Introduction to Internet Programming

(INSY3081)
Wolkite University
College of Computing and Informatics
Information System

Mayet G.
Mayet.Gizachew@wku.edu.et
Internet Technologies and Protocols
• Overview of the Internet
• World Wide Web
• Client-server architecture
• How the Web works?
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• Other Web protocols
• Web content validation
• Website evaluation
Overview of the Internet
Introduction
• The internet is the largest computer network in the world, connecting
millions of computers. A network is a group of two or more computer
systems linked together.
• There are two main types of computer networks:
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
Overview…
• The Internet started in the 1960s as a way for government researchers to
share information. Computers in the '60s were large and immobile and in
order to make use of information stored in any one computer, one had to
either travel to the site of the computer or have magnetic computer tapes
sent through the conventional postal system.
• Another catalyst in the formation of the Internet was the heating up of the
Cold War. The Soviet Union's launch of the Sputnik satellite spurred the
U.S. Defense Department to consider ways information could still be
disseminated even after a nuclear attack.
• This eventually led to the formation of the ARPANET (Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network), the network that ultimately evolved into what
we now know as the Internet.
Overview…
• ARPANET was a great success but membership was limited to certain
academic and research organizations who had contracts with the
Defense Department. In response to this, other networks were
created to provide information sharing.
• January 1, 1983 is considered the official birthday of the Internet.
Prior to this, the various computer networks did not have a standard
way to communicate with each other.
• A new communications protocol was established called Transfer
Control Protocol/Internetwork Protocol (TCP/IP). This allowed
different kinds of computers on different networks to "talk" to each
other.
Internet Technologies and Protocols
• Overview of the Internet
• World Wide Web
• Client-server architecture
• How the Web works?
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• Other Web protocols
• Web content validation
• Website evaluation
World Wide Web

• When most people think of the internet, the first thing they think
about is the World Wide Web. Nowadays, the terms "internet" and
"World Wide Web" are often used interchangeably— but they're
actually not the same thing.
• The internet is the physical network of computers all over
the world.
• The World Wide Web is a virtual network of web sites
connected by hyperlinks (or "links").
• Web sites are stored on servers on the internet, so the World Wide
Web is a part of the internet.
WWW…
• The World Wide Web (WWW), commonly known as the Web, is
an information system where documents and other web
resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs, such
as https://www.example.com/), which may be interlinked
by hypertext, and are accessible over the Internet.
• The resources of the WWW may be accessed by users by a software
application called a web browser.
WWW…
• Web resources may be any type of downloaded media, but web
pages are hypertext media that have been formatted in Hypertext
Markup Language (HTML).
• Such formatting allows for embedded hyperlinks that contain URLs
and permit users to navigate to other web resources.
• In addition to text, web pages may contain references
to images, video, audio, and software components which are
displayed rendered in the user's web browser as coherent pages
of multimedia content.
WWW…
• Web server - a piece of computer software that can respond to a
browser's request for a page, and deliver the page to the Web
browser through the Internet
• Hypertext - Machine-readable text that is not sequential but is
organized so that related items of information are connected
It is text which is not constrained to be linear.
• Text that, when clicked, sends you to another piece of text or location
• Internet Service Provider (ISP)
• A company that provides dial-in or some other type of access to the Internet
for a monthly fee
• Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
• An address on the Internet, such as http://www.wku.edu.et, which enables
computers and other devices to visit it.
Internet Technologies and Protocols
• Overview of the Internet
• World Wide Web
• Client-server architecture
• How the Web works?
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• Other Web protocols
• Web content validation
• Website evaluation
Client-server architecture
• A client/server system is a pair of software modules designed to
communicate with each other across a network using an agreed
protocol.
• A network architecture in which each computer or process on the
network is either a client or a server.
• The client module makes requests across the network to a listening
server program and the server responds to the requests.
• Components of client/server architecture:
• Communication network
• Clients
• Servers
Client…
• Web server
- Every Web site sits on a computer known as a Web server
- Every Web server that is connected to the Internet is given a unique address
called ip address
- A computer program that is responsible for accepting HTTP requests from
clients (user agents such as web browsers), and serving HTTP responses along
with optional data contents, which usually are web pages such as HTML
documents and linked objects (images, etc.).
• Common examples of web server software are
• Apache HTTP server
• Wamp
• Xampp server
• MS Internet Information Server (IIS)
• Sun ONE web server
Client…

Simple client–server application

Client…
• 2-tier client-server architecture
• Client (browser)
• Web page request
• mainly for presentation of information
• serving mainly static HTML pages
• Server (simple web server)
• Response the request by client
• web-server processing web page
• The business logic can be done either of in the client side or server side
Client…
• 3-tier client-server architecture
• data persists beyond request and response
• server layer
• Make logical decision ,Evaluate and calculations
• Expanded functionality
• database connectivity
• user authentication and sessions
• perhaps multi-threading
• Client layer (web browser)
• Top most level of the application
• Translate tasks and results as user understandable form
• Forms interface to interact with data
Client…
• Multi-tier architecture
• Middleware
• Pre-processing and error handling
• Sophisticated transaction management
• Multiple middleware servers
• Server farms linking to database layer
• Web layer
• Standard web server
• JSP/Servelets | ASP.NET |PHP
Internet Technologies and Protocols
• Overview of the Internet
• World Wide Web
• Client-server architecture
• How the Web works?
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• Other Web protocols
• Web content validation
• Website evaluation
How the Web works?
• Requesting the page http://www.yahoo.com
• The browser broke the URL into 3 parts:
• The protocol ("http")
• The server name ("www.yahoo.com")
• The file name ("index.html")
• Browser  DNS ……Name to IP translation
• Browser Server …..Creation of connection
• Browser sends a GET request to the server, asking for the file "http://
www.yahoo.com/index.html".
• The server then sends the HTML text for the Web page to the browser
• Browser displays the page based on the HTML tags
How…
Top Level Domain (TLD) names
• Com-Originally for commercial organizations, but now used by individuals,
government agencies, and nonprofits as well
• www.google.com
• Net-Internet service providers and other network-related companies
• www.ethio.net
• org -Noncommercial (often nonprofit) organizations
• www.sourceforge.org
• gov - government agencies
• www.ena.gov.et
• mil - military
• edu - Educational domains
• www.wku.edu.et
• int - International organizations like NATO and the International Red Cross
How…
Generally top level domains classified as
1. Generic Top Level Domains
 top-level domain that is used in particular by a specific type of organization
like above
 Restricted b/c eligibility should be proved
2. Sponsored Top Level Domain
 Proposed by private agencies or organization
 .AERO reserved for members of the air-transport industry
Societe Internationale de Telecommunications Aeronautique S.C (SITA SC)
3. Country Code Top Level Domains:
 top-level domain typically reserved for a country
• .et for Ethiopia
• .ca for Canada etc.
Internet Technologies and Protocols
• Overview of the Internet
• World Wide Web
• Client-server architecture
• How the Web works?
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• Other Web protocols
• Web content validation
• Website evaluation
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the set of rules for transferring
files, such as text, graphic images, sound, video, and other
multimedia files, on the World Wide Web.
• As soon as a Web user opens their Web browser, the user is indirectly
making use of HTTP. HTTP is an application protocol that runs on top
of the TCP/IP suite of protocols (the foundation protocols for the
Internet).
• The latest version of HTTP is HTTP/2, which was published in May
2015. It is an alternative to its predecessor, HTTP 1.1.
HTTPS
• is a secure version of the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (http).
• HTTPS allows secure ecommerce transactions, such as online banking.
• Web browsers such as Internet Explorer and Firefox display a padlock
icon to indicate that the website is secure, as it also displays https://
in the address bar.
• When a user connects to a website via HTTPS, the website encrypts
the session with a digital certificate.
• A user can tell if they are connected to a secure website if the website
URL begins with https:// instead of http://.
• “you never and ever enter your credit card number and sensitive
information in an http website!”
HTTP Request Types
• GET (default) and POST do basically the same thing: Send data from the client to
the server. However, they have some differences:
• GET
– Appends form data directly to the end of the URL—visible to users (not
suitable for sending passwords)
– Limited to 1024 characters for the entire URL
– Result page can be bookmarked and cached
• POST
– Sends form data in the HTTP request—invisible to users
– Virtually no limit (but check your specific configuration)
– Results are not cacheable or bookmarkable
• The first line of the server’s response contains a status code
• 200 OK- request was processed successfully
• 301 Moved permanently document has been moved
• 304 Not modified if cached version is up-to-date
• 400 Bad request syntax error in client’s request
• 403 Forbidden client is not allowed access (e.g., protected)
• 404 Not found file could not be found
• 500 Internal server error server failed
• 503 Service unavailable server is overloaded
Internet Technologies and Protocols
Topics
• Overview of the Internet
• World Wide Web
• Client-server architecture
• How the Web works?
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• Other Web protocols
• Web content validation
• Website evaluation
Other Web protocols
(FTP, SMTP, ...)
• FTP can be defined as a standard network protocol which is especially
used to transfer files from one host (machine/ operating system) to
another host over a TCP/ IP based network. Typically FTP is used to
push files up or down to a server.
• The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is the protocol for Internet email.
It transfers email amongst computers. The majority of computers in
the wild understand SMTP, but some do not
• The telnet (written in small caps) lets you connect to a remote
computer and work as if you were sitting in front of your computer,
no matter how far away you are.
• Reading assignment further on other web protocols
Types of web pages
• Static Web page
• Pages typically contain texts, hyperlink, and images
• The content will not change unless the actual webpage file itself is edited
• Html, CSS and JS
• Dynamic Web page
• A site whose construction is controlled by an application server processed by
server-side scripts.
• Pages of the website as the Web moves towards online services and e-commerce, Web
pages must also provide dynamic content
• The pages are dynamically populated every time
• Much more functional website must be able to react to the user's actions, request and
process info, tailor services(.php)
• Html with CSS, JS, php, and MySQL
• e.g., www.amazon.com, www.yahoo.com
Web Page Design Tools
• Client Side Scripting(HTML, CSS, JavaScript
• Server Side Scripting PHP
• Client Side Scripting
• HTML
• Most widely used language on Web to develop web pages.
• CSS
• Used to control the style of a web document in a simple and
easy way.
• CSS is the acronym for "Cascading Style Sheet".
Design Tools…
• JavaScript
• Is a lightweight, interpreted programming language.
• It is designed for creating network-centric applications.
• Very easy to implement because it is integrated with HTML.
• It is open and cross-platform
• The language used to write the programs than run in the browser.
Design Tools…
• DOM (Document Object Model) is a platform and language-neutral
interface that allows programs and scripts to dynamically access and
update the content, structure, and style of a document
 The DOM is an object-oriented representation of the web page, which can be
modified with a scripting language such as JavaScript.
• Server Side Scripting
– Executed on server
– Generate custom response for clients
– Wide range of programmatic capabilities
– Access to server-side software that extends server functionality
– Eg Php, Asp, perl, jsp
Internet Technologies and Protocols
• Overview of the Internet
• World Wide Web
• Client-server architecture
• How the Web works?
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• Other Web protocols
• Web content validation
• Website evaluation
Web content validation
• Validating a website is the process of ensuring that the pages on the
website conform to the norms or standards defined by various
organizations.
• Validation is important, and will ensure that your web pages are
interpreted in the same way (the way you want it) by various
machines, such as search engines, as well as users and visitors to your
webpage.
• Conforming to standards and regulations is one of the many ways you
can make your website universally understood.
• Make sure your codes and styles validate across the board. That
means they have to meet the "strict" standards set by the W3C
Organization and pass a variety of validations for CSS and XHTML.
Web…
• Validators detect problems in your web page and style sheet. It could
be a tag that was opened and never closed.
• It could be a misspelled piece of code or forgotten element the tag or
style requires to work properly.
• You become a detective, hunting and solving the little problems
occurring in your web page.
• The resources and articles on validation below will help you learn
more about validating your web page.
Internet Technologies and Protocols
• Overview of the Internet
• World Wide Web
• Client-server architecture
• How the Web works?
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• Other Web protocols
• Web content validation
• Website evaluation
Website evaluation
• (Readability, layout, coloring, trust…)
Website evaluation
AUTHORITY
• Authority reveals that the person, institution or agency responsible for a
site has the qualifications and knowledge to do so.
PURPOSE
• The purpose of the information presented in the site should be clear. Some
sites are meant to inform, persuade, state an opinion, entertain, or parody
something or someone.
COVERAGE
• It is difficult to assess the extent of coverage since depth in a site, through
the use of links, can be infinite. One author may claim comprehensive
coverage of a topic while another may cover just one aspect of a topic.
Evaluation…

CURRENCY
• Currency of the site refers to:
• how current the information presented.
• how often the site is updated or maintained.
• It is important to know when a site was created, when it was last
updated, and if all of the links are current.
OBJECTIVITY
• Objectivity of the site should be clear. Beware of sites that contain
bias or do not admit its bias freely. Objective sites present
information with a minimum of bias.
Evaluation…
ACCURACY
• There are few standards to verify the accuracy of information on the
web. It is the responsibility of the reader to assess the information
presented.