ENGINEERING MECHANICS ~ Dynamics WF. Riley & L.D. Sturges 15-4" A 15-kg block of ice slides on a horizontal surface for 20 m before it stops. If the initial speed of the block was 15 m/s, determine + The force of friction between the block of ice and the surface. The kinetic coefficient of friction H, between the block of ice and the surface. solution The free-body diagram includes the weight of We 1S the block W = 15(9.81) = 147-15 N, the normal force W and friction force F exerted on the block by the surface. The equations of motion <— OER, = me Fe isa F x 7 My N +t Ip = ma: y= 147.15 = 0 yo my here a, = 0 since there is no motion in the vertical direction. Therefore we 147.15 8 isa = -F Rewriting the x-component of acceleration using the chain-rule of differentiation dy | avy de dv de” “dx ae ax and integrating =F ax isy dv 15e"/2 = -Fe + C= 1687.5 - Fe where the constant of integration has been chosen so that v= 15 m/s when x= 0. Then, if v= 0 when x = 20 m, Fe B4.aNn Ang. and the kinetic coefficient of friction is Mp = F/N = 0.873 seeeee a 429ENGINEERING MECHANICS - Dynamics W.F. Riley & L.D. Sturges 15-6 A 1500-kg automobile is moving along a level road at a constant speed of 60 km/h. If the automobile accelerates at a constant rate and reaches a speed of 80 km/h in 5 s, determine ‘The force required to produce this acceleration. The distance traveled by the automobite during the 5-8 interval that it is accelerating. Solution The free-body diagram includes the weight of the car W, the normal force # and pushing force F exerted on the tires by the road. Only the x-component of the equation of F —_ motion gives useful information +9 EF, = may: F = 1800a = constant Integrating the acceleration to get the velocity and position gives 1500v = FE +c, = Fe + 25,000 1s00x = Ft"/2 + 25,000t + c, = Ft*/2 + 25,0008 where the constants of integration have been chosen so that v= 60 km/h = 16.6667 m/s and x = 0 when £ = 0. Then if v= 80 km/h = 22.2222 m/s when t = 5 5, 1500(22.2222) = (5) + 25,000 Fe 16678 geano0c Ans. and 2 1500x = 633.33(5)7 + 25,000(5) x= 972m 431ENGINEERING MECHANICS - Dynamics W.F. Riley & L.D, Sturges 15-7" A force of 20 1b is applied to a 25-1b block as shown in Fig. 15-7. Let x= 0 and v= 0 when ¢ = 0 and determine the velocity and displacement of the block at t= 5 8 if a. The inclined plane supporting the block is smooth. b. The kinetic coefficient of friction between the inclined plane and the block is , = 0.25. Solution ‘The free-body diagram includes thé weight of the block W, the normal force W and friction force R exerted on the block by the surface, and the applied force F. In terms of coordinates along and normal to the surface, the equations of motion are + ° 25 AOR = may: 20 - 25 sin 20° - R= — a +R IF = ma: NV ~ 25 cos 20° = 0 ¥ Y where 0 since there is no motion in the direction normal to the surface. Therefore W = 23,4923 1b a. If R= 0, then the x-component of the equations of moticn gives a= 14.747 ft/s” = constant and integrating to get the velocity and position gives v= 1g.7a7e +c, = 14.7476 x= 7,3735t" +c, = 7.3735¢" where the constants of integration are both zero since the block starts from rest at x = 0. Then, when t= 55 v= 73.7 ft/s Ans. x= 184.3 fe eqanggcod Ans. b. If R= 0-25N = 5.8731 1b, then 7.1824 ft/e” = constant 7.1824¢ + C, = 7.1824¢ 3.s9aze? + ¢, = 3.s9ize7 x and at t= 5, 35.9 ft/e 89.8 fe < * 432Riley & L.D. Sturges ENGINEERING MECHANICS - Dynamics 15-10 A Saturn V rocket has a mass 6 of 2.75(10°) kg and a thrust of 33 «ao®) N. Determine a. The initial vertical acceleration of the rocket. b, The rocket's velocity 10 s after Ligtots. ¢. The time required to reach an altitude of 10,000 m. Solution A free-body diagran of the rocket includes ite weight W and the thrust T. only the y-component of the equations of motion gives useful information +t Ip = ma T- mg ma ry 7 My’ oo a. at Liftoff, m= 2.75(10°) kg, 7 = 33(10°) N, g = 9.81 m/s°, and the initial vertical acceleration of the T rocket is 2 a= 2.19 m/s ees : + An b. Assuming that the thrust and the mass both remain constant, the acceleration is also constant. The first (7 = constant) is probably a good assumption but the second (m= constant) is probably not a good assunption unless the time interval is very short. Then, integrating the acceleration to get the velocity of the rocket gives a = 2,190 m/s” = constant 2.190 m/s (Problem 15-10 continues ...) —— 435ENGINEERING MECHANICS - Dynamics W.F. Riley & L.D. Sturges (Problem 15-10 ~ cont.) where the constant of integration is zero since the rocket starts from rest when ¢ = 0. And when t = 10 5, v = (2,190) (10) = 21.9 w/e 60 Ans. c. Integrating the velocity to get the position of the rocket gives y= 1.095¢7 m where the constant of integration is again zero since y = 0 when t = 0. Then the rocket will reach an altitude of 10,000 m when 2 10,000 = 1.095¢' b= 95.65 6. + Ans. (Over such a very long time interval, the rocket will have burned up a large amount of fuel and its weight and mass will have decreased significantly, Therefore, the constant masa assumption is very poor in this case and the answer is not likely to be very accurate.) 436ENGINEERING MECHANICS - Dynamics WF. Riley & L. 15-21* Blocks A and B, which weigh 30 1b and 50 lb, respectively, are connected by @ rope as shown. The kinetic coefficients of friction i, are 0.35 for block A and 0.15 for block 8. During motion of the blocks down the inclined plane, determine a. The acceleration of block 8. b. The tension in the rope. Solution o So long as the rope remains taut, the two blocks will move together and a single free-body diagram may be drawn CL —— T diagrans nay be drawn for each of the , NS 50h two blocks. Choosing to draw separate N, a = panes hr Y Lr —— equations of motion | 35° HSER, = mzqyt 30 sin 18 Pay = May ", i, S + = ma sin 8 SEP, = may, so 8 12 rg = gtyy " where the y-components of acceleration are both zero since there is no motion in the direction normal to the surface and the x-components of acceleration are the same since the blocks move together. Therefore fy 7 24.878 lb ry = 0-35N, = 8.6011 1b 1, = 40.958 1b Fy = 0-15, = 6.1436 1b Finally, adding the x-equations together gives . 80. 80 sin 35° - 14.7447 = $0 a a= 12.53 ft/e” ¥ a Ans. T= 3.07 Ib 9 sees Ange 450ENGINEERING MECHANICS - Dynamics 15-23 Blocks A and 8, which weigh 200 1b and 120 1b, respectively, are connected by a rope as shown in Fig. a. During motion of the bodies, Determine the acceleration of block A and the tension in the rope connecting the bodies. b, Determine the acceleration of block A if block B is replaced with a constant force of 120 lb as shown in Fig. b. Solution a, Since the two bodies move in TOT different directions (A moves down and £ moves up), separate free-body diagrams must be dyawn for the two bodies. The equations of equilibrium sive at = mals - = a) Ey * Mafay! 27 ~ 200 zoo 20k Ary = mags 7-20 = > Measuring the position of both blocks from the ceiling, the length of the rope can be expressed bs 28,4 8, Taking two time derivatives of this relationship and noting that the length of the rope is constant gives 25,+ 5, =0 ee ce where 3, = -a, and 3, = -a, (3, and 5, are positive downward while a, and a, are positive upward). Therefore (problem 15-23 continues 452i ENGINEERING MECHANICS - Dynamics WP. Riley & L.D. Sturges (Problem 15-23 - cont.) (ag) = -2(-4,) and combining Eqs. a and b gives 200 240 27 = 200 + — 200 240 + 2D (2a, a, = 1.894 ft/s” 7 oO 7] 0oc0 + Ans. + ans. T= 105.9 1b pocegooncananns b. If block # is replaced with a constant force of 120 1b, then the tension in the cable is just T= 120 1b and Bq. a gives the acceleration of block a 200 2(120) - 200 = 3° a, oe Ans. a, = 6.64 ft/s* t ee 453ENGINEERING MECHANICS - Dynamics WF. Riley & L.D. sturge: 15-57 A circular disk rotates in a horizontal plane. & 3-1b block rests on the disk 8 in. from the axis of rotation. The static coefficient of friction between the block and the disk is 0.50. If the disk starts from rest with a constant angular acceleration of 0.5 rad/s*, determine the length of time required for the block to begin to slip. Solution The free-body diagram of the block includes its weight W, a normal force t N exerted on the block by the surface, | and a friction force exerted on the w block by the surface. The friction a force is represented in terms of its =< n= and t-components. The equations of Fa motion are e+ Dr = ma: F, ra + DR, = mays Fi i? = Me G +t Ep, = maz: ° where the 2-component of acceleration is 2ero since the block has no vertical motion, & = 0.5 rad/s” = constant @ = 0.5¢ rad/s Therefore w=3.b F, = 0.03106 1b PF, = 0.02553¢7 1b # = (0.03106)* + (0.01553¢")" = (0.50m* = (1.5 1b) and the block will begin to slip when t= 9.838 : pete 506ENGINEERING MECHANICS ~ Dynamics W.F. Riley & L.D. sturges 15-60 The car shown maintains | constant speed of 100 km/h. At both the bottom and top of the hill, determine the force that the car seat exerts on an 80-kg aziver. Solution The free-body diagram of the driver 804 includes his weight W ead the normal force W between the driver and the seat. Using coordinates along and normal to the road, the equations of motion are 1 Er, =m, 0 = a0% N +P oe, = ma Wr ~ 90(9.81) = 808, where the normal component of acceleration has magnitude v“/p and points toward the center of curvature. a. when the car goes over the top of a hump in the road, then 2 2 np ° where v = 100 km/h = 27.7778 m/s and p= 90m. Therefore 27.7778" which is only about 13 percent of the driver's weight! b. When the car goes over the bottom of a dip in the road, then 2 2 voli Pe ° where v = 100 km/h = 27.7778 m/e and 9 = 90m. Now, : ae 509ENGINEERING MECHANICS - Dynamics WF. Riley & L.D. Sturges 15-61 A highway is designed for traffic moving at 65 mi/h. Along a certain portion of the highway, the radius of a curve is 900 ft. If the curve ie banked so that no friction is required to keep care on the road, determine a. The required angle of banking {angle 8) of the road. ‘The minimum coefficient of friction between the tires and the road that would keep traffic from skidding at this speed if the curve were not banked. Solution The free-body diagram of the car includes its weight Wand the normal force W and friction force F exerted on the tires by the road. Using coordinates along and normal to the path of the car in the horizontal plane of motion, the equations of motion are + Ep, = mas F cos @ + W sin 8 = m(95.3333°/900) 40 Er, = ma, N cos @ - F sin @- mg=0 F ' where the normal component of i 4} acceleration is a, = v°/p acting toward the center of curvature (horizontally to the left), v = 65 mi/h = 95.3333 ft/s, and the z-component of acceleration is zero since the car has no vertical motion. If F = 0, then W sin 6 = 10.0983m N cos @ = 32.2 © = tan™*(10.0983/32.2) = 17.41" eoogocboocn Ans. b. Tf 6 = 0°, then F = 10.0983n N= 32.20 H, = P/N = 10.0983/32.2 = 0.314 ans. 510ENGINEERING MECHANICS - Dynamics WP. Riley & L.D. sturges 15-62 A curve of 200-m radius on a level road is banked at the correct angle for a speed of 65 km/h. If an automobile rounds this curve at 100 km/h, determine the minimum coefficient of friction required between the tires and the road so ‘that the automobile will not skid. Solution ‘The free-body diagram of the car includes its weight W and the normal force N and friction force F exerted on the tires by the road. Using coordinates along and normal to the path of the car in the horizontal plane of motion, the equations of motion are e+ Er, = ma, F cos 0+ Wsin 6 = my“/p +P Ep, = ma, N cos 0- Fein9-mg=0 where the normal component of 3 acceleration is a, = v°/p acting toward the center of curvature (horizontally to the left), and the z-component of acceleration is zero since the car has no ie vertical motion. If F = 0 when v= 65 km/h = 18.0556 m/s, then N sin 6 = 1.6300m N cos @ = 9.81m @ = tan "(1.6300/9.81) = 9.434" Then, with @ = 9.434° and v= 100 km/h = 27.7778 m/s 0.98648F + 0.16391N = 3.85802m ~0.16291F + 0.98648 = 9.81m P 2.19846m W = 10,3097 HM, = F/N = 2.19846/10.3097 = 0.213 cess Ans. sunENGINEERING MBCHANICS - Dynamics WF. Riley & L.D. Sturges 415-64* A small sphere (m= 0.50 kg) is mounted on a circular hoop. Friction between the sphere and the hoop is negligible and the sphere is free I angle @ and the force B exerted by the hoop on = of © = 120 rev/min. Solution The free body diagram of the sphere 3 ! includes its weight W and the normal 1 force P exerted on the sphere by the ' 1 hoop. The equations of motion are + EF, = ma, z P sin @ = 0,5(0.15 sin O)0' +t DF, = mays P cos @ - 0.5(9.81) = 0 where 120 rev/min = 4m rad/s, the normal component of acceleration is directed toward the center of the circular path traveled by the sphere (in @ horizontal plane, © = 0.15 sin 8), and the z-component of acceleration is zero since the sphere has no vertical motion. Therefore, P= 11.84 © = cos”* 0.41415 = 65.53° 513ENGINEERING MECHANICS - Dynamics WF. Riley & L.D. Sturges 15-66 The container is rotating about a vertical axis with a constant angular velocity. Determine the angular velocity 6 for which the 2-kg ball will maintain a fixed position relative to the friction- less side of the container. Solution ‘The free-body diagram of the ball includes its weight W and the normal force W. The equations of motion are W cos 30° = 2(0.1) 6 + DR = me + EF, = ma: W sin 30° - 2(9.81) = 0 n where the normal component of 30° acceleration (a, = 0.1 8%) is directed toward the center of N the circular path traveled by 24 the ball, and the 2-component of acceleration is zero since the ball has no vertical motion. ‘Therefore, N= 39.208 6 = 3.04 rad/e bosondocuc 515ENGINEERING MECHANICS ~ Dynamics W.F. Riley & L.D. Sturges 15-73* A S-1b sphere slides along a rod that is bent in a vertical plane into a shape that can be described by the equation x* = sy where x and y are both measured in feet. When the sphere is at the point -8 ft and y = 8 ft as shown, it is moving along the rod at a speed of 15 ft/s and is slowing down at a rate of 3 ft/s”. Determine the normal and tangential components of the force being exerted on the sphere by the rod at thie time. solution Using components along and normal to the rod, the equations of motion are +2EF, = maj: N~ 5 cos @ +3 EF, where the slope of the rod is given by T n slope = dy/dx = 0.25% uct 8 ea Mt the position shown (x = -8 ft) slope = =2 = tan(-63.435") Nz oF @ = 63.435" = \ \ ‘t Sh ma, SeinO-r= The radius of curvature is given by a Pyar? 0.25 pew] fie en Therefore, with x = ~8 ft, 6 = 63.435", v= 15 ft/s, and v= -3 ft/s” p= 44.7214 ft N= 3.02 lb 2 26.57" T= 4.94 1b & 63.43" 525ENGINEERING MECHANICS - Dynamics WF. Riley & L.D. sturg 1s-74 A 10-kg block A is held in place on a 20-kg cart 8 which rests against an obstruction c. ff all surfaces are frictionless, determine The acceleration a, of the 10-kg block when it is released from rest. The acceleration a, of the block and the acceleration a, of the cart if the obstruction ¢ is removed at the same time that the block A is released from rest. Solution 0 Tf the cart does not move, only 104 a free-body diagram of the block A is needed. In terms of coordinates along and normal to the inclined surface, the equations of motion are , Na +S EFL rye” ata? 10(9.83) sin 30° = 10a, |e *E Dey = maa? My ~ 10(9.82) cos 30° = 0 where the y-component. of acceleration is zero since there is no motion in the y-direction. Therefore, 2 : a, = 4.91 m/s” ¥ 30 Gp b. Now the cart is also able to move and a separate free-body diagram must be drawn of it. In terms of horizontal and vertical coordinates, the equations of motion are now te EP, = mage? My in 30° = 10a, fa) +1 EP, = may! N, cos 30) ~ (>) ” tr, = ms8p,* oN, sin 30° = 20a,, (e) HT EE = mytyy? Mg ~ Ny co 30° - 20(9.81) = 0 @ (Problem 15-74 continues ...) 526ENGINEERING MECHANICS - Dynamics W.F. Riley & L.D. Sturges (Problem 15-74 - cont.) where the y-component of acceleration of the cart B is zero since it does not move in the y-direction. Since block A slides on the cart B, the relative acceleration equation gives . T+ a,, (cos 30° 7 - sin 30° 9) tax" ag + 4a/g SOF 30 (e) sin 30° ) ‘a/B ‘Therefore, combining Eqs. a, c, and e gives WN, sin 30° = 10105, + cos 30°) = -20a,, Aye 30a, = ~10a,,, 508 30 ( and finally combining Eqs. a, @, and g and Eqs. b and f gives WN, sin 30° = (20/3)4,/, cos 30 ‘a/B N, 608 30° = 10(.81) ~ 10a, ). sin 30 Therefore tan 30° a 6.540 m/s” ‘aye ~ S . Ag, = 2-888 0/8 N, = 75.52 N = 3.776 T - 3.27 J m/s* = 5.00 m/s” ¥ 40.89" sees Ange a, - 72-888 T m/s” 1.888 m/s” — Ans. 527ENGINEERING MECHANICS - Dynamics Riley & L.D. Sturges 15-104" A S-kg block rests on a smocth conical surface that revolves about @ vertical axis with a constant angular velocity 0. The block is attached to the rotating shaft with a cable as shown. Determine a. The tension in the cable when the system is rotating at 20 rev/min. b. The angular velocity in revolutions per minute when the force between the conical surface and the block is zero. solution The free-body diagran of the block et inctudes its weight #, the ension 7 in the cable, and the normal force # oS Using xy coordinates along and normal 30° to the surface, the equations of n motion are +2 En, = ma T - 5(9-81) sin 30° = 5(2)0° cos 30° & y Y a, W ~ 8(9.81) cos 30° = -5(2)0* sin 30° where the normal component of acceleration is a, = y"/r = ru" and is directed toward the center of the circular path traveled by the block (in a horizontal plane); both the tangential component and 2- components of acceleration are zero. a. If © = 20 rpm = 2.09440 rad/s, then W = 20.546 T= 62.5 sees Ans. b. If N= ON, then o + Ans. 2.9147 rad/s = 27.8 rev/min. 382