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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE & MACHINE LEARNING

INTRODUCTION

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

1. AI is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially

computer systems. These processes include learning (the acquisition of information and
rules for using the information), reasoning (using rules to reach approximate or definite
conclusions) and self-correction.

2. Particular applications of AI include expert systems, speech recognition and

machine vision, chatbots, sentimental analysis.

Machine Learning (ML)

3. Machine learning is an application of AI that provides systems the ability to

automatically learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed.
Machine learning focuses on the development of computer programs that can access data
and use it learn for themselves.

4. The process of learning begins with observations or data, such as examples, direct
experience, or instruction, in order to look for patterns in data and make better decisions
in the future based on the examples that we provide. The primary aim is to allow the
computers learn automatically without human intervention or assistance and adjust actions
accordingly.

AIM

5. To acquaint student officers with the evolution, introduction and component of AI,
explore various industrial use cases and military application & future development.

SCOPE

7. Study covers the inception of the artificial intelligence over the years and key
personalities in this sector. Key components of the AI, comparison of AI & ML & DL.

8. It also covers the interesting industrial use cases and military application of AI
and future development. However, study doesn’t cover the technical aspects of the AI.
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EVOLUTION OF AI & ML

9. Although the concept of artificial intelligence has been around for centuries it
wasn’t until the 1950’s where the true possibility of it was explored. The main halt in growth
was the problem of computers. In the 1980s AI research fired back up with an expansion
of funds and algorithmic tools.

10. Over the last five years AI research has grown by 12.9% annually worldwide,
according to technology writer Alice Bonasio.

11. While many machine learning algorithms have been around for a long time, the
ability to automatically apply complex mathematical calculations to big data over and over,
faster and faster, is a recent development.

12. Here are a few widely publicized examples of machine learning applications you
may be familiar with:

(a) The self-driving Google car, Tesla and BMW.

(b) Online recommendation offers such as those from Amazon and Netflix.

(c) Knowing what customers are saying about you on Twitter is Machine
learning combined with linguistic rule creation.

(d) Interactive assistance such as Google Assist, Amazon Alexa and Apple Siri.

WHAT IS AI

13. AI is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially

computer systems.

14. These processes include learning (the acquisition of information and rules for using
the information), reasoning (using rules to reach approximate or definite conclusions) and
self-correction. Particular applications of AI include expert systems, speech recognition
and machine vision.

15. AI can be categorized as either weak or strong. Weak AI, also known as narrow
AI, is an AI system that is designed and trained for a particular task.

(a) Virtual personal assistants, such as Apple's Siri, are a form of weak AI,
Strong AI, also known as artificial general intelligence, is an AI system with
generalized human cognitive abilities.

(b) When presented with an unfamiliar task, a strong AI system is able to find
a solution without human intervention. Because hardware, software and staffing

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costs for AI can be expensive, many vendors are including AI components in their
standard offerings, as well as access to Artificial Intelligence as a Service (AIaaS)
platforms.

16. AI as a Service allows individuals and companies to experiment with AI for various
business purposes and sample multiple platforms before making a commitment.

17. Popular AI cloud offerings include Amazon AI services, IBM Watson Assistant,
Microsoft Cognitive Services and Google AI services.

NEED FOR AI

18. We need Artificial Intelligence (AI) because the work that we need to do is
increasing day-to-day. So it’s a good idea to automate the routine work. This saves the
manpower of the organization and also increases the productivity.

19. Additionally, through this Artificial Intelligence, the company can also get the skilled
the persons for the development of the company. Moreover the companies today think that
they want to mechanize all the regular and routine work.

20. And they think they can automate those regular works through the simple program
because, with the development of data science, automation becomes more common. The
application of this AI is majorly seen at website chat portal.

MACHINE LEARNING VS. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

21. The key difference between AI and ML are:

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MACHINE LEARNING

AI stands for Artificial intelligence, where ML stands for Machine Learning which is
intelligence is defined acquisition of defined as the acquisition of knowledge
knowledge intelligence is defined as an or skill
ability to acquire and apply knowledge

The aim is to increase chance of success The aim is to increase accuracy, but it
and not accuracy does not care about success

It work as a computer program that does It is a simple concept machine takes data
smart work and learn from data

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The goal is to simulate natural intelligence to The goal is to learn from data on certain
solve complex problem task to maximize the performance of
machine on this task.

AI is decision making. ML allows system to learn new things

from data.

It leads to develop a system to mimic human It involves in creating self learning

to respond behave in a circumstances. algorithms.

AI will go for finding the optimal solution. ML will go for only solution for that
whether it is optimal or not.

AI leads to intelligence or wisdom. ML leads to knowledge.

APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT PLANS OF AI

Industrial Applications of AI

22. Problem-solving. The core aim of Artificial Intelligence is to solve complex

problems, just like human do, but much faster than them.

23. Gaming. This pointer can also be categorized as problem-solving, except that AI
is also being used exclusively to observe and analyse the moves of the opponent and
decide what the next move is going to be. In recent news, AI defeated the world champion
of a Chinese board game called ‘Go’, which is similar to chess.

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24. Theorem Proving. It requires high intelligence to prove theorems.

(a) AI can use logic and automation to solve mathematical problems, much
faster than us mere humans.

(b) The main focus of this application is to find out whether AI can prove
complex theorems as logically and accurately as our scientists and
mathematicians or not.

25. Natural Language Processing & Understanding.

(a) Natural language processing (NLP) it refers to method of communication

between the intelligent systems that use natural language like English.

(b) It is required when you want your robot to act as per your instructions. Input
to the NLP can speech or input text.

26. Use of Sensors Integrated with AI. The case of artificial intelligence using
sensors is not limited to the application of just AI, as IOT and Machine Learning also step
into the frame.

(a) The combination of these three technologies are trending the most in the
cognitive area. These sensors collect data and send it over to the Internet of Things
network from where it can be used for different purposes and fields.

SECURITY AND ETHICAL CONCERNS

27. While AI tools present a range of new functionality for businesses, the use of
artificial intelligence raises ethical questions. Because a human selects what data should
be used for training an AI program, the potential for human bias is inherent and must be
monitored closely.

28. The application of AI in the realm of self-driving cars raises security as well as
ethical concerns. Cars can be hacked, and when an autonomous vehicle is involved in an
accident, liability is unclear.

29. Autonomous vehicles may also be put in a position where an accident is

unavoidable, forcing the programming to make an ethical decision about how to minimize
damage.

30. Another major concern is the potential for abuse of AI tools. Hackers are starting
to use sophisticated machine learning tools to gain access to sensitive systems,
complicating the issue of security beyond its current state.

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AI IN MILITARY

31. The military often boasts the most advanced technology in the world, sometimes
backed by government- and military-funded R&D projects.

32. Image interpretation for target identification and classification. Expert systems for
diagnosis and maintenance of sophisticated weapon systems such as radars and missiles.

33. Robotic equipment can be used to provide precision targeting support and carriage
of ammunition and accuracy. Camera equipped and shock-resistant platforms to provide
fire power remotely are also possible applications.

34. Systems for diagnosis and maintenance of sophisticated weapon systems. Missile
target range and trajectory analysis for evaluation of kill zones, launch time and simulation
to assist in qualifying missile performance in various environments.

35. Enhanced use of robots for Anti Improvised Explosive Device, extraction of
personnel, firing of guns and other applications.

CONCLUSION

36. The present developments of AI technologies in military domain has not reached
the level when it can be said that it would change the nature of war. AI holds lot of
potential for the military but it is at the earlier stage of adoption. Hence, cultural shift is
required to invest and explore implementation.

36. As Indian CISR and DRDO labs has developed various type robots for wide
range of applications. Now they are focusing on dependable intelligent mobile robots.
CAIR has a team dedicated to the development of Robot Perceptions, which is
considered a key element of any such ‘intelligent machine.’

Bibliography

37. AI 2020: The Future of Defence & Security by Defence IQ.

38. Maj Gen PK Mallick, VSM, Artificial Intelligence In Armed Forces- An Analysis,
CLAWS Journal, Winter 2018.

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