15EE390L - INDUSTRIAL TRAINING I

Academic Year – 2017-18 (Even Semester)

Period: 04TH DEC 2017 to 15ST DEC 2017

SUBMITTED BY: MD TUFAIL SAFDAR

Register number :RA1511005010308

Name of the student : MD TUFAIL SAFDAR

Semester & year : VI SEM, 3RD YEAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur – 603 203
Kancheepuram Dist.

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 ABSTRACT
Since time immemorial, a man has tried hard to bring the world as close to himself as
possible. His thirst for information is hard to quench so he has continuously tried to
develop new technologies, which have helped to reach the objective.
The world we see today is a result of the continuous research in the field of
communication, which started with the invention of telephone by Graham Bell to the
current avtar as we see in the form of INTERNET and mobile devices.All these
technologies have come to existence because man continued its endeavor towards the
objective.

The industrial training report of mine,Study of Trends and Technologies in

Communication and Networking has been a small effort in reviewing the trends
technologies prevailing. For this purpose,no organization other than BHARAT
SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED(BSNL) could have been a better place.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success of any project depends largely on the encouragement and guidelines of
many others. I would like to express my gratitude to those who gave me the
opportunity to accomplish my 2 weeks training. My special thanks is dedicated to
Mr.R Narayanamoorthi SIR for his precious time and effort. I sincerely like to thank
EEE department, SRM University for providing me with an opportunity to attain
some practical knowledge.

I am greatly thankful to the sincere efforts made by MR.Manohar Sir without whom
this project would be abstract. I would like to show my appreciation to Mr. Manohar
sir for his guidance and support. Without his encouragement, this training would not
have been materialized.

My special thanks is dedicated to MR Manohar and MS Vijayalakshmi, my guide and

mentors.

The guidance and support received from my family who helped me in completing this
training was vital for the success of the training. I am grateful to them for their
constant support and help. Finally I would like to appreciate all others who were
instrumental in successful completion of this training.

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CONTENTS

 COMPANY PROFILE
 INTRODUCTION
About BSNL

 DOTSOFT WAN NETWORK

 THE EXCHANGE
o E-10B
o OCB283

 OCB283(Organde Control Version B)

 TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 INTERNET
 COMMON TERMINOLOGY USED IN INTERNET
 BROADBAND
 Wi-Fi

 WiMAX

 CELLULAR MOBILE SERVICES

 CDMA AND GSM

 THIRD GENERATION 3G TECHNOLOGY AND IPTV

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 COMPANY PROFILE

INTRODUCTION

ABOUT INDIAN RAILWAY

Indian Railways, a historical legacy, are a vital force in our economy. The first
railway on Indian sub-continent ran from Bombay to Thane on 16th April 1853.
Fourteen railway carriages carried about 400 guests from Bombay to Thane covering
a distance of 21 miles (34 Kilometers). Since then there has been no looking back.
Today, it covers 6,909 stations over a total route length of more than 63,028
kilometers. The track kilometers in broad gauge (1676 mm) are 86, 526 kms, meter
gauge (1000 mm) are 18, 529 kms and narrow gauge (762/610 mm) are 3,651 kms. Of
the total route of 63,028 kms, 16,001 kms are electrified. The railways have 8000
locomotives, 50,000 coaching vehicles, 222,147 freight wagons, 6853 stations, 300
yards, 2300 goodsheds, 700 repair shops, and 1.54 million work force. Indian
Railways runs around 11,000 trains every day, of which 7,000 are passenger trains.
Presently, 9 pairs of Rajdhani and 13 pairs of Shatabdi Express Trains run on the rail
tracks of India.

It is interesting to note that though the railways were introduced to facilitate the
commercial interest of the British, it played an important role in unifying the country.
Railways are ideally suited for long distance travel and movement of bulk
commodities. Regarded better than road transport in terms of energy efficiency, land
use, environment impact and safety it is always in forefront during national
emergency.

Indian railways, the largest rail network in Asia and the world's second largest under
one management are also credited with having a multi gauge and multi traction
system. The Indian Railways have been a great integrating force for more than 150
years. It has helped the economic life of the country and helped in accelerating the
development of industry and agriculture. Indian Railways is known to be the largest
railway network in Asia.

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The Indian Railways network binds the social, cultural and economic fabric of the
country and covers the whole of country ranging from north to south and east to west
removing the distance barrier for its people. The railway network of India has brought
together the whole of country hence creating a feeling of unity among Indians.

THE NEED FOR A RAILWAY NETWORK

The British rule in India was governed by three principal considerations to expand the
IR system. These were the commercial advantages, the political aspect and even more
importantly, the inexorable imperial defense of India against the possible military
attacks from certain powerful countries showing signs of extending their orbit of
influence into Central Asia.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

Now, to further improve upon its services, the Indian Railways have embarked upon
various schemes, which are immensely ambitious. The railway has changed from
meter gauge to broad gauge and the people have given it a warm welcome. Now,
there are the impressive-looking locomotives that haul the 21st-century harbingers-the
Rajdhanis and Shatabdis-at speeds of 145 kmph with all amenities and comfort. With
these, the inconvenience of changing to a different gauge en route to a destination will
no longer be felt. The Research, Designing, and Standardizing Organization at
Lucknow-the largest railway research organization in the world-was constituted in
1957. It is constantly devising improvements in the signaling systems, track design
and layout, coach interiors for better riding comfort and capacity, etc., along with
improvements in locomotives. Improvements are being planned by engineers. The
workshops of the railways too have been given new equipment to create sophisticated
coaches at Perambur and Kapurthala and diesel engine parts at Patiala.
Locomotives are being made at Chittaranjan and Varanasi. This is in sharp contrast to
the earlier British conviction that only minor repairs would

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be possible in India, so all spare parts including nuts and bolts for locomotives would
have to be imported from England. More trains and routes are constantly being added
to the railway network and services. The British legacy lives on in our railway system,
transformed but never forgotten. Long live the Romance of the Rails! The network of
lines has grown to about 62,000 kilometers. But, the variety of Indian Railways is
infinite. It still has the romantic toy trains on narrow gauge hill sections, meter gauge
beauties on other and broad gauge bonanzas as one visits places of tourist interest
courtesy Indian Railways! They are an acknowledgement of the Railways that tourism
as an industry has to be promoted and that India is full of unsurpassed beauty. The
Calcutta Metro is a fine example of highly complex engineering techniques being
adopted to lay an underground railway in the densely built-up areas of Calcutta city. It
is a treat to be seen. The Calcuttans keep it so clean and tidy that not a paper is thrown
around! It only proves the belief that a man grows worthy of his superior possessions.
Calcutta is also the only city where the Metro Railway started operating from
September 27, 1995 over a length of 16.45 km. There is also a Circular Railway from
Dum Dum to Princep Ghats covering 13.50 km to provide commuter trains.

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In time of war and natural disasters, the railways play a major role. Whether it was the
earthquake of 1935 in Quetta (now in Pakistan) or more recently in Latur in
Maharashtra, it is the railways that muster their strength to carry the sick and
wounded to hospitals in nearby towns and to the people of the affected areas. In
rehabilitation and reconstruction, too, their role is vital. During the Japanese war, the
Indian Railways added further laurels to their record as they extended the railway line
right up to Ledo in the extreme northeastern part of Assam and thus enabled the
Allied forces under General Stillwell to combat the Japanese menace. In fact, several
townships in Assam like Margherita and Digboi owe their origin to the endeavors of
the Indian Railways. It was the Assam Railway and Trading Company that opened up
the isolated regions of Assam with the laying of the railway lines and thus providing
the lifeline to carry coal, tea, and timber out of the area and bring other necessary
commodities to Assam and the adjoining countryside. Now, the Indian Railways
system is divided into 9 zonal railways, a metro railway, Calcutta, the production
units, construction organizations, and other railway establishments.

INTERLOCKING
Solid State Interlocking is a data-driven signal control system designed for use
throughout the British railway system. SSI is a replacement for electromechanical
interlocking which are based on highly reliable relay technology---and has been
designed with a view to modularity, improved flexibility in serving the needs of a
diversity of rail traffic, and greater economy. The hugely complex relay circuitry
found in many modern signalling installations is expensive to install, difficult to
modify, and requires extensive housing---but the same functionality can be achieved
with a relatively small number of interconnected solid state elements as long as they
are individually sufficiently reliable. SSI has been designed to be compatible with
current signaling practice and principles of interlocking design, and to maintain the
operator's perception of the behavior and appearance of the control system.

RAILWAY SIGNALING
Railway signaling engineers face a difficult distributed control problem. Train drivers
can know little of the overall topology of the network through which they pass, or of
the whereabouts of other trains in the network and their requirements. Safety is
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therefore invested in the control system, or interlocking, and drivers are required only
to obey signals and speed limits. The task of the train dispatcher (signalman, or signal
operator) is to adjust the setting of switches and signals to permit or inhibit traffic
flow, but the interlocking has to be designed to protect the operator from inadvertently
sending trains along conflicting routes.

The network can be operated with more security and efficiency if the operators have a
broad overview of the railway and the distribution of trains. Since the introduction of
mechanical interlocking in the late 1800's, and as the technology has gradually

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improved, the tendency has therefore been for control to become progressively
centralized with fewer signal control canters individually responsible for larger
portions of the network. In the last decade Solid State Interlocking has introduced
computer controlled signaling, but the task of designing a safe interlocking remains
essentially unchanged.

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At the signal control centre a control panel displays the current distribution of trains in
the network, the current status of {signals}, and sometimes that of point switches
(points) and other signaling equipment. The railway layout is depicted schematically
on the panel.

OPERATION OF SOLID STATE INTERLOCKING

There are seven (three aspect) main signals shown here, and three sets of points. It is
British Rail's practice to associate routes only with main signals. The operator can
select a route by pressing the button at the entrance signal (say, S7), then pressing the
button at the exit signal the consecutive main signal, being the entrance signal for the
next route (S5). This sequence of events is interpreted as a panel route request, and is
forwarded to the controlling computer for evaluation. Other panel requests arise from
the points keys which are used to manually call (and hold) the points to the specified
position or from button pull events (to cancel a route by pulling the entrance signal
button).

When the controlling computer receives a panel route request it evaluates the
availability conditions specified for the route. These conditions are given in a
database by Geographic Data which the control program evaluates in its on-going
dialogue with the network. If the availability conditions are met the system responds
by highlighting the track sections along the selected route on the display (otherwise
the request is simply discarded). At this point the route is said to be locked: no

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conflicting route should be locked concurrently, and a property of the interlocking we
should certainly verify is that no conflicting route can be locked concurrently.
Once a route is locked the interlocking will automatically set the route. Firstly, this
involves calling the points along the route into correct alignment. Secondly, the route
must be proved---this includes checking that points are correctly aligned, that the
filaments in the signal lamps are drawing current, and that signals controlling
conflicting routes are on (i.e., red). Finally, the entrance signal can be switched off
when the route is clear of other traffic---a driver approaching the signal will see it
change from red to some less restrictive aspect (green, yellow, etc.), and an indicator
on the control panel will be illuminated to notify the operators.

The operation of Solid State Interlocking is organized around the concept of a polling
cycle. During this period the controlling computer will exchange messages with each
piece of signaling equipment to which it is attached. An outgoing command telegram
will drive the track-side equipment to the desired state, and an incoming data telegram
will report the current state of the device. Signaling equipment is interfaced with the
SSI communications system through track-side functional modules. A point‘s module
will report whether the switch is detected normal or detected reverse depending on
which, if either, of the electrical contacts in the switch is closed. A signal module will
report the status of the lamp proving circuit in the signal: if no current is flowing
through the lamp filaments the lamp proving input in the data telegram will warn the
signal operators about the faulty signal.

Other than conveying status information about points and signals, track-side
functional modules report the current positions of trains. These are inferred from track
circuit inputs to the modules. Track circuits are identified with track sections which
are electrically insulated from one another. If the low voltage applied across the rails
can be detected, this indicates there is no train in the section; a train entering the
section will short the circuit causing the voltage to drop and the track section will be
recorded as occupied at the control centre. Track circuits are simple, fail-safe devices,
and one of the primary safety features of the railway. liv
All actions performed by Solid State Interlocking---whether in response to periodic
inputs from the track-side equipment, a periodic panel requests, or in preparing
outgoing command telegrams---are governed by rules given in the Geographic Data
that configure each Interlocking differently.

Principles of Train working and need for signaling

All over the world Railway transportation is increasingly used, as this mode of
transport is more energy efficient and environmentally friendly than road
transportation. Trains move on steel rail tracks and wheels of the railway vehicle are
also flanged Steel wheels. Hence least friction occurs at the point of contact between
the track & wheels.

Therefore trains carry more loads resulting in higher traffic capacity since trains move
on specific tracks called rails, their path is to be fully guided and there is no

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arrangement of steering. Clear of obstruction as available with road transportation, so
there is a need to provide control on the movement of trains in the form of Railway
signals which indicate to the drivers to stop or move and also the speed at which they
can pass a signal.
Since the load carried by the trains and the speed which the trains can attain are high,
they need more braking distance before coming to the stop from full speed. Without
signal to be available on the route to constantly guide the driver accidents will take
place due to collisions.
There are basically two purposes achieved by railway signalling.
1. To safety receive and despatch trains at a station.
2. To control the movements of trains from one station to another after ensuring that
the track on which this train will move to reach the next station is free from
movement of another train either in the same or opposite direction. This Control is
called block working. Preventing the movement from opposite direction is necessary
in single line track as movements in both directions will be on the same track.

Apart from meeting the basic requirement of necessary safety in train operation,
modern railway signalling plays an important role in determining the capacity of a
section .The capacity decides the number of trains that can run on a single day. By
proper signalling the capacity can be increased to a considerable extent without
resorting to costlier alternatives.

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The essential components of railway signalling:

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The fixed signals provided by the side of the railway track with indication in the form
of colour lights are the actual authority to a driver to get in to the portion of the track
beyond the signal. At stations the trains may be received on any one of the platform
lines. To take the train to any specific track, points are provided. The purpose of the
point on the track is to divert the train from one track to adjacent one. Hence the
signal has to be connected to the points in an arrangement called interlocking. This
Interlocking arrangement only ensures that a point is correctly set for the particular
route or a track and the signal conveys this information to the driver.

Types of Signals

Signal:

Signal is a medium to convey a particular pre-determined meaning in non-verbal

form.

Multiple Aspect Color Light Signal (MACLS):

Multiple means more than 2 indications .They may have 3 or 4 different aspects or
indications to be given to the driver. These signals have longer range of visibility and
Improved reliability.

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Manual Stop Signal :
Each aspect of the signal is represented by a circle. A horizontal line inside the circle
indicates Red aspect, an inclined line the yellow aspect and vertical line the Green
aspect. The normal aspect of the signal is shown by double line.

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Automatic Stop Signal :
The normal aspect of an automatic signal is green and is indicated by the double
vertical line, unlike the manual signal where the normal aspect is red and indicated by
double horizontal lines.
An automatic signal has an „A‟ marker plate fixed to the signal post to distinguish it
as an automatic signal. Letter „A‟ in black on white circular disc..

Gate Signal :
The Gate stop signal shall be provided with „G‟ marker. Letter „G‟ in black on a
yellow circular disc.
A semi-automatic stop signal interlocked with a level-crossing gate shall be provided
with „G‟ marker disc and an illuminated „A‟ marker. The „A‟ marker shall be lit
only when the gates are closed and locked against road traffic.

TELECOMMUNATION
Telecommunication plays an important role in train control, operation and safety.
With the rapid growth in telecommunication technology, IR has decided to go for the
state-of-the-art nationwide telecom network for meeting its communication needs and
earning revenue by exploiting surplus capacity commercially. With this objective,
RailTel, Railways’ Public Sector Undertaking was formed in September, 2000. As on
31st March 2011, 37,708 route kilometres of Optical Fibre Cable has been
commissioned that is carrying Gigabits of traffic. RailTel is significantly contributing
in building National Knowledge Network. It is also planning to provide Broadband
connectivity to the Panchayats. IR has decided to adopt Global System of Mobile
Communication – Railways (GSM-R) based mobile train radio communication. It has
already been provided on 1,705 route kilometres and is being extended in other
sections. IR has established its own Satellite hub to facilitate connectivity for the
remote Freight Operations Information System (FOIS) locations and Unreserved
Ticketing System (UTS) application. IR has also established its Multi-Protocol
Level Switching (MPLS) based Next Generation Networks (NGN) for voice traffic
which has been integrated with all the zonal and divisional exchanges. With a view to
provide improved passenger amenities, Train Information Boards have been provided
at 1,090 stations, Public Address System at 3,865 stations and Coach Guidance
System at 480 stations.

NETWORKING

The Electrical department is responsible for safe train operations and

maximizing the utilization of fixed and moving assets such as train rakes, locos

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and tracks etc. At RB level, the Electrical department is headed by Member
(Electrical) who is assisted by three Additional Members for Electrical,
Telecommunication and Signalling.

Computer networking is an integral part of business today. A network is a group of

computers, printers, and other devices that are connected together with cables.
Information travels over the cables, allowing network users to exchange documents &
data with each other, print to the same printers, and generally share any hardware or
software that is connected to the network. Each computer, printer, or other peripheral
device that is connected to the network is called a node. Networks can have tens,
thousands, or even millions of nodes.

Local Area Network (LAN):

A network is any collection of independent computers that exchange information with

each other over a shared communication medium. Local Area Networks or LANs are
usually confined to a limited geographic area, such as a single building or a college
campus. LANs can be small, linking as few as three computers, but can often link
hundreds of computers used by thousands of people. The development of standard
networking protocols and media has resulted in worldwide proliferation of LANs
throughout business and educational organizations.

Wide Area Network (WAN):

Often elements of a network are widely separated physically. Wide area networking
combines multiple LANs that are geographically separate. This is accomplished by
connecting the several LANs with dedicated leased lines such as a T1 or a T3, by dial-
up phone lines (both synchronous and asynchronous), by satellite links and by data
packet carrier services. WANs can be as simple as a modem and a remote access
server for employees to dial into, or it can be as complex as hundreds of branch
offices globally linked.

AUTO EXCHANGE COMMUNICATION

Railway has its own communication system including microwave stations and
automatic electronic exchanges.
Power Plant (Required for exchange)
C-DOT Exchange
Digital Electronic Exchange
Jaipur Division exchange consists of three main exchanges:

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 First is having a capacity of 128 lines. It is based on C-DOT technology which is an
Indian Technology and it is a product of RTPL (Raj. Telematics Pvt. Ltd.).
Second one has the capacity of 1200 lines and is based on OKI technology. It is a
collaboration product of TATA Telecom and Crompton Greaves.
Third one has a capacity of 60 lines. It is a MKT (Multi Key Telephone) exchange.
It provides ISDN facility to Railway.

CONCLUSION

Indian Railways, as an organization is a very vast center of telecommunication in

itself. Today the telecommunicating world is getting its roots, grabbing the new era
more firmly. We think that our training was an success and we think that Indian
Railways was an excellent training institute for inquisitive emerging engineers. In
Indian Railways, training is given to engineering aspirant desiring to secure future in
the dynamic world of Telecommunication.

The main achievements of the training at Indian Railways are that we got familiar
with the latest technologies and principles of networking. The main achievement
could be said to get knowledge about recent technologies of LAN. We got experience
as to how to organize the things. After the completion of the training we consider
ourselves capable of facing any other challenge of that type. The training at Indian
Railways cultivated the zeal of inquisitiveness and the excitement to know more than
more about this field in limited duration.

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