selected cementitious material and chemical
admixtures i.e. super plasticizers are used, and achieving a low water – cementitious material ratio (w/cm)
is considered essential.
The procedure for proportioning high strength concrete is similar to that required for ordinary/standard
strength concrete. The procedure consists of series of steps that, when completed, provide a mixture
meeting workability, strength and durability requirements based on the combined properties of the
individually selected and proportioned ingredients.

8.2 Concrete Material:

Material shall be selected, proportioned & controlled carefully to achieve effective production of high
strength concrete. To achieve high Strength Concrete optimum proportions should be selected,
considering the cement & other cementitious material properties, aggregate quality, aggregate gradation,
paste volume, admixture type and dosage rate and mixing.

8.2.1 Cementitious Material:

Proper selection of type of cement is very important step for the production of high strength concrete.
Flyash, Silica fume, GGBS or Metakaoline are widely used as a cementitious and pozzolanic ingradient in
high Strength Concrete. Most high strength concrete mixture contains one or more supplementary
cementitious materials such as Flyash GGBS, Silica fume, Metakaoline or natural pozzolanic materials.

8.2.2 Coarse Aggregate:

In the proportioning of high strength concrete, the aggregates require special consideration and they
greatly influence the strength and other proportion of concrete. Therefore, the coarse aggregate should be
strong, sufficiently sound, free of fissures or weak planes, clean and free of surface coating & shall meet
the requirement of IS:383.

8.2.3 Fine Aggregate:

The fine aggregates shall meet the requirements of IS383. Generally, for high strength, a fine aggregate of
coarser size is preferred i.e Zone I or Zone II Sand because of high fines contents available from the
cementitious materials.

8.2.4 Chemical Admixtures:

High Strength Concrete mixes generally have a low-cementitious material ratio (w/cm). These low w/cm
ratios are only attainable with High – range water-reducing admixtures (HRWRAS) which also help in
dispersing cement particles. HRWRAS which can reduce mixing water requirement by more than 30%,
thereby increasing concrete compressive strength shall be used for HSC.

8.3 Concrete Mix Proportioning:

8.3.1 Target Strength for Mix Proportioning:
See Clause 4.2

8.3.2 Select Maximum Size of Coarse Aggregate

Based on strength requirement, the suggested maximum sizes for coarse aggregate is given in Table 6.
Table 6: Suggested Maximum-Size of Coarse Aggregate
Grade of Concrete Suggested Maximum-Size of Coarse
Aggregate, mm
M65
M70 20.0
M75
M80 & above 10.0 to 12.5

8.3.3 Estimation of Air Content

Approximate amount of entrapped air to be expected in normal (non-air-entrained) concrete is given in
Table 7.
TABLE 7 APPROXIMATE AIR CONTENT

Nominal Maximum Size Entrapped Air, as Percentage

of Aggregate, mm of Volume of Concrete
10.0 1.0
12.5 0.8
20.0 0.5

8.3.4 Estimate of Mixing Water

The quantity of water required to produce a given workability is influenced by many factors, including
the maximum size, particle shape and grading of the aggregate. The demand of water content is also
influenced by the quantity of cement, pozzolanic material and the type of chemical admixture used.
HRWRAS can reduce mixing water requirement by more than 30. However, trial batching is the most
effective way to determine the best proportions for the ingredients to be used. The water content in the
chemical admixture (HRWRA) shall be calculated to be a part of the w/cm. Table 8 gives estimates of
maximum mixing water for high strength concrete without chemical admixtures. The water content is for
50 mm slump. For the desired workability (other than 50mm slump), the required water content may be
increase or decrease by about 3 percent for each increase or decrease of 25 mm slump or may be
established by trial. These quantities of mixing water are maximum for well shaped, clean, angular and
well graded coarse aggregates. Since the particle shape and surface texture of fine aggregate can
significantly influence the mixing water demand, the water requirement may be different from the values
given in Table 8 and shall be established by trials.

Table 8 Estimate of Maximum Mixing Water (without admixture)

Sl No. Nominal Maximum Size of Aggregate Maximum Water Content

(mm) kg/m3
1 10.0 196
2 12.5 190
 3 20.0 180
Note:
i) Water content corresponding to saturated surface dry aggregate.
ii) These quantities of mixing water are for use in computing cement/cementitious material content for trial
batches.
iii) On account of long distances over which concrete needs to be carried from batching plant/RMC plant, the
concrete mix is generally designed for a higher slump initially than the slump required at the time of
placing. The initial slump value shall depend on the distance of transport and loss of slump with time.

8.3.5 Selection of Water – Cementitious Material Ratio (w/cm):

The w/cm ratio is calculated by dividing the mass of the mixing water by the combined mass of the
cement and flyash (and other cementitious materials). In Table 9, recommended maximum w/cm is given
as a function of maximum – size aggregates to achieve different compressive strength at 28 days. The use
of an HRWRA generally increases the compressive strength of concrete. The w/cm values given in Table
9 are for concrete made with HRWRA.

Table 9: Recommended w/cm for High Strength Concrete made with HRWRA.

Compressive w/cm
Strength at 28 days
Nominal Maximum Size of Aggregate (mm)
(N/mm2)
10.0 mm 12.5 mm 20.0 mm
65 0.36 0.35 0.33
70 0.34 0.33 0.31
75 0.32 0.31 0.29
80 0.30 0.29 0.27
85 0.28 0.27 0.26
90 0.26 0.25 0.24

8.3.6 Calculate Cementitious Material Content

The cement and supplementary cementitious material content per unit volume of concrete may be
calculated from the quantity of water (para 8.3.4) and the free water-cementitious materials ratio (para
8.3.5) per unit volume of concrete. However, this must satisfy the specification of maximum or minimum
limit on the amount of cementitious material as per IS: 456.
If cement content (not including fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag) more than the
maximum cement content as given in IS:456 is to be used, it shall be ensured that the special
consideration has been given in design to the increased risk of cracking due to drying shrinkage, or to
early thermal cracking and to the increased risk of damage due to alkali silica reactions.
The recommended dosages of different pozzolanic materials for high strength mixes are given in Table
10.

Table: 10

Flyash 15% - 25%

Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag 25% - 50%
Silica Fume 5% - 15%
8.3.7 Estimation of Coarse Aggregate Proportion

The optimum content of the coarse aggregate depends on its strength and maximum nominal size of
coarse aggregate. For proportioning of ordinary and standard grades of concrete, the optimum volume of
coarse aggregate is given as a function of the maximum size of coarse aggregate and grading zone of fine
aggregate. However, high strength grades of concrete are not dependent on the fine aggregate to provide
fines for lubrication and consolidation of the fresh concrete as the mixes have high content of
cementitious material. The recommended coarse aggregate volume per Unit Volume of total Aggregate
for Different Zones of Fine Aggregate is given in table 11.

Table 11: Volume of Coarse Aggregate per Unit Volume of Total Aggregate for Different Zones of
Fine Aggregate for Water-Cement/Water-Cementitious Material Ratio of 0.30

Sl. No. Nominal Maximum Volume of Coarse Aggregate per Unit Volume of total Aggregate
Size of Aggregate for Different Zones of Fine Aggregate
(mm) Zone III Zone II Zone I
1 10.0 0.67 0.65 0.63
2 12.5 0.69 0.67 0.65
3 20.0 0.72 0.70 0.68

NOTE-
(i) Volumes are based on aggregates in saturated surface dry condition.
(ii) These volumes are for Crushed (angular) aggregate and suitable adjustments may be made for other shape
of aggregate.
iii) The above table is valid for w/cm material ratio of 0.30. For every decrease of 0.05 in w/cm ratio, the
above ratio (volume of coarse aggregates) will be increased approximately by 0.01 & for every increase
of 0.05 in w/cm ratio, the above ratio (volume of coarse aggregates) will be decreased approximately by
0.01.

8.3.8 Estimation of Fine and Coarse Aggregate Contents

With the completion of procedure given in 8.3.4, 8.3.5 and 8.3.6, all the ingredients have been estimated
except the coarse and fine aggregate content. These quantities are determined by finding out the absolute
volume of cementitious material, water and the chemical admixture; by dividing their mass by their
respective specific gravity, multiplying by 1/1000 and subtracting the result of their summation from unit
volume. The values so obtained are divided into coarse and fine aggregate fractions by volume in
accordance with coarse aggregate proportion already determined in 8.3.7. The coarse and fine aggregate
contents are then determined by multiplying with their respective specific gravities and multiplying by
1000.

8.3.9 Trial Mixes

The calculated mix proportions shall be checked by means of trial batches.
Workability of the trial mix No. 1 shall be measured. The mix shall be carefully observed for freedom
from segregation and bleeding and its finishing properties. It the measured workability of Trial Mix No. 1
is different from the stipulated value, the water and/or admixture content shall be adjusted suitably. With
this adjustment, the mix proportion shall be recalculated keeping the free water-cement ratio at the pre-
selected value, which will comprise Trial Mix No. 2. In additional two more Trial Mixes No. 3 and 4 shall
be made with the water content same as Trial mix No. 2 and varying the free water-cement ratio by ± 10
percent of the preselected value.
 Mix No. 2 to 4 normally provides sufficient information, including the relationship between compressive
strength and water-cementitious materials ratio, from which the mix proportions can be finalized.
Additional field trials are recommended particularly for workability requirements. The concrete for field
trials shall be produced by methods of actual concrete production.

9 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
An illustrative example of concrete mix proportioning for high strength concrete is given in Annex D.
These examples are merely illustrative to explain the procedure and the actual mix proportioning shall be
based on trial batches with the given materials.

SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE

1.0 General
Self compacting concrete (SCC) is highly flowable, nonsegregating concrete that fills uniformly and completely
every corner of formwork by its own weight and encapsulate reinforcement without any vibration, whilst
maintaining homogeneity.

2.0 Application Area

Self compacting concrete (SCC) may be used in precast concrete applications or for concrete placed on site. SCC
is used to cast sections with highly congested reinforcement and areas that present restricted access to placement
and consolidation, including the construction of tunnel lining sections and the casting of hybrid concrete-filled
steel tubular columns. It may be manufactured in a site batching plant or in a ready-mixed concrete plant and
delivered to site by truck mixer. It may than be placed either by pumping or pouring into horizontal or vertical
forms.

3.0 Features of fresh Self Compacting Concrete

A concrete mix can only be classified as Self-Compacting Concrete if the requirements for all below mentioned
characteristic are fulfilled

3.1 Filling Ability (flowability)

This is the ability of fresh concrete to flow into and fill all spaces within the formwork, under its own weight.
Slump-flow value describes the flowablity of a fresh mix in unconfined condition. Visual observation during the
test can be additional information on the segregation resistance and uniformity. Slump-flow test is performed to
test the flowability.
The following are typical slump-flow classes for a range of applications:
SF1 (550 - 650 mm) is appropriate for:
• Unreinforced or slightly reinforced concrete structures that are cast from the top with free displacement
from the delivery point (e.g. housing slabs)
• Casting by a pump injection system (e.g. tunnel linings)
• Sections that are small enough to prevent long horizontal flow (e.g. piles and some deep foundations).

SF2 (660 - 750 mm) is suitable for many normal applications (e.g. walls, columns)

SF3 (760 – 850 mm) is typically produced with a small maximum size of aggregates (less than 16 mm) and is
used for vertical applications in very congested structures, structures with complex shapes, or for filling under
formwork. SF3 will often give better surface finish than SF 2 for normal vertical applications but segregation
resistance is more difficult to control.

3.2 Passing Ability (free from blocking at reinforcement)

Passing ability describe the capacity of the fresh mix to flow through confined spaces and narrow openings such
as areas of congested reinforcement without segregation. If there is little or no reinforcement, there may be no
need to specify passing ability as a requirement. L-box test is performed to check the passing ability. The
minimum ratio of the height in the horizontal section relative to the vertical section is considered to be 0.8. If the
SCC flows as freely as water, it will be completely horizontal, and the ratio will be equal to 1.0.

3.3 Segregation Resistance (Stability):

The ability of fresh concrete to remain homogeneous in composition while in its fresh state. Segregation
resistance (sieve) test is performed to check this property of fresh concrete. There are two classes of segregation
resistance i.e SR1 & SR2. SR1 is generally applicable for thin slabs and for vertical applications with a flow
distance of less than 5 metres and a confinement gap greater than 80 mm. SR2 is preferred in vertical applications
if the flow distance is more than 5 metres with a confinement gap greater than 80 mm in order to take care of
segregation during flow. Segregation resistance becomes an important parameter with higher slump-flow classes
and/or the lower viscosity class, or if placing conditions promotes segregation. If none of these apply, it is usually
not necessary to specify a segregation resistance class. For SR1 class segregation resistance should be < 20% &
for SR2 it should be < 15%.

3.4 Viscosity

Viscosity can be assessed by the V-funnel flow time. Concrete with a low viscosity will have a very quick
initial flow and then stop. Concrete with a high viscosity may continue to creep forward over an extended time.
The viscosity is divided into two classes i.e V1 & V2. V1 has good filling ability even with congested
reinforcement. It is capable of self-leveling and generally has the best surface finish. V2 class viscosity is more
likely to exhibit thixotropic effects, which may be helpful in limiting the formwork pressure or improving
segregation resistance. But it may cause negative effects on surface finish and sensitivity to stoppages or delays
between successive lifts. For V1 class, the time taken to pass the concrete from V-funnel should be < 10 seconds
& for V2 class the time taken to pass the concrete from V-funnel should be between > 7seconds to < 27 seconds.

4.0 Mix Design:

4.1 Mix Design Priciples

• Lower coarse aggregate content
• Increased paste content
• Low water/powder ratio
• Increased superplasticiser
• Sometimes a viscosity modifying admixture.

4.2 Mix design approach

Laboratory trials should be used to verify properties of the initial mix composition with respect to the
specified characteristics and classes. If necessary, adjustments to the mix composition should then be made. Once
all requirements are fulfilled, the mix should be tested at full scale in the concrete plant and if necessary at site to
verify both the fresh and hardened properties.
The mix design is generally based on the approach outlined below:

• Evaluate the water demand and optimise the flow and stability of the paste
• Determine the proportion of sand and the dose of admixture to give the required robustness
• Test the sensitivity for small variations in quantities (the robustness)
• Add an appropriate amount of coarse aggregate
• Produce the fresh SCC in the laboratory mixer, perform the required tests
• Test the properties of the SCC in the hardened state
• Produce trial mixes in the plant mixer.

4.3 Typical Ranges of Mix Constituent:

a) Sufficient amount of fines (< 0.125mm) preferably in the range of 400 kg/m 3 to 600 kg/m3. This can be
achieved by having sand content more than 48% of total aggregate weight and/or using mineral admixture to
order of 25% to 50% by mass of cementitious content.
b) Water content between 150 to 210 kg/m3.
c) Use of high range water reducing admixture like polycarboxylate based high range water reducing admixture
(water reduction > 30%) and sometimes also using a viscosity modifying admixture (VMA) in appropriate
dosages.

In the event that satisfactory performance is not obtained, consideration should be given to a fundamental
redesign of the mix. Depending on the apparent problem, the following courses of action might be appropriate:
• Adjust the cement/powder ratio and the water/powder ratio and test the flow and
other properties of the paste.
• Try different types of addition (if available).
• Adjust the proportions of the fine aggregate and the dosage of superplasticiser.
• Consider using a viscosity modifying agent to reduce sensitivity of the mix.
• Adjust the proportion or grading of the coarse aggregate.

-0-
 ANNEX A: TEST METHODS
ANNEX A.1
TESTING FRESH CONCRETE: SLUMP-FLOW TEST

1 INTRODUCTION

The slump-flow diameter is a test to assess the flow ability and the flow rate of self-compacting concrete
in the absence of obstructions. It is based on the slump test described in EN 12350-2. The result is an
indication of the filling ability of self-compacting concrete.

2 SCOPE

This document specifies the procedure for determining the slump-flow diameter for self-compacting
concrete. The test is not suitable when the maximum size of the aggregate exceeds 40 mm.

3 PRINCIPLE

The fresh concrete is poured into a cone as used for the IS: 9103 slump test. The largest diameter of the
flow spread of the concrete and the diameter of the spread at right angles to it are then measured and the
mean is the slump-flow.

4 APPARATUS

The apparatus shall be in accordance with EN 12350-2 except as detailed below:

4.1 Base plate, made from a flat plate with a plane area of at least 900 mm x 900 mm on which
concrete can be placed. The plate shall have a flat, smooth and non-absorbent surface with a minimum
thickness of 2 mm. The surface shall not be readily attacked by cement paste or be liable to rusting. The
construction of the plate shall be such as to prevent distortion. The deviation from flatness shall not
exceed 3 mm at any point when a straight edge is placed between the centres of opposing sides.

The centre of the plate shall be scribed with a cross, the lines of which run parallel to the edges of the
plate and with circles of 200 mm diameter and 500 mm diameter having their centres coincident with the
centre point of the plate. See Fig.1.

4.2 Rule, Graduated from 0 mm to 1000 mm at Intervals of 1 mm.

4.3 Stop Watch, Measuring to 0.1 s.

4.4 Weighted Collar (Optional), Having a Mass of at Least 9 kg.

Note: the weighted collar allows the test to be carried out by one person.
 Fig. 1 Base Plate Reference Clause 4.1

5 TEST SAMPLE

The sample shall be obtained in accordance with IS: 1199.

6 PROCEDURE

Prepare the cone and base plate as described in EN 12350-2. Fit the collar to the cone if being used.
Place the cone coincident with the 200 mm circle on the base plate and hold in position by standing on
the foot pieces (or use the weighted collar), ensuring that no concrete can leak from under the cone.

Fill the cone without any agitation or rodding, and strike off surplus from the top of the cone. Allow the
filled cone to stand for not more than 30 s; during this time remove any spilled concrete from the base
plate and ensure the base plate is damp all over but without any surplus water.

Lift the cone vertically in one movement without interfering with the flow of concrete. Without
disturbing the base plate or concrete, measure the largest diameter of the flow spread and record as d m to
the nearest 10 mm. Then measure the diameter of the flow spread at right angles to dm to the nearest 10
mm and record as dr to the nearest 10 mm.

Check the concrete spread for segregation. The cement paste/mortar may segregate from the coarse
aggregate to give a ring of paste/mortar extending several millimeters beyond the coarse aggregate.
Segregated coarse aggregate may also be observed in the central area. Report that segregation has
occurred and that the test was therefore unsatisfactory.
7 TEST RESULT

The slump-flow is the mean of dm and dr expressed to the nearest 10 mm.

8 TEST REPORT

The test report shall include:

a) Identification of the test sample;

b) Location where the test was performed;
c) Date when test performed;
d) Slump-flow to the nearest 10 mm;
e) Any indication of segregation of the concrete;
f) Time between completion of mixing and performance of the tests;
g) Any deviation from the procedure in this document.
The report may also include:
i) The temperature of the concrete at the time of test;
ii) Time of test.
 ANNEX A: TEST METHODS
ANNEX A.2
TESTING FRESH CONCRETE: V-FUNNEL TEST

1 INTRODUCTION

The V-funnel test is used to assess the viscosity and filling ability of self-compacting concrete.

2 SCOPE

This document specifies the procedure for determining the V-funnel flow time for self-compacting
concrete. The test is not suitable when the maximum size of the aggregate exceeds 20 mm.

3 PRINCIPLE

A V-shaped funnel is filled with fresh concrete and the time taken for the concrete to flow out of the
funnel is measured and recorded as the V-funnel flow time.

4 APPARATUS

4.1 V-funnel, made to the dimensions (tolerance ± 1 mm) in Fig. 2 below, fitted with a quick release,
watertight gate at its base and supported so that the top of the funnel is horizontal. The V-funnel shall be
made from metal; the surfaces shall be smooth, and not be readily attacked by cement paste or be liable
to rusting.

4.2 Container, to hold the test sample and having a volume larger than the volume of the funnel and
not less than 12 liters.

4.3 Stop watch, measuring to 0.1s.

4.4 Straight Edge, for Striking off Concrete Level with the Top of the Funnel

5 TEST SAMPLE

A sample of at least 12 ltrs shall be obtained.

6 PROCEDURE

Clean the funnel and bottom gate, the dampen all the inside surface including the gate. Close the gate
and pour the sample of concrete into the funnel, without any agitation or rodding, then strike off the top
with the straight edge so that the concrete is flush with the top of the funnel. Place the container under
the funnel in order to retain the concrete to be passed. After a delay of (1 ± 2) s from filling the funnel,
open the gate and measure the time t v ' to 0.1 s, from opening the gate to when it is possible to see
vertically through the funnel into the container below for the first time. Tv is the V-funnel flow time.
7 TEST REPORT

The test report shall include:

a) Identification of the test sample;
b) Location where the test was performed;
c) Date when test performed
d) V-funnel flow time (tv) to the nearest 0.1 s;
e) Time between completion of mixing and performance of the tests;
f) Any deviation from the procedure in this document.
The report may also include:
g) The temperature of the concrete at the time of test;
h) Time of test.

REFERENCES

1. IS: 1199, Testing fresh concrete – Part 1: Sampling.

2. EN 9103, Testing fresh concrete – Part 2: Slump test.

Fig. 2 V-funnel
 ANNEX A: TEST METHODS
ANNEX A.3
TESTING FRESH CONCRETE: L-BOX TEST

1 INTRODUCTION
The L-box test is used to assess the passing ability of self-compacting concrete to flow through tight
openings including spaces between reinforcing bars and other obstructions without segregation or blocking.
There are two variations; the two bar test and the three bar test. The three bar test simulates more congested
reinforcement.

2 SCOPE
This document specifies the procedure for determining the passing ratio, using the L-box test,
for self-compacting concrete.

3 PRINCIPLE
A measured volume of fresh concrete is allowed to flow horizontally through the gaps between
vertical, smooth reinforcing bars and the height of the concrete beyond the reinforcement is measured.

4 APPARATUS
4.1 L-box, having the general arrangement as shown in figure 1 and the dimensions (tolerance ± 1 mm)
shown in figure 3. The L-box shall be of rigid construction with surfaces that are smooth, flat and not readily
attacked by cement paste or be liable to rusting. The vertical hopper may be removable for ease of cleaning.
With the gate closed, the volume of the vertical hopper shall be (12,6 – 12,8) l when filled level with the top.
The assemblies holding the reinforcement bars shall have 2 smooth bars of 12 mm diameter with a gap of 59
mm for the two bar test and 3 smooth bars of 12 mm diameter with a gap of 41 mm for the three bar test.
These assemblies shall be interchangeable and locate the bars in the L -box so that they are vertical and
equidistant across the width of the box.
NOTE: A steel mould is preferred but12 mm coated formwork plywood with the end grain sealed has been
found to suitable.
4.2 Rule, graduated from (0 – 300) mm in intervals of 1,0 mm.
4.3 Container, to hold the sample and having a volume not less than 14 l.

5 Test sample
A sample of approximately 17 l shall be obtained in accordance with EN 12350-1.

6 Test procedure
Support the L-box on a level horizontal base and close the gate between the vertical and horizontal sections.
Pour the concrete from the container into the filling hopper of the L-box and allow to stand for (60 ± 10) s.
Record any segregation and then raise the gate so that the concrete flows into the horizontal section of the
box.
When movement has ceased, measure the vertical distance, at the end of the horizontal section of the L-box,
between the top of the concrete and the top of the horizontal section of the box at three positions equally
spaced across the width of the box. By difference with the height of the horizontal section of the box, these
three measurements are used to calculate the mean depth of concrete as H2 mm. The same procedure is used
to calculate the depth of concrete immediately behind the gate as H1 mm.
7 Test result
The passing ability PA is calculated from the following equation.
PA = H2/H1

8 Test report
The test report shall include:
a) identification of the test sample;
b) location where the test was performed;
c) date when test performed;
d) any segregation observed while filling the L-box;
e) whether two bar or three bar test:
f) passing ratio to the nearest 0,01;
g) time between completion of mixing and performance of the tests;
h) any deviation from the procedure in this document.
The report may also include:
i) the temperature of the concrete at the time of test;
j) time of test.
 ANNEX A: TEST METHODS
ANNEX A.4
TESTING FRESH CONCRETE: SIEVE SEGREGATION RESISTANCE TEST

1 INTRODUCTION
The sieve segregation resistance test is used to assess the resistance of self-compacting concrete
to segregation.

2 SCOPE
This document specifies the procedure for determining the sieve segregation resistance of
self-compacting concrete.

3 PRINCIPLE
After sampling, the fresh concrete is allowed to stand for 15 min and any separation of bleed
water is noted. The top part of the sample is then poured into a sieve with 5 mm square apertures. After 2
min the weight of material which has passed through the sieve is recorded. The segregation ratio is then
calculated as the proportion of the sample passing through the sieve.

4 APPARATUS
4.1 Perforated plate sieve, having 5 mm square apertures, frame diameter 300 mm and height 40
mm, conforming to ISO 3310-2, complete with a receiver from which the sieve can easily removed by
lifting vertically.
4.2 Weighing machine, having a flat platform which can accommodate the sieve receiver and having
a capacity of at least 10 kg, calibrated in increments of ≤ 20 g.
4.3 Sample container, made from plastics or metal construction having an internal diameter (300 ±
10) mm, a capacity of (11 – 12) l, and a lid.

5 TEST SAMPLE
A sample which fills the sample container shall be obtained in accordance with EN 12350-1.

6 PROCEDURE
Place(10 ± 0,5) l of concrete in the sample container and fit the lid. Allow to stand in a level
position, without disturbance, for (15 ± 0,5) min.
Ensure the weighing machine is level and free from vibration. Place the sieve receiver on the weighing
machine and record its mass (Wp g). Then place the sieve on the receiver and again record the mass.
At the end of the standing period remove the lid from the sample container and record whether any bleed
water has appeared on the surface of the concrete. With the sieve and receiver still on the weighing
machine, and with the top of the sample container (500 ± 50) mm above the sieve, immediately pour
(4,8 ± 0,2) kg concrete (including any bleed water) onto the centre of the sieve. Record the actual mass
of concrete (WC g) on the sieve. Allow the concrete to stand in the sieve for (120 ± 5) s and then remove
the sieve vertically without agitation. Record the mass of the receiver and concrete that has passed into it
from the receiver (WPS g).

7 TEST RESULT
The segregated portion SR is calculated from the following equation and reported to the nearest
1 %.
SR = (Wps – Wp) 100 / Wc %

8 TEST REPORT
The test report shall include:
a) identification of the test sample;
b) location where the test was performed;
c) date when test performed;
d) presence of bleed water, if any, after standing for 15 min;
e) segregated portion to the nearest 1%;
f) time between completion of mixing and performance of the tests;
g) any deviation from the procedure in this document.
The report may also include:
h) the temperature of the concrete at the time of test;
i) time of test.
 ANNEX B

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE ON CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONING

A-0 An example illustrating the mix proportioning for a concrete of M40 grade is given in A-1 to A-12.

A-1 STIPULATIONS FOR PROPORTOING

a) Grade designation : M 40
b) Type of cement : OPC 43 grade conforming to IS: 8112
c) Maximum nominal size of aggregate : 20 mm
d) Minimum cement content and
maximum water-cement ratio to be adopted : Severe (for reinforced concrete)
and/or
Exposure conditions as per Table 4
and Table 5 of IS 456;
e) Workability : 100 mm (slump)
f) Method of concrete placing : Pumping
j) Degree of site control : Good
k) Type of aggregate : Crushed angular aggregate
m) Maximum cement content : 450 kg/m3
n) Chemical admixture type : Superplasticizer-retarding type

A-2 TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS

a) Cement used : OPC 43 grade conforming to IS: 8112

b) Specific gravity of cement : 3.15
c) Chemical admixture : Superplasticizer conforming to IS: 9103
d) Specific gravity of:
a. Coarse aggregate : 2.74
b. Fine aggregate : 2.74
e) Water absorption:
a. Coarse aggregate : 0.5 percent
b. Fine aggregate : 1.0 percent

f) Free (surface) moisture:

1) Course aggregate : Nil (absorbed moisture also nil)
2) Fine aggregate : Nil (absorbed moisture also nil)
g) Sieve analysis:
1) Coarse aggregate :

IS Sieve Sizes Analysis of Coarse Percentage of Different Fractions Remarks

mm Aggregate Fraction
                            
I II I II Comforming
60 percent 40 percent 100 percent
20 100 100 60 40 100
10 0 71.20 0 28.5 28.5 Conforming
4.75 9.40 3.7 3.7 of Table 2 of
IS 383
2.36 0

2) Fine aggregate : Conforming to grading Zone I of

Table 4 of IS 383

A-3 TARGET STRENGTH FOR MIX PROPORTIONING

f’ck = fck+1.65 s
or
f’ck = fck + 5

whichever is higher

where
f’ck = target average compressive strength at 28 days,
fck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days, and
s = standard deviation.

From Table 1, standard deviation, s = 5 N/mm2.

Therefore, target strength using both equations i.e.

i) f’ck = fck+1.65 s
= 40+1.65x5 = 48.25 N/mm2
ii) f’ck = fck + 5
= 40+5 = 45 N/mm2
The higher value is to be adopted. Therefore, target strength will be 48.25 N/mm2 as 48.25
N/mm2 > 45 N/mm2.
A-4 APPROXIMATE AIR CONTENT
From Table 2, the approximate amount of entrapped air to be expected in normal (non-air-entrained)
concrete is 1.0% for 20mm nominal maximum size of aggregate.

A-5 SELECTION OF WATER-CEMENT RATIO

From Fig. 1, the free water-cement ratio required for the target strength of 48.25 N/mm2 is 0.36 for
OPC-43 grade. This is lower than the maximum value of 0.45 prescribed for ‘Severe’ exposure for
reinforced concrete as per Table 5 of IS : 456.
0.36 < 0.45, hence O.K.

A-6 SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT

From Table 3, maximum water content = 186 litre (for 50 mm slump)

for 20 mm aggregate.

6
Estimated water content for 100 mm slump = 186  186
100
= 197 litre

As superplasticizer is used, the water content may be reduced,

Based on trials with superplasticizer at the rate 1.0% by weight of cement/cementitious material, the
water content reduction of 20 percent has been achieved. Hence the arrived water content = 197x 0.80 =
157.6 kg, say158 kg

A-7 CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT

Water-cement ratio = 0.36

158
 438.89, say
Cement content = 0.36
439.0 kg/m 3

From Table 5 of IS 456, minimum cement

content for ‘service’ exposure condition = 320 kg/m3

439 kg/m3 > 320 kg/m3, hence, O.K.

A-8 PROPORTION OF VOLUME OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND FINE AGGREGETE

CONTENT
From Table 4, volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20 mm size aggregate and fine aggregate
(Zone I) for water-cement ratio of 0.50 = 0.60.

In the present case water-cement ratio is 0.36. Therefore, volume of coarse aggregate is required to be
increased to decrease the fine aggregate content. As the water-cement ratio is lower by 0.14, the
proportion of volume of coarse, aggregate is increased by 0.028 (at the rate of -/+0.01 for every ± 0.05
change in water-cement ratio). Therefore, corrected proportion of volume of coarse aggregate for the
water-cement ratio of 0.36 = 0.628.

NOTE – In case the coarse aggregate is not angular one, then also volume of coarse aggregate may be required to be
increased suitably, based on experience.

For pumpable concrete these values should be reduced by 10 percent.

Therefore, volume of coarse aggregate = 0.628 x 0.9 = 0.565
Volume of fine aggregate content = 1 – 0.565 = 0.435

A-9 MIX CALCULATIONS

The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows:

a) Total Volume = 1 m3

b) Volume of entrapped air = 0.01 m3

in wet concrete

c) Volume of Concrete = Total Volume – Volume of air entrapped

= 1.0 – 0.01
= 0.99 m3

Mass of cement 1
d) Volume of cement = Specific gravity of cement  1000

439 1
= 
3.15 1000
= 0.139 m3
Mass of water 1
e) Volume of water = Specific gravity of water  1000
158 1
= 
1 1000

= 0.158 m3

f) Volume of chemical admixture

(superplasticizer) (@ 1.0 percent
 Mass of chemical admixture 1
by mass of cementitious material) = Specific gravity of admixture  1000

4.39 1
= 
1.145 1000

= 0.0038 m3
g) Volume of all in aggregate = [c-(d+e+f)}
= 0.99-(0.139+0.158+0.0038)
= 0.689 m3

h) Mass of coarse aggregate = g x Volume of coarse aggregate x Specific gravity of

coarse aggregate x 1000
= 0.689 x 0.565 x 2.74 x 1000
= 1066.6 kg, say 1067 kg

i) Mass of fine aggregate = g x volume of fine aggregate x Specific gravity of fine

aggregate x 1000
= 0.689 x 0.435 x 2.74 x 1000
= 821 kg

A-9 MIX PROPORTIONS FOR TRIAL NUMBER 1

Cement = 439 kg/m3

Water (net mixing)
Fine aggregate (SSD)
Coarse aggregate (SSD)
Chemical admixture
Free Water-cement ratio
= 158 kg/m3
= 821 kg/m3
= 1067 kg/m3
= 4.39 kg/m3, say 4.40 kg/m3
= 0.36

NOTE – Aggregates should be used in saturated surface dry condition. If otherwise, when computing the
requirement of mixing water, allowance shall be made for the free (surface) moisture contributed by the fine and
coarse aggregates. On the other hand, if the aggregates are dry, the amount of mixing water should be increased by
an amount equal to the moisture likely to be absorbed by the aggregates. Necessary adjustments are also required to
be made in mass of aggregates. The surface water and percent water absorption of aggregates shall be determined
according to IS 2386.

A-10 ADJUSTMENT ON WATER, FINE AGGREGATE & COARSE AGGREGATE

(IF THE COARSE & FINE AGGREGATE IS IN DRY CONDITION)

Fine Aggregate (Dry) = Mass of fine aggregate in SSD condition / (1+ water absorption/100)
= 821/ (1+ 1/100) = 821/1.01=812.9 say 813 kg/m3
 Coarse Aggregate (Dry) = Mass of coarse aggregate in SSD condition /
(1+ water absorption/100) = 1067/ (1+ 0.5/100)
= 1067/1.005
= 1061.7 say 1062 kg/m

The estimated requirement for added water, therefore, becomes :

158 + 813 (1.0/100) + 1062 (0.5/100)
= 158 + 813 (0.01) + 1062 (0.005)
= 158 + 8.13 + 5.31 = 171.44 say 171 kg/m3
Note: Absorbed water does not become part of the net mixing water.

MIX PROPORTIONS AFTER ADUSTMENT FOR DRY AGGREGATES

Cement = 439 kg/m3

Water (to be added) = 171 kg/m3
Fine aggregate (Dry) = 813 kg/m3
Corrected mass Coarse aggregate (Dry) = 1062 kg/m3
Chemical admixture = 4.40 kg/m3
Free Water-cement ratio = 0.36

A-11 The slump shall be measured and the water content and dosage of admixture shall be adjusted for
achieving the required slump based on trial, if required. The mix proportions shall be reworked for the
actual water content and checked for durability requirements.

A-12 Two more trials having variation of ± 10 percent of water-cement ratio in A-10 shall be carried out
and a graph between three water-cement ratios and their corresponding strengths shall be plotted to work
out the mix proportions for the given target strength for field trials. However, durability requirement
shall be met.
 ANNEX C

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE OF MIX PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE

(USING FLY ASH AS PART REPLACEMENT OF OPC)

B-0 An example illustrating the mix proportioning for a concrete of M-40 grade using fly ash is given B-
1 to B-11.

B-1 STIPULATIONS FOR PROPORTIONING

a) Grade designation : M 40
b) Type of cement : OPC 43 grade conforming to IS 8112
c) Type of mineral admixture : Fly ash conforming to IS 3812 (Part 1)
d) Maximum nominal size of aggregate : 20 mm
e) Minimum cement content and
maximum water-cement ratio to be adopted : Severe (for reinforced concrete)
and/or
Exposure conditions as per Table 4
and Table 5 of IS 456;
f) Workability : 100 mm (slump)
g) Method of concrete placing : Pumping
h) Degree of supervision : Good
j) Type of aggregate : Crushed angular aggregate
k) Maximum cement (OPC) content : 450 kg/m3
l) Chemical admixture type : Superplasticizer-retarding type

B-2 TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS

a) Cement used : OPC 43 grade conforming to IS 8112
b) Specific gravity of cement` : 3.15
c) Fly ash : Conforming to IS 3812 (Part 1)
d) Specific gravity of fly ash : 2.2
e) Chemical admixture : Superplasticizer conforming to IS 9103
f) Specific gravity of :
1) Coarse aggregate : 2.74
2) Fine aggregate : 2.74
g) Water absorption:
1) Coarse aggregate : 0.5 percent
2) Fine aggregate : 1.0 percent
h) Free (surface) moisture:
1) Coarse aggregate : Free moisture = Total moisture – Water Absorption
2.0 – 0.5 = 1.5 percent
2) Fine aggregate : Free moisture = Total moisture – Water Absorption
5.0 – 1.0 = 4.0 percent
j) Sieve analysis:
1) Coarse aggregate :

IS Analysis of Percentage of Different Fractions Remarks

Sieve Coarse
Sizes Aggregate Fraction
mm
                            
I II I II Comforming
60 percent 40 percent 100 percent
20 100 100 60 40 100
10 0 71.20 0 28.5 28.5 Conforming
4.75 9.40 3.7 3.7 of Table 2 of
IS 383
2.36 0

2) Fine aggregate : Conforming to grading Zone 1 of Table 4 of IS 383

B-3 TARGET STRENGTH FOR MIX PROPORTIONING

f’ck = fck+1.65 s
or
f’ck = fck + 5
whichever is higher

where
f’ck = target average compressive strength at 28 days,
fck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days, and
s = standard deviation.

From Table 1, standard deviation, s = 5 N/mm2.

Therefore, target strength using both equations i.e.

i) f’ck = fck+1.65 s
= 40+1.65x5 = 48.25 N/mm2
ii) f’ck = fck + 5
= 40+5 = 45 N/mm2
The higher value is to be adopted. Therefore, target strength will be 48.25 N/mm2 as 48.25
N/mm2 > 45 N/mm2.
B-4 APPROXIMATE AIR CONTENT
From Table 2, the approximate amount of entrapped air to be expected in normal (non-air-entrained)
concrete is 1.0% for 20mm nominal maximum size of aggregate.

B-5 SELECTION OF WATER-CEMENT RATIO

From Fig. 1, the free water-cement ratio required for the target strength of 48.25 N/mm2 is 0.36 for
OPC-43 grade. This is lower than the maximum value of 0.45 prescribed for ‘Severe’ exposure for
reinforced concrete as per Table 5 of IS : 456.
0.36 < 0.45, hence O.K.

B-6 SELECTION OF WATER CEMENT

From Table 3, maximum water content = 186 litre (for 50 mm slump) for 20 mm aggregate.

6
Estimated water content for 100 mm slump = 186  186
100
= 197 litre

As superplasticizer is used, the water content may be reduced,

Based on trials with superplasticizer at the rate 1.0% by weight of cement/cementitious material, the
water content reduction of 20 percent has been achieved. Hence the arrived water content = 197x 0.80 =
157.6 kg, say158 kg

B-7 CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT

Water-cement ratio (see note under 4.1) = 0.36

158
Cementitious material (cement + fly ash) content =  439 kg/m 3
0.36
From Table 5 of IS 456, minimum cement
content for ‘service’ exposure condition = 320 kg/m3

439 kg/m3 > 320 kg/m3, hence, O.K.

Now, to proportion a mix containing fly ash the following steps are suggested:
a) Decide the percentage fly ash to be used based on project requirement and quality of materials
b) In certain situations increase in cementitious material content may be warranted. The decision
on increase in cementitious material content and its percentage may be based on experience
and trial (see Note).
NOTE – This illustrative example is with increase of 10 percent cementitious material content.

Cementitious material content = 439 x 1.10 = 482.9 say 483 kg/m3

Water Content = 158 kg/m3

158
So, water-cementitious ratio =  0.327
483

Fly ash@ 30% of total cementitious material content = 483 x 30% = 144.9 say 145 kg/m3
Cement (OPC) = 483 – 145 = 338 kg/m3

Saving of cement while using fly ash = 439 – 338 = 101 kg/m3, and

Fly ash being utilized = 145 kg/m3

B-8 PROPORTION OF VOLUME OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND FINE AGGREGETE

CONTENT
From Table 4, volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20 mm size aggregate and fine aggregate
(Zone I) for water-cement ratio of 0.50 = 0.60.

In the present case water-cementitious ratio is 0.327. Therefore, volume of coarse aggregate is required
to be increased to decrease the fine aggregate content. As the water-cement ratio is lower by 0.173, the
proportion of volume of coarse aggregate is increased by 0.0346 (at the rate of -/+0.01 for every ± 0.05
change in water-cement ratio). Therefore, corrected proportion of volume of coarse aggregate for the
water-cementitious ratio of 0.327 = 0.6346.

NOTE – In case the coarse aggregate is not angular one, then also volume of coarse aggregate may be required to be
increased suitably, based on experience.

For pumpable concrete these values should be reduced by 10 percent.

Therefore, volume of coarse aggregate = 0.6346 x 0.9 = 0.57114 say 0.57
Volume of fine aggregate content = 1 – 0.57 = 0.43

B-9 MIX CALCULATIONS

The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows:
a) Total Volume = 1 m3

b) Volume of entrapped air = 0.01 m3

in wet concrete

c) Volume of Concrete = Total Volume – Volume of air entrapped

= 1.0 – 0.01
 = 0.99 m3

Mass of cement 1
d) Volume of cement = Specific gravity of cement  1000
338 1
= 
3.15 1000
= 0.107 m3
Mass of fly ash 1
e) Volume of fly ash = Specific gravity of fly ash  1000
145 1
= 
2.2 1000
= 0.0659 m3

Mass of water 1
f) Volume of water = Specific gravity of water  1000
158 1
= 
1 1000
= 0.158 m3

g) Volume of chemical admixture

(superplasticizer) (@ 1.0 %
Mass of chemical admixture 1
by mass of cementitious material) = Specific gravity of admixture  1000
4.83 1
= 
1.145 1000
= 0.004 m3
h) Volume of all in aggregate = [c-(d + e + f + g)}
= 0.99-(0.107+0.0659+0.158+0.004)
= 0.6551 m3
i) Mass of coarse aggregate = h x Volume of coarse aggregate x Specific gravity of
coarse aggregate x 1000
= 0.6551 x 0.57 x 2.74 x 1000
= 1 023 kg

j) Mass of fine aggregate = h x volume of fine aggregate x Specific gravity of fine

aggregate x 1000
= 0.6551 x 0.43 x 2.74 x 1000
= 771.8 say 772 kg

B-10 MIX PROPORTIONS FOR TRIAL NUMBER 1

Cement = 338 kg/m3

Fly Ash = 145 kg/m3
 Water (Net mixing)
Fine aggregate (SSD)
Coarse aggregate (SSD)
Chemical admixture
Free Water-cement ratio
(see Note under 4.1)
= 158 kg/m3
= 772 kg/m3
= 1 023 kg/m3
= 4.83 say 4.8 kg/m3
= 0.327

NOTE – Aggregates should be used in saturated surface dry condition. If otherwise, when computing the
requirement of mixing water, allowance shall be made for the free (surface) moisture contributed by the fine and
coarse aggregates. On the other hand, if the aggregates are dry, the amount of mixing water should be increased by
an amount equal to the moisture likely to be absorbed by the aggregates. Necessary adjustments are also required to
be made in mass of aggregates. The surface water and percent water absorption of aggregates shall be determined
according to IS 2386 (Part 3).

B-11 ADJUSTMENT ON WATER, FINE AGGREGATE & COARSE AGGREGATE

(IF THE COARSE & FINE AGGREGATE IS IN WET CONDITION)

Fine Aggregate (Wet) :

Step I: Dry mass of fine aggregate = mass of fine aggregate in SSD condition/
(1+ water absorption/100) = 772/ (1 + 1/100)
= 772/1.01 = 764.4 say 764 kg/m3
Step II: Mass of wet fine aggregate = Dry mass of fine aggregate x (1 + total
Moisture/100) = 764 x (1+5/100)
= 764 x 1.05 = 802.2 say 802 kg/m3

Coarse Aggregate (Wet) :

Step I: Dry mass of coarse aggregate = mass of coarse aggregate in SSD condition/
(1+ water absorption/100) = 1023/ (1 + 0.5/100)
= 1023/1.005 = 1017.9 say 1018 kg/m3
Step II: Mass of wet coarse aggregate = Dry mass of coarse aggregate x (1 + total
Moisture/100) = 1018 x (1+2.0/100)
= 1018 x 1.02 = 1038.4 say 1038 kg/m3

Absorbed water does not become part of the net mixing water and must be excluded from the adjustment
in added water. Therefore, surface water contributed by the coarse aggregate amounts to 2 – 0.5 = 1.5
percent and by the fine aggregate 5 – 1.0 = 4.0 percent.

Therefore, The estimated requirement for added water becomes :

158 - 764 (4.0/100) - 1018 (1.5/100)
= 158 - 764 (0.04) - 1018 (0.015)
= 158 - 30.56 - 15.27 = 112.17 say 112 kg/m3

MIX PROPORTIONS AFTER ADUSTMENT FOR WET AGGREGATES

 Cement = 338 kg/m3
Flyash = 145 kg/m3
Water (to be added) = 112 kg/m3
Fine aggregate (Wet) = 802 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate (Wet) = 1038 kg/m3
Chemical admixture = 4.8 kg/m3
Free Water-cementitious ratio = Water (net mixing) / cementitious content
= 158/ (338+145) = 0.327

B-12 The slump shall be measured and the water content and dosage of admixture shall be adjusted for
achieving the required slump based on trial, if required. The mix proportions shall be reworked for the
actual water content and checked for durability requirements.

B-13 Two/three more trials having variation of ± 10 percent of water-cement ratio in B-10 shall be
carried out and a graph between these water-cement ratios and their corresponding strengths shall be
plotted to work out the mix proportions for the given target strength for field trials. However, durability
requirement shall be met.
 ANNEXURE D

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE ON CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONING FOR HIGH

STRENGTH CONCRETE
D-0 An example illustrating the mix proportioning for a concrete of M 65 grade using silica fume is given below. The silica
fume (very fine non-crystalline silicon dioxide) is a by-product of the manufacture of silicon, ferrosilicon or the like, from
quartz and carbon in electric arc furnace. It is usually used in proportion of 5 to 15 percent of the cementitious material
content of the mix. Use of silica fume is generally advantageous for higher grades of concrete i.e. M50 and above and for
high performance concrete with special requirements e.g. higher abrasion resistance of concrete.

D-1 STIPULATIONS FOR PROPORTIONING

a) Grade designation : M 65
b) Type of cement : OPC 53 grade conforming to IS 12269
c) Silica fume : Conforming to IS 15388
d) Maximum nominal size of aggregate : 20 mm
e) Exposure conditions as per Table 4 : Severe (for reinforced concrete)
and Table 5 of IS 456;
f) Workability : 100 mm (slump)
g) Method of concrete placing : Pumping
h) Degree of supervision : Good
j) Type of aggregate : Crushed angular aggregate
k) Maximum cement (OPC) content : 450 kg/m3
l) Chemical admixture type : Superplasticizer (Polycarboxylate based)

D-2
a) TEST DATA
Cement FOR MATERIALS
used OPC 53 grade conforming to IS 12269
b) Specific gravity
(1) Cement 3.15
(2) Silica fume 2.20
(3) Coarse aggregate 2.74
(4) Fine aggregate 2.62
c) Water absorption
(1)Coarse aggregate 0.5 percent
(2) Fine aggregate 1.0 percent
d) Free (surface) moisture
(1)Coarse aggregate Nil (absorbed moisture also nil)
(2) Fine aggregate Nil (absorbed moisture also nil)
e) Sieve analysis
1) Coarse aggregate IS Analysis of Percentage of Different Percentage
Sieve Coarse Aggregate Fractions passing for
sizes Fraction, % Graded
mm passing Aggregate
I II Combined (as per
I II
60% 40% 100 % Table 1)
20 100.00 100.00 60.00 40.00 100.00 90-100
10 2.80 78.30 1.68 31.30 32.98 25-55
4.75 Nil 8.70 3.48 3.48 0-10

2) Fine aggregate Conforming to grading Zone II

D-3 DESIGN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOR MIX PROPORTIONING

 f’ck = fck+1.65 Sc
or
f’ck = fck + X

whichever is higher

where
f’ck = target average compressive strength at 28 days,
fck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days, and
Sc = standard deviation of compressive strength.

From Table 1, standard deviation, Sc = 6.0 N/mm2.

Therefore, target strength using both equations i.e.

i) f’ck = fck+1.65 Sc
= 65+1.65x6.0 = 74.9 N/mm2
ii) f’ck = fck + 8.0 (The value of X for M65 grade as per Table 4 is 8.0 N/mm2 )
= 65+8.0 = 73.0 N/mm2
The higher value is to be adopted. Therefore, target strength will be 74.9 N/mm2 as 74.9 N/mm2 > 73.0 N/mm2.

D-4 APPROXIMATE AIR CONTENT

From Table 7, the approximate amount of entrapped air to be expected in normal (non-air-entrained) concrete is 0.5 % for
20.0 mm nominal maximum size of aggregate.

D-5 SELECTION OF WATER-CEMENTIOUS MATERIALS RATIO

From Table 9, the free water-cementitious materials ratio required for the target strength of 74.9 N/mm 2 is 0.29 for MSA 20
mm. This is lower than the maximum value of 0.45.
0.29 < 0.45, hence O.K.

D-6 SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT

From Table 8, water content for 20 mm aggregate = 180 kg/m3 (for 50mm slump without using superplasticiser)
6
Estimated water content for 100 mm slump = 180  180
100
= 190.8 say 191 kg/m3

As superplasticizer (Polycarboxylate based) is used, the water content can be reduced by 30 percent. Hence, the reduced
water content = 191 x 0.70 = 133.7 say 134 kg/m3

D-7 CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT

Water–cementitious materials ratio = 0.29

Water content = 134 kg/m3
Cementitious content = 134 / 0.29 = 462.1 say 462 kg/m3
Silica fume @ 5% by weight of
Cementitious Material = 462 x 5%= 23.1 say 23 kg/m3
Cement Content = 462 – 23= 439 kg/m3
 Check for minimum cementitious materials content, 320kg/m 3 < 462kg/m3 (439kg/m3 OPC+ 23 kg/m3 silica fume)
Hence, OK

D-8 PROPORTION OF VOLUME OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND FINE AGGREGATE CONTENT

From Table 11, Volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20 mm size aggregate and fine aggregate grading
Zone II = 0.70 per unit volume of total aggregate. This is valid for water-cementitious materials ratio of 0.30. As water-
cement ratio is actually 0.29, the ratio is taken as 0.702 to reduce sand content.

Volume of fine aggregate content = 1 – 0.702 = 0.298 per unit volume of total aggregate

D-9 MIX CALCULATIONS

a) Absolute Volume of = 1 – Volume of air = 1 – 0.005 = 0.995m3

concrete
b) Volume of cement = (Mass of cement / Specific gravity of cement) x (1/1000)
= (439/3.15) x 1/1000
= 0.139 m3
c) Volume of silicafume = (Mass of silicafume / Specific gravity of silicafume) x 1/1000
= (23/2.2) x 1/1000
= 0.010 m3
d) Volume of water = (Mass of water / Specific gravity of water) x 1/1000
= (134/1) x 1/1000
= 0.134 m 3
e) Volume of chemical = (Mass of chemical admixture / Specific gravity of admixture) x
admixture (1/1000)
(superplasticizer) [@ = (3.7/1.08) x 1/1000
0.8 by Mass of = 0.003 m 3
cementitious material]
f) Volume of all in = {a-(b+c+d+e)}
aggregate = 0.995 - (0.139+0.010+0.134+0.003)
= 0.709 m3
g) Mass of coarse = (f) x volume of coarse aggregate x Specific gravity of coarse
aggregate aggregate x 1000
= 0.709 x 0.702 x 2.74 x 1000
= 1363.7 say 1364 kg/m3
h) Mass of fine aggregate = (f) x volume of fine aggregate x Specific gravity of fine aggregate x
1000
= 0.709 x 0.298 x 2.62 x 1000
= 553.6 Say 554 kg/m3

D-9.1 MIX PROPORTIONS FOR TRIAL NUMBER 1 ON AGGREGATE IN SSD CONDITION

Cement = 439 kg/m3

Silica fume = 23 kg/m3
Water = 134 kg/m3
Fine Aggregate = 554 kg/m3
Coarse Aggregate = 1364 kg/m3
Chemical Admixture = 3.70 kg/m3
Water-(Cement + Silica Fume ratio) = 0.29

D-9.2 MIX PROPORTIONS FOR TRIAL NUMBER 1 ON AGGREGATE IN DRY CONDITION

 Cement = 439 kg/m3
Silica fume = 23 kg/m3
Water = 134+5.0*+7.0**=146 kg
Fine Aggregate = Mass of fine aggregate in SSD condition / (1+ water
absorption/100)
= 554/ (1+ 1/100) = 554/1.01=548.5 say 549 kg/m3
Coarse Aggregate = Mass of coarse aggregate in SSD condition / (1+ water
Absorption/100) = 1364/(1+ 0.5/100) = 1364/1.005
= 1357.2 say 1357 kg/m3
Chemical Admixture = 3.70 kg/m3

Water-(Cement + silica fume ratio) = 0.29

*Extra water to be absorbed by dry fine aggregate = 554 – 549 = 5.0 kg/m3
** Extra water to be absorbed by dry coarse aggregate = 1364– 1357 = 7.0 kg/m3
All other steps will remain same as C-10 to C-12.