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    rp0193 PDF

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    rp0193 PDF

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    of 15
    NACE RPOLS3 93 MM 6452983 0500362 240 mm ANACE a heer ey Informing the World on Corrosion Control Standard Recommended Practice External Cathodic Protection of On-Grade Metallic Storage Tank Bottoms 'NACE International issues ths standard in conformance with the best curent technology regarding the ‘specific subject. This standard represents @ consensus of those individual members who have reviewed this document, ts scope, and provsions. tis intonded to ai the manufacturer, the consumer, and the {general public. ts acceptance does notin any respect preclude anyone, whether he has adopted the Standard or not, rom manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, of proce- dures notin conformance with this standard. Nothing contained inthis NACE Intemational standard is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, to manufacture, sel, or use in ‘connection with any Method, apparatus, or product covered by Letters Patent, or as indemnitying or protecting anyone agains lability ‘infringement of Letiers Patent. This standard represents minimum Tequirements and should in no way be interpreted as a restriction on the use of beter procedures oF materials. No‘tor is ths standard intended to apply in all cases relating to the subject. Unprecsctabie ‘croumstances may negate the usotuness ofthis standard in spectic instances, NACE Internati ‘assumes no responsibilty forthe interpretation or use of this standard by other parties and accepts responsiailiy for nly those official NACE Intemational interpretations issued by NACE Intomational in Accordance with is governing procedures and polices which preclude tne issuance of interpretations. by incvidual volunteers. Users of this standard are responsible for reviewing appropriate health, safety, and regulatory ‘documents andor determining their appicablly in relaion to this standard prior tots use. This NACE International standard may not necessarily address al gaety problems and hazards associated with the use of materials, eperatons, and/or equipment detailed or referred to within this document. CAUTIONARY NOTICE: NACE Intemational standards are subject to periodic review, and may bo revised or withdrawn at any ime without prior notice. NACE Intemational requires that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than fve years from the date of inal publication. ‘The user is cautioned to obtain the atest edition. Purchasers of NACE International standards may receive current information onal standards and othe: NACE International publications by contacting the [NACE international Membership Services Department, P.O. Box 218340, Houston, Texas 77218-8340 (elephone +1 712/492-0538) ‘Approved October 1993, NAGE International P.O, Box 218340 Houston, Texas 77218-8340 “¥1'713/492-0535 ©1993, NACE Intemational it by te CE ATERAETNA, San Woe 23 "0:20:24 2 NACE RPO393 93 MM 6452981 0500383 187 am Foreword tig extremely important 1o maintain the integety of on-grace metallic storage tanks for both economic {and environmental roasons, The proper design, instalation, and mainienance of cathodic protection ‘systems can help maintain this imogrty and incroaco the usoiu service feof on-grace metalic storage tanks “The purpose of this recommended practice iso outline practices and procedures for providing cathodic protection to the steel botioms of on-grade storage tanks that are in contact with the electrolyte, Recommendations are included ‘or bath galvanic anode systems and impressed current systems Design criteria are included for the upgrade of existing tanks as wellas for newly constructed tanks. This standard should be used by people planning to install new or-grade metalic storage tanks, upgrade ‘cathodic protection on existing tanks, oF install new cathodic protection on existing tanks. ‘This NACE Intemational standard recommended practice was prepared by NACE Task Group T-10A-20, 2 componentof NAGE Unit Committee T-10A on Cathodic Protection, andisissuedundorthe auspices of NACE Group Committee T-10 on Underground Corrasion Contra, The task group was ‘composed of corrosion engineers, technicians, and ather people experienced in te design installation, land maintenance of cathodic protection systems for on-grade metalic storage tank bottoms. ‘This standard represents a consensus o those individual members whohave reviewed tis document, ts ‘scope, and provisions. Is acceptance does notin any respect preciude aryone, whether he has adopted ‘he standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures notin conformance wih this standard. Noting contained in tis NACE Interatonal standard is to be construed as granting any right, by impication or otherwise, to manufacture, sel, or use in ‘connection with any method, apparatus, or product covered by Letters Patert, or as indemnitying or protecting anyone against lability for infringement of Letters Patent. This standard represents minimum Fequirements and shoulin ne way beinterprotedasa restriction onthe use ofbetter procedures orators, NACE International pit by he CE ATERAETNA, San iby 23 162055 20 RPO193-93 wee) NACE RPOD93 93 MM 6452981 0500384 013 a RP0193-93 NACE International Standard Recommended Practice External Cathodic Protection of On-Grade Metallic Storage Tank Bottoms Contents General 1 . Definitions... 4 Preliminary Evaluation and Determination of the Need for Cathodic Protaction 2 Criteria for Cathodic Protection 4 oat} 8 7 General Considerations for Cathodic Protection Design... Design Considerations for Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Design Considerations for Galvanic Anode Cathodic Protection... Design Gonsderaions — Cathodic Protecon with Secondary Cofainent ‘and Replacement Bottoms ... 9. Installation Considerations 10. Energizing and Testing . 11. Operation and Maintenance of Cathodic Protection Systems. ae 4 12, Record-Keeping wn.nnnns " Bibliography : @Noghens NACE International smepnerone, NACE RPOLS3 93 MM 6452981 OS0038S TST Mm FRPO183-93 Section 1.1 This recommended practice presents guidelines for the design installation, and maintenance of cathodic protection for the exterior bottoms of on-grade metalic storage tanks. Cathodic protection can be installed to protect new or existing tanks, buteannol protect mtalicsufacesthat arenotincontact with the electrolyte 1.2 Tanks considered in tis recommended practice can be Welded, bolted, or riveted. Forthe purpose of his recommended practice, field and shop fabricated tanks are discussed 10 gether. 1.3 tis understood inthis document that cathode protection may be used alone on conjunction with protective coatings, 1: General 1.4 Alcathodic protection systems should be installed with he intent of conducting unintorupted, safe operations. Whon cathodic protection is applied, should be operated continu ‘ously to maintain polarization, 1.5 The citeria for cathoctc protection are based upon current industry standards. 4.6 Corrosioncontrol mustbe a consideration duringthe design of on-grade metalic storage tanks. Section ‘Amphoteric Metal: A motal that is suscoptibi to corrosion in ‘both acid and akaline environments, ‘Anode: The electrode of an electroytc cel at which oxidation ‘occurs. (Electrons flow away from the anode in the external Ccrcuit. tis usually at this electrode that corrosion occurs and ‘meta ons erter solution) Backfill: Material placed in @ hole to fil the space around ‘anodes, vent pipe, and buriedcomponents of acathodicprotec- tion system. Anodes can be prepackaged with backfill material tor ease of installation. Breakout Piping: Al piping associated with the transter of produets in and out of ctorage tanks. Cathode: The electrode ofan electrolytic cell at which reduction is the principal reaction. Cathode Protection: A technique to reduce the cortosion rate cof ametalsuriace by making tthe cathode olan elecrrocherical coll Coll: Electrochemical eystom consisting of an anode and cathode immersed in an electrolyte. The anode and cathode may be separate metals or dissimilar areas on the same metal. ‘The oell includes the extemal circuit which permits the flow of electrons trom the anode toware the cathode. Current Density: The currentflowingto orfromaunitareaotan electrode surface Deep Groundbed: One or more anodes installed at a nominal depth of 15 m (50 f) or more below the earth's surface for the purpose of suppiying cathodic protection. Differential Aeration Gell: An electrolytic cel the electromo- tive foree of which is due toa dflerence in air (oxygen) concen- tration at one electrode ae compared with that at another electrode of the same material. NACE International smepnerone, Fa : Definitions Electrical Isolation: The condition of being electrically sepa- rated from other metalic structures or the environment. Electrolyte: A chemical substance or mixture, usually lau, ‘containing ons which migrate in an electric Held External Circuit: The wires, connectors, measuring devices, curtentsources ec. thatareusedtobringaboutormeasure the ‘desired elacrical conditions within the test cal, tis this portion ofthe cell through which electrons travel Foreign Structure: Any motallic structure that isnot intended {a8 part of a catnodic protection system of interest Galvanic Anode: A metal which, because otis relative postion Inthe gaNvanie series, provides sacrificial protection te metals thataremore noble in he series, when coupledin an electoly Groundbed: The anode(s) ofa cathodic protection system that provides cathodie protection curontto structuresin contact with Impressed Current: Direct curent supplied by a device or ploying a power source extemal to the electrode system of a ‘cathodic protection instalation Oxidation: Loss of electrons by @ constituent of a chemical reaction Reduction: Gain of electrons by a constituent of a chemical reaction Reference Electrode: A reversible electrode used for measur. ing he potentias of othor electrodes, ‘Stray Current Corrosion: Corrosion resulting from direct cur- rent flow through paths other than the intended circu. For ‘example, by any extraneous current inthe earth NACE RPOLS3 93 MM 645298) 0500386 99b mm RPO193-93 aa a2 33 it by Sailr 2) Section 3: Preliminary Evaluation and Determination of the Need for Cathodic Protection lntroduetion 3.1.1 This section outines the information that should be Considered prior to designing a cathodic protection system toprotecton-grade metalic storagetankbottomsincontact with an electroyte Site Assessment Information 32.1 Prior to designing a cathodic protection system, the following information is valuable to obtain: (8) Tank, piping, and grounding construction drawings, including dimensions, ct. (©) Site pian and layout (6) Date of constuction, (q) Materal spectications and manufacturer {@) Joint construction (Le, woldod, voted, ete) ( Coating spectications, (g) Existing or proposed cathodic protection systems, (hy Location of cic power sources, ( Electrochemical properties of the tank bedding or pad: ding material, ) History ofthe tank foundation (\., has the tank been jacked up?, leveled?, etc) (0 Unusual environmental conditions, (0) Operating history, including leak information (Internal and external), (7) Maintonance history, (°) Cortsinment membranes/impervious linings, (©) Secondary bottoms, (©) Weter table and site drainage information, (@) Liquid levels maintained in the tank, (©) Nearby foreign structures, and (6) Type ofiqud stored Predesign Site Appraisal 3.3.1 Determining the Extent of Corrosion on Existing Systems 3.3.4.1 Information regarding the degree of tank bot- tom corrosion is useful since considerable bottom fhe NHCE BERTON, ODN 2 damage may require extensive bottom repairs or re: placement prior to the instalation of cathodic protec- tion 3.3.1.2 Field procodures for determining the extent of ‘existing coresion include: (a) Visual inspection, (6) Tank bottom plate thickness measurements (uta sonic testing, coupon analysis, ete), (©) Estimation of general corrosion rates through the use of electrochemical procedures, (@) Determining the magnitude and direction of gal- vanie or stray current transferred to or trom the tank ‘through piping and other interconnections, and (6) Determining soi! and foundation characteristics including resistity, pH. chloride ion content, and moisture content, and estimating the degree of Corrosion deterioration basedon camparsonwtn data from similar facies subjected to similar conditions. 3.3.1.8 Data pertaining to existing corrosion cond: tions shouldbe obtained insufficient quantity to permit reasonable engineering judgments. Statistical proce- dures should be used in the analysis where appropr- ate, 3.3.2 Electrical Isolation 23.2.1 Electrical isolation facities must be compat- ible with electrical grounding requirements conforming te applicable codes and safety requirements. 23.2.2 The design of a cathodle protection eystem should consider the possible need for electrical isola tion of the tank from breakout piping and other inter Connecting structures. Isolation may be necessary for effective cathodic protection or safety considerations. 23.2.3 Electrical isolation of interconnecting piping can be accomplished through the use of isolating flanges, iolecirc bushings or unions, orother devices specifically designed for this purpose, These devices shall be rated forthe proper operating pressure and shall be compatile with the products being trans ported through the line, 3.3.2.4 Polanzation cells, lightning arresters, and {grounding cells can be useful in some situations for maintaining isolation under normal operating cond tions and providing protection for an isolating device: ‘during lightning stkes, power surges, and olher ab- ‘normal stations. 3.8.25 Teststodotermine tank electrical characters- tis include (@) Tank-to-earth resistance tests, NACE International weet NACE RPOL93 93 mm b4S2983 (0) Tani-to-grounding system resstanceandpotertial tests, (c) Tank-to-electrolyte potential tests, (6) Eloctrcal continuity tests for mechanical joints in interconnecting piping systems, and (©) Electrical leakage tests for isolating ftings in lalled in inlereonnecting piping and between the tanks and safety ground conductors. 83.3 Cathodic Protection Type, Current Requirements, ‘and Anode Configuration 3.3.3.1 Soll resistivity tests should be performed in Sufficient quantity to aid in dotormining the type of Ccathodic protection (galvanic or impressed current) required and the configuration for te anode system, 3.3.3.1.1 Resistvtios can be determined using the four-pin method described in ASTM" Stan dard G 87,” with pin spacings corresponding ‘0 ddoptns of atleast that expected for the anode ‘system, orby using an equivalenttestng method. {in very dry environments, electromagnetic con- ductivity testing may De used to measure resistivities.) The resistivity measurements should be obtained in sufficient etal to identity possible variations with respect to depth and location. As a general guideline, resistivity data should be obtained ala minimum oftwo locations. por tank 3.3.3.1.2 Where deep grounded are consid ed, resisiviles should be analyzed using procedures described by Barnes!” to determine Conditions on a layer-by-layer basis. On-site resistivity data cane supplementedwithgeolog- cal data including subsuriace stratigraphy, hydrology, and lithotogy. Sources for geological information incude water wel drillers, land gas production companies, the U.S. Geological Sur- ‘vey Office" and other sate andiederalagencies. 33.3.1.3 Cathodic protection current require ‘ments can be estimated using test anoce arrays, simulating the type of groundbed planned. Test oso0387 822 mm RPO199-93 currents can be applied using sutable sources of directcurtent. Test groundoeds caninctude driven rods, anode systems for adjacent cathodic pro- tection installations, orothertemporary structures: ‘that are electrically separated rom he tank being tested, Small ciameter anode test wels may be appropiate and should be considered when ex tens veuse of deep anode groundoedsis conter plated. 3.3.3.1.4 Appledtestcurrentievels should result in compliance with the selected criterion for cathodic protection, 33.4 Stray Currents 23.4.1 The presence of stray earth currents may result in cathode protection current requiremonts that are greater than natural conditions weretobe consid ered. Possible sources of stray current include DC: ‘operated rail systems and mining operations, cathodic Protection systems, welding equipment, and high- voltage direct-current (HVDC) transmission systoms, 3.3.4.1.1 Fieldteststodetermineif stray curents {are a conoem include tankcto-elecrolvie poten tals and. structu ctrlyte potentials on adjacentstructures, earthgradient measurements, ‘and current flow measurements on tank Breakout Piping and safety grounding conductors. 33.4.1.2 Possibleintererenceetectscausedby ‘adjacent cathode protacton systoms should bo {determined by interupting the curont output us- ing @ known timing cyee. Strucure-o-electrolyte potentials and other parameters should be moni: {ored over a minimum 24-hour period in aroas ‘where dynamic stray currents or transient effects fare expected to be & concem, Recording instru- ments can be used for this purpose. 3.8.4.1.9 Cathode protection designs should in- Corporate every practical etfont to minimize elec- trical interference on structures netincluded inthe protection system. Predesign test results can be ‘analyzed to determine the possible need stray ‘current contro! provisions in the actual cathodlc protection system, "Amara Saomty ft Tesi an Maras, 1916 Race St. Pract, ernst 1109 ‘AGT Standard 37 (ata ronson), Standard ots fr Fels Measurerant tS Reset Usng the Wenner Four Bectode Meer (Phinda, PA asm, "Mawes, Proton of Shallow and Dsop Grounded Resistance ing Bocromagretc Condustnty Measurement Techniques CORROSION, paperna 120 touston, De NACE Irate 98) ‘SHE Bares “Elec! Suey Gree Underground Rock” Pole Icy, Ape 859. US Gedagil Suvoy Ofc, PO. Sax 25048 Federal Con, Dor NACE International fhe NHCE BERTONE, 2116 20 Wer NACE RPOM3 93 MM 6452983 0500388 769 mm RPO193-93 Section 4: Criteria for Cathodic Protection 441 Introduction 4.1.1 This section ists criteria for cathode protection that, when complied with either separately or collectively, wil indicate that adequate cathodic protection of an on-grade metalic storage tank bottom has been achieved. 42 General 4.2.1 The objective of using cathodic protection isto con: tt0l the corrosion of an an-grade metalic storage tank bottom in contact with an electrolyte. 4.2.2 Tho selection of a particular ertrion for achieving the objective in Paragraph 4.2 1 depends, in part, on prior ‘experience with similar tank botioms and environments wherein the criterion has been used suecesstuly. 4.2.3 The criteria in Section 4.3 were developed through laboratory experments or were dotorrined empitealy By evaluating data obtained from successfully operated cathodic protection systems. iis not intended that people responsible for corrosion controle limited to these ertaria ifitcan be demonstrated by ether means thatthe control of ‘corrosion has been achieved 4.2.4 Potential measurements on storage tanks shall be made with the reference electrode located as clase as possible to the tank bottom. On mostiarks, measurements Shouldbe taken atthe perimeter, nearthe centerofthetank bottom, and at various points in between. Consideration ‘must be given to voltage drops other than those across the structure-electrlyte boundary, tothe presence of dssim- lar metals, and tothe influence of other structures. These factors may interfere with vald interpretation of potential measurements. Algo, measurements made with a refer ‘ence electrode located on asphatt pavement or a concrete ‘slab may bein error. 423 Criteria for Stee! Tank Bottoms 4.8.1 Corrosion control can be achioved at various levels (of cathode polarization depencing on the environmental Conditions. However, in the absence of specific data that

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