Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-2, Issue-4, 2016
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
Geographical Perspectives of Mango
Production in India
Arvind Singh Yadav1 & D. C. Pandey2
1&2
Department of Geography, Kumaun University, Nainital- 263 002, Uttarakhand, India.
Abstract: India is a country of wide variability of
climate and soils. Variable geological and
geographical conditions existing in India are very
much favourable for growing a large array of
horticultural crops throughout the country. Mango is
one of such vital fruit crops produced more or less
all-around the country. In the year 2010, the largest
share of land devoted to mango cultivation was in
India i. e., about 46.75 per cent, of mango producing
countries of the world (i.e., 4946.36 thousand ha).
The total production of mango in the world in the
year 2010 was 37124.74 thousand tons with 40.48
per cent of Indian shares. In India, mango are mainly
produced in Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Bihar,
Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab,
Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, and Uttar Pradesh, etc.
India is producing more than 1,500 varieties of
mango, but only selected varieties are commercially
grown here. A large size of the population in India is
engaged in mango production, distribution and
marketing etc. Mango production and related
economic activities are providing employment to a
large size of populations and helps in earning
considerable amount of foreign capital. Horticulture
of Mango may prove a crucial mean of livelihood and
may also create skilled employment for rural masses
in near future. The present paper highlights the
spatio-temporal patterns and trends of mango
cultivation and also explains prevalent regional
disparities in geographical perspectives.
Keywords: geographical perspectives, mango
production, regional disparities, spatio-temporal.
Introduction:
Fruits, vegetables and plantation crops make the
major component of horticultural crops. Besides
these, flowers and nuts are also important [10].
Among all fruits, mango has the prominent place in
terms of area, production and significance. ‘Mango’
the king of fruits; is believed to have its origin in
South-East Asia most probably in northeast India,
north western Myanmar, and Bangladesh, from these
mentioned gene centres the mango later spread all-
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
around the Asia and the world by themselves means
naturally and with the help of humans. Taxonomic
and molecular evidences also support an evolution of
mango within a larger area including northwestern
Myanmar, Bangladesh, northeastern India [7]. Some
authors have considered India as the centre of origin
due to the high degree of mango diversity observed in
the country [8]. Mango is grown in more than 90
countries of the world in different agro-climatic
conditions and is the most important commercially
grown fruit crop in India. Mango is the national fruit
of India and also of Pakistan and Philippines and
national tree of Bangladesh [3]. India has the richest
collection of mango varieties. Mango has been
known in India since very early times. It is referred in
Sanskrit literature as ‘Amra’ and has been cultivated
by man for over 4000 years. ‘Ain-n-Akbari’ (1590
A.D.), contains a good account of the mangoes;
regarding its quality and varietal characteristics [1,
2].
Mango belongs to the family Anacardiaceae and the
genus Mangifera which includes 69 species with
edible fruits only in some species. Mangifera indica
is the only species, which is commercially grown
among all species [4]. Only three species are found in
India, namely; Mangifera indica, Mangifera
Sylvatica and Mangifera coloneura [1]. According to
Viruel et al., 2005, Mangifera contains 70 species,
mostly restricted in tropical Asia [9]. Generally,
mango is a deep rooted; evergreen plant bears
numerous branches and develops into huge trees. It
loves deep soils and grows luxuriously in good and
favourable agro-climatic conditions. Mango trees are
erect and fast growing and the canopy can either be
broad or rounded in shape. Trees germinated directly
from seedlings called as ‘desi’ reach up to the height
of 20m or more while, grafted mango trees called
‘kalami’ grow up to the height of 10-12m. Mango is
well adapted to tropical and sub-tropical climates
between 25°N and 25°S of the equator and from sea
level up to the height of 1200m, but cannot be grown
commercially in areas above 600m [1, 6]. A rainfall
of about 125cm, falling mostly during monsoon, is
considered very suitable. The favourable temperature
for mango ranges between 24-27°C during the
growing season along with high humidity Mango is a
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Vol-2, Issue-4, 2016
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
long live plant and can be properly grown in a wide
range of soils from alluvial to lateritic soils. Loamy,
alluvial, sandy loam is best soils for mango
Study Area:
India, the study area lies between 8º4' N and 37° 
6' N latitudes and 68º 7' E and 97º 25' E longitudes.
Country commands a total geographical area of 
32,87,263 sq.km which is roughly 0.57 per cent of
the area of the earth and 2.4 per cent of the total area
of the land hemisphere. Total area under
horticultural crops increased from 16,593 thousand
ha of 2001-02 to 23,694 thousand ha in the year
2012-13 [10] in which 6,838 thousand ha were
under fruit crops. Mango has a prominent place in
terms of area and production among other
horticultural crops in India. According to the census
of India 2011, the total population of the country is
1,21,01,93,422 with a sex ratio of 940 females per
thousand males.
Objectives:
 To study the comparative status of the area,
production and productivity of the mango crop in
India and the world
 To analyse the state-wise spatio-temporal trends of
the mango crop in India.
Figure 1. Map of the study area showing mango growing states
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
plantation. Soils must be well drained, aerated and
deep soils rich in organic matter are good for mango,
and it prefers slightly acidic soils of pH 5.5-7.5 [1].
To calculate and explain the growth trends
of area and production of mango.
To study the varietal diversity of mango fruits in
India.
Materials and Methods:
The data used in the study are secondary in
nature and collected from different sources. The
data have been analysed both, quantitatively as well
as qualitatively. Distributional patterns of area,
production and productivity of mango in India and
the world have been explained and analysed.
Growth trends of area and production of mango in
India have been calculated. And analysis has been
done to find out the results. Problems have been
discussed with suitable suggestions and
recommendations for future quantitative, qualitative
and sustainable development of mango cultivation
in India.
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ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Results and Explanations: also a big difference in productivity at regional levels

Table 1. predicts that in the year 2010 about
4946.36 thousand ha of land was under mango
cultivation in the world. The Largest share of land
devoted to mango cultivation was in India about
46.75 per cent (2312.30 thousand ha) of the world,
while China was in second position with 9.41 per
cent (465.38 thousand ha) in areal terms. Total world
production of mango in the year 2010 was 37124.74
thousand tons with 40.48 and 11.72 per cent of Indian
and China’s shares, respectively. The study and
analysis reveals that in spite of having top positions
in both area and production of mango crop, India has
very less productivity (only 6.50 tons/ha) in
compared to overall world of 7.51 tons/ha. There is
Table 1. World scenario of area (in ‘000ha) and production (in ‘000 tons) of mango, 2010
too. Only Bangladesh and Philippines are behind
India in terms of mango productivity with
productivity of 6.13 tons/ha and 4.36 tons/ha,
respectively, all other major mango producing
countries of the world have much higher productivity
of mango as compared to Indian mango productivity
(Table 1). This may be because of low level of
technical advancements of mango production process
in India from plantation of mango orchards to sale
and processing. Poor and traditional methods of
management of orchards, lower interests of farmers,
very small, fragmented and old mango orchards, lack
of proper tools, techniques, and irrigational facilities,
fertilizers and manures etc. are also the constraints.

Productivi
Area (in '000 Percentage Production (in '000 Percentage
Country ty
ha) Area tons) Production
(tons/ha)
India 2312.30 46.75 15026.70 40.48 6.50
China 465.38 9.41 4351.29 11.72 9.35
Thailand 311.05 6.29 2550.60 6.87 8.20
Pakistan 173.70 3.51 1845.50 4.97 10.62
Mexico 174.97 3.54 1632.65 4.40 9.33
Indonesia 131.67 2.66 1287.29 3.47 9.78
Brazil 75.11 1.51 1188.91 3.20 15.83
Bangladesh 170.80 3.45 1047.85 2.82 6.13
Philippines 189.44 3.83 825.68 2.22 4.36
Nigeria 114.90 2.32 790.20 2.13 6.88
Other
827.04 16.72 6578.07 17.72 7.95
Countries
World Total 4946.36 100.00 37124.74 100.00 7.51
Source: FAO, 2010. Note: Data may slightly differ due to rounding off.

Figure 2. Areal distribution of mango in world, 2010.

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-2, Issue-4, 2016
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Figure 3. Production distribution of mango in world, 2010

Table 2. Major mango growing belts/regions in India

State Mango Growing Belts/Regions

Krishna, East and West Godavari, Vishakhapatnam, Srikakulam, Chittoor, Adilabad,
Andhra Pradesh
Khamman, Vijaynagar
Chhattisgarh Jabalpur, Raipur, Bastar
Gujarat Bhavnagar, Surat, Valsad, Junagarh, Mehsana, Khera
Haryana Karnal, Kurushetra
Jammu &
Jammu, Kathwa, Udhampur
Kashmir
Jharkhand Ranchi, Sindega, Gumla, Hazaribagh, Dumka, Sahibganj, Godda.
Karnataka Kolar, Bangalore, Tumkur, Kagu
Kerala Kannur, Palakkad, Trissur, Malappuram
Madhya
Rewa, Satna, Durg, Bilaspur, Bastar, Ramnandgaon, Rajgari, Jabalpur, Katni, Balagha
Pradesh
Maharashtra Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Raigarh
Sonepur, Bolangir, Gajapati, Koraput, Rayagada, Gunpur, Malkanpuri, Dhenkanal, Ganjam,
Orissa
Puri
Punjab Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Ropar
Tamil Nadu Dharmapuri, Vellore, Tiruvallur, Theni, Madurai
Uttarakhand Almora, Nainital, Dehradun, Bageshwar, UdhamSingh Nagar, Haridwar
Uttar Pradesh Saharanpur, Bulandshahar, Lucknow, Faizabad, Varanasi
West Bengal Malda, Murshidabad, Nadia

Source: Compiled from IHD, NHB and various other sources

Mango has the privilege to grow commercially in the country, there is huge variation in varieties of
throughout the country from east to west and north to mango grown in the country too. Various important
south. No any region in India is fully devoid of mango varieties cultivated in different states of India
mango cultivation (Table 2). This is a good situation are as:
for farmers of India as they can reap the commercial
values of mango cultivation and can fulfil their
economic goals with replacing traditional crops with
mango. Due to the different agro-climatic conditions

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Table 3. Main varieties of mango grown state-wise

State Main Varieties Grown
Andhra Allumpur Baneshan, Banganapalli, Bangalora, Cherukurasam, Himayuddin, Suvernarekha,
Pradesh Neelum, Totapuri
Bathua, Bombai, Himsagar, Kishen Bhog, Sukul, Gulab Khas, Zardalu, Langra, Chausa,
Bihar
Dashehari, Fazli
Goa Fernandin, Mankurad
Gujarat Alphonso, Kesar, Rajapuri, Vanraj, Jamadar, Totapuri, Neelum, Dashehari, Langra
Haryana Dashehari, Langra, Sarauli, Chausa, Fazli
Himachal
Chausa, Dashehari, Langra
Pradesh
Jharkhand Jardalu, Amrapalli, Mallika, Bombai, Langra, Himsagar, Chausa, Gulabkhas
Karnataka Alphonso, Bangalora, Mulgoa, Neelum, Pairi, Baganapalli, Totapuri
Kerala Mundappa, Olour, Pairi
Madhya
Alphonso, Bombay Green, Langra, Sunderja, Dashehari, Fazli, Neelum, , Mallika
Pradesh
Maharashtra Alphonso, Mankurad, Mulgoa, Pairi, Rajapuri, Kesar, Gulabi, Vanraj
Orissa Baneshan, Langra, Neelum, Suvarnarekha, Amrapalli, Mallika
Punjab Dashehari, Langra, Chausa, Malda
Rajasthan Bombay Green, Chausa, Dashehari, Langra
Tamil Nadu Banganapalli, Bangalora, Neelum, Rumani, Mulgoa, Alphonso, Totapuri
Uttar Pradesh Dashehari, Langra, Safeda Lucknowa, Chausa, Fazli, Bombay Green,
West Bengal Bombai, Himsagar, Kishan Bhog, Langra, Jardalu, Fazli, Gulabkhas, Amrapalli, Mallika
Source: Compiled from IHD, NHB and various other sources
Table 4. Season-wise varieties of mango grown

Season Varieties Grown

Early-
Bombai, Bombay Green, Himsagar, Kesar, Suvernarekha.
season
Dashehari, Langra, Kishen Bhog, Alphonso, Mankurad, Bangalora, Vanraj, Banganapalli,
Mid-season
Zardalu.
Late-season Fazli, Chausa, Fernandin, Mulgoa, Neelum.
Source: Compiled from IHD, NHB and various other source

India is the home of more than about 1,500
varieties of mango, but only a few selected varieties
are commercially grown here. Each and every variety
of mango have a unique colour, shape, size, texture
and flavour. Based on time of ripening, important
mango varieties grown in India can be grouped
mainly in three groups, namely; early season
varieties, mid season varieties and late season
varieties. Table 4. shows that important early season
varieties of mango are the Bombai, Bombay Green,
Himsagar, Kesar and Svernarekha while, mid season
varieties of mango are Dashehari, Langra and
Kishanbhog etc. Delicious Chausa, Fazli and Neelam
are the late season varieties of mango; grown
according to specified agro-climatic and
physiographical conditions.

Table 5. State-wise area (in '000 ha) and production (in'000 mt) of mango in India

Year
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13
State
Area Area
Area (in Production Production Percentage Production Percentage
(in '000 (in '000
'000 ha) (in '000 mt) (in '000 mt) Area (in '000 mt) Production
ha) ha)
Andhra 391.10 3363.40 408.70 3514.80 489.66 19.59 4406.92 24.48
Pradesh

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Uttar 267.20 3623.20 258.30 3840.80 274.03 10.96 4386.99 24.37

Pradesh
Karnataka 161.60 1778.80 172.40 1868.30 178.80 7.15 1795.10 9.97
Bihar 147.00 1334.90 147.50 1241.80 147.74 5.91 1363.80 7.58
Gujarat 130.10 911.30 136.20 966.00 141.26 5.65 1003.71 5.58
Orissa 190.10 642.00 197.20 715.20 197.46 7.90 753.79 4.19
West Bengal 89.50 620.20 90.90 661.50 92.50 3.70 735.00 4.08
Tamil Nadu 148.00 823.70 151.90 889.60 152.43 6.10 714.08 3.97
Maharashtra 477.00 331.00 482.00 503.00 482.00 19.28 633.00 3.52
Jharkhand 38.90 427.90 50.30 515.60 51.33 2.05 517.92 2.88
Kerala 62.20 380.90 63.80 373.20 74.44 2.98 441.03 2.45
Others 194.00 951.10 218.90 1106.60 218.37 8.73 1251.03 6.95
Total 2296.70 15188.40 2378.10 16196.40 2500.00 100.00 18002.40 100.00
Source: Indian Horticulture Database, 2013. Note: Data may slightly differ due to rounding off.

Figure 4. State-wise areal distribution of mango in India, 2012-13

Figure 5. State-wise production distribution of mango in India, 2012-13

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ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Table 5. demonstrates that in the year 2010-11 the
2296.70 thousand ha area of India was covered with
mango, it produced 15188.40 thousand mt of
mangoes. In the year 2012-13, area under mango crop
increased to 2500.00 thousand ha with increased
production from 15188.40 thousand mt to 18002.40
thousand mt in the year 2010-11 and 2012-13
respectively. In the year 2012-13, Andhra Pradesh was
on top in both area and production, whereas; Uttar
Pradesh and Maharashtra were in second position in
production and area, respectively in the year 2012-13.
In spite of having a lesser area as compared to Andhra
Pradesh and Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh produced
same or near to the same amount of mango as of
Andhra Pradesh (24.48 per cent) and of Uttar Pradesh
(24.37 per cent) in India (Table 5 & Figure 4 & 5).
Thus, it may be concluded that Uttar Pradesh has
much higher productivity as compared to other Indian
states. If the area under mango crop can be increased
in Uttar Pradesh it can do the miracle on the
production front. In the other Indian states there is
ample scope of areal extension in mango crop as well
as in productivity too.
Table 6. make obvious that the area and production
of mango against other fruit crops in India during the
year 2001-02 to 2012-13. There was 1575.80 thousand
ha of land under mango crop in 2001-02 which
increased to 2500.00 thousand ha in 20012-13. On the
other hand, in 2001-02 about 39.30 per cent of fruit
area was devoted to mango crop with 10020.20
thousand mt of production (23.30 per cent of total fruit
crop) which increased to 18002.40 thousand mt in
2012-13; which is 22.10 per cent of total fruit crop
produced in India in that particular year. It reveals
that; although the area under mango crop increased
from 1575.80 thousand ha to 2500.00 thousand ha
during 2001-02 to 2012-13 but per cent share of

Table 6. Area (in '000 ha) and production (in'000 mt) of mango in India; (2001-02 to 2012-13)

Percentage
Percentage Percentage Percentage
Area (in Production of Total
Year of Total Growth in Growth in
'000 ha) (in'000 mt) Fruit
Fruit Area Area Production
Production
2001-02 1575.80 39.30 10020.20 23.30 - -
2002-03 1623.40 42.90 12733.20 28.20 3.02 21.31
2003-04 1906.70 40.80 11490.00 25.20 17.45 -10.82
2004-05 1970.40 39.70 11829.70 24.00 3.34 2.87
2005-06 2080.70 39.10 12663.10 22.90 5.60 6.58
2006-07 2154.00 38.80 13734.00 23.10 3.52 7.80
2007-08 2201.00 37.60 13997.00 21.30 2.18 1.88
2008-09 2309.00 37.80 12750.00 18.60 4.91 -9.78
2009-10 2312.30 36.50 15026.70 21.00 0.14 15.15
2010-11 2297.00 36.00 15188.00 20.30 -0.66 1.06
2011-12 2378.00 35.50 16196.40 21.20 3.53 6.23
2012-13 2500.00 35.80 18002.40 22.10 5.13 10.03
Source: Indian Horticulture Database, 2013 & Calculated by the author. Note: Data may slightly differ due to
rounding off.

Figure 6. Growth trends of area and production of mango in India, 2001-02 to 2012-13

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ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
mango fruits decreased from 39.30 per cent (2001-
02) to 35.80 per cent (2012-13). It shows that area
under other fruit crops and their production are
increasing as compared to mango fruits. Following
the same trend production of mango also increased
from 10020.20 thousand mt (2001-02) to 18002.40
thousand mt (2012-13) but overall per cent share
among other fruits decreased from 23.30 per cent of
2001-02 to 22.10 per cent in the year 2012-13.
Growth trends of area and production are also very
uncertain ; as areal growth trend of mango in India
are more or less is average or continuous with the
exception of the year 2003-04 (17.45 per cent) and
2010-11 (-0.66 per cent) from its previous years. On
the other side production is showing zigzag motion
and is dramatically changing year after year from
2001-02 to 2012-13. In the year 2002-03 mango
production increased by 21.31 per cent from its
previous year 2001-02 while production suddenly
decreased in the year 2003-04 by -10.82 per cent. In
the year 2009-10 production dramatically decreased
(-9.70 per cent) from its previous year i.e., the year
2008-09. These all situations may be due to irregular
fruit bearing nature of mango plants as in on season
mango bear good amount of fruits while in off season
production dramatically reduced. Other reasons may
be changing local weather and climatic conditions,
the spread of diseases, and also in some years furious
storms, hails and rain do a lot of damage to the
mango blossoms and fruits; results in severely
reduced production.
Conclusions:
It is clear from the above explanations and results
that India is a leading producer of mango in the world
and the crop is produced more or less throughout the
country. Mango production is providing an excellent
base of livelihood for farmers and workers engaged
in its production and allied activities viz.
transportation and distribution, trade, storage, nursery
growing and mango processing etc. On the other
hand, there are plentiful problems in mango
gardening, production, processing and marketing in
the country. The main problems are irregular fruit
bearing nature of mango plants, low productivity as
compared to other mango growing countries in the
world, disease prone varieties, low level of
availability and application of tools and techniques as
mango production in India is very much limited to
traditional means, poor harvesting and crop
management methods, and also lack or poor
processing, transportation, storage and export
facilities, problems of intermediaries and marketing
facilities etc. Besides these, old mango orchards,
small and fragmented land holdings, poor and
uneducated mango growers, and lack of proper and
adequate governmental support etc. are the main
problems which are persistent throughout the
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country; collectively or separately. These all are
negatively affecting the production of mango in the
country and mango gardening is not proving as much
economic as it might be. Thus the eradication of
above discussed problems must be insured to making
mango gardening more profitable in India. In this
regard enhancing the awareness of mango growers
about the use of modern tools and technology in
mango gardening, and providing them training may
prove a real breakthrough. If the productivity of
mango in India can be increased anyhow, the
production may increase several times from the same
area, this may be done with the help of facilitating
disease resistant and regular fruit bearing varieties of
commercially produced mangos, proper manuring
and better irrigational facilities, reasonable use of
bio-regulators to insure proper blossoming, fruit
bearing and reduction of fruit drops. Organic and
eco-friendly mango cultivation must be practiced to
maintain quality of fruits and also of the
environment. Other steps must be to insure increased
area under mango crop by planting new mango
orchards; in this regard waste land, culturable wastes,
land not suitable for other food crops, etc. are good
options so that production may be increased.
Availability of easily accessible transportation and
marketing facilities, good pricing policies, and
abolishment of intermediaries, proper supply chain
management, and technical advancements in mango
plantation and production, development of competent
mango processing industries etc. are the requirements
of the present. Besides these above discussed,
efficient cultural practices, proper crop management,
harvesting and rejuvenation of old mango orchards,
etc. are the other options. All these can make mango
production more resourceful and advantageous, and
more economical to the mango producers.
References:
[1]. Bal, J. S., “Fruit Growing” Kalyani Publishers, New
Delhi, 2012, pp.77-101.
[2]. Banerjee, G. D., “Economics of Mango Cultivation”
Occasional Paper-58, Dept. of Economic Analysis and
Research, NABARD, Karnatak Orion Press, Mumbai,
2011.
[3]. en. wikipedia. com, 2014.
Available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango
[4]. Griesbach, J., “Mango Growing in Kenya”, Kul
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[5]. Indian Horticulture Database. (2014). Published By
NHB, MOA, GOI. Gurgaon.
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Available at http://nhb.gov.in/area-
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[7]. Mukherjee, S. K., “Introduction: Botany and

importance”. In R.E. Litz (Eds.), The mango, botany,
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[8]. Ravishankar et al., “Assessment of genetic relatedness

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[9]. Viruel et al., “Fingerprinting, embryo type and

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[10]. Yadav, A. S. and Pandey, D. C., “Growth trends and

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