Introductory Concepts 1 and Definitions 1.1 An object whose mass is 6.8 kg occupies a volume of 0.7 m°, Determine its (a) weight, in N, and its average density, in kg/m’, at a location on the earth where g = 9.45 m/s*. (Ans. 64.26 N) (b) weight, in N, and its average density, in kg/m’, on the moon, where g = 1.7 m/s*. (Ans. 11.56 N) ieee (2) = 9.45 m|s*5, (Pp), =m 2 G84 V=0.7m fois y ae 74.71 Ryle — = mq2(o.88q\(4. 45m0\(u sy __\ Foray ae 4 oe aye = 64, ZN Frye, (b) q2 17 ms*; b> wacked «8 eee a yeiie: N<— Foray Determine the mass, in pounds mass, of an object whose weight is 20 Ibf at a location where the acceleration of gravity is 31.1 fs, (Ans, 20.7 Ib) fe *(3ee a ze4s,\( = 4-H) = 20.71 |h «——m1.3. Atomic and molecular weights of some common substances are listed in Appendix Tables A-1. Using data from the appropriate table, determine (@) the number of kmol in 50 kg of each of the following: Hz, Nz, NH, CsHe. (Ans. 24.78, 1.785, 2.930, 1.134 kmol) (©) the mass, in Ib, of 20 Ibmol of each of the following: air, C, HO, and CO>, (Ans, 579.4, 240.2, 360.4, 880.2 1b) (a) Hy: = sfe-ore £5[ ei ) = 24.78 £ mol N (ee. 1 /Enol) = 78S £ mol Mis ee Minor Wei) 2.93 £ mol CHa: cbheccd eu) = 1134 Bmo/ (20 Ibwol i201 Ib} lonel) = 240.2 Ib HO! (20 Inmof) (18-02 lb] Ibn!) = 360.4 Ib C02! (20 Homey) (44.01 lb] “bugs = 880.2 lo Cb) ir! (20 tbmel (28. aden = 879.4 lb 1.4 A spring stretches 0.2 cm per newton of applied force. An object is suspended from the spring and a deflection of 3 cm is observed. If g = 9.81 m/s’, what is the mass of the object, in kg? Foe Sem =e (Ans. 1.53 prs Sz emIn 1s a L 3+ 4.81 m/s Assuming the mass is at rest, the net vertical force Is zero, Sr = Foray = ™q = = Léqimjs® a3 eh (BH) m = /S3 41.5 Assystem consisting of 1 kg of a gas undergoes a process during which the relationship between pressure and volume is pV’? = constant. The process begins with p; = 1 bar, V; = Im? and ends with V2 =3 m’. Determine the final pressure, pz, in bar, and plot the process on a graph of pressure versus volume. ‘Schematic and given data: OX PV = const. \ 1 m=ikg os p, = 1bar,V, = 1m" V,=3m’ os Z Analysis: ae From the pressure-volume relation 02 pi? = p.V2? or vy ne ° 1 2 n=r(h) =atae(5) =0.24 bar — 1.6 Anaircraft cruises at an altitude of 10,700 meters above sea level. Estimate the atmospheric pressure in bar at cruise altitude. Assume the acceleration of gravity is constant at g = 9.8 m/s”. The average specific volume of the air is 1.334 m’/kg. (Ans. 0.227 bar) 2 wi Pt eghs gh = Gans )be,7¢0 m) Paw" PS Vv 1334 m?/eq = 78,025 £4 = 78,625 N/m*. 0.78625 bar ms* 70* NX /m* bar pe 0137s bar - 0.78625 bar 0.227 bar <——P1.7 A vacuum gage attached to a power plant condenser gives a reading of 27.86 in of mercury. The surrounding atmospheric pressure is 14.66 lof/in.” Determine the absolute pressure inside the condenser, in Ibffin.” The density of mercury is 848 Ib/ft? and the acceleration of gravity is g = 32.0 fuls*. (Ans. 1.07 Ibffin2) Poac = 27-86 in, of Hy t ¢ Patm* 14:66 tbe ine Ray F = 648 aise qe 320 + The Vacuum gage reading is Converted to Ibe /ine usin 3 WIS as ee 4 / 3 Puae* gd = (848 Ible4>) (32.0 /s S*Y(23.86 #4) ( Le ablid ret ) 32.2 Ib.) 144 jn = 1389 Ig [1h From Eq |.l4, the absolute pressure 1's Pabe™ Patan” Puce * '4: 667 18/89 =1.07 be «Fess ro Comment: hs expected, Pass (3 below Pata 1.8 A glass tube is atached to a pipe carrying water as shown in Fig. P1.8. The pressure of water in the pipe supports a column of water 2 ft. high. If the atmospheric pressure is 14,42 Ibffin.*, determine the absolute pressure of the water at the bottom of the tube, in Ibtiin? The specific volume of water is 0.0164 ft'"b, and the acceleration of gravity is ¢ = 32.2 fs”. (Ans. 15.27 Ibffin.?) ag Bat The Gage pressure is determined using Fg lis Faage ERA + (FIA = (32.2 FH/6e (24) | lag (1 =) (0.016476, (se, 2 1b. 4x 144 in” = 0.847 Ibe )in® Figure P1.8 Thus, the absolute pressure 1s determined using Eq. 1/3 | Po Paage + Pate = 15:27 Mhefin a —P 4Energy and the First Law 2 of Thermodynamics An object whose mass is 2000 kg moves with a velocity of 50 m/s at an altitude of 400 m, both measured relative to the surface of the earth. The acceleration of gravity is constant at g = 9.7 m/s’. (@) If the kinetic energy increased by 2400 kJ with no change in elevation, what would be the final velocity, in m/s? (Ans. 70 m/s) (b) If the potential energy increased by 2400 kJ, with no change in velocity, what would be the final elevation, in m? (Ans, 523.7 m) AS m= 200083 TO es 2, = doom z Assumatinas 9297 ms U) The ebject is a closed system ( The acceleration of Gravity 7 is constant (3) In (&), there rs no change tn elevation (4) In (6), there is no change In Velo ty isi (A) The change th kinetic energy is Yelated te the initia) and Fina! velocities by AKE = Jom (%*-V,") Thus, selying for Yn Vets ‘2ane + V7 m = Blesoo £5) (jo "Wim )( ley mth +50 m™ ette BD) (so ris x TN ) # = $9700 m'/3* oa Ve = 7om/s) +———Ve 2-1Problem 2.1 (¢ont'd) (b) The changes th potentia/ energy and elevation are yelated b APEs mQ Ae Thus, ao Cor AZ i; A2s Kee = (2400 £1) lo" Nem Eq s* ma (eoce es TMI 1423 N ) = 12367 m The Final elevation 1s Ze5 2+ Az = 400+ 123.7 m «<——2, 2.2 A body whose mass is 2 Ib experiences an increase in velocity from 20 ft/s to 50 fis. Determine the change in kinetic energy, in ft1bf. (Ans. +652 ft-lbf) Sche matic Give tae Carre b ‘ < Vi= 20 Ft/s . jt y Assumption : QS v) Vz +50 FYs The object 1s 2 Closed system ~~ obyect Analysis! The change In Kwie-tie energy Is Ake = Am(y~-Y;*) = Y2(2lb\(so- 20°) tbe \ 3% 32.2 Ib .4/s = + 68.2 F4- Ibe AKe Comment! The positive sisn denotes an Inwease jy Kinetic oa2.3. Air undergoes a process from an initial state where p) = 14.0 Ibf/in., V; = 500 in. toa final state where p2 = 60 Ibf/in.?, V; = 160 in.? The relationship between pressure and volume during the process is pV" = constant. Determine the value of the constant n and calculate the work, in Btu. (Ans. 1.277, -1.01 Btu) 4.0 Ibe fing VF S20 in” GO Ig [iit Va.= loo i pV” =@enstant Assumptions: (!) The aiv is & closed system. (2) The moving boundary is the only werk mede. (3) The proctss 1s polytropic. Analysis: From the pressure-volume. velatisn f n PM * Pa Ve Solving for n n= loqg(Plre) . log (i4/oo) 2 ).277e0 log (V2]V,) log Uige/soe) Now, using Eg, 2.17 to determine the work V3 we (dv = const d¥ (me )-GYXW ) Y, y VSR ~ BN -B% 7 = (60 bbelin® (loon) - (iaX(se0)/ Let ( [Ble ) = 1277) 1Zin, 178 £-thg s-ho; Bae < wPROBLEM 2.4 KNOWN: A gas unAergoes a grocets from a known initial oiale. The work ard pressure ~ eis relation are specified. Ein: Determine the firal pressure of the gas. SHEA 4 Given Dare: 7 ~ P= 20 Ibe as P gas. Meo Ht = _ W-lo Be 3 = 1780 Feibet ASnumerions: (1) The gas is 4 closed system.(2) The moving boundary is Fre only work mode.'(2) The process i polytropic. ANMNSISS From EQ. 2.17 7 We J pay * [age av 2 Rv, In e From the pressure-volume velation Va/v, =P, /Pa. Thus a da Wer py, Sn Seivig for q. BR ] a eee) = 39 le 20 Te ee S922 teint a42.5 The input shaft to a gearbox rotates at 2000 RPM and transmits a power of 40 kW. The output shaft power is 36 kW at a rotational speed of 500 RPM. Determine the torque of each shaff, in N-m. Schematic ¢ Gen Data 2000RPM gear bex a SOORPM Wiapue 40 KN 7 Wourpuy 36 KW (Ans. in = 191 Nem, out = 688 N-m) Analysis Eg. 2.20 is applied te determine the forgue 1m cach shah, ane” Nee « eseep ime UF Mt) I kw Min min. tev, = 19 Nem <——___. J, Teutput = (Be U0 (Go) | 688 Nim <——Tourr (Sefer Comment: If the gearbex operates at sleady- State, the d€Fecencs between mput and output pour Is accounkd for through heothanster between the gear box and the surroundings, 2.6 Anelectric heater draws a constant current of 6 amp, with an applied voltage of 220 V, for 10h. Determine the total amount of energy supplied to the heater by electrical work, in kW-h. (Ans. 13.2 kW-h) Assumption: tin: The eurrent and yo/tage are. Constant, Analysis: The constant power piput +o the heorer 13, by Ey, 2.21 Wine Fem (2z0v)(eampy 1 /anr) = 1320W Thus, the fota/ energy input is te lo*w = 182K Wh Hw 2-5 Wa = [eee = Wi, At = (ison) Jew Ven)2.7 Steam in a piston-cylinder assembly expands from py = 35 bar to pz =7 bar. The pressure-volume relation during the process is pV = constant. The mass of steam is 2.3 kg. Other steam properties at the initial state are uy = 3282.1 kI/kg and v, = 113.24 om’/g. At the final state up = 2124.6 ki/kg. Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy, calculate the heat transfer, in kJ, for the steam as the system. Known: Steam expands in a piston-cylinder assembly. The initial and final states and the pressure-volume relation during the process are specified. Find: Determine the heat transfer. Schematic and given data: 3 kg State 1: pr=35 bar uy = 3282.1 Ki/kg vy = 113.24 cm’/g State 2: p2=7bar pV’ = constant 2 = 2124.6 kg Assumptions: (1) The steam is a closed system. (2) Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. (3) The process is polytropic with n = 2. Analysis: The heat transfer is determined from an energy balance. First, determine the work Diep) of =p) Evaluating v, 1 1 ce (2 » -(FFo 13.24em*/g) = 253.2em’/g wf nov = tar of ‘Thus . (Tear)| 253.25 |_ (35 (113.24) . g 10° g/kg ||10°Ném?||_1kI W = (23k 4 1) 10%cm/m* || Tar |[10°N-m| = 503.9 ki Now, writing the energy balance AKE + APE +AU =Q-W 2-6Noting that AU = m (uz - u,) and solving for @ Q= mu, — m4) +0 = (2.3kg)(2124.6 - 3282. +503 9kI =-2158k Comment; The negative sign for Q denotes energy transfer from the system. 2.8 Acclosed system of mass 2 kg undergoes an adiabatic process. The work done on the system is 30 kJ. The velocity of the system changes from 3 mvs to 15 mvs. During the process, the elevation of the system increases 45 meters. The acceleration of gravity is g 9.8 m/s”, Determine the change in internal energy of the system in KJ. (Ans, 28.9 kJ) Analy sis! Using &4 2-35, AKE+APE +AU =Q-W. u~ “Rw - bkE- APE = +308T- m(ve- Vi = Vit )mife® - mg lz) zeot/T/*S “19? T/#I = +30¥F- 2a(utos 2) ~ 2e lag Ys (t45) m zee? / ks 707 34d = +2045 - 0-216 ET - OG 92 £3 = +2892 «————sAk2.9 Each line in the table below gives information about a process of a closed system. Every entry has the same energy units. Fill in the blank spaces in the table. 100 Process (a): AE = Q-W = (+50) -(-20) + 470 (Ans. shaded boxes) = bE +E, = (+70)+(+20) = +90 Process(6): Q2 AE tW=(+30)+ (+20) = +50 1 = Ez - BE = (450)-(+30)=420 Process (c)) KE = Q~ w= (-25)-(- 80) = 455 BE, = £2-A&=(+lG0)- ae tlos Process (d)! Q a +W = O+(-4o)==40 _ RE +E, O+ (+50) = 450 Pocess(e)! Q= ae +we(- oe (+150) =+50 Ez = ME+E, =(-(o0)+(+Zo) = =80 2.10 Steam undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of the following processes: Process 1-2: expansion with uz - u; = 9.6 Buwlb, Wiz/m = 30.4 Btulb constant-pressure, p = 180 Ibf/in.”, v2 = 2.648 ft'/Ib, v3 = 1.866 fb 2 uy =u =211.3 Bru/lb, Wsi/m=0 ‘There are no significant changes in kinetic or potential energy. Determine the heat transfer for each process, in Btu per pound mass of steam. (Ans. O12 = +40 Btu/lb Qos = -246.95 Btu/Ib Qs; = 4211.3 Buw/lb) 9.6 Blu//b, Waa [n= 30.4 Bie |b Process [-L! Un -U, Process 2-3! ne ales = Const, ¥2= 2.048 H/ Ib, = 1866 Ft? /Ib Frocess 3-1; U4, -Uy¥ 2/13 Blu/lb, We,/m* OProblem 2-1o(tont'd) kssumptions: (t) The steam 1s a closed system. i Kinetic 4 potentia/ effects are neq ligi ble, Analysis! For each process, ofe + ape tau =g-w Beginning with To i Ue-u)) = @.s/m - Wie /m or Qe = (u2-u)+ Me = 46 Ble + B04 Bk 16 = 40 Blu/ lb Qe 77 Process @-3, the werk ts, Wat i pay 7 vas = pla-%) Ve = (160 BEL Bb-2, cay agin | Ble & ('S? lergarg) = - 26.05 Btu//b This, Qex = (Ug-Uz) + Wes a me To find Ug-U,, note that AU]. 70,20 (y= U,) + Lelg-t) +(U,~l,=0* (4 - th )= - (Up -t&,)- (Uy, isa $l Bla - 211.3 Bee = -220,9 Ble //b 4 So, » Qos = (-22a97) t(-26.05) =- 246.95 BK os ma m Process 3-!, Qa a LU, “4e)* i a ™ Lemment! /t 1's read: 4 faritied that Oe 2-42.11 The net work of a power cycle operating as in Fig. 2.15a is 10,000 kJ, and the thermal efficiency is 40%. Determine the heat transfers Qj, and Qouy each in KJ. (Ans. 25,000 kJ, 15,000 kJ) a = Weyele : Qin Oiun= Weule = 10,002 Ee Od = 2s, 000 £3 +— Q,,, Wey ele *!.000k3 Co Weyele * @in ~ Qout Qout? Qin ~ Weyele = As,O00 - [0,000 = 1s, 000 £S<— Qy ot body Qin 4 h 2.12 Arrefrigeration cycle operating as in Fig. 2.15b has heat transfers Qi, = 2000 Btu and Qou = 3200 Btu. Determine the net work required, in Btu, and the coefficient of performance for the cycle, (Ans. 1200 Btu, 1.67)Properties of a Pure, 3 Simple Compressible Substance 3.1 Determine the phase or phases in a system consisting of HzO at the following conditions and locate the states on carefully labeled p-v and T-v diagrams. (a) p= 500 kPa, T= 200°C. (0) p=5MPa, T= 264°C. (©) T= 180°C, p =0.9 MPa. (@)_ p=20MPa, T= 100°C. (© T=-10°C,p=1.0kPa. (Ans. superheated vapor) (Ans. liquid-vapor mixture) (Ans. supetheated vapor) (Ans. compressed liquid) Vv © 1ooz MR, P Og MPa f : fee [ (Ans. solid) Sco BR oS S bar ? 5S bor a Zooe S00 8 Fe ISIC Re6 {51.55 v Vv SMR? SObar (b) 2-Phase ? 5 bar T ie SHE. 264.0c — liguéd- Vapor oe mPeture. fod V voor MP 09 MP = 7 bar / 18ec.Problem 3.1 (tontd)> (a) Zo Me 20 MPa 365.80 Pp 2 . Subcooled or ‘ leoe Compressed f20, Nquid v ] Vv 3 ce 1am P T o.zcoz ER. 16 Fo Solid 026024. a v ae v 3.2 Determine the quality of a two-phase liquid-vapor mixture of (a) water at 200°C with a specific volume of 0.1 m°/kg. (Ans. 0.783) (b) Refrigerant 12 at 2.0 bar with a specific volume of 0.07 m°/kg. (Ans. 0.837) (©) Refrigerant 134a at -40°C with a specific volume of 0.3569 m"/kg. (Ans. 1.0) (@) Hz0; Teze0e , v= on mley Table 2} Ve 2hiSes xo ms, Vq 2:12 74m/ 4 -3 X= V-VYe = oO - 1, ISOS x0 = 0.783——* Vg-Ve 8.1274 -L 1565 x0 (b) Refrigerant 12} p= 2.0bar, V= 0.07 m [eg Table A.7; Vp = 210962 x15" mi [E5, Vy 2.09354 wy = Q:07- 0. 6ILZY0 Oo. 937 <— x 0. 0835 4-0.6962K0 (c) Refrigeran +1340} T2-40C, V2O.3569 m5 Tabk Alo; V= Vas 0.3567 mE Saturated Yapor =P X= 10 *——X s3-u3.3 Five kilograms of saturated water vapor are contained in a closed rigid tank at an initial pressure of 40 bar. The pressure of the water drops to 20 bar as a result of heat transfer to the surroundings. Determine the volume of the tank, in m°, and the quality at the final (Ans. 0.2489 m?, 0.494) 1 gobar Wi ly (tober) m= Shy P >), P,= 40 bar (x= 1) oe! Ppt 20 bar v Assumptions! () HeO 1s a closed system. (2) Volume « Constant, Analysis: Using data from Table 13, the volume Is Ve my = (§ €4)(0.04978 m| ) = 0.2489 “4o“-~{( 0 With the dade at p= 20 bay, -3 X22 Ve-Ve, = 0497F-NI7CT NO 2 O.494-Xz ow, 0,09963~1.1 76 7%/6" 3.4 Water undergoes an isothermal process from saturated vapor at 400°F to a final specific volume of 4.5 ft'/lb. Determine the final pressure, in Ibffin.?, and sketch the process on T-v and p-v diagrams. (Ans, 110.2 Ibffin.) Assunpéons: (1) Ho is a closed system (2) Temperstire =const Analysis: Using dat. from Tahh A.2E, v= Wee /ib, Since v,=Vz, interpolate th Table AE to get Bw lez Wbp/ine ee Pe N02 Woe fge . oe Ze proie the Jin? Fe6 0, 3-33.5 Ammonia undergoes a process for which the pressure-volume relation is pv" = constant. The initial and final states of the refrigerant are fixed by p; = 2 bar, T; = 10°C and p2 = 10 bar, T2= 60°C, respectively. Evaluate the constant n for this process. (Ans. 1.08) pe zbar, T= loc Fee 10 bar, Te Got. Using data. from Table #. 15 Miz B.67320 mk; , Vq= 0.15l0% mils RM? tog (B= n log(¥) nz loglR/R) = leqlZie) To Wf) 1oq (6uSioe 0.67820) 108 <——___—____n 3.6 For Refrigerant 134a, determine the values of the specified properties at each of the following conditions: (@) at p= 140 Ibt/in? and v= 0.3610 ft'/b, determine T in °F and u in Bulb. (Ans. 120°F, 110.9 Bru/lb) (b) at p= 140 Ibffin.? and h = 100 Bru/lb, determine T in °F and v in ft°/b. (Ans. 100.56°F, 0.2675 ft’/Ib) (©) at T=0°F and v=3.0 ft'/lb, determine p in Ibffin. and h in Btwlb. (Ans. 15.55 Ibffin?, 101.36Btu/lb) (@) Check above results using IT: Interactive Thermodynamics (a) From Table MllE, vy= 0.335880, ad. ind Super ed) Vapor HO lg From Table hk. I2@, Tz 1Z0°F, ; Bos, v (b) From Table AWE, Ay he hgud-vapor mixture. she the T? Teap = 100,56°F Pp ne Xt Azhe = 100-4443 20.788 Ce hes 70.52 : Bn 34Problem 3b (¢ont'd) (by Ve = 5 +x (vq-ve) = 0.0/285+ (0,766) (0.33888-6, 01386) = 0.2675 CF/ ib () From Table Mie, Va= 2.14408 Ve V. w= Siperheadld vapor icy 15.5 lke In tet polating tn Table" ize oe PH ls:ss Ibe, int hs lol 36 Bte/Ib11 Problem Supplement: 3.6 aa) 40 I loth? 3610 11 fb Pé |_PT("R1342", pa, Ta) ua = u_PT(‘R134A", pa, Ta) W Answers: Ta = 120°F, ua 4 (b) 110.9 Btulb 140 / fin? 100 // Bruit hi 1 Check hg at 140 ilbtlin? hg = hsat_Px("R134A", pb, 1) /* Answer: hg = 114.9 Btu/lb This implies the state is in the two-phase, liquid-vapor region. */ isat_Px("R134A", pb, xb) vb = vsat_Px("R134A*, pb, xb) 1 Answers: Th = 100.6 °F, vb = 0.2676 ft¥/b A(c) uF 0 #1 FPAb ve 1 Check vg at O°F /sat_Px("R134A'", psal, 1) ‘sal_P("R134A", psat) vg 7 PP Answer: vg = 2.146 fb ‘This implies the state it in the superheated vapor region. “/ ve =v_PT('RI34A", pe, Te) he =h_PT("R134A", pe, Te) 11 Answers: pe = 15.43 Ibifin®, he = 102.4 Btu/lb3.7 Determine the value of the specific volume, in m°/kg, of ammonia (NH3) vapor at 100 bar and 420 K using (@) the compressibility chart. (Ans. 0.013m°/kg) (b) the ideal gas model. (Ans. 0.021 m?/kg) (©) Which of the above values is more correct? Explain. (ay Using date from Table kul Pet P= lobar 20,886 re U28 bar Fis REL 2 4$Ze4e , 1.034 Ya 20.74 Fook Thus, Vz Vg Et fe = 3.314 AT (0.74) 7-04 bak (406 k) thar \( 193Nim (112.8 bar) (oF N/m 125 = 0.0/3 m*/ 25 $$$ v (chart) (6) Using the idea/ gas eguchin of state, vz BT (Spy ite = ( ae) = 0.0206 0 [&— v 2 Gidea (gas) © The chart value 1s more correct, It takes inte Qccount the veal gas behavior of Ammonia at this high pressure and temperature, The idea/ gas mode/ over- predicts the spec he Volume 4y ahour S8%, 3-73.8 Air ina piston-cylinder assembly expands slowly from an initial state where the pressure is 30 Ibf/in.? and the volume is 0.5 ft” to a final state where the volume is 2 ft° and the temperature is 720°R. The pressure of the gas varies linearly with volume during the process and ideal gas behavior can be assumed. Determine the heat transfer, in Btu, if the mass of air is 0.075 Ib. (Ans. 7.878 Btu) Schematic ¢ 6iven Date! aft ve eos oe We \rav V7 0s Wbgfin?) au \,= 2 Ty? 120 (m= 0.078 Ib OS ho LS 2b : v (et) Assumptions: ()The aiv is @ Closed system. (2) The ai behaves @s Gn idea/ gas: (3) kmehe ¢ potentia/ e Fheets are negh gible. Analysis: To determine the heat transfer, the work must by i tT, e found acd Ee 2.17, we (pdv Ve This jnteqral /s egue/ to the aren shown shaded on the PV diagram, Te find ps use sélea/ G28 moda |, 1545 C-lbe' R= MER = (Cor /aga7 kre) ( \ Ve. (a0 FF 144 the, = 10 Ibe fin? Thus, w= p,(Ve-V,) + Ee WY(P-R) =[ve the \ie-o.s) f+ $(2-as30 = 5.553 Ble : ° The energy helanrce Is be tye +4 =Q-W, Thus, “Q= AU+ Ws m(uz-u) +°W Using the ideal gas sgiction T= 5402, with data From Tab A, 228, B= (0: 075) (123.04- 92,04) Bu/b + 5,553 Ble = 2876 Ble ~——_____ @ 3-83,9 Two well-insulated tanks filled with carbon monoxide (CO) gas are connected by a valve. In tank A, 1 kg of gas is stored at 100 kPa and 330K. In tank B, 5 kg of gas are stored at 500 kPa and 870 K. The valve is opened, and the contents of the two tanks are allowed to mix until equilibrium is attained. Assuming ideal gas behavior for the carbon monoxide, determine (@) the volume of each tank, in m’. (b) the final temperature, in K. (©) the final pressure, in kPa Known: The contents of two insulated tanks are allowed to mix until equilibrium is attained, Find: Determine (a) the volume of each tank, (b) the final temperature, and (c) the final pressure. Schematic and given data: Glieielees 4 ms) =5 kg a1 = 500 kPa Tp = 870 K UTTAR Tt Assumptions: (1) The contents of both tanks form a closed system. (2) There is no work or heat transfer. (3) The CO behaves as an ideal gas. (4) There are no kinetic or potential energy effects. Analysis: (a) The volumes can be calculated using the ideal gas equation of state 1kPa_||10°N - m| 0°N-ml] 1ky (330K) (b) the final temperature is found by determining the final specific internal energy using an energy balance. whe ath. av tw av -0 or With U = mu, this becomes (tag, + My ey — (gilt, + Mgt) =O 349Solving for u; and inserting values from Table A-26 (kg 6854kJ/kmol Fr 18,858 kJ/kmol Mle, + Mgilly, 28.01kg/kmol 28.01 kg/kmole 2 asta (1+ 5)kg = 602 kJ/kg. Thus, 4, = 16,862 ki/kmol Finally, by interpolation in Table A-26, T, = 786K (©) The final pressure is obtained using the ideal gas equation of state (ry + my RT, _ © | 28.01 , +V_) (0.98 + 2.584) (786) = 393 kPa Comments: (1) The solution for 72 could also be obtained using a constant cy estimated from Table A-20. (2) The validity of using the ideal gas model can be verified by referring to a generalized compressibility chart. 3-103.10 Two well-insulated tanks contain air. Initially, tank A holds 1 Ib of air at 1440°R, and tank B has 2 Ib of air at some unspecified initial temperature. A valve in the line connecting the two tanks is opened and the contents are allowed to mix until equilibrium is attained at a temperature of 1080°R. Assuming the ideal gas model with c, =constant, determine the initial temperature in tank B, in °R. Schematic § Given Dore! (Ans. 900°R) mgt 216 T, 11080 Assumptions: Ui) The air is a closed system. (2) Q and Ware 0. (2) hin behaves as an sdeo/ gas, (4) AKE and APE are O., |, Analysis: The energy balance ts Meesape rau: = Thus, S20 = Mya lUy- U2) +m g (Ug - Uz) =o Awe m, (UT ,- Te) + mg tS UT, n= Ted =o Selva Cor Tyg = Mus le tM aTe~ Mp Tia ™ne Tg = @ibyliosee) + (Up liese #)- (1 Bi4doR) , goog 118 Zh 3.11 Air, initially at 0.75 bar, 1000 K and occupying a volume of 0.12 m°, undergoes two processes. The air is compressed isothermally until the volume is halved. Then it undergoes a constant-pressure process until the volume is halved again. Assuming ideal gas behavior, (a) sketch the processes on a p-V diagram. (b) determine the total work for the two processes, in kJ. (Ans. -10.74 kd) (©) determine the total heat transfer for the two processes, in KJ. (Ans, -23.27 kd) Assumptions! (1) The air is a closed system. (2) The air behares as an sdeal gas. (3)Kimehid and petentra/ effects are zere, - Ana ly 313} @) Feccess 1-2 3 T= Te . MW \e/S bar nen(t) a Frocess 2-3; Pe Ta°(¥e = 500k Ve,Problem 3.11 (¢ont'd) (b) The work for each process 1s determined by Using Eg ted N: ve Is Wit Wet Wea \rev +f pav v, Y; =mRT, \y + PWN = met, tas +7, r¥) The mass ts determined by using the ideo! gas equetiie at stete |. 7 7 a oo: me BM = (ozshar\ouz m) (ea Les ) ET (£314 €5Vtoook) a tbar J\ iow. 28.97 hk = 0, 03136 Thes, hg (0.031868, \SSIELS \(10204) bale) + 2B-9 78K +(us bare. O8-e.06) (Lot Mint / dx \ bar “hoe Nim ™ ~l0.74 2y +. w,, () The heat transfer 13 Found from the enegy balance po 4o ME + AFB +AU s Oa Wis Thus, Qi = M(Us-4;) + Wis Using data from Table A.22, Q3 = 0.03186 (354.49- 256,74) 45 + (- 10,74 £3) = -23,a7 £27 Qiz Comments: (1) The heat transfer could have been etermined Cox, each process separately, Qe = PEs We =- 6.2483 Qrz> SU + Wag t m(Us-tée) + PlV3-Ke)> -/7032T Qig* Gz* Gea = -23.2a725 | @) The negative 3157 associated with W)g indicates Work inpud ts Ve guired for the 2% Compression Processes. The sagatire 5/54 @8S0¢i eked wi th Dis Seno res that the heat transPer 1s deaving the system B-/eControl Volume 4 Energy Analysis An ideal gas mixture with an apparent molecular weight of 48 enters a device at 3 bar, 157°C, and 180 m/s through a flow area of 20 cm? At the exit, the pressure is 1.5 bar, the velocity is 120 mvs, and the flow area is 40 em*, For steady-state operation, determine at the exit (a) the mass flow rate, in kg/s. (Ans. 1.45 kg/s) (b) the temperature, in °C. (Ans. 13.5°C) Schema Gwen Datu quisve noo Visitog ) (p= 2 Pz lS bar Ay 20cm I h=4942 | Vz =l20mls ‘Ene ~ Pest LE Az? 40 co! Assumptions: (1) Ideal gas Belateey (2) One-dimensional Flow atentronce and ext. Analysis! (a) Mass Flow rate balence for ¢ontro| folie Is DoE. ry-m, => tape = A :\(Auf) ae % mas (3 bar) Se) (At Neo esl) 9) Cont eat ete, 1O°Wom = h4s £5/s the =m (0) The exit temperature (3 found From Be AVe)eite Tz Thus, To= B AaVa = (4508) 40) (20) | ne iaseee a4) (#) = AKG. 7K = /35% ¢————____ T] 142 — Steam enters a turbine through a duct with a diameter of 0.2 m. The steam velocity is 100 ms, the pressure is 14 MPa, and the temperature is 600°C. Steam exits the turbine through a duct of diameter 0.8 m with a pressure of 500 kPa and a temperature of 180°C. Determine for operation at steady state (a) _ the velocity of the steam at the exit, in m/s. (Ans. 94.23 m/s) (b) the mass flow rate of the steam, in kg/h. (Ans. 4.22x10° kg/h) Sche matic ¢ Gwen Date! 1 dy=08m r 7 turbine fE, Te Oem it Steady-State Aasum phon! Flow is one-dimensional at entrance and ext. Analysis: (&) The Clow & Shedy-steke, So n= the=m, me RV = AM [us = BeVe/% Solving for Vz and noting that he 17/4 Ye= (de wy Vi From Table M4 ey (i he ee ee (2s Vy = odo 4s wi / és (22) (endeds \ uso mp) = = 9423 Ws ——V 0-8) \o.07 683, () The mass Clow vate may be calculated at the entrance or exe, m= (rer AV . loz 'm send) (egos v; ne) 4 (0.02683 w? /de) = 4.22 x10 ts hr <——___43 The control volume shown below operates at steady state with water as the flowing substance. Determine W,, in Brwh. Known: Water is the working substance for a control volume operating at steady state. Find: For the given operating data, determine the power. Schematic & given data: pio MORIN? We, yD oor Wir eeows #6, = -sanoco eum rR ie ion ia Assumptions: (1) The control volume is at steady state. (2) The acceleration of gravity is g = 32.2 fus*. Analysi ‘The power is determined using steady-state mass and energy rate balances, as follows: My —Mhhy — Tih, = My = hh, ~ thy = My (1 — Th, Hig) With tny/tn, = 0.2 2)rn, = 4.632x10* Ibs -853x10°Ib/h f v2 Worms ras |or, solving for W,, : ve v2 v2 W,=0,+n(notEres jom(netbras bm(ie tres) @ Next, the specific enthalpies are evaluated. From table A-4E, hy = 1421 Btu/lb. Using Table A-3E, h = 298.6 Brw/Ib, and hy = hy + X3 hygs = 69.74 + (.88) (1036) = 981.4 Bru/lb Inserting data into equation (1) and converting units 2 Wey = -500,000 Btwh +(2.316x108 2 wan Bs 4200 00} = abe v3 h 2.31b-fus"| 778K Ibe +(s022)(oon|_ uot ||_ 15m 5 32.21b -fus"||778Rt-IbF — (4.632x10")| (298.6) +440)? : =o 2 '32.2||78| ~(.ssanioh[ on1.4)+ 4 G0 alba o22enktlL] = 500,000 + (2.316x10°) [1421 +.798 +.0257] — (4.63210*) [298.6 + .002]- (1.853x10°) [981.4 +.05 + .0257] =1.33x10°Btuhh 4-44.4 Steam enters a nozzle operating at steady state at 3 MPa and 320°C with negligible velocity and exits at 1.5 MPa and a velocity of 500 m/s. The mass flow rate is 2.22 kg/s. ‘Neglecting heat transfer and potential energy, determine (@) the exit temperature, in °C. (Ans, 248°C) (b) the exit area, in cm”. (Ans. 6.71 cm?) Schematic ¢ Gwen Dota! L PL =SMR AOU oo ican, Te sz — Viz Soom/s ea 5 z Tz0 77; aa. BPE CO m22.2e Kes Assumptions! (\) Contre) yolume at shady-ghete. ©) Vey =o Ana st © Use ene babrce for skady-skk process, Eo 4 0+ fhe ihe vinta eg) silhar if « gh) o= hy-(he+¥; ) = haz hy - a From Table A.4, = 3043.4 43/6, hp* 3043. +48 ~ £500" mf 1A (i ZN Sas mst) Votan = aged Pa Inter pola ting wn Table AA, Te* 248C+——kh (6) Use m + Lind exit area. eal => A> ive +7 he Interpele tiny th Table A.4, Vz = 2.1siem/ds, Thus, Acs (2.22 £/s)(0.1572 m/&) (10 fem™/n*) (500 m3) Az = 6.7/ con®4.5 Carbon dioxide gas is decelerated to negligible velocity in a well-insulated diffuser. The pressure and temperature at the inlet are 20 Ibf/in.” and SO0°R, respectively. The pressure and temperature at the exit are 25 Ibt/in.? and 540°R, respectively. The potential energy change from inlet to exit is negligible. The mass flow rate is 1 Ib/s. Determine for steady-state operation (a) the inlet velocity, in fis. (Ans. 631.8 fs) (b) the inlet area in in? (Ans. 1.389 in2) Schematye ¢ Gwen Dore! wy Con p! Up | [ Be elaine +e difeuser 44 Pees thefn: Ti * Seok 7 1 Te = s40r ine 1 lb/s ER; Vero Shady- State Assumphins WQ, and Wey are zero. (2) Potentia/ ¢ kueti effects are negligible. (8) Co, behaves as an sdeal ges: Analysiia\sing the steady she energy balance, 0 GoW orl Uche) “zfe) +qGe) Thes, 0- LU ha) Me => Vir [EOD Using data from Table A. 1E Za 44.01 "*llbys) = 6318 f/s (b) A, 18 Found using Eg. tb and the idea/ ges egies tren of ste : . £4. lhe 2) (1 yy Ave ¥m = ET JAy(m) = ee he sco) s. Vv, ¥ (eon) 8), & H]s 1 = 1389 ae a, Comment: The idea/ gas mode/ can be checked using the generahaed Compares bile ty charé 4-646 Air expands with a mass flow rate of 10 kg/s through a turbine from 5 bar, 900 K to 1 bar, 600 K. The inlet velocity is small compared to the exit velocity of 100 m/s. The turbine operates at steady state. Heat transfer from the turbine to the surroundings and potential energy effects are negligible. Calculate the power developed by the turbine, in KW, and the exit area, in m?. Schematic 4 Gwen Data! (Ans. 3209 kW, 0.1722 m?) Qure Air = 1oks/s pz S bar Paz | ban T, = 4eok fe Tue GOok YF steody wat Ve = leo m/s BeBe Pssumptian Kir behaves as an idea/ es. hina lysis een) the steady- Stale eneray belence, Os ih, - Wey + rn] Chy “sd Hfeve e+ q(e/ee os Wey = m[(h,-he) +( es wy =(lo es » [ev 98- conoz) ee OE pe) Ate 1 (Fe = o[325,9/-S]= 3207 kW Wey Note: values for h, andhy Came from Table A.22, To determine Az, use Ee 4b and sdeal ges (aad. Ars fave ~ HEn/A) eS (23 £1) = 0% /s)( z Fo foot) Lbar Gz (eo ast T bary 1 er CRT = 0.1722 m™ Ae Conmends:(') Tower 13 postiie. (2) Chenge oh knetre orgy 13 Neghgible Compared to the Charge jn enthalpy, (3) The (deal gas wade! Can be checked $4 referencing the generalized tent press bh ty ee 4-74.7 Acompressor operates at steady state with ammonia as the working fluid. The pressures and temperatures at the inlet and exit ae 2 bar, 0°C, and 12 bar, 60°C, respectively. The volumetric flow rate of refrigerant entering is 0.5 m'/min. Heat transfer from the compressor occurs at the rate of 5 KI per kg of refrigerant flowing. Neglecting kinetic and potential energy effects, calculate the power, in kW. (Ans. -1.23 kW) 12 ber Schematic = Qe ae | 8 wee : Analysis: For steady- stare © peraticny Pye me and me OF Bey ~ Wey + Fellbicha) + WAV + 4¢/ Ay] = Quy + th (hiche) To determne m, use M=AV. From Table k/S, vi i Vv, = Ob ener + Thus, 0.5 wi [min) Lnie\ = 0.013 ¥5/s ©. o4o4e ™ Te.) une Obtain the values for h From Table . IS. = (0.0/3 s/s) [- she . (1463.59-1553.08](140) 5 s = -423kWw Wer Cemment: The negatire 5isn on Vey denofes work ints the Contre! Yolume,48 A pump steadily delivers water at a volumetric flow rate of 0.05 m°/s through a pipe of diameter 18 cm located 100 m above the inlet pipe, which has a diameter of 15 cm. The pressure is nearly equal to 1 bar at both the inlet and the exit, and the temperature is neerly constant at 20°C throughout. Determine the power required by the pump, in kW. ‘The acceleration of gravity is g = 9.81 m/s’. (Ans. ~48.9 kW) 3. tie ¢ Gi : z che ma ty: Given Date Ar}vosdy — Assumptions! OQ, =o, Dez loom @) Heo ts Incompress'bley Pim? | bar H H | i a q Analysis: Use the shady: state eneray % uation. Sheedy State O: OL Way + [herb + eK Ms 40e.-%)] Since T and are constant hts eho essextiall cotstnt, Thus, Wey = mle vy + qa 2.)]. i Using V=Ve@acte) M=(AV)e =(Oos m/s) = 49.916 Vv (LZ “0018 x5 >Wi ‘Ss Since ve=¥,, AV), =(AV;) 20.50/55 Yes ADs = (.5” 4) 1.965 m/s 2829 m/s (24 ) lés \/)éw %n/s*)\ po Wim \\ LTA 48,9 kW 4-94.9 Steam at | Ibffin.? and 120°F enters a condenser operating at steady state and is condensed to saturated liquid at 1 Ibf/in.? on the outside of tubes through which cooling water flows. The mass flow rate of steam is 200,000 Ibyh. In passing through the tubes, the cooling water increases in temperature by 18°F and experiences no pressure drop. Neglecting kinetic and potential energy effects and ignoring heat transfer from the outside of the condenser, determine (@) the mass flow rate of cooling water, in Ib/h. (Ans. 1.16 x 10” Ib’h) (b) _ the rate of energy transfer, in Btuh, from the condensing steam to the cooling water. (Ans, 2.088 x 10° Btu/h) Schematic and Gwex Dale? Condenser Mige* 00,200 5 —~f A_tooluig water | ATeys 18°F steady. slate | tH Anse Fae ibe it Assumptions % Sef Ig out G) Heat Honsfer across wails of Condenser (s Ng lisible. (2) AkE = APE 20, (3) Cooling water Is mede dad as an intom pass ble ligurds With a constant spociGe hect, (a) Since the condensing steam and the coo lis water are separate’ streams, j= 2 Migs and Mp* het mew: The Steadg-dtak enugy balewee becomes 0: Gh whe vioaech MER eg] + trew [the “hed YZ) + (22) O= thse (himhe) + ew €(Ta-Te) => Me™ Mt (hha) CCTH-Te) Using date Prom Tables A. 38 and A.48, with cx | Ble Mew *(220,000 by )(1114,0~ 69.74) Ble //b Ib O) Bra) BB) (18 EY IG xeo7 fh (6) Usins energy balence. for cools Water, Ber = they (hye) = they © ATeu te be % Ga N16 x00 42)( Leu 8 ve)~ 2.088 x00 Bly Oe BR mew 4-104.10 Refrigerant 12 enters the expansion valve of a refrigeration system with a pressure of 14 bar and a temperature of 48°C and expands with no changes in specific kinetic or potential energy to a pressure of 4 bar. If no heat transfer occurs with its surroundings, determine the quality at the exit of the valve for steady-state operation. (Ans. 0.267) Schematic ¢ Giten Data: Valve i Px 14 bor Lo 5 P 14 bar = 49% 2 = 4 bay re, 7,748 Occ Ga B% APE = AkE=O = + bar Assumptions ! Steady-State Wey =o v Ang lysisi From the eontrs! yolume enerqy balance, hi=ho- From Tabled, at p= I4 ead, Tyq4,= S07, State / ’s a Compressed ie Using data from Tabse A.7 at 4¢%, he A(T) + y(n) EP - Real] 82,73 KT + 0.4199y i [4.0 639 4 —_—— ret (ig we » dbar 108m 4 " =3.02 aT & From Table M8 @P,+ #bar, ShkZ isa 2-phase mirture. Thus, Xe *he-Ag, _ £3.02-43.64 2 0. 267-— ae 147,33 Comment: Note that h, = he(T). 4-14.11 An open feedwater heater operates at steady state with liquid water entering at inlet 1 at 50°C and 1.0 MPa. A separate stream of water enters at inlet 2 with rt, /ri, = 0.22 and a pressure of 1.0 MPa. A single stream of saturated liquid water exits with a pressure of 1.0 MPa. Ignore heat transfer with the surroundings and neglect kinetic and potential energy effects. For the stream entering at inlet 2, determine the temperature, in °C, if, superheated, or the quality, if saturated. Schematic ¢ Given Date! _ oe Bs MPa T fa . Oe oan 5 3 (Ans. Supetheated, 405°C) open |i ft HRN ste Fa rrer,_[ferewater |! Tissot ‘Saf, ay Wi Ret MP Steady-State Vv Qe = Wey =O j KE= APEZO Analysis: To fix state z, do an energy and mass balance on Contre! Volume: Om Hay ~ fey + talhrs fi gether ofa,dernalhat gf) Gnd Me=Mmtme | Thus, O* nay hy + mzha +(m+m,\hz haz (it tholm) ha> hi Tme/1 Stete / 130 Compressed hauid. Use = 3./4 Gytd Table A!2. hy Zhe (1) + vy (TM P-PealT) | = 20q. s3us + (O1z] x/0* ps3 )[lo- 0.1235] bar S$ Leelee ) bar 108m = 210.3 aye. hg = 762. ¥/ osfe, from Table A.3 Thus, he o[(/4 0.22) 762.8) - 2103 ]/2.22 = 32742 £5 /ky ha? hg @ lobar =7 supuheated vapor, From Table At, Tz x 08°C «—__——_—_ fz 41hThe Second Law of 5 Thermodynamics 5.1 An inventor has developed a system that undergoes a cycle while receiving energy from a reservoir at 1000°C and discharges energy to another reservoir at 300°C. A thermal efficiency of 65% is claimed for the cycle. Evaluate this claim. (Ans. Impossible) schematic ¢ Sivie Dele Assumption: System Te ete7sk Undergees & power cycle 45 6S% Weyele Analysis! The mavimant g for any power cyele is | = I- §73 20.s5 russ Sze Se t 1213 The claimed therma/ efficiency > Anay: There fore, impossible. 5.2 A proposed power cycle receives energy by heat transfer from saturated steam ata pressure of 1 atmosphere and discharges energy by heat transfer to a nearby lake, which is at 70°F. Is it possible for this cycle to achieve a thermal efficiency of 30%? (Ans. No) Assumptons ; (1) Power Cycle} Steam at Jam (2) Steam ¢ lake ave hot gold Teseryoirs, respectivelg, (3) Steam. | epee sSatuekd. Ana lysis‘ oe mMaumum rd aris For any tae Ee S.8) take attoee) Wath Te er wl 12°F) and Te = 530 B (70°F), 2 1-880 202) Anas ire The desiied thermal ettierency 13 30%, Which 15 veater than 21:1 % (may. This Cycle 13 fot Possum. s-!5.3. At steady state, a certain vapor power plant generates electricity at a rate of 10°kW. The average temperature of the steam passing through the boiler is 600 K, and the average temperature of the cooling water passing through the condenser is 300 K. Determine the minimum theoretical rate at which energy must be transferred to the cooling water, in kW. What consequences might result from transferring this energy to the surroundings? Known: Data are provided for a vapor power plant at steady state Find: Determine the minimum theoretical rate at which energy is discharged by heat transfer to condenser cooling water. het gases Orn Schematic and given data: Turbine=generater + 1 Pee ge = tote i 1 au Teepe = Sook Assumptions: (1) The system shown by a dashed line on the accompanying figure operates at steady state. (2) Hot gases in the boiler and the condenser cooling water play the roles of the hot and cold reservoirs, respectively. Analysis: The following equations result, respectively, from an energy balance and the definition of thermal efficiency Woes = Qin ou W, 2, ‘Combining these expressions and solving for 0, Ou =[2-1WiSince Wye is specified, O,.. is a minimum when the thermal efficiency is a maximum. The maximum thermal efficiency corresponds to the case where Q,, is received from a hot reservoir at Ty = 60C K and Q,,, is discharged to a cold reservoir at Tc = 300 K. 300 —— =0.5 (50%) 0.5 (50%) Tax Accordingly, the minimum value of @,., is ui (Jeo ]ot-totew If the cooling water is drawn from a lake or river, the return water can result in an increase in the temperature of the lake or river, known as thermal pollution. Comments: (1) As the actual thermal efficiency would be less than 7),,, , the quantity of energy discarded to the cooling water would be greater than the minimum value calculated. (2) Although considerable energy is carried away by the cooling water, it has limited usefulness because the cooling water is typically raised in temperature only a few degrees above the ambicnt temperature.54 58 At steady state, a power cycle having a thermal efficiency of 38% generates 100 MW of electricity while discharging energy by heat transfer to cooling water at an average temperature of 21°C. The average temperature of the steam passing through the boiler is 482°C. Determine : (a) the rate at which energy is discharged to the cooling water, in MW. (Ans. 163.2 MW) (b) the minimum theoretical rate at which energy could be discharged to the cooling water, in MW. Compare with the actual rate and discuss. (Ans. 63.8 MW) Schematic. ¢ Gwen Date! Qy Tue7sste Weyele™1oMW — Qe2 Weyele - Weyele * vowel i = 38% & Te* 24K = 163.2 MW <——Ge b) IE cycle 18 reversible, ye 2 1-244 2 ob l0b, (1b) cle 1s reve 0 nan eit Thus, 0.61067 Weyele a> Qe. = room = Fi mn B.b106 The. d'FFarence between the clea! = 63.8MWe——Qy,, le ezents $e ete Leek cbphe power cycle. A certain system collects solar radiation to provide energy by heat transfer at 100°C to a power cycle that discharges energy by heat transfer to the surroundings at 20°C. Another system focuses solar radiation to provide energy by heat transfer at 200°C. On the basis of the second law of thermodynamics, which of the systems would be preferred? Discuss. Qout Teun = 2784) (Ans, System 2) i reer | eS . terete Analy sis: For Ty 373k, f ! = + 282021456 Taig NTs e(W378K an) (2) 473k For Ts = 478k, 21-293 20 Ana *! # 2038]. Ch the bass of the marinum possiple thermal ethierency, System 2 has the potential to produce & larger Weyefe for the sante Qine Thus, System 2 /s preferred, 5-45.6 A patent application describes a refrigerator that maintains a refrigerated space at 20°F while operating within surroundings at 75°F. The coefficient of performance is listed as 9.0. Is this coefficient of performance value feasible? Discuss. (Ans. No) Schematic, ¢ Given Date! Gest ate case) surrhoundinags The maximum Cockhicrent of performance poss dle fore Yefriceration cyefe 1s given by Eg. 8.4, Thus, Powe * We = 492 = 8.73 TT, S8S-480 Therefore, the Clam for @ is tet feasrhle. 5.7 Aheat pump driven by a 1-KW electric motor provides heating for a building whose interior is to be kept at 20°C. On a day when the outside temperature is 0°C and energy is, lost through the walls and roof at a rate of 60,000 ki/h, would the heat pump suffice? : (Ans. No) : Qoug + 60, 00085] f S. tu es te J Tus20% © 293K legge 1 4 Analysis: . it _} The mauimumn Coeftierent of pate. 0% = 873K performance pess ble for aheat pump cycle 18 giVen by Hg. 6.10, Mis, Snap = Th = 2938 = 14652 Bumax 7s, Yas iT 793-273 Wegele For a IKW power input jor the cycle, the marimum heat butput is Qy= 14:65 (RW) 14.65 We Thus, Qdmay = (14.05 eW) I B5/5/eW')(3000 4h) = 52,740 LT Therefore, this heat pump Is not acleguate ve AG to maintain Tr = 20°C. SF58 5.9 A heat pump provides 3 x 10* k/h to maintain a dwelling at 23°C on a day when the outside temperature is 0°C. The power input to the heat pump is 4 kW. Determine the coefficient of performance of the heat pump and compare it with the coefficient of performance of a reversible heat pump cycle operating between reservoirs at the same two temperatures. (Ans. y= 2.08, Ynax= 12.87) Qour 23 x008 LY kr Schemati, 4 Given Dele Pn ewee he, fo ef Weyete® 480 Analysis: tet = oe of = 273K The Coetticient ot Performance for the heat pump 18 y= Gee = & x08) *Y an [Uh /2eees) 20% Wleyele 4 ew The maximum CoeFlicient of Performance Ls ou ELT = [2-87 ——— Cav Tt-Te 296-273 . . Comment: Since Cmax ?7 ¥, there 13 room te improve design: ‘Water contained in a piston-cylinder device executes a Camot power cycle. During the isothermal expansion, the water is heated from a saturated liquid to a saturated vapor at a pressure of 15 bar. The vapor then expands adiabatically to a pressure of 1 bar and a quality of 84.9%. For one kilogram of water (@) Sketch the cycle on p-v coordinates. (b) Evaluate the heat and work for each process, in kJ. (Ans. Qr2= 1947.36 K5, Qzs = -1542.2 KJ, Wiz = 195.975, Was = 403.8 kJ, Wg = -115.59 kJ, Wer = -79.07 KI) (© Evaluate the thermal efficiency. s. 0.208) — . . : (Ans. 0.208) eas 199.3%Problem 5:4 (cont'd) z Process l-2! Wie Spav = ploy). An energy balance ye ds m 4, Qe = Uae) t We = (Uaru,\+ plvary,) = hen hy ™ From Table A.Bi Vj= WISB9 XID w » hy> 844-84 LE, 45° w= W436 21a Ye = OiIBI8 Wf j beware 2EVE With these valwes + Uz=15 94.5 £5 /h; Qat [Rs (2792,2- sem aoe Jy = 1947. 36 es ee ws Wit 1&c US bar COE Not )[ 081.8 - Lissg eon? Vis \. 195976 5—= en TEs = ; Ks v.05 Frocess 2-3; @Q232O- From the enery balance, Wes" Uyrllg 28 From Table &.3, Uz = 417.364 Sabb (acne 141480) 20. TES Thus, Wog2 Us) lasdts- ato. dey = 403,84Te 4s, Frocess 3-4) Same as Frecessi-2, Qag=mlhy-ha); we m(plivyy) Svice this (s a. Cornot ewele, aq = Qui Te T Thus, Osg= B(- 1947, 3641) « 373 9473) = — 15427 hie of) 471 &s To find state 4, hy-hg? 1542.2 => hes hg- [542-225 /ly ha = 417. 46 + 0949(22S80) = 2334.5 £U/d5 hee 192.3 £1/bg > Xq> 792.3 -417. 462 0.166 Zzs¢ Ver [0432x104 0./66(hb94- Lodsero = o.28Zin Us = 417.36 +0.(66 (8506-417, 36)= 764,098, 2 Mse, Va= 1.488 m?/ds o Witk tHese falues ; LAE -118. 59 4YV bs e-USSGAT: Ws4 Process 4-/! Qy,20 and Wy,smlUg-u,) + &e War We = 15 (16 4.09~ 843.16) 4Y&, = — 79.0 14 Te— Thermal Efhicleneg! Ve Wayele = 195.974 403,8-US,59-79.07 i 14430 ae = 020% 295.6 tan also be used to craleak t 5-7Entropy 6 61 62 Applying Eq. 6.4, evaluate Gye for each of the following cycles that receive Oy at temperature Ty and discharge Qc at temperature Tc. There are no other heat transfers. (2) Qn = 3000 KI, Ty = 427°C, Oc = 1600 KI, Te = 20°C Te 2 700K Te 2 293K (Ans. + 1.175 ki/kg) (©) Op = 3500 KI, Ty = 352°C, Oc = 1200 KI, Te = 20°C. TH ask Te* 293K (Ans. -1.5 k/kg) (©) Qu = 1300 Btu, Ty = 840°F, Qc = 900 Btu, To= 40°F. cS Ty = 1300% Te = 200% (Ans. 76:05 Btu/°R) (4) Qu = 1500 Btu, Ty = 290°F, Oc = 800 Btu, Te= 70°F. Ty = 750°R. Te = 530% (Ans. -0.49 Btw?R) Which of these cycles is impossible? (Ans. by, bk), (d) Weite £3.44 th the form rs. Sonete *~ §(24), = -[% | 20 In each of the following cases, determine the indicated property for a process in which there is no change in specific entropy between state 1 and state 2. Solve two ways, Use the appropriate table and use IT: Interactive Thermodynamics. (@) water, p = 3 bar, T; = 400°C, p2 = 10 bar. Find T2in °C. (Ans. 601.6°C) (b) Refrigerant 134a, saturated vapor at T; = -16°C, p2 = 16 bar. Find he, in ki/kg. (Ans. 285.95 ki/kg) © air as an ideal gas, py = 3 bar, T; = 300 K, p2 = 10 bar. Find vz, in m°/kg, (Ans. 0.1214 m'/kg) (@)_ ammonia, p; = 20 bar, T; = 200°C, pz = 1 bar. Find uz, in ki/kg. (Ans. 1287.16 ki/kg) (a) $,2525 4.0330; Table hit, Tz* C016" CD S,*S2% 2.9298, Table KO; Table hit, hz 285.9585 /fs (0) 5,252, Pea Pre and Vos Yop ap Table A22,R,* 402 a OF, Ye Vep = 262-7 V2 BT, /p; = LBIANB00) = O.2BTO Mg =P Ye, HOUzI4 mH 28:97)(3x 107) GD 31* 52.25.8580; Table AIS ) Ure !287 16 LY Ly ev j6.2 Ineach of the following cases, determine the indicated property for a process in which there is no change in specific entropy between state 1 and state 2. Solve two ways. Use the appropriate table and use IT: Interactive Thermodynamics. (a) water, p; = 3 bar, T; = 400°C, p2 = 10 bar. Find T;in °C. (Ans, 601.6°C) (b) Refrigerant 134a, saturated vapor at T; = -16°C, pz = 16 bar. Find ha, in kI/kg. (Ans. 285.95 ki/kg) (©) air as an ideal gas, p; = 3 bar, T; = 300 K, pz = 10 bar. Find vz, in m*/kg. (Ans. 0.1214 m'/kg) @ ammonia, p; = 20 bar, T; = 200°C, pz = 1 bar. Find up, in ki/kg. (Ans. 1287.16 ki/kg) (2) $,=S2% 4.0380; Table Ait, Ta GOlG% (D $,*S27 0.9298, Table bl0j Table hut, hz 295.9585/45 Ce) E49 G2Sa Saat > Sh) = SCT) + RAB = [70203 isin flo ON Te 62 a) a . Detling THR AM2L, Tee ieee Sia (oes toe He (8 Cy (dd 312 52.25.8580; Table AIS; uae 1207.16 Vey 6-24)11 Problem Supplement: 6.2 11 (a) water pla=3 //bar Tia= 400 11°C p2a=10 // bar sta=s_PT(Water/Steam’, pta, T1a) 11 Answer: T2a = 601 M1 (b) Refrigerant 134a Tib=-16 1/°C xib=1 pb = 16 // bar pib = Psat_T('R134A", T1b) sib = ssat_Px("R134A*, p1b, x1b) 2b = s_Ph("R134A", p2b, h2b) sib =s2b JI Answer: hab = 285.9 ki/kg 11 (¢) Air as an ideal gas pic=3 //bar Tie = 800 -273.15//°C p2e= 10 bar sic=s_TP(Air’, Ttc, pic) s2c=s_TP(‘Ait, T2e, pac) ste=s2c vac = v_TP(‘Air,T2c,p2c) 1 Answer: v2e = 0.1213 mi/kg 1 (d) Ammonia pid=20 // bar Tid = 200 11°C pad=1 i/bar sid=s_PT(‘Ammonia", pd, T1d) 11 Check sg at pd = 1 bar 8g = ssat_Px("Ammonia’, p24, 1) Wanswer. std = 5.851 Kikg kK, sq = 5.837 /4his implies that state 2d is in the superheated vapor region. s2d = s_PT("Ammonia", p2d, T2d) sid= sid u2d = u_PT(‘Ammonia", p2d, T2d) 11 Answer: u2d = 1287 kJ/kg e-20)63 A quantity of air undergoes a process for which the specific entropy decreases by 0.096 ki/kg-K. Other known data are T; = 500 K, p; = 4 bar, and T = 420 K. Employing the ideal gas model, determine the final pressure, in bar. (Ans, 3 bar) Schematic 4 Given Data; 4b TR e : Ret os 0,096 LE fl 2 alysis A,snace a Bamanging Bgbase qin ‘Be °C) = 8 Uh) -(S2°3) z& Use < data from Table A.Z2, Thus, MB = 2204142 -2,21952-(- 0.096) « 0.75 (8.314/a8-97 PF, = 3 bar 6.4 One kilogram of liquid water initially saturated at 160°C expands to a final pressure of 1.5 bar in an isothermal internally reversible process. Determine the work and heat transfer, each in KJ. Sketch the process on p-v and T-s coordinates. Associate the work and heat transfer with areas on these diagrams. este, (Ans. 471.5 kJ, 2391.8 kJ) Schematig 4 Gwen Dole! : s! ay 6.29 becomes + = freee 2 mT (9-5, )= (45 ee | with dada. taken From Tables A.2 4nd, “SE Qx 2391 84S (on 7-3 coesrent Area /-2-4-b)e—— En helance yields We Qr mnlus-U,) ae 2391 e VK (2595.2-674, BL) Ege Toblesh 2 244 Ws: €745 £3 (on py diasram, Aree |-2- nab) ee 6-365 One kg of oxygen initially at 280 K and 6.8 bar expands isothermally to a final pressure of 1 bar. During the expansion there is heat transfer from the surroundings which are at 27°C. Is this process internally reversible? Is this process reversible? Schematic ¢ Gin dake: “es gO eS barf (Ans. yes, no) a8 Lina l Assumptions! (1) Op 1 nedeled 08 an idee] 94%. (2) Nearby Surroundmgs experience no net change in State, (3) Kinetic and petentia/ eters neg lig thle, Analysis? Since Te, Aw fora ideal ges ts Bere, The energy behne ts Wile Q-w @Qzw 0 Ulth the rdea/ aes eguetien of state, We (rev (uerar. meT de Ve = mera B tx) Y = h a The entropy bolawce is 6 = d8- {aay = 48-9 G8) Dy t Suwnce T=Te, &g. 6250 becomes AS=-mEMm? (4) id Collecting Egat-4, C=-mE& Be -Lmer a? pl 20 +7 Thus, the expansién 1% internally verers:ble*— Consider an enlarged system eae of Oz and sts Goel, Surroundings. This sy stent reetives ene. at the Hen pastor T= 300K, The entropy ee ts = Asle - Q/ta where the subscipre denotes the enlarged systems b-4Problem b-S(tont’d) The Nearby sur rouncrees Res fo net change tn state (assumption os so (AS)e = AS. Gee AS- @ = -mR&c P/F - mer uf, =| Z]ee sje) ell we (hy) RBIS EE \ fe OY 2+ 0.08 BLT Roe ae Ak no K Process 3 not reversible. <———— 6.6 A piston-cylinder assembly initially contains 0.15m’ of steam at 320°C, 20 bar. The steam expands adiabatically until its final pressure is 2 bar. Determine the maximum theoretical work that can be developed by the steam in such an expansion, in kJ. (Ans. 436.4 kJ) Schematic, # Given Date: V2 Ons me Tin ecne ty decreases Re 20 bar Vans Rr2 bar decpeaten Assumption; AKE= APE =O Analyzie! The energy balence re we fe AUl mld U2) From Table K.4, UL = ar =O. 11808 bs = Thus, v2] O.05m® \(eror #- ue) = 4.1470807.9 -uz ) 2-180¢ m/e As Us decreases, 3 decreases, Wuay Corresponds to minimum ellowabh value of Sev The entropy balance (3 452 f/Z8) +o =p m(s-5,) 2K 20, s USS) 2! Semmes 6 asta Kee? S2g-Sp 4 Suc Se = 6. 8452-1 5301. 0,9F96 . Sty S64, S5970 6-5Problem 6.6 (Cont d) From Table A3 Ung! Ue t By (Ug-Ue) = 504.494 0,949¢ (as29, 5- 504.49) = 340744 as(hy 1147 (28024- 2407.44) = 486, 3965 2 me Thus, Wmax * One kilogram of air is initially at 2.3 bar, 62°C. Can a final state at 1.4 bar, 22°C be 67 attained in an adiabatic process? (Ans. yes) Schematic and Gwen Date} R228 bar an ' t 5 7, azo. \ 1 Te 514 bar YS Ter zrte zs s Assumption: Air is modeled as an ‘dea/ gas. Bina lysii! For an adie fotie process, the ‘albaros /e end Sintes ave defined by the entropy balance. ° : ass (Ag +e =o to (5,25,) ACN Using Eq. 6-25, 82-5, = S°(T)- SUL)-RA B/G + Su-S, = L6BSIS- /, B1Z87- 9.3/4 be 14 2 0, 0148£E 28.97 23 gk where S°data ’s from Table A-22, Since Sz-S, 7°, process Con be adiabatic. +— O-G68 An insulated vessel is divided into two compartments connected by a valve. Initially, one compartment contains steam at 1.0 MPa, 500°C, and the other is evacuated. The valve is ‘opened and the steam is allowed to fill the entire volume, achieving a final pressure of 0.1 ‘MPa. Determine (@) the final temperature, in °C, (Ans. 495.6°C) (b) the percentage of the vessel volume initially occupied by steam. (Ans. 10%) (©) the amount of entropy produced, in ki/kg-K. (Ans. 1.0597 ilfkg-K) FclO ME Schematic ¢ Given Date! i Iain i eer: Analysis! The energy balance 8 oe sus By =r Aus ormluy) or uate, The fina] state ts Fikded by Pe LObar And ue =uy,+ From Table A-4,U,* 81244 41/45 5 y= 0.8841 mide 3,3 2.7622 AT/ Lek. : 2 @) At pee lbar and Ue= U4, , Table A-4 ytelds Ter 49CCR Ve # a. 449m/Ee, See BG2ITLY Ele ) Ye Qastl 2 0.099 (~ 10%) ) Ye 3.5449 ae (2) The entropy balance is ASE GB) r. © = S2-8 = 8829-77622 = OSG TEL: «=—(e) mm Zs O76.9 — Water vapor enters a throttling valve at 1 atm. An engineer reports that thermometers located at the inlet and exit read 600°F and 700°F, respectively. Can these readings be correct? Explain. (Ans. no) Schematic. 4 Gen Data / yt lie ARLES, 7h te Ws bee'e 77777777), Te 100F Assumption: Qeo . Rena lysis i For the threw Valve, hyehe (See. 43-2), ° The entropy balane ts 02 Z fs +ml3,S2) + hey, Ty Cy = S273, © Goer, Table kt shows hiehps (338512 Bhi/lb , 5,2 19737 Be. @700F, Set 1.5397 Blu/ip Kk Ibe Ykas, Sey 2 15397-97387 = 0, 434 Bly/ 1b -£. Su to; Huefre, Te tannot be torrect, ~——— * 6.10 Water vapor at 2 MPa and 440°C enters an insulated turbine operating at steady state and expands to 70 kPa. The isentropic turbine efficiency is 80%. Kinetic and potential energy effects can be ignored. Determine the exit temperature if superheated vapor exits or the quality if a two-phase liquid-vapor mixture exits. (Ans, Supetheated vapor, 125°C) : = the Schematic $ Siren Dake! 4 oi t eee - Pezm b Pee 70bR. 5 Ti * 440° 77" : | .. lysis: Using Table A.4 and the /sentropit turhiie eftiereney, stave 2 can be found. hx 3330.8 2Ya5, 3,2 72590 £ Yi. te thiche ep herb fp lhimhes Ai- hes Usiny Table A-3, Nes * Spg-S¢ 2 S286 = L2540-1IUI 2 oGed J a S¢ Sey BAIGT= AAUF + hy = 3386.5 - 0.8 (3385.S~ 2576.8) © 2729-34 Tidy a @ Pet -Pharth, = 2729. 323 y, from Table A-4, Te = 124-9 Ce* | superheated6.11 Airenters a compressor operating at steady state at 15 Ibf/in., 40°F with a mass flow rate of 5 Ib/s and is compressed to 45 Ibf/in.” The power input to the compressor is 280 Btu/s. Cooling water is circulated through a water jacket enclosing the compressor with a mass. flow rate of 1 Ib/s, entering at SO°F and exiting at 70°F with a negligible change in pressure. Heat transfer from the outer surface of the water jacket can be neglected as can all kinetic and potential energy effects. For the water-jacketed compressor as the control volume, determine (@) the temperature of the air exiting the compressor, in °F. (©) the rate of entropy production, in Baws °R. Known: Operating data are provided for a water-jacketed air compressor. Find: Determine the temperature of the air exiting the compressor and the rate of entropy production, Schematic and given data: Cooling water in, In, = Ub/s, 50°F W,, =-280 Buus P2=45 Ibffin? | Cooling water out, 10°F Assumptions: (1) The control volume shown in the figure operates at steady state with negligible kinetic and potential energy effects and @., =0. (2) Air is modeled as an ideal gas. (3) The cooling water is modeled as incompressible with constant specific heat, c, ané a negligible change in pressure. Analysis: At steady state, rit; = ri, = rit. Also, the rates of cooling water in and out are equal and are denoted as rit,,. Thus, the energy rate balance at steady state reduces to give 0 =B3 -We, + 1th — I) + Tey oxte ~ Bora) ‘The specific enthalpy hy is obtained from Table A-22E. For the cooling water, Eq. 3-20 can be used Ronin ~ Pow out = CAT ng + VAP = C (Torin ~Tovsur ) where the second term is zero by assumption 3 and c = 1 Btwlb -°R from Table A-19E. Thus, the specific enthalpy fy is found by combining the two equations o-71b Sib/s =171.48 Btu/lb Interpolating in Table A-22E, T, = 716.2°R = 256.2°F. ‘Sib/s =119.4gB@,(Lib’s (Bo Tb Re or0-soye 280 Bru/s } At steady state, an entropy rate balance reduces to give FMS, ~ $2) + Miho Seria ~ Sera) + Fey r, with Eq, 6.25a and Eq. 6.28 1.986, 45 ‘289715 Buus But = 0.0555——— + 0.0385. R6.12 Saturated liquid water at 1 Ibf/in. enters the pump of a vapor power plant and exits as a liquid at 400 Ibf/in.? The mass flow rate is 50,000 Ib/h and the isentropic pump efficiency is 78%. Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy, estimate the power required by the pump at-steady state, in horsepower. (Ans. -30.02 hp) Lr we Schematic 4 Gwen Data: T | os3, Tetthe | EN pp = 400 lhelit i x20 Mp2 O78 1 = in 3 50,008 Ie/h . Analysis: Isentropie pump efticrency 13 fo Vials (We Jes = -V(PyeP) ev ee fv Mews Wey [in Ths wee We Ja), vir ry nthe) gg ih “tp ap 0.78 Fe ete, wsvig, Table Ri BEs Wey = in (= 153 Bl/B) = Se,c00l Cosas HE Mey = - 80.02 HP 6.13 Liquid water at 1.5 bar, 30°C, 1 m/s enters a well-insulated nozzle operating at steady state and expands isentropically to 1 bar. Modeling the water as incompressible, determine the exit velocity in m/s. Ignore changes in potential energy. (Ans. 10.07 m/s) Sthematje @ Civen Datu! Weter ~~ Fe bsber Tp a80e Veins Assumption! Incom press ble Clow 13! Fon incompress-ble, (sentropit. Fhw, the euoy balance from Eg. 6.60 becomes, Seep AEM eg kOe) eos vipa) ; = Solving for Vag using Table A.2, Ves=) Vi **+2V(p-B) Yess [may 2(L 2o83 my (o-swe nH)? ) Yi, + 70.07 a/s Yes ratte onlAvailability (Exergy) 7 Analysis 7.1 Avvessel contains 1 kg of air at 4 bar and 97°C. Using the ideal gas model, determine the specific availability of the air, in kI/kg. The air is at rest and negligible elevation relative to the availability reference environment for which To = 15°C, po = 1 bar. Schematic @ Given Datei To 2 15% (Ans, 44.85 kJ/kg) Py t toa Analysis: Bg 79 reduces to = U-US + Pol¥-¥o) -T (S-Se). Using deal gas medal, = UCr)-ulted LEE -BB)- To($°tr)-S°¢r,) - -R te) Tab A2e Yedds— ¥(264.96 - zos.4g)AT AN + (gu aut & HE \ ee Lo -21te) 897 Ay 4.0, ~aeen[(l.q13i3-/. ceo - #8 be $21 = 44.96 8Sye—% 7.2 Consider 1 kg of steam initially at 7 bar and 200°C as the system, Determine the change in availability, in kJ, for each of the following processes. (a) The system is heated at constant pressure until its volume is doubled. (Ans. +355.6 kJ) (b) The system expands isothermally until its volume is doubled. (Ans. -50.45 kD) Let To = 15°C, po = 1 bar. state 2: 08998, 7 bar as 215 0.5998 my Wy, 2eee Assumphia i The system 1 the ds ¢f steast. 7-1Problem 7.2 (¢ont’d) Rinna ly 5's} 9% 10 Yeduces to ven a Fanflttet QS + Pgl¥e-Y) = To (5-5, From ey A.4, U2 26348 ATs , Vv, = 0.2999 ky, = 6.8865 RT/hg Ky Vet ZH, * S998 mes (ed Constant pressure process, From Table A-4, at 7 bar, Spt 8.2908 ZS/ks-K, Ups 3368 AS/Ey by interpolatisn. us, AL Abs Wag [8365-2638] 35 + 1004M (012999 0/45) ~ 2etn[t2G0e~-6, ee05] £3/te-K] = 780 AT + 24.4988 - 404,43 £5 a3ss.c dT (b) lsotherma/ process From Table A.4,at 200°C, ¥_r 2 5999 w/es, Ages 2647.5 LYEs , Sai = 72097 Rdg K, by interpolation. Thus, Rai nay = (dg )Llaet7.s- 2635) +29.99- 288 (2092-¢,teeel] =) liz.s0 +29.99- 92+ 94) == S045 6 0 2)7.3 One kg of air is contained in a closed, rigid, insulated tank. Initially the temperature is 280 K and the pressure is 1 atm. Ninety kJ of work are done on the air by a paddle wheel. For the air as the system, determine the change in availability, the transfer of availability accompanying york, and the irreversibility, all in kJ. Neglect kinetic and potential energy effects and let Tp = 280 K, po = 1 atm. (Ans. 15.64 1d, -90 kJ, 74:36 kJ) Schema tee Ton2gok = Ts 2K Toalata = Pe lata We-90d5 Qe Assumption i Air it modeled as an ideal gas Analysts i Using ey: 1.10, ? AL-A, = mLu-u,\ ‘spyder = To (32-3) = m[UCte) -ult) “= Ta (SPC SCT) = R La7e/A)] The energy balance vedues to - we mlK(t,)-ult)) ee N= uy)- W/o. From Table A.zz, UltTe) = 199-78- (-9o)1) = 294,758 Y 27 7,2 4089K s The deel gas relationship for a Vee prowes is Br Be Thus, Ae-A, = (as) [4045 ~ atok (Reedzs- 4.68279 ~ Baie be 404-9] 38.47 ago 51S, 6¢48T (Ar-A,) : [Aviles 1 = w- XAV = We- 9040 bv ateompanyyvgW Ale, hen as (lM B 19 -Lw-xkd-2 ' ‘b Thus, Oe [ea -W 2 -Ge2rT + 90dT = 74.5060 Comment: The destructor of avar'lobi/'ly Can be traced Lethe shearing of cir by the Peddhusdeah The effect 13 the ele ast the energy transfer fad been 1 Phe form of heat 7-37.4 Anisolated system consists of two solid blocks. One block has a mass of 5 kg and is initially at 300°C. The other block has a mass of 10 kg and is initially at -50°C. The locks are allowed to come into thermal equilibrium, Assuming the blocks are incompressible with constant specific heats of 1 and 0.4 kI/kg-K, respectively, determine (@) the final temperature, in °C. (Ans. 144.3°C) (b) the irreversibility, in KJ. (Ans. 276.99 kl) Let Ty = 27°C. Schematic ¢ Given Date t LL Lu, mzlo Bs } “Weck! Bak iy m= sds Tee are 418 Od K 7] Wf Cet kT he T 7 228K y T= S75K TPT TL Assumptibni Each beck ts modeled as incompress‘ble, with Constant specihie heat nalusis: The energy balance oe an Isolate d system is AW ser U), tau), Thus, m, 07% -T] + me eel Te -Tal = (a) Tes mie Btme te Te 2 WdOs)(228)+(S)li)(s78) mye, + Mele Coylo.4¢) HEC T; S417 AK = FEO 7 4 (0) De To, where © is the entropy produced and found from an entropy balance. AS* ian. +e S= Ase (AS), +(AS)2 2 m, ee oe = (to)le.4) By ane ? (OU) fa i o qeaset Thus, Ze soo x (0.9288 #T/x) a ae —r 7-47.5 A gearbox operating at steady state receives 20 horsepower along the input shaft while delivering 18 horsepower along the output shaft. The outer surface is at 110°F. For the gearbox, determine the rate of availability transfer accompanying work, the rate of availability trarsfer accompanying heat, and the irreversibility rate, each in Btw/s. Let To = 500°R. (Ans, -1.41Btu/s,—0.174Buw/s,1.24Btu/s) ae ee ee Te = 500k a Whe fe — JB sendy. sheke input output duslysis: An energy hate balance yields Qew, We (Ighp- aokp) (ases Bi Be (a:,) = = - 14189 Ble/s hp Thus, Q = - 164139 Ble/s ’ = W- BAY ow =-l.4/ By Aw From &g 7/3, [ave ‘agility | w VAY W eh! Hee Aut transfer, wor) F , We Ie z rom Bg 212, De vu = @ 7 1 we |(- L884) —S 21148 ak At steady-state, the avalobeli'ty rate balance is 2 em -[we are: At [iz] @ [*-n(z]-2 Thus, Ze ~ 0,174 =(-L41)= 24 Bhu/s <—_T lomnenti (f the system 13 enlarged 30 that OQ tks eee a ee enlarged Bystent would then be L=-W=z/, 418k, The irrevers'b/f'ty has increaseds @ noce takes Place between the temperature diflarence Th-Tos 7-37.6 0.2:kg of water in a piston-cylinder device is initially at 0.9 MPa and a quality of 40%. ‘The water undergoes an internally reversible expansion at constant pressure and temperature to saturated vapor while receiving energy through a thin wall from a thermal reservoir at 600K. Let To = 25°C, po=0.1 MPa. (@) For the water as the system, evaluate the work, the heat trarisfer, the availability transfer accompanying work, the availability transfer accompanying heat, and the irreversibility, each in KJ. (Ans. 23.0 kJ, 243.7 KS, 20.5 kJ, 81.7 KJ, 0) (b) Evaluate the irreversibility, in kJ, for an enlarged system that includes the water and the wall. Compare with the imeversibility of part (a) and comment on the difference. (Ans. 40.82 kJ) 0-9 MPa, Xe ot 448.55 To? ase Pot OMha, internatty reersble Analy sisi For the water as the system, 2 Ws (pay = mplvans) * (o-2&\ 110° by{ Vloais- cory? t B22 (Using Toble he with ps Ghar and x: 04a aaa Vi = Ve, tk yer) = 2.087 w/a, The energy balance yields Q= hi tW. AY, Qe m(ua-u,) tw = ml ha-hi) his hyetheg, 9527s = 0.2 5 (2778.4- 1585.27) Lp, = 243,725 + Using Eg, 218, Aw We PedV=mplv-v-pln-4) Awe m(Y-1,)(P-R) 2 02h (oven Mand tw) = goS#4T Aw 7-6Problem 2.6 (eont'd) : A Usiig Bgmz, Ag? [-2]@= [i-s2aus (243.1) = e1gt<-—2 a 4AgSS Usvis By. % 14, L 2 ToS = To (mis) - @ 2 & L« To[lozds\lc.teee-s.sore)ee - a42.74s]=0 +—-T 4 agussKk () Ee d For the wall anc te Water as th, System, Uses Eg 7.11, dasfi- tela -Lw RAV] -2 , os Te EE B Ja . wwe nav] AA where Ak = m[Ue-%)+P, (ve-4) - 7250-8] Hy = Ug #%, Yea 1477.3 8 317 3g, 4% Fe) Boers dA= o.2ds [(astos- 1472. ser + (o£) (0.216-0.087) mg, 8 = 729g, sl6.6226 - 3.Josg)dl [= 61.284T esl je opt | Thas, De [l= 29805 (a487 ds) ~AO.SkI- OL 2ChT 600 40:62 i -...... AS @ preeess undergoes an jmternell revevsb/e process, Lsystem =O. Whdn the system is enlarged +o include. the Wee/ across whieh & temperature difference oeists, the Leustey 22 because the heat transfer takes place over a Cinite ATs 7.7.7.7 Anelectrical resistor is used in a furnace, as illustrated in Fig. P7.7. At steady state, electrical power is supplied to the resistor at a rate of 8.5 kW per meter of length to maintain it at 1500 K when the furnace walls are at S00 K. For the resistor as the system, determine the rate of availability transfer accompanying heat and the irreversibility rate, cach in KW per meter of length. Let To = 300 K. Known: Data are provided for an electrical resistor used in a furnace. Find: For the resistor as the system, evaluate the rate of availability transfer accompanying heat and the irreversibility. Schematic and given data: T.=300K Resistor at - T, = 1500K Walls at T,=500K Fig. P7.7 Assumptions: (1) The resistor is the system. (2) This system is at steady state. (3) For the environment, T, = 300 K. Analysis: At steady state, an energy rate balance for the resistor reduces to o=-f-9-W => Q=W=-8.5kWin ‘An availability rate balance at steady state takes the form Aap ahd cae 0 F zp [w-n.f la Or jali-Zlo- rot Bocw Inserting values, HBL}The rate of availability transfer accompanying heat transfer is rate of availability transfer accompanying | [: -f heat transfer 78 An industrial process requires a liquid water stream at 180°F, 1 atm. It is proposed to obtain this condition at steady state by mixing a stream of liquid water at SO°F, 1 atm with steam supplied from a boiler as saturated vapor at 1 atm. If the irreversibility of the mixing chamber cannot be permitted to exceed 145,000 Btu/h, determine the range of values allowed for the mass flow rate of the liquid water stream. Neglect kinetic and potential energy and heat transfer with the surroundings. Let Ty = 77°F, po= 1 atm. (Ans. $2.24Ib/s) Schema ota! . ‘ Ly = 145,000 Yue/h hewid 1 Vs ciguid Heo ow 7 ae water Oe RE aie Tot 77°F = S37R TtSer Te lROr Po = latw Ket) tetlite . : = hea. USISS At steady- state, Maem tme + dn energy balance yes Ox Hy- yer tmihy the hs ~mMgh3, or Combining terms, ME = hgrks o : vei haha Ley = To, where € = tagSy-iys) 32 7 t * ling Eo. , Ley =m, To [Ps “swchachi(ee-ssi] From Tables A.2E anc! A. BE, h,= 18.06 Blu/lh, 5, 20-0360] Ble he 11508 Bef, 321,756 78Ke . . Lay 314799 Bhi/ts, Se2ortbs Thus, Lev = m, (5378) J- 17. 964-0, Tee Smee Ley & /45,000 Bb/Z, m1, & /45,000Bb/h ; (seconde) mM, & 2241/3 «<———" 7-497.9 Two alternative systems operating at steady state are under consideration for bringing air from 17°C to 52°C at an essentially constant pressure of I bar. The systems operate as follows: System 1: The air temperature is increased as a consequence of the stirring of a liquid surrounding a line containing the air. ‘System 2: The air temperature is increased by passing it through one side of a counterflow heat exchanger. On the other side, steam condenses at a Pressure of 1 bar from saturated vapor to saturated liquid. (On the basis of thermodynamic principles, which alternative would be preferred? Ignore all kinetic and potential energy effects and assume that no significant heat transfer with the surroundings occurs. Use the ideal gas model for the air. Let To = 17°C, po = | bar. (Ans. System 2) Analysis; Determine the irreversthi ly per unit of ae mars Flowing fu each of He 2 sybtems. Use this pavemerter to evaluarve (thermo dynamically) the 2 systems, By definition (Eg. 714), q Lem, = To Sey [tr The entropy Productisn rates are foundia Exé-%, With To = 290K, then Ler (£3/4,) 33.205 6% The system with Jower Lev/m, 1s thermodynamical the better system. This is System Z = Comment: Economic tonsiderstions are a/so important Desisns always Yeguire looking at system Costs, 7-107.10 Three devices, each operating at steady state, are under consideration for delivering a heat TU transfer at a use temperature, T, = 140°F. In each case, the energy loss by heat transfer from the device to its surroundings is 10% of the supply. Energy is supplied to the devices as follows: Device 1: A solar collector system that supplies heat at T, = 240°F. (Ans. 0.525) Device 2: A solar collector system that supplies heat at T, = 340°F. (Ans. 0.40) Device 3: An electrical resistance element that supplies heat at T, = 540°F. (Ans. 0.30) For each case, evaluate the second law efficiency as given by Eq. 7.40. Which alemative is preferred thermodynamically? Let T) = 40°F. Analysis: With qiven date, Bg. 288 qives 4 =0-9. Ee, 1.40 2 Le ) 2 oO, e heeomes € 0.9 {a seelees, ous/(1~ 22) Device 11 Ts 2 7OOR Er ous/li- soe) oszs +——! Device 2! Ty = BOOK €s ous /- Se) = oto +? foo Device #1 Ty 7 1000K a € = 0S/(l- 5G) = 0-80 «——3 €,> Ee > bas therefore, Device 118 Preferrad, A compressor operating at steady state takes in 1 kg/s of air at 1 bar and 25°C and compresses it to 8 bar and 160°C. The power input to the compressor is 230 kW, and heat transfer occurs from the compressor to the surroundings at an average surface temperature of 5086. 80" (a) Perform a full availabil ity accounting of the power input to the compressor. (Ans. availability increase of air stream = 201.67 kW availability carried out by heat transfer = 14.60 kW availability destroyed = 13.63 kW total = 229.90 kW) (b) Devise and evaluate a second law efficiency for the compressor. (Ans, 0.877) (©) Evaluating availability at 8 cents per kWh, determine the hourly costs of the power input, eflergy loss associated with heat transfer, and exergy destruction. (Ans, $18/b; $1.17/h; $1.09/n) Neglect kinetic and potential energy changes. Let To = 25°C, po = I bar. 7HProblem 711 (¢ond d) Schematic # Gwen De Ty 60% = 358K hie maldels > 2. Pas Shar To ade pt bar Tae 4336 Pp? thar TFA Wz - 280 kW Steady-state ~ Ana ly sist (ad Using Eg. 238, | ralagy ag) = Fellherh) -Ta(sarS)] Azes Pero th[Uhe-h) - ToC S*cra) -$°Cn) - Ras) Date from Table A22 yields : th (ae.-ag) = (1As|s G84. 38- age, ty) - ate] 3.0728 ~ HOPS AB~ BBIS fy al 38.97 q m (ae -@e) = +20Le7T dw Caleule te heat transfer from energy balance, Gey = Wey tm (he-hs) = -2B0LW + £5. S434, 3¢-298.18) i = ~ 93,78 Ww 1 ~a -Ags-[l-BR = (1 299\~93.7EW = 14.6 eu @ ! B\ Oy eer = Tob Tof> Bey vin (Sr) 07) - RATE] e =7[t fare Wt Us (a07234-1.698528- A314 a = 0.057, = 13:634K/ «=————Ly zsProblem 72¢/ (tont'd) (bh) Eq. 7-48, €2 (Ap 26) ow 20167 LW 2 0.877 <= 4 ' Wey Ase kw (ed Hourly Costs: ‘ ) Power Input => (2304w) (1h) (0.08 Yun) = 18/4 —_— 2) Exergy loss associated with heat transfer > (4, Godw) (th)( 0.09 %/éwh) = #101 fke— 3) Exergy destruction = (13-632 w)(1h)008 Vwi) 4 = 41.09/h— 7-13Vapor Power Systems 8 8.1 Water is the working fluid in a Carnot vapor power cycle. Saturated liquid enters the boiler at a pressure of 70 bar, and saturated vapor enters the turbine. The condenser pressure is 0.06 bar. Determine: a. the thermal efficiency. (Ans. 0.447) b. the back work ratio, (Ans. 0.316) ¢. the net work of the cycle per unit mass of water flowing, in kI/kg. (Ans. 672.1 kI/kg) 4d. the heat transfer from the working fluid passing through the condenser, in kJ/kg of steam flowing. (Ans. 832.8 ki/kg) Schematec ¢ Gen Date! Assumptions: (0) Turbine 4 pump are adiabatre, (2) Kmetri and potentis/ efets are neqisibie. Bnelysrs: Fie eack of the principal states, Stak 1: p,*7o bar, xX, 10, hy= 277214 Uh5, 5,2 5 8/3932 UK State 2! py ete bar, 52°5), Xe * Se7S fu 0.6777) he* 1788.64 Yy Stee Stefe Bi Pye ebdar, SyeSq = 8,12 EYL AK , Xg*5y-Shg 2 0.3827 hye 955. 89 £1/€; Sts —Problem #.1 (Contd) State 44 = 1dbar, Xy=0, hg= 1267.0 £06, (a) Thermal e fliciemey of a Carnot tye/e From pee ts max * I- Te © Ir 30%3K = 0.447 —_—— Te SSK (b) The backwerk yatio burs Wen 2 hgchs = 12670-9559 20,316 Per We [m Riche 9 -2772./- 1788.7 (0) The net work of the cycle per unit mass of worer is Weyte(m = Wf —ilafsb = Chy-he) = Cheha) 2772.1- 1788.8) —(1ter.0- 958, 9) = erei gt (d) The heat transforfrenthe condenser per unit mess [s Dentin <—__— Gout hy hy = 17887-9589 = B32. FLY te mn Comment! The thermal efticiency Can alto be Calulated as Collows. C: Weyeh/m » Weyelelm _ 6 22—! = 0447 Qin Jr hi-hq 2772.0 1teho8.2 Water is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. Superheated vapor enters the turbine at 60 bar, 600°C. The condenser pressure is 0.10 bar. The steam mass flow rate is 45,000 kg’h. Determine for the cycle: a. the rate of heat transfer to the working fluid passing through the steam generator, in kw. (Ans. 43.3x10°kW) b. the net power developed, MW. (Ans. 17.26MW ) c. the thermal efficiency. (Ans. 0.40) Schematic $ Gwen Data‘ o Reseker 1 00% 7,7 600% ssumptions 1 See Example %.! (p. 827), assumptions I-4. Analy s/s: Fix each of the principal states. state 1i p= 60 bar, T,= 00%, hy= 8658. 4E% , 9) 7.06774T iP Ty vy E 31 BE State Zi Pz = 0. bav, $25), Xo* SpoSpe = 08670, hoe peru eer See fs Behe E! pyres! bar xyeo, hy2 lh Lib, Yar hoax y? Stee ti he thet ylp-pd s 191.83 enero xo] 6o- edo £R] 2 19,83 ¢6.e5 2 197 88 AT/L5 (a) The heat trepneter vote tn 18 Qin = th (hy-hg)* #5 220L/h [8658.4- 197. 8) LY ty 3600 5); = 43.3 x08 W «<———_—— Om v3Problem @.2( tout ad) (e) The net power developed! Is Weyele = ti [shad Che Aad] = 4s, c00lb/h [lees 4 2270, 2)-(I97.88- 197, wer Beco s/h 45 214 264L Ws INLGMW <——Weye/e (ce) The therma] et lie seney 8 : 2 = Weyele _ Whee yokw _ 45. Ga On «F383 xto8LwW 83 A power plant based on the Rankine cycle is under development to provide a net power ‘output of 10 MW. Concentrating solar collectors are to be used to generate steam at 300°C and 2 MPa for expansion through the turbine. Cooling water is available at 20°C. ‘The condensing pressure is 0.08 bar, turbine efficiency is 80%, and pump efficiency is 70%. Estimate (a) the thermal efficiency, (Ans. 0.254) (b) the mass flow rate of steam, in kg/h, (Ans. 4.982x10* kg/h ) (©) the cooling water flow rate, in kg/h. (Ans. 1.687x10°kg/h ) Schematic 4 Cuen Data te 80 We ReooPher Tis Beets tools water 20%Problem 2.3 eon? a/) jensili) Eack Compawert operates ar srhady- store, QR) Katie and potentio/ eMeets are negligible. (3) Ne stray heat transfers, (4) X,*0. Analysia: Fix ack of the prime pa/ staves. State!) pao bar, Ts B00C, hy= 3022.9 AT/A,, 52 6-1644T/KK State 2; P,=0.08 bar, Seq 1) has = 2G. ATES. With wrote, has hy - of hirhag) © 2297S 1/hq Sate3! Pye 0.08 bay, Xqre, has 173.88 £1/85 : . Stated! hes ha ta (Py -Fe) = 178-88 H(Loot#xo Nd>-008)0LR _ = 1IS.89 YE With qu ove, hee hg (hga- bode 116.78 EY/£y (a) The terme) efficiency Is af © Wel - Wp) in Welni = hiche = 7a8.4 LY = 78S.4-- 287 Wp/m =h¢ -ha™ aaTey/é, OtFe.7 Qin [me = hi-hg 22246, 18U) = Sq Hf (b) The mess Cho rate 16 tr Heyele, Wel Wyi loco LY/s (8600/4) _ 4.¢8z xeot dy <—™ (as. - at DLI/£5 h me (QD The mass flow rake of tools water passin trough the tondenser depesds upon the tewperctere Yise oF the Cootne woter, (fF a blew Is assumed to be 18°C, rey = mlha-hy) 0 4:282x10"(2297.5- 173-88) c hewo New, (46 68-8396 Mew = 687 v10* H/h when, hew % ke (Tew) Mew as8.4 A vapor power plant operates with steam entering the turbine at 2500 Ibf/in., 1000°F and. a condenser pressure of 1 Ibf/in.? The turbine and pump operate with isentropic efficiencies of 82% and 77%, respectively. For the cycle, determine a. the turbine work, in Btu per Ib of steam flowing. (Ans. 496.2Btu/ib) b. the thermal efficiency. (Ans, 0.353) . the heat transfer to cooling water passing through the condenser, in Btu per Ib of steam condensed. (Ans. 891.3Btw/lb) Qin Feasoo Byrne Tin toeo"e peat sa oy 1 Red lbe/iee Condenser ° + - Apertt 3 Pum Schemetie ¢ Sen Dera! See lbefint 1o00"F Assumptions! Same as [-# in Ip Example Tj also mgr be + 2 Or? Aratgsiss Fix each of the primeipa] states. Stake [/ p,= asoo lhg/it, Ti *loe0F, hye 1457.2 Bhi//b, SB, 8 NS26U Bee) bo R Bode 21 p= 1 Ibg/im', Seg =S;) Keg™ O-75S/6, hag = B52. / Buell. With ay * } che = 082, Ape Aya hs-has) shes hee 261.0 Blab Siete! Pat eee Ste eae SY ets . + - . = Clee ee 14-00 asoo-i\ Ihe (14410 /F* ) In NIG Fle [Ble HORI 4246 77.20 Blu//b witt ap (hes hadflehs) he* haicls) Ae® 7263 Blu f/b r o-%Problem #.4(Coxtd) (a) Wy ri = himhe = (14S7.2- 964.0) Bue /B Welt = 496-2 B ke /b ¢——_——- Wan. 2 of > Halt =i hh W/m > hq-hy® 2243-69742 9.69 Ble//b Qin [ri = hirhq # 1487. 2- 72-43 = 1377, 8 Bulb t" $26-2- 9.69 ue = 0-388 (877.8 : Qovy = 6/.0- 69,74 = 8943 Blu/lb <—a— ©) Qous/m = her hs -78.5 Water is the working fluid in a vapor power cycle with superheat and reheat. Supetheated vapor enters the first turbine stage at 8 MPa, 480°C and expands to a 0.7 MPa. Then, it is reheated to 480°C before entering the second turbine stage, where it expands to the condenser pressure of § kPa. The mass flow rate of steam entering the first turbine stage is 2.63 x 10° kg/h. Each turbine stage operates with an isentropic efficiency of 88%. The pump operates with an efficiency of 80%. Determine for the cycle: a, the net power developed, in kW. b. The thermal efficiency. ¢. The rate of heat transfer to cooling water passing through the condenser, in kW. Known: Water is the working fluid in a vapor power cycle with supetheat and reheat. Data at various locations and the mass flow rate of steam entering the first turbine stage are known, Find: Determine (a) the net power developed, (b) the thermal efficiency, and (c) the rate of heat transfer to the cooling water passing through the condenser. Schematic & Given Data: Assumptions: Same as Example 8.3, except that 1) = Tho = 0.88, and np = 0.80 Analysis: First, fix each of the principal states. State I: py = 8 MPa, T; = 480°C = hy = 3348.4 ki/kg, 5) = 6.6586 ki/ke-K State 2: State 2 is fixed using the turbine efficiency. First, at p2 = 7 bar and s2, = s; xz, = 0.9895 and hz, = 2741.8 kik, Thus: ~My hey) = 2814.6 Ki/kg State 3: ps = 0.7 MPa, Ts = 480°C = hs = 3438.9 kI/kg, 5) = 7.8723 ki/kg-K. State 4: As for state 2; at pg = 0.08 bar, 54, = 83 => x4, = 9533 and hy, = 2464.8 kI/kg. Thus ‘ha = hp - Tha (Ds-has) = 2581.7 kI/kg aeState 5: Sat. liquid at ps = 0.08 bar = hs = 173.88 ki/kg, State 6: he, = hs + v6 (pops) 10° N/m? 3 + =173.88+ (1.0084x10") ™ (80-0.08) bs i. Ce aie ) bat bar | {TO N-m =173.88 + 8.06 = 181.94 kJ/kg ‘Thus, using the pump efficiency W,lrn)s he, —hs —hs) ——— hy Te WW Thi) hy hy oer 7 = 183.96 kivkg, (a) The net power developed is found from W,, = nil(h, hy) + (Fh, ~hy)— (he ~hg)] lh (3348.4 — 2814.6) + (3438.9 2581.7)—(1 - — i 8 ) + (3438.9 ~ 2581.7) — (183.96 - 173.88)}, Bie es =101x10°kW. (b) The thermal efficiency is n= vow 9, For the cycle with reheat = ral(h, hh) +, hg] Thus (101x10°kW), }3600s| |1kJ/s| a kg K/h (20's Joss 183.96)+ (34389-28146) = 0.365(36.5%) (©) The rate of heat transfer from the condensing steam to the cooling water is Quy = (hy ~ hs) =| 263x108 “8 (2581.7-173. se aa =175.9x10° kW 3600s| ra &-7?8.6 In the preliminary design ofa steam power plant, a supercritical ideal Rankine cyele with a steam generator pressure of 3500 Ibffin.” and a condenser pressure of | Ibf/in.” is under consideration. The maximum temperature in the cycle may not exceed 1100°F. (a) If only one turbine stage is used, determine the quality of the steam leaving the turbine. (Ans. 0.75) () If the first turbine stage expands the steam to a pressure of 300 Ibffin.”, where it is reheated to a temperature of 1100°F before expanding through a second-stage turbine, determine the quality of the steam leaving the second-stage turbine. (475,092) | Assume in both (2) and (b) that the turbines are isentropic. doalysig's State If p= 3800 hehe, Tie Neo'e, : y= 14960 Blu //b , $= 65193 BW /MR. (2) Pye 1 lbglit ) sae, te > 0,78 «——ta (bY Py = B00 Ibe lin’, hy = STAY Blau //h Sg 63/7 Ba//b Re Pe = 1 tbelin®, SqtSg => 4450-721 «——— 4 8.7 Steam at 10 MPa, 600°C enters the first-stage turbine of a Rankine cycle with reheat. Steam enters the second-stage turbine after being reheated to 500°C. Saturated vapor exits the second-stage turbine. The condenser pressure is 6 kPa. Each turbine stage operates with an isentropic efficiency of 85%. All other aspects of the operation follow the ideal cycle. Determine the cycle thermal efficiency. It is suggested to use IT: Interactive Thermodynamics for the solution. . (Ans. 0.385) Sed, 8, Pe lOMPe Yeeere %-401] Problem Supplement: 8.7 I! Given data pt = 100 // bar Tt = 600 11°C 73 =500 11°C xd 4 = 0.08 I bar eta_t = 0.85 11 First, fix state 1. ht st \_PT("WateriSteam*, pt, T1) s_PT("Water/Steam", pt, T1) 11 Next, skip to states 3 and 4, isat_Px("Water/Steam’, p4, x4) +_Ph('Water/Steam’, p3, h3) ssat_Px("Water/Steam", pd, x4s) hsat_Px(‘Water/Steam*, p4, x4s) 53 3 - eta_t* (h3 - ds) h3 = h_PT(‘Water/Steam", p3, T3) 11 Fix state 2. p2 =p has = h_Ps(‘Water/Steam’, p2, $1) h2 = ht = eta_t* (ht - hes) 11 Fix the remaining states, pS =p4 \sat_Px("Water/Steam", p5, 0) ssal_Px("Water/Steam", p5, 0) p6=pt 6 = h5 + v5 * (p6 - pS) * 100 41 Caloualte the thermal efficiency. W_tt = (ht -h2) h3 - hd) h6 - h5) ht - 6) + (h3 - ha) (Wt + W_2-W_p}/Q_in P* Results Qin 3928 W_p 10.06 W_tt 609.6 W_2 912.1 eta 0.3849 ht 3625 easProblem %-7Ctontd) he 3015 h2s 2908 hg 3479 hd 2567 hds 2406 nS 151 ne 161.1 pS 9.035 v7 88 A regenerative vapor power cycle has two turbine stages with steam entering the first stage at 2500 Ibffin.”, 1000°F and expanding to 140 Ibf/in.? Some of the flow is extracted at 140 Ibffin.? and directed into an open feedwater heater operating at the same pressure. ‘The remainder expands through the second turbine stage to the condenser pressure of 1 Ibffin.? Saturated liquid leaves the feedwater heater at 140 Ibf/in.” (a) For isentropic operation of the turbine stages and pumps, determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle. (Ans. 0.468) (b) Determine the thermal efficiency if each turbine stage and pump has an isentropic efficiency of 85%. (Ans. 0.406) ye aoe Nhe fie in Tye 10008F =i) be, gg OFS “nD Ana lassi Fix cack of the prmeipel 3 tates. (a) Stake I p = 2500 lby/nt, R. (000"F, hy = 1457, 2 Bru fb 3, % 45262 Bla Jb State 28: p> 140 (be /n?, Se5* ) > Kr 0.9533, th2 1/532 Ble S-1eProblem %.% (Cont'd) State By Pye I lbelin: ) SgstSeg =P 45.20.7552, Ags B52. Blu/ih State 4) Pye llbe/in’, Fq®© ha * 69.74 Buu /b Stoke St hy gt hg t Uy Per) : sears coten (wae Ye" Ihe (778 hy | he, Taz =6U1T¢+ Oe 7015 Blu/lb State 6! PL Ido thei’, x20, he = 325.1 Be / State 7s: hat hy + %e(Pr-R) - 32su1 +o.81#52)( 144) [asvo- 140) 7¢ = 382.97 Bhe/Ib eda) mass + energy balances to the open feed water eater, "Ys herhes 2 BUSI 2OUE 2 o.2as4. Tegthsg (S32 ~ Pus. We /oit = Chih) + 0-4) Ches-has) = (1457. 2- 1153.2) + (0.7646)(053.2~8s%. 1) = 5342 Ble //b Urer hed +l -yMhss ~he) = (B82. 97-8251) + 017646 (70,15- 6974) 2 BF Blu Jib Wp, Qi, = hivha = (487.2 ~ 882.97 = 112442 Bla//b ® 4? Weyeele = SBG2- 8/8 » 0.469+—7% (2) Cin / 0 WEREProblem %.% (éontd) Cb) State 2! hee hit 4G, (hy hes) = 988 Bhe// Spt sez Buc/eR (Table AME) Hate 3! py lbeliin Syqt Sa) Hy, 2 O-79SES hyige 883.47 Bhe/lo ha ® he “fay ha he's) = $80.77 Ble //6 States: ofp, = (hey he)[Chs-he) hs = hq {hss -he)/mfp = 20.22 Ble/lh State! ha = hy + Unag hed / ap, = 334,36 Bu// Mass qenerqy balance yields Y= hg-hs = ov 2259 he-hs We/ ory = hye) + (0-4) (hawks) = 465.9 Buje tdp in, = (haha) + Uy )Uhs -ha) = 9.63 Ble ia [ry = him ha = N22.% Bho Ji + Wali p/riy ~ 0.406 ~——18) Qn /m,8.9 The figure below shows a closed feedwater heater, with the condensate pumped into the feedwater line. Using data on the figure, determine the temperature, in °C, at location 6 and show each numbered state on a carefully labeled T-s diagram. (Ans. 244°C) Assumptions Steady-state; Quy so. Analysis: State & is tived by mess and energy belances Associated with streams + and © ming, O= mehg tmchs— (maemedhe Ag =lOrha (nig) hy t As|/Gi4/me +!) and m,>me>mMsg and my=meg ' Energy balance on closed feed war heata yiells O* Mnglhy-hr) tmalhg-hg) ov mg x he~hy mS hg~he From Table A-4 at p,= 4obay, T, = 300°C } hit 2958-6 23/45, From Table A-3, hz = 087 340, From Table KS, g= (CBIR and hq> OES ay Thus, nig . (0878-29586 = 2.417 ms 16% /- 103% Ass hat Ches-he Wp = 1092.3 + (109¢.0- 10873)/0.80 = 1098.2 £UL, (hg, 1096-0 BF from Table A ©) Thus, From &y.(1) “&s Ag = (247) (0398) + 109%2 2 059, 445 /hy (214741) a) Interpolating th Table AS, Ty %24¢° +——T GS8.10 Reconsider the closed feedwater heater, the pump, and the associated piping in Problem 8.9. If the mass flow rate of feedwater to the steam generator at location 6 is 600 ke/s, determine the irreversibility rates in kI/g for control volumes enclosing (a) the closed feedwater heater. (Ans. 5.842x10*Ki/s) (b) the pump. (Ans. 240.3kJ/s) (c) the location where streams 4 and 5 mix to form stream 6. (Ans. 5.37 Kis) Let To = 20°C, po = 1 bar : : Stade points and assumptions Same a3 Prob. 89 Lye To Gy Sit G-BSGI Lhe K See 2.6969 kT /dg ke Set 27964 €5/ha-K Sgs 2.8007 E1/AgK Sgt O.S42 £5/b5-K Se = 2-728! €t/dy K With mgt Goo ts/s and me/met 2.147 2 tngemy 409.3%5/s and mg = mem, 2190-7 ds/s+ Zz : : : : + ee (a) Ley = To Gey = To Ling (Sg- Sq) tg SxS] # 5.842 210 9/875, (b) Ley * Toy = To tag (Ss-S2) = 240.8 £T/s <—— TH Ce) Ley = Te der # Tole Se- MeSs rg s4]® S87 AI/s — Tey 8.11 A regenerative vapor power cycle has three turbine stages with steam entering the first stage at 2500 Ibffin.?, 1000°F. The cycle has two feedwater heaters, a closed feedwater heater using extracted steam at 600 Ibf/in.” and an open feedwater heater operating at 60 Ibffin.? Saturated liquid condensate drains from the closed heater at 600 Ibffin.” and passes through a trap into the open heater. The feedwater leaves the closed heater at 2500 Ibf/in.?, 478°F, Saturated liquid leaves the open heater at 60 Ibf/in.”, and the condenser pressure is 1 Ibf/in.? For isentropic operation of the turbine stages and pumps, determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle. Pix 2500 the / iis Qin J: loee'e (Ans. 0.475) 800 the/ itProblem 1! (ont d) Assumptions! Same as Ex. %-6, except no ‘eheater Analysis; Fix each of the principal states. State I! p,= 2500 Ibe /in™, T= 1000 F => h,= 1457.2 Blu/ib, St US262 Bu /bR State2! p= Goo bbe fin? | sees, =P he * 1283.8 Bu//b State 8! Pye Ge be/m', SgeS, =P Xg 0.90296, hg 10#9,/ Blu/ Ib Stated: py = | Uhelin, SqS, P Xq = 207852, hye B82.) Bee //b Stakes! poe Mbglim) Xg2O Phe = 69.74 BUu//b SE NN ened Cintasp (oo Dt (wae) = 6992 Bulb 1 N74 Fig] Lake 7! py G0 Wheat, X20 => ha = 262.2 Blu //b State ge: hg F ha tl ty-7,) % 262.2 + (0.01738) (2500-60, a = 270,05 Plu/ Ib State Gi pg = 2800 Ihg/m', Ty 474°F => hq® $65.2 Bs (Tote 68) s tale lo! B= Goolben » K=O “Phio* 47-7 Beu/le Stak Wi hut hip = 471.7 Blu/ lb (Throtthing Process) Newt, determine y' and y™. Energy balance On Closed feedwater hearer 02 y' (teh) Hhy hq) e-17Problem %.t/ (tont'd) y's ha-he 2 4682-220,05 = 0.2879 herhee 2$3.5- 477 Energy balance on open heater Os we tleey eg Nhe Hy hu he © uy Uhe-hu) Hho he) = (0.2379) (6292-4717) +(202.2- 69.92) han-he 089. 1-6 942) 20,0949 Energy. ae on turbine sto Sheek) eUici Mthahed lei! y Why he) = (1487.2- 243.8) + (0, 1621) (123-5 - 1089./) +(0.4672) (082.2 882.1) = 479.9% Bl /Jlb Hy Ferny balance on = thee nad trey Ce he) = (a70.08- 262.2) # 0.6672(09. 92> 6974) = 7.97 Bu/Mb m, Energy balance on borley One hi-hq = 14S7,.2-463.2= 994.0 Bus lb my, Thus, Te We/m, - Wp)ms . 0.475 ~—¢ ae8.13 8.12 For the regenerative vapor power cycle of Problem 8.11, calculate the irreversibility rates of the feedwater heaters per unit mass of steam entering the first turbine stage. Express each as a fraction of the flow availability increase of the working fluid passing through the steam generator. Let To = 60°F, po = 14.7 Ibffin.? (Ans. closed heater 0.0234; open heater 0.0250) Stak pomts and assumptons Same as Prob: Gil. Ley! To Sey Closed heater: Sq? 18262 Blu/B-R Sq 2542 0.4273 Blu //b-R Sqt 6-562 Blu/MbeR, Sip = 0-6723 Blu/lb'R Ley 2 To Lyf (Sign Sa 4lSq-S2)] = 126 Bee /b m Og ,- eg Uhirhy) - To(SirSq) = S40.98lu/le (51° 70 A 8 ee (eae) 540-4 Ler/ri, along Feather S262) e___ tlesed hear Open heater: Sa=hS2L2 Blu//b-2, See Sgt 01/827 Blu/lb-k, 34+ 0.4273 Blu//b-R, Su ® 0.1057 Bue/ lb: Lehi, Levee ToL sy -y"83- y' su -(iny'-4") Se] = 8.54 BeIIb Spon — my Zev « 12S4 = 0.028 <———— open heater Tulag- ang S404 The steam generator in a cogeneration plant produces 800,000 Ib/h of steam at 400 Ibffin.2, 800°F for power production and process heating. A three-stage turbine develops power at a rate of 2 x10° Btu/h to run electrical generators and also provides process ‘steam at 100 Ibf/in.” between the first and second stages. Between the second and third stages, some steam is diverted to an open feedwater heater, which operates at 20 Ibffin.? ‘The condenser pressure is 1 Ibf/in.? The process steam is condensed to liquid at 100 Ibffin?, 150°F and returns to the open feedwater heater after passing through a rap. The turbine stages operate with isentropic turbine efficiencies of 85%. The pumping processes can be assumed isentropic. For the cogeneration plant, determine (@) the rate of heat transfer to the working fluid passing through the steam generator, in Btwh, (Ans. 9.753x10* Btw/h ) (b) the mass flow rate of process steam, in Ib/h. (Ans, 431,800 Ib/h ) (©) the rate of heat transfer from the process steam, in Btu/h (Ans, 5.019x10° Btuh ) a-lGProblem %,13( Cond) : tH, = 800, 000 th/h e Z ata i &., ppt $00 bby lint Met O85 rm if Mr, Wp, 1 Xqto Assumptions: Steady-state lompoments and hqthic alysis Fix each of the principal states. Patel! ps ¢oolbe/sn*, T)® €00°F sah, 1416.6 Blu//b $12 G84 BLE State 2! py = 100Ubg/th™, S445 = hag> 1256-6 Ble//b fe, = hehe Ly ~hes) > he = hy-efy,(hivhas)? 28d Be, Sz 21.270 Blu//6:R (Table Ase) State hgg= 14 zBu/lo and hg= he-Atyylha~ hae) = 162. | Ble/b, Sz h7 407 Bla//bR Stutet! has? 972.23, hy = Ag apglhghys) * 1000.7 Blu/4, 34267909 Bu /b-R Stare ©) poe / Ubelnt, Xo20 => he? 69-74 Blu/lb State! hy ~he + Ve (p-p.) 60:74 + (0. evere Yeo 464) = 69 80 Bub State 7/ p, = 20 lbg/n?, Xp =O Phy 196.26 Bu//b Shetes! ‘hig © hy Hy (pyr) = 19Gi26 +lo.01688) 960 2 44) 192 $4 Bulb ve State ¢/ Py = 100 (bg /in? , Tq = 150°F = compressed | guid hg * he se) + vy (S01 P-Paxte prot = U7. 96 40, 016 34)(100- s7e2)/{ Led > = 81 28 Blu //b 778. State 10! hy» hg = 1) 825 Bei//b F-zo aProblem €.13 (dont a) (0) Qin = tay (hirhe) = aco b/h (416. 6- 197.44) 84/5 Os = GIsaxl0 Blush Cb) Amess and energy ba/erce on turbine yields, We Bik = taka ~mg hy ~ Citta tea) hg, with Wes txt Bulk and mys 8ao™ bb/h. Inserting Values of h ateack state, the above ca becomes 01,827 x08-279.9 me" lol eg (1) Kimess and energy balance on Open feed-water heater Yields = maha tmehio tlmr-rme-madk, -m, hy Selvuig For ragt ma* Malke-hie) tt (harhe) S 3 SSS 3“ he = (01044856) me + 92,619 (UV Simultaneous Soluben of Bg U) and (2) yields p= 481, 80 Ib /h —™ ma = 278,470 lb/h (©) For the process steam line, Qrrocess > Mr (he~hq) = 43, Foo (1280.6 -/F.25) G process = S019 K108 Blue/hGas Power Systems 9 9.1 Atthe beginning of the compression process in an air-standard Otto cycle, py = 14.7 Ibffin.? and T, = 530°R. The compression ratio is 8. Determine the thermal efficiency and mean effective pressure, in Ibf/in.”, for maximum cycle temperatures of 2000, 3000, 4000, and S000°R. Known: An air-standard Otto cycle has a known compression ratio and a specified state at the beginning of compression. Find: Determine the thermal efficiency and mean effective pressure for each of the maximum cycle temperatures. 20003009, 4000, 5000" Schematic & given data: Pp oe eee Assumptions: Same as Example 9.1 NilVa,= 8 P.E14.7 lopli T2530°R a Analysis: From Table A-22E, u; = 90.33 Btu/lb, v,, = 151.38. For the compression process Ye 1 Ya {Es = (Jos: 38) = 18.9225 = 1190.7°R and uz = 207.33 Btu/lb. For each value of Ts, usand v,3 can be determined from Table A-22E. Then, State 4 is fixed using the relation for the isentropic expansion and us can be evaluated using tabular data, The results are TsCR) us(Btu/lb) Ya Ya wa(Bwub) 2000 367.61 4.258 34.064 164.23 3000 585.04 1.180 9.44 271.84 4000 814.06 ASIB 3.6144 390.76 5000 1050.1 -2096 1.6768 516.68 |The heat added to the cycle is Qa» m u- and the heat rejected is Qu 4 m Thus, the thermal efficiency is Qutm _ Qu.tm 7 a ‘The mean effective pressure is Evaluating v; nin For T; = 2000°R, 164.23 and {(367.61—20° asssieny(1-§) mep = 367.61 207.33 °R Pi 14.7 ibffin? 33 64. 539 (53.9%) af |= 13.358t°/b rr 33)]Btu/lb (778 ft "tae" | = 39.95 Ibffin.? Summarizing results for each value of Ty TsCR) Qasim Qaim Woscie (mt mep(ibffin.”) 2000 160.28 eT) 86.38 39.95 3000 377.71 1sisi_| 196.2 90.75 4000 606.73 300.43 306.3 141.67 5000 842.77 426.35 416.4 192.59 Piotting 7 and mep 00 ss “ * v8 Sse ree 33 2 Ba i ee as £ x30. 5 ae ° ° © (000 tote 3000 4800 5000 4-2 B-°R ° te0e 200 doce Yoon Sexe Te9.2 Anair-standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 18 and a cutoff ratio of 2.5. The state at the beginning of compression is fixed by p = 0.9 bar and T= 300 K. Determine (@) the net work per unit mass of air, in Ki/kg. (Ans, 886.6 ki/kg) (b) the thermal efficiency. (Ans. 0.544) (©) the maximum pressure in the cycle, in kPa. (Ans. 4853 kPa) (@) the mean effective pressure, in kPa. (Ans. 981.3 kPa) (©) Repeat (a) - (d) on a cold air-standard basis with specific heats evaluated at 300 K. (Ans. 875.5 ki/kg; 0.6093; 5148 kPa; 969.1 kPa) Schematic 4 Given Data: P M18 sae fe “ % air % ozs ir] 7 + 920.4 bar Assumptions; Same as Example U2 ist Fix €ack principal state of cycle (Table A.2z) Dtae li Ts 800k = uy, + ald.o7 bids, Ve,? G2NZ Shute 2: For isentropic compression, Vre = Ve Ye, = 2 (G21-2) = 34s 7 1g Thus, Te = 8982 Ky Ue ® 673. 18E/G , hy 930. 9765/4 Staeeg; For pee process, Tae % Tz, = (2S) (898.2) = 2745.5 K 2 Ags tse0.7 £u/44, Veg = 16877 State 4: For Isen tropic " axpansion, Vee YW. V. Us)(L\ 2 72 4 % “ (z) Vea = % o Veg = (1:2) 897) 273. S14 Thus, Te? 1226.9K, Uge 957-2 £3 /q (2) For the cycle, Weyete = Qeyele Weyede Weyep = Gea — er = Uherhe)= legen) © 906 6k get mm 7 #5 aaProblem %2(tont'd) (b) The Herma] eFfcieney is q* Weyele/M = Wevete/a Qu /m hanhe 4 ( Pua = Pe? . For the isentrepred process I-%, Te 2 Pre ow Pee (At .14 (2. 14 bar) (1A) 47) Pp, Per 13%, 2 4953 £Pa Peay <—— oe O.S44 rast (d) The mean efhective pressure 1S mep = Weacle vi- Mep = Weyele/m = T8664, ~ ve y, (= Ye wi a) 1 [ey From rdea/ 948 law, v2 BT; = 8.3/4 (800k). 0.95c0m FP, «28.97 (Fok) s Thus, mep + £866 = 98h mep 1 SP gaseuevie) ~ 2863 EF (@) Fer process (-2, with Kelit Crom Toble h-22, Tes e “h) = 9533K y) (") For process 2-3, P= Pas TAuS, Tver > 23ES,2K Ve Fer process 3-4, With bolt, Nas ia e 2() a7e Yee V3 Ty & NV: = 10%UOK 4 Na\"" (7; ay") For eyele, Weyefe = Beyer * Aes - &H m m ™ m ever = tp (Ty-Te) ~ey (Te -7) With Cy 0, 7/8 E1/ks kK and cps reosk Ye 9-4Problem %2(¢ontd) Weyje = (1o0s28¢5,2- 989.8) -(0.7/8\1082.0-820) m™ 5 EIS. £T/k, Weyele|m = Weyeelm = RISE = 0.6093 ~——% t Qea/m — ep Te) Pmar * Po® Pg. For isentrope process 1-2, ee Ree (B\F er = Sl4eh Pe Pmax, qT mep = Weyele = egele [M W-Ve v e, V,= 009566 m/f, from part (d) mep a7 SATts 5 969) Fe #5669? (1= Nhe) $ Comment! Comparing the results of (e) to (a), lb), (e)+d) show the effecds of assuming Constent speci bit heaty. 9.3. Anair-standard dual cycle has a compression ratio of 15 and a cutoff ratio of 1.1. At the beginning of compression, p = 1 atm and T= 27°C. The pressure doubles during the constant volume heat addition process. If the mass of air is 0.3 kg, determine. (a) the heat addition at constant volume and at constant pressure, each in KJ. (Ans. 225.6 iS, 62.4 kJ) (b) the net work of the cycle, in kJ. (Ans. 175.4 kJ) (©) the heat rejection, in kJ. (Ans. 112.6 kJ) (@) the thermal efficiency. (Ans. 0.609)Problem %8 (¢ontd) Schematic d ren Dara: meOddy Assumptions; See Example 13 Vv Rnalysit: Fre cack of the principal states. Table A.22) State /} T, = B00k =? U,= 214 OTL Th, Ve, 2 62U2 Stote2: For the isentro pie Compression, Veg (Ve/Vi)¥y, = Le 413 Thus, Te = 843-216 and Ue> 627: 6041/2, Siete: For Vee process, Vers , Ts 2(R/R YT 2 1abe.4k Thus, Uys 1379.5 £0/t3 and hg= 68.4 eU Ay Shret Pla m,S0 Te = Wa/vs\ Ts = ITSEOK Thus, hq * 2071S £3/ds and W4* 3.8704 States: For Isentrople expansion, Mew Vi. Ya = es)(h\ = 13-636 Ye Vee a and Veg = /\: = 48, O87 HPT 5+ 796-6K d Veg (Ee s Thus, Us = 589.54 £1/£ (4) Heat addition 13 from 2-3 and 3-4, Qs: Qege m (Ug ti) = 0.3 (1879.5 - 627. Go) e 226.6 8Ta— Qs_2 mlh¢-hy) = 2-3 ( 2071 S- 1863.4) = 62,985 Oe ) Weqete * Ryete * Qin > Bout * (Bayt Qe)” Bs, = (22s.6462.4)- m(Us-U, | 22S Ft hT eee Qe (2) Meat Keseched 13 Qu, em (usu) © 112-645 <— G) The thermal efblerenca Is 1? Wevle ~ 0.607 ~—% g Peat Chay 9-69.4 The net power developed by an ideal air-standard Brayton cycle is 7325 kW. The pressure ratio for the cycle is 12, and the minimum and maximum temperatures sre 290 K and 1550 K, respectively. Determine (a) the thermal efficiency of the cycle. (Ans. 0.479) (b) the mass flow rate of air, in kg/s. (Ans. 13.8 kg/s) (©) Repeat (a) and (b) on a cold air-standard basis with specific heats evaluated at 290K. (Ans. 0.509, 14.9 kg/s) Schematic ¥ Givin Datu an Zyrissom A Weyele® razsdw + Storer, 3 Ti Mek Resumpivons! See Sxample 9+ alysis: Fix each of the principal states (Table p.22) Qtatel! T= 290K =? hy = 240.76 ty, Pes bUBle Statezi For the isentropie Comp ressier, Pry = (Fe/h) Pr, = 14,7782 Thus, Te = S84:0K and hes S90474k1/hs Stare 8! Tg = ISSOK => hgt 1696, 67 £3/dy , Prez 90S Stute4! For the isentropic expansion, Pr # (Pe / Py) Pry = S74 Thus, Te ® 840:1K and hye 866,24 £1/hs UA) The thermal eflie se nes aap I~ Qeutlys 2 1=fhgnhy TC STi (=!) > I> 8b6.24- 2901/6 2 0.479<—_. (6 26.67- 590.47 “Problem % 4 (lont'd) Cb) Use Weyele to determike m, Wegele = ve [Uha-ha)= (hark = 7825 £W ms 2825 4W = 13.8 4/5 — Bhy-he)-he-hs) (C) From Table .20, beh 40l, Ops Looth Teck T,2 290K, Tg 2/550 K kes! Tes 7 (Bye = S%O6K P, kee! Te = T3(Pe\F 2 76016 relay 7 1 = 0.899 ———, t (Pa Ye ‘ Weyele + mI (hah) -Che-h] +m] (73-7) ple-T)] Ms Wuele = 78zskw [3-14 -Te 7, (e24AS [580-7611 54044386] m = 14.9 £/s m™ Comment: Comparing the Yesults of (¢) te la) and lb) shew the effects of ass tem ing tonstant spec’ Liz heat9.5 _Airenters the compressor of a simple gas turbine at 100 kPa, 300 K, with a volumetric flow rate of Sm’/s. The compressor pressure ratio is 10, and its isentropic efficiency is 85%. At the inlet to the turbine, the pressure is 950 kPa, 8 the temperature is 1400 K. The turbine has an isentropic efficiency of 88%, and the exit pressure is 100 kPa On the basis of an air-standard analysis, determine (@) the thermal efficiency of the cycle. (Ans. 0.319) (b) the net power developed, in kW. (Ans. 1641.5kW) Schematic # Given Date! Qn Coen Tre lookPa Tit Book 8 OY sm%s oN Ascummrvons ! U) Steaely: State components. (&) Working Fluid is assumed te behave a8 On sdee/ cas. si Fiy each of the principal states (rable 4.22) Stateds T, = 800k => h,= 300.1% EYL, P= 3860 State Z! For isentropit. Compression, ta * (Ee Pry = (B86 =? he, = 579. #6 RT/Es P o® heath wp hash, they-h = 0222 LYds he-hy te Sate 8! Tz = Gece Age (51S, 4 LYE, Fe® 4508 Stutet! For isentropic etpansien, Pry & (%\Pa = 47,421 => hqg = €20.3/ £1/E5 e* = he oe hg tha-y lhg~hes) = 903.72 £04 (a) = l= harh, © l= 208-72 - 30019 5 0.319 <— t ake 1515. 42- G2R21 t 9-49Problem 4S (tont'd) Ub) Weyee =m [Cha-he) Ueki) ] m2 (ANF _ (SM /s\licodm) = 5.807 &/S eT (Seay \l2e2 *) Weyele © 5,807 hq [1515.42- F03.72- 624.214 Bo0.1g AT ky s = 1641. SkW Wegele 9.6 Air enters the turbine of a gas turbine at 400 kPa, 1200 K, and expands to 100 kPa in two stages. Between the stages, the air is reheated at a constant pressure of 200 kPa to 1200 K. The expansion through each turbine stage is isentropic. Determine, in kJ perkg of air flowing (@) the work developed by each stage. (Ans. 219.6 k/kg) (b) the heat transfer for the reheat process. (Ans. 219.6 ki/kg) (©) the percent increase in net work as compared to a single stage of expansion with no reheat (Ans, 8.7%) (@) Include in the analysis that each turbine stage has an isentropic efficiency of 88%, repeat (a)-(c) (Ans, 193.25 kikg, 193.25 ki/kg, 8.7%) es we i Pyrtook Bin Py ae th Tie tooth, Hs 0okPa 7, reek Assumptrons: |!) Steasty-State (2) Gir mode te as (Heal Bar. Analysis! Fix each of the princi pal staks (Table 4.22) 9-10Problem 9.6 (¢ont'd) Stave ls 7,2 Itook =F hy = 1217.79 bT/by , Pr, * 238.0 State &! Pr, = UR/m) Pr, 219 > hese 1058, 19 L/ks Sak Bi Tyeizeck => hgah, 21272 19H 8, Pry Py, 2288.0 Stated: het hee lOSRIGRT/he, Since P/F, = PylPs CO) Since bh acrons eack turbme stase Is equal, then the werk of each stace ts the samer ' We We, = Wee hi-ho, 1277.79 1088. 19 2 219.0 BT 4 oo. (b) For the veheater, Qin = herhe,= 219.6 80/4, +—Se (€) For @ comphte expension from | to a,,Pre ze, , Pra = Pr, (Palp) 2545 => hat 73-76 ZT/hs | Thus, Wiag® hi-ha, = 404,08 £1/k¢ OP Y increase > 2(219.6)- 404,03 3 0.08724:765— 404,03 () het hyrady, (hic heg) = 104.54 £T/k hh oe T9E Ths | hash, © 964 54 £5/hs We, ? We, © hy- he = 193, es £1/ky We Qin t herby = 193, eskt/k, «—— eu Was Uu-ha,) = 856.58 £T/k, a Yo increase > 20/93,2S)- 358.88 y 199 2 7% Bss,55‘A two-stage air compressor operates at steady state, compressing 0.2 m’/s of air from 1 bar, 300 K, to 10 bar. An intercooler between the two stages cools the air to 300 K at a constant pressure of 3 bar. Calculate the power required to run the compressor, in kW, and compare the result to the power required for single-stage compression from the same inlet state to the same final pressure, if each stage has an isentropic efficiency of 97 (a) 100% (Ans. 54.52kW(two- stage); 64.97KW (single—stage) ) (b) 85% (Ans, 64.14kW (two-stage); 76.44kW(single— stage) ) Schematic ¢ Given Data: i Same as Frample 19 dnalysis: States are the same as Example 9-9. hyehy = 800,19 £1/¥,, hee Ful BET/he, hye 423-P£F hat 879.9 ES(ks (a) For the 2 Stages, Wes ol (heh) tlha~hy\] melAV) Be = lezw/s)(icokFe) . 0.2823 %/s an Batis) As (300) 384 ro ie Ade Wes o.2sza[@34.74Y8 ] = 54.5 24W Sale / _ w For a single stage, Wee MU hy-hi) = 64. 97EW “stare (b) For 2 stages af, = OBS, We = S45UY = L414dW iE! vi oes Ae : 2 shee: Fer a singh eheses £ORE, We G4:27 = Ko. 4thw 3 ie OBS XM hi Tobe Ge ele y Mee, FOES ¢ t 3 9-129.8 Hydrogen enters the turbine of an Ericsson cycle at 920 K, 15 bar, with a mass flow rate of 1 kg/s. The temperature and pressure at the inlet to the compressor are 600 K and 1.5 bar, respectively. Determine (a) the net power developed, in kW. (Ans. 5882 kW ) (b) the thermal efficiency. (Ans. 0.6739) (c) the back work ratio. (Ans. 0.326) Schematic ¢ Gey Datei ee Ps 1Sbay Bee Myles Assumptions i(1) Components are at steady-state. (2) Mil processes are internally Yevers ble, (8) The H, behaves as an ideal gas. Analysis: Werk of turbine evaluated using Ego 67 Wy em (vdp + - wRT dnlpe/P) = 872 9KW ' . 4 : Wee ~% (vdps =m R15 Le Py]tge 2746 KW 3 Py . WW. (a) Weycle © 8728+ 2946 = SeEzkW <—— a Energy belavee onturbine 18 OF G.-Ky + he) Qi = We = 8728 KW (6) fe Ww. ele = SEZ = 0.6737 *—— es . 8728 (0) bwrs= We = 0.326 —— bur 9-739.9 Thirty-six grams of helium undergo a solar-activated Stirling cycle with a compression ratio of six. At the beginning of the isothermal compression, the pressure and temperature are 1 bar and 290 K, respectively. The temperature during the isothermal expansion is 550 K. The cycle is used to drive an irrigation pump. Determine (a) the net work, in KJ. (Ans. 34.83k3) (b) the thermal efficiency. (Ans. 0.473) (©) the mean effective pressure, in bar. (Ans. 1.926 bar) : 3 Sche matic ven Data! y, Ne 26 re bas 0. 03bky hssumptions i ()) Helium is a closed sys tem. (t) Heluim behaves a8 an ideal gas. (R) Processes are internally revyers: ble. Analysist Whe * (pd = mET, Ba(Ve/%) * rose) nat\ete) fhe ' 4.00 =-3e.851 27 Ware MET, MelVe/V))> (0-08c)(Rais)(ss0) fu 6 © 73,6774T 4.003 @) Werle © Wet Wy © 84-9343 S——— Waele (b) el Ti[7, = I- 290/550 + 0.473 =——4 (©) V+ met,= (o.03¢)(sa/4)(22e)K = 0.217 mM" Fi (qeoali0o£R) = BAesdE at. dha 2h926 bar (ZiT ml Ve) 9-149.10 Air flows at steady state through a horizontal, well-insulated, constant area duct whose diameter is 0.2 m. At the inlet, p; = 380 kPa, T; = 400 K, and the velocity is 30 mvs. The temperature of the air leaving the duct is 390 K. Determine (@) the velocity at the exit, in mi. (Ans. 145.26 m/s) (b) the pressure at the exit, in kPa. (Ans. 16.52 kPa) (©) the magnitude of the net horizontal force exerted by the duct wall on the air, in N. In which direction does this force act? (Ans, -9176 N, opposite to flow) Schematic ¢ Given Data} hie @ pleted DLL. LL pit 3tedR—.! = Tate Uae ade Y,* 30m/s x Fx t force of duct wal/ deo2m on the air, bast Skady- state with Qyy* Wey2o, Ate behaves Assumptions. asian ideal gas. pe 4? 7 Analysis: Energy balance yields ox dey vi, +0 [-bn-ane fea, O=dhi-he) HEE) o> Vee Pez he = From Table A- 22, hix 400,99 £1/b; cul hy= 390,98 £1/4, (0) Thus, Ve = Toy tzl4oe-48- 890.88) 70" ues = 145.26 m/s Ve Tyemes AY o Alle Mele o Vin een v 7 Ve. t | OERe R= Vi. Te. Pt 76.82 bP e T Applyine Eg. 9.3! te the contro! Vo lume , PM Reda the = mle Th) => Fy= mR lan-R)A werd alten) = s.izod,/s Pe Thus, Fx * Eyizolias.ze- 30)%%s +(76.52- 3a¢)4M (C02) 10° N/4w 4 244.176 £¥ =- 9176 N <————F, Renee ee eee _ q-159.11 Airenters a nozzle operating at steady state at 4 bar, 310 K, with a velocity of 20 mvs, and expands isentropically to an exit velocity of 460 m/s. Determine (a) the exit pressure, in bar, and exit temperature, in K. (Ans. 0.9399 bar, 204.6 K) (b) the ratio of the exit area to the inlet area (Ans. 0.122) (©) whether the nozzle is diverging only, converging only, or converging-diverging in cross section. (Ans. converging-diverging nozzle) Schematic g Given Data; nie 0 Key © t4bar Te lato bem! Ht tomy TF 20 m/s Aesumptions ! (1) !Sentropic process. = (2) Whey? | (8) Shady State. (4) Mr behaves as weal gas, Analysis! Ener 4 balance Yields Oe mithe-h) We V9] hae h,+ Viteve = Blo.zeee + (rata ler z z as ye | £5 2204, 64 £8/E5 =r Prat 0-8653, Te =204.G7K (0) Pre Pi(Ee\= 4 bev (288s = 09844 bar +—P Pr USS4H From mass balance, Ais ArVe => Mee Ni AG vi Ve A OV % % (b) Ar/Aye 0, 122 Ar/A, (e) To defermiie nogale type , Calculate Mack Numbers My,2% 2 zemls 20.06 Yee, = Vere} asus) (exe 78/4) (Subsoncd) 47 Mz: Ve. 4eom/s oie ; ERT. (nao 334 (204.0 5(10 (supersonic) 2817. nosale Noggle must be Converging - diverging, ~~~ type 9- leRefrigeration and Heat 10 Pump Systems 10.1 Ammonia enters the compressor of an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration system as. saturated vapor at -16°C with a volumetric flow rate of 1 m/min. The refrigerant leaves the condenser at 36°C, 18 bar. Determine (a) the compressor power, in kW. (Ans, 9.976 kW ) (©) the refrigerating capacity, in tons. (Ans. 9.60 tons ) (©) the coefficient of performance. (Ans. 3.38) Schematic ¢ Gwen Date! - 2 Ty 20% fax ~ ‘fom \ ‘ \ “16% Mesumptions! See Example tod io, Ane ly si! Fix cack of the principal stokes Stee li T,2-06%e, oe Aye Wezsos €t/4,, 3,5 5.8586 £5/GK Shak2i p, 2/9 bar, S2*S) =? heo/789.74 £04; States! hy & hel86%) = 351.69 £T/#s Sek tt hes hy = 351 69 8T/k (a) Evom Table A-08,V,2 OS29/ M/k; , Thus, yo-tProblem 10.1 (¢ontd) Lima g 1D Eg Iain 0.8291 m/f, The Compressor Power is Wet Chek, We = (SE) £5 (1788 74 azs.os) = 9.976€W — bods : (b) The refrigerating Capacity 1S Qyy2 tn Chi-ha) be “Gos (selina! [1483.05 -85169)k0 2 We dont oe 31 £T/mun-ton q WD The Coe fCinint of Pasforma nce, is A2Uhcheylbe-h,) Qe B.3e 6 10.2 A vapor-compression refrigeration system circulates Refrigerant 22 at a rate of 6 kg/min. ‘The refrigerant enters the compressor at -20°C, 1.5 bar, and exits at 12 bar. The isentropic compressor efficiency is 67%. There are no appreciable pressure drops as the refrigerant flows through the condenser and evaporator. The refrigerant leaves the condenser as saturated liquid at 12 bar. Ignoring heat transfer between the compressor and its surroundings, determine (a) the coefficient of performance. (Ans. 1.94) (b) the refrigerating capacity, in tons. (Ans, 4.62 tons) (©) the irreversibility rates of the compressor and expansion valve, each in kW. (Ans. 2.19 kW, 1.097 kW) (@) the changes in specific flow availability of the refrigerant passing through the evaporator and condenser, respectively, each in kJ/kg. Let Ty = 21°C, po = 1 bar. (Ans, -35.46 ki/kg; -15.43 kI/kg) Schematic ¢ Given DateiProblem 10.2 (Cont'd) hs6une Hons Same as Bx. 10.3, tueept a, + 0.67 malygis ! Fix tack of the principal States. State: Tye sa0% 9 ahd bar Ss hy = 244.48 £5/ks , St hol37 €T/boK MateZi se25,, Presebar => hes 800.59 41/85 hae hit Chesh)\/op * 328.24 A1/65 Spe Loses AtTAecic Stale 3! Pye ld bar, XyrOo Phas 81-90 Les, Sg 20,3029 A3/& +k. Slated! hgmhgs 2b 90KT]h, S42 0.804ZLT/ Bs: K (A) The Coefbicrent of Performance Is b= hohe = 94 ee he-hy Cb) The veFrigera ting Capecihy 1 Bin = a Chih) on =[e Lolmin (244,48 - B90) = 4162 tonsa” BU 23/min -ton (C) Lemp * To Stomp | Sconp *(5,-S2) Lesnep = To * (3°5,) oe e(ee KY Vee (oves-porsDeYeek éols a 2p ew zo10.3 Refrigerant 12 enters the compressor of an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle as saturated vapor at -10°F. The condenser pressure is 160 Ibffin.? The mass flow rate of refrigerant is 6 Ib/min. Determine the coefficient of performance and the refrigerating capacity, in tons, for (a) saturated liquid at the condenser outlet. (b) compressed liquid at 105°F, at the condenser outlet. (c) compressed liquid at 100°F at the condenser exit. Known: An ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle uses Refrigerant 12 as the working fluid. Operating data are known. Find: Determine the coefficient of performance and the refrigerating capacity for each condenser exit state. Schematic & Given Data: és : = Heeo toe i Assumptions: See Example 10.1, assumptions 1-4. be Analysis: First, fix each of the principal states. State 1: T; = -10°F, sat. vapor => hy = 76.19 Btu/lb, s; = 0.1699 Btw/lb-°R State 2: p2 = 160 Ibffin.?, s2 = s) => hz = 92.469 Btw/Ib State 3: p3 = 160 Ibffin.? (@) sat. liquid = ha. = 34.59 Bru/l (b) Ts = 105°F = bsp = hr(105°F) = 32.31 Btu/b (©) Ts = 100°F => hye h(100°F) = 31.10 Bru/lb State 4: Throttling process => hy = hs The coefficient of performance is i (a)2.555 0) 2.695 (c) 2.770 10-4‘The refrigerating capacity is Q,, = vith, — hy) it (a) 1.248 tons oe los 19~-h,), Fans (b) 1.316 tons “( Be \200Brwmin (651.353 tons Comment: Subcooling at the condenser exit tends to increase the coefficient of performance and the refrigerating capacity. 10.4 A vapor-compression refrigeration system, using Refrigerant 12 as the working fluid, has evaporator and condenser pressures of 1.4 and 12 bar, respectively. The refrigerant passes through each heat exchanger with a negligible pressure drop. At the inlet and exit of the compressor, the temperatures are -10°C and 80°C, respectively. The heat transfer rate from the working fluid passing through the condenser is 15 kW, and saturated liquid exits at 12 bar. If the compressor operates adiabatically, determine (a) the compressor power input, in kW. (Ans. 5.732kW ) (b) the coefficient of performance. (Ans. 2.21) Assumptions: Same as Exam ee 10:3 tvcept tompressor 2llicien 1s not Spect Le Analysis! Fix eack of Phe Princ’pal states State |! p,=lFbar, T* Reet 194.97 £5/€s, S, = 0.73878 E1/eK Stake! P= (t bar, 7 = 50% eae S74 YB, S27 0.7570 £5/45.K 10-5Rroblem 10,4 (tont'd) Stale 3) py= 12 bar, xg2o => hg= 84.214 T/ks LR t Lébar, hath, > hq © ¥4¢-24T hs Ga) Caleuke ri From Qoubs Qa 2 Uha-hy) => tt Qoue/Che-hy) mo 1S AW/(208.57- €4-21) oes 7 ks ls Lo w Compressor Power's Wet mlhe-h,) = S.7822W — (b) ehy-hg = @2/ ———— e he-h . ¢ 10.5 Ina vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, Refrigerant 22 exits the evaporator as saturated vapor at 35 Ibf/in” The refrigerant enters the condenser at 250 Ibf/in.” and 180°F, and saturated liquid exits at 250 Ibffin.? There is no significant heat transfer between the compressor and its surroundings, and the refrigerant passes through the evaporator with a negligible change in pressure. If the refrigerating capacity is 5 tons, determine (a) the mass flow rate of refrigerant, in Ib/min. (Ans. 16.50 Ib/min ) (b) the power input to the compressor, in Btu/min. (Ans. 386.27 Btu/min ) (©) the coefficient of performance. (Ans. 2.59) (d) the isentropic compressor efficiency. (Ans. 0.929)Problem 10.5 (eont'd) ons! Same as Ex. 10,3 edcept fe unknown. i: Fix cack of the princi pel states Stahl! p+ as lbgliv® , X,21.0 => h,= lono7 Ble/ib, S12 0.22985 Ble //bR State 27 p= 250 Ibg/th*, Te 2 18°F > hes 127.48 Bu Jb Sete 3} P= ASO Ibelivy Kyo => hgs 43.46 Buje Stated! Pye 35 the ln®, hazhy => he 243.46 Buse CY Use Qn Lind me Qin = na Chi rhy) > He Qun/ Chyna) Ms (S ton)(a00 Bhi/min-ton) = 16.50 lb/mu <——m 10 4,07- 43.46 (b) Compressor Power! . We = ™ (he-h,) = 386.37 Blame <——we @ Contec tent of Perlormancet Qe Bin = (Ston)evo Blu/iniy bn) = 2S9 +—B We BE6.27 Rku/min (8) lsentropi: Compressor ECPiciemey! aC shegt hi 2 128.82 -104,07 0.424 ate he-Ay 121, 48-104, 07 10-710.6 A vapor-compression refrigeration system with a capacity of 10 tons has superheated Refrigerant 12 vapor entering the compressor at 15°C, 4 bar, and exiting at 12 bar. The compression process can be taken as polytropic, with n= 1.02. At the condenser exit, the pressure is 11.6 bar, and the temperature is 44°C. The condenser is water cooled, with water entering at 20°C and leaving at 30°C with a negligible change in pressure. Heat transfer from the outside of the condenser can be neglected. Determine (a) the power input and the heat transfer rate for the compressor, each in kW. (Ans. 5.974 kW, -0.6945 kW) (b) the coefficient of performance. (Ans. 5.89) (©) the irreversibility rate of the condenser, in kW, for Ty = 20°C. (Ans. 3.049 kW ) gooling water Bee B08 Q;, «10 fons Mssumptions! l') Zach component i's a¥ Steady- stake. (2) Au the heat leaving the condense goes into the Cooling Water. alusis! Fix cack of the princi pal states, felipedbav, T; 5 (S°C > hy + 19S.86 £T/ks, S,* 0.708¢ £T/Ey+K, Vj> 0-044735 ni) 25 Soh 2! Pas i2 bar, Xow Ve 9 (Fi/Pe) WV, * 0.018786 mV => = 218, 1OLV ts ) S22 0.7008 £T/hy Kk Stove 41 Ty 44°C, bempressed Jigurd => hah G@4'c)=78.0G 33% Se(4tte) « o,2¢ 45a Kk Sta te 4 he phy = 76.6% 45/ity a (a) We = | vdp = (2) (aren : = 1.02 [lizxo*e mo. 015286 By (treed RYlo.caaras#)] Oz = 10-8Problem 10.6 (¢ont'd) vis = 19849 81/8s ein m by using Que me Om 2 Voten\(2u£T/min-lon) 2 0.301K /s hirhe — U9s.S0- 78.66) $F [be /min) Thus, the Compressor power is We = m (we) = S.97¢hwW +—— Compressor heat os vate is . Qe = - we +t Uhe-h,) = - 0.6945 Lwe— Oe DB = Qin = CO ben\CEUET/min-ton) = 5.89 <— @ We (8.974 RW)( bo +/min) CI Leong * To Send, From assumption Lt), Trong © HUSg"Se) thew (Sewjo~ Susi Usegnergy balance around Condenser to aia uale they: Os m ieee + thew lhans = hewye Meo *( hurhg \w =( (7ide=e. ér\(c. vo) (ee 125.79 - 3-96 Mews 0.9678 #/s Thus, oe «(223 k)[(0.807 €5) (0.2846 -0, 7209) £55k + (0.9673 &)) (0.4869- 0.296 )S%-k] | = B.049kW ha 84.89 Blus/b State e: hg =hy=SHS7 Bu//b, Kg 2 0.3267 : Sgt 0.0738) Bke/s-R, They * Qin/hi-he) *Getony(2ee Malmin-den) = 10447 tb/mur : hy -he : We, = tepig Ghe-hy) = S€6.3 Bhe/nes ———We, (a Energy balance around heat exchanger! Mera henhg) = tere (hs-hg) Mee = teas(he=hs = 102.4 Ib )min : hs-he : Wee? Mere Uhe-hs) = 1a BluJnin <—— We, (6) Qout = Mpeigbhy-hy) =S2637 Blt /mits — Gout @ @= Er (Re tons)(d00 Bi/min-ten) 2.268 — B We,+Wer SFO 3+HTAZ 1) Tuy = To Gin? Cet Mpg lSs Se) thy ig (Se-S6) Lux 2(Ss0 2)L(l047 (0.0882- Ozu) + (102.4) (01672-00738) = 2. 214 Bhefwern Lux vo-ul10.8 Refrigerant 134a is the working fluid in a vapor-compression heat pump system with a heating capacity of 7 kW. The condenser operates at 14 bar, and the evaporator temperature is -20°C. The refrigerant is a saturated vapor at the evaporator exit and a liquid at 40°C at the condenser exit. Pressure drops in the flows through the evaporator and condenser are negligible. The compression process is adiabatic, and the temperature at the compressor exit is 70°C. Determine (@) the mass flow rate of refrigerant, in kg/s. (Ans. 0.037 kg/s) (b) the compressor power input, in kW. (Ans. 2.22 KW ) (©) the isentropic compressor efficiency. (Ans. 0.816 ) (d) the coefficient of performance. (Ans. 3.15) Assumptions! Same as Ex. 10.8 exeept Compressor efficreney undvown ona Lip ay's Fix priser pal states State ¢/ 7) = - 20°, xX, = ho Sh,» 23S. 31L£T/bs, S,5 0.97832 #T/ksKk Pe = (¢ bar, Te *70%C = hes 298.3) LT /by 42 lA bar, Ty » 40% =p Comp. Ue. y Ast h, (40°) 2/06, 19 h/ by he thg* (00.79 40/4, Que fess | 0.037 &/s +~——™ he-hg — 298.81- 106.19 40-12Problem 10.8 (tontd) (eb) Wee mlhe-h,) = 22zdw <——wWe (c) Stete 28: y= 14 bar, Seg = 5S, > hey? 284.29 41/8y Ue * has-hn 0.81e + re hank @) Fora heat pump, V = herhs = aus «——¥ eo hy 10.9 Air enters the compressor of an ideal Brayton refrigeration cycle at 1 bar, 280 K, with a volumetric flow rate of 1.2 m’/s. The temperature at the turbine inlet is 320 K. The pressure ratio across the compressor is 3.5. Determine (@) the net power input, in kW. (Ans. 36.1KW) (b) the refrigerating capacity, in kW. (Ans. 84.59 kW) (©) the coefficient of performance. (Ans. 2.34) Se, Assumptions | See Eu, /0.4 a AVI 2 be % Ana gate Fil. the principal States. (Table h-22) Statel! 7,2 280K => h)= 280.13 £5/k; p> hoveg State 2! Pp.» Pr, ( P/F) = 3811 Dhz> 40113 £5): State3; T+ 820K > hs? 320, 294/85, Prgz h 2378 See 4! yg Py (/R)= 04904 => hy = 228.4727 10~/3Problem 10.4 (Cont'd) (2) me AY LMeRT/p. Thus, w= (AVL, eT, alu z P n/s ood) = 1493 45/5 : (288 #t Can ayy “nl (z#ek) Wenele = m Bho-hi) shah] = Revd — Werte (b) Qy = mlhichg) = 84.59 dw ain 2 Qh = a = ’ ——_—— (ey @ Q R459 Z.34¢ é cycle BRO 10.10 The Brayton refrigeration cycle of Problem 10.9 is modified by the introduction of a regenerative heat exchanger. In the modified cycle, compressed air enters the regenerative heat exchanger at 310 K, and is cooled to 280 K before entering the turbine. Determine, for the modified cycle, (a) the minimum temperature, in K. (Ans. 202.5 K) (b) the net work input per unit mass of air flow, in kI/kg. (Ans. 33.28 ki/kg) (©) the refrigeration capacity, per unit mass of air flow, in ki/kg. (Ans. 47.56 kJ/kg) (d) the coefficient of performance. (Ans. 1.43) Sthematin 2? Een Dates . Pe Loar Th? atok Wey ele Mssumpticnt No stray heat loss from heat exchanger. 10~/4Problem 10-10 (toxt'd) Analy sist Fix the principal states (Table A.22) From Problem 10-9, hy2 280/327 8s het 40.13 £T/bs, ha = 3z0.2zg &0/5+ State 3: Tz = 290K hg 2290/6 ES/é,,Prgs 128i! State ds Py > Peg P/F) = 0.38174 eo hqs 207.44 21G, ae (a) Tes 20uS K Stave bi For heat exchanger, O© hy-hi) Xan ha), hye AS0.045 /h5 (bo) Weer, /m # Che-hi\-tharhg) = 33.28 65/4, ee (9) Gale = hy-he = 4786 43/2, -———— @ @ B= @aln , 043 UW agere [ni 10.11 Reconsider Problem 10.10 but include in the analysis that the compressor and turbine have isentropic efficiencies of 85% and 88%, respectively. Answer the same questions as in Problem 10.10. (©) the minimum temperature, in K. (Ans. 213.0 K) (®) the net work input per unit mass of air flow, in kI/kg. (Ans. 65.16 ki/kg) (g) the refrigeration capacity, per unit mass of air flow, in kI/kg. (Ans. 37.03 ki/kg) (h) the coefficient of performance. (Ans. 0.568) Sek. le i tat Stumptions: See &x.(e.s, No heat trans tar from heat exchenser to Surroundins, (0-15°Problem to.t! (Cont'd) Analysis: From Problems 10:9 # 10.10, hit 2¢o.3 &T(¥5 hae age.1e kth hog? ouis b3/bs igs = 202.44 £1/ks ha = 320.29 83/25 hg = aso.o £1/8 Sak 21 of, thescht o> has he (heschi) he-hy hes 4ezay £14 Slade ti apg = hgche xp her hymaylhy- hes) ha-hes hqs tied? Ad/kp =P Ty = 203.0K ae (bY Weve 2 Che-hi)-Cha-he) = 65,16 £ E/E, <—Weele th ca CG (Y Qin eo hyche= 8703 £1/k — &s mn ™ (d) @ Qinjm , 3203 2 oe -—6 Wey [nt 65.16 10-leThermodynamic Relations for 11 Simple Compressible Substances 11.1 Consider Refrigerant 12 vapor at 160°F, 0.5 ft'/b. Estimate the pressure at this state, in atm, using the (a) ideal gas equation. (Ans. 7.487 atm) (b) van der Waals equation. (Ans. 6.957 atm) (©) Redlich-Kwong equation, (Ans. 6857 atm) (d) compressibility chart. (Ans. 6.813 atm) Compare with value from the Refrigerant 12 tables. (Ans. Tables: 6.822 atm) x! From Tab/e A-98, p= too, 289 the/n: * b.¥22 ate. Ana lgscs. (@) Leal Bas Zguatun of Stale, za ps Ere (\ses/ne4e)l oe Yéezee)( tet ) Vv Ws 43/76) 0a ore es) = 2.487 ate (+ 10% hich) 2 (6) van dey wlaals Equeben w'th a ond from Table A-248. pe ET. aw . fuses ea lites (atte _ 2boabw V-b > Lieote~ 1 ss) 7 ioma S| (4% Vide’ (Lo.42)* = 6.957 atu (~ 2% high) >) where V = MY =(120.92)(o-S) * 60.46 tt //bwa) ( Bedhih Kwong Eguotion, with & ond b Crom Table h-29& Pe bi |, = (StS Mezo) |_Lave\ F-B FW +E)T™ (£0,96- 1.0796 WICH 4A) 209s) athe k (o0, #4) (60.464 0,079 e20)~ & = 6857 adm (+ 05% high) <——— ndProblem tel (tont’d) (4) ibe bi , Tet 6982, Pez 40-Catw Crom Table Ate Tee @tO/693 =O-89S and 646 x 144 lb vp t Pe 2 (b0.46 Pio )l40.tx Te (154s Gt-lbe ) (693 2) baa) = 4.852 => From Fig hel, 24 6.9/, Pe ger = 0:91(7.487) = 6 +813 (~ 047% low) ~——(d) From Table AGE, P= &-822 atm. 11.2 Determine the mass of steam, in kg, contained in a tank whose volume is 0.14 m° if the temperature is 750°C and the pressure is 600 bar, using the (@) ideal gas equation. (Ans. 17.8 kg) (b) compressibility chart. (Ans. 20.94 kg) (©) van der Waals equation. (Ans. 20.48 kg) Schematic # Siven Data; Analysis, (4) Usuig the (dea/ gas ieee of She: pY=mkT => mn ey m= (600 110° W/n*) (0. ae 2 = 128 by es (s3/4 Nin\ (1028 #) 18.02 ASK. WeeProblem il. 2 Uoat'd) (b) From Table Avl, Te # 647-3K, pes 220-9 bar, Thus, Tet 10803) 6473 = S804) p = boo/aac.4 > 2.7/6 From Fig v2, B*O,SS SD me pvler alt = g0.94f, =!) z ons (With Goustents «@ and b from Table k-29 for the von dev Waals equa tien, Tb . bi : boo ber = tes East) went) ( ber \- s.53) (tar) V -0, 0805 to A/m™ Ve beo= #s.os2 _ 5.58] V - 0.0308 Bolnis iteratively, Vz 0.1232 w/émo/ 7 Vz 837K m lds Thur, m= o14am® = 20.46 £.<— © ores720 wie, Comment: This state is out of the vange of Table h-4, However, Yeterence to the oricina! Source, at 600 bay and 750°C ges vis Geet yo i mV/s. Thus, m= O14 m® = 20-8345 o88 72/0 > me, u-811.3 Using the Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state, determine the pressure of nitrogen (N2) gas, in MPa, at 193 K and a specific volume of 4.5 cm’/g. Compare this with the values obtained using the ideal gas equation of state and the generalized compressibility chart. Known: Nz is at 193 K and a specific volume of 4.5 cm’/g. Find: Determine the pressure using the Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state and compare with the values obtained using the ideal gas equation and the compressibility chart, Analysis: Using the ideal gas equation (8314/28.01)| (193K), z MP. pe : — NCA |= 12.73 MPa (ideal gas) v (4.5/1000)m*/kg 10° N/m’ From Table A-1, 7, = 126 K, pe = 33.9 bar. Then, Tr = 133/126 = 1.53 and ys oe o [¢ 5/0 J ]fa9n0 Nim’) RT. esraason[S ig TR 299 From Fig. A-2, pe = 3.05, giving p = 10.34 MPa (compressibility chart). Vee With constants from Table A-29, ¥ = Mv = (28.01)(4.5/100) = R = 0.08314 bar-m’skmol-K , Eq. 11.12 gives 1.126 m*/kmol , and 083142 = isa) 2 0.126m'/kmol + {« (04074)(0.08314)(193) - 1.0676 — se : (193)? (0.126)? _, (0.002328)(0.08314)(193) - 0.0254] | (0.0254)(1. 2x10") , (7381x107) [, , 0.0053 ] (0.0053 ~ (0.126)° (0.126)° (0.126193) |) * 0.126" |? | 0.126) = 127.35 - 39.88 + 5.98 + 0.81 + 9.46 = 103.72 bar (Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation) ‘Thus, p = 10.37 MPa. The ideal gas value is about 23% higher. The value from the compressibility chart is closely the same. Ne 411.4 Using p-v-T data for saturated water from the steam tables, determine hy — fy at 200°C. Compare with the value obtained using hand h, from the steam tables. (Ans. 1941.3 ki/kg (Tabular Value: 1940.7 kI/kg) duclysis; The value of (hehe) Can be obtvined Crom sahrated Water data, using the Clapeyron equation, Eg il 40: ho-he = TUg-red(4R\ The value ofldp/dT)sat 1s obtained from the turve below using date from Table hi2- Insertiis Values inte Bg, 11.40, ha-he* (478.15 k\(0.1274 = uses x16?) ™ 7A (oeste) (sh divs \ oe bar - he -hes 19443 Et/es * The value Swen thn Teble Az ° at aoore is 1940,7 20/4. There is Good a creement 11.5 Carbon dioxide gas flowing through a heat exchanger operating at steady state is heated at an essentially constant pressure of 7 MPa from 27°C to 427°C, Neglecting kinetic and potential energy changes, determine the heat transfer, in kJ per kg of CO> flowing, and compare with the result obtained using the ideal gas model. (Ans. 610.5 ki/kg, 402 kJ/kg (ideal gas)) Schematic 4 Crvew Dake} 1 2 ee ce. — Se —— Tie Been Te* Tock Pt? MPe Pot 7M Assumpiinusi (i) Contre! volume shown operates at steedy state with Vey *© and ALE = APE +0, (2) The accuracy of Ah usmg anen “haley departure chard 1s sats factory aesFreblem 1. (tont’d) Krelysis: At steady stab, the Mass aud enere ba lances veduee fo => Gey =hya-h, whch becomes, Using E gues, ’ ae gE ES] © 2 het From Ta ble h-27, ht = 948/ZS/hwel, he = 2%, 125 81/6 me. The heat transfer prediited from the idea/ gos wodel ts y= ao (nt-A?) +4 [ewes-qaal= dozer ™ 44.01 5 For Coy, Te 804K, Pe= 739M Pa (Table AD, Pe, * Pe, = 2. 2 0-98 Rr Re 739 Te, = B22 4 0.97 , Te, * 202 2 280 804 30. From Fis A:S, (Ee) ase and (Ie AY ou7 _— 2 Inser tiny values into 3: u) Qey 2 L [27 les-743)- 8-814(0e4)(0./7- 3.8)] th dey : = Glos £T/E; Qu ) Comment: The value of Be/ni obtaried usin the enthalpy Correction Chart ts over 50% Sreater than the Va/ue using the sdee/ 948 Meds! Une11.6 Fora gas obeying the van der Waals equation of state, determine the relations between T and v and between p and v in sentgopi processes for which c, is constant. Analysis; For S=6, Eq te 4¢ yedues fo OF syd BP ee wo From the van der Wea] equation (gr Combining Egy Ud and a) z (ey v-h = on giro dv => eb tv det +8 d laly-b) =0 eee bo lv-b) | wrek cy const, Te ye) ea) Solum Van der Weals e gua tin fort; T=(ub Subedé da dine in £40 for T, (4 ab) (mr a0 >) foe \rea, .) s kl = tonstont = (P+ eV)" a the heat transfer, in Btu/Ibmol. (e) Nitrogen is contained in a closed, rigid tank. Initially the temperature is 360°R and the pressure is 98.7 atm. If the nitrogen is heated until the temperature is 630°R, determine Schematic ¥ Gwen Date: T+ B007%R (Ans. 1411.3 Bru/Ibmol) = 987 ah Te = G30°R Assumplinnsi (*) The system has no change im potentra/ or kinetic €nery. and W202. (2) Generalized proper mt pees prende Values with suthctent accuracy “u-7Problem 17 (ont) Analgsis i dn energy balance yields Q-he All, or Hy-h; and heey, T=h-Pe eh -setr Thus, Q = he-h, - @]2,7,-2,7,] ¢) From Tab/e h-lE, Te © 227°R ) Pee B3-S alm, Thus, = 98:7 2 2.95 5) Te= 360 = 1S? | Te,» OBO = 335 ze7 227 Referring to Fig AZ) 8, & OBS, And Sice Vp * Ve,) Fe% 67 And By mtl Using Eg. wes, — . = : a se hohe wera -Rery- Bre] nh) -(4 -))] Te. BT / Using data Grom Table Ar 23A and Fig h-4, Tek, = 4376.75 - 2498.9 ~ (-Pee)(z27)] 0-82-19] = 2179.9 Bt/ /bmet Insertiig valees inte €3 60, Q 2 21799 - 9861132) - (0.€5)(360)] h = (AU, 3 Blu/lbye| ~—————— & MF11.8 A gaseous mixture consists of 59.4% carbon dioxide and 40.6% methane (molar basis). The mixture is at 38°C and has a specific volume of 0.221 m'/kmol. Estimate the pressure, in bar, using (a) the ideal gas model. (Ans, 117 bar) (b) the Redlich-Kwong equation of state together with mixture values for the constants a and b. (Ans. 83.86 bar) (© Kay's nule together with the generalized compressibility chart. (Ans. 84.8 bar) Schematic 4 Giien Dob} T+ 38% Yeoy = 01594 V = 0.22) memo) Yong 2 0-426 Analysis; (4) Ideal Gos Mode/ PET. (gered fewe)(8/ 4) | 1ber J: 117 berg ®) v le.2z m*/ ene!) 105 /m® (6) Redlck -Kwone Eeuation, with Eg 1.96 and Tebk h-29, ', wat a a=[ors94 (64.43) + 0.406 (32.1) "] = 50, oT berlge ) Pad q b = 01594 (0.02963) + 0.406 (0.02965) = 0102964 Mbps} Using Eg 7, pa (BBE Nem fd) 4) (Bik), ( tbe , ~ Soo7ber (o.221- ©. 02.964) wna) \ =A /m Greil .zziv0.02969) ih = 83,86 bar = =) (©) Kay's Buk Plus 2 fart, With EG. 197 and Teble 4-1, Te> y) Te, + Ye Tee = (0.594) 304)+(0.406)09/) * 256e)K Pei R, + Ye Ry = (0894) 78.9)? (0. toe) $4) 62.74 bar unProblem Ws (dont d) Thus, Tet BI = h2os 258.) . . 2 Ver Cie = (o.221 weno (62.14% Nim") 2 0.646 Ele (8814 Nm Mas K) (258.1 K) From Fig het, 2% 0,725 Thus, P= BET = &Pigen, = (O-72S)(117) = $4.8 bar gi) v ommend: At tis high pressure, the ‘deal ges node! (8 unsatisfietory. Farts lb) ane! (c) are ih Seed Agreement w'th each other. 11.9 A binary solution consists of 20 Ib of carbon dioxide (CO;) and 80 Ib of decane (CioHz2). ‘The partial molal volume of CO; is 0.792 ft*Abmol, and the molal volume of CicHz: is 3.128 fr°/bmol. Determine the total volume, in ft’, and the specific volume of the solution, in ft’ per Ibmol of solution. (Ans. 2.118 f°; 2.083 ft'Abmol) Schematic a Gwen Dota: Meoy = 22 Ib Voy * 0:792 £47//bmel Mewter® 2! Vegys® 3/28 H/ lbw) bene ly s/s? Applying Eg W103 te the volume, V = Neocon * Neri Mewar =(22 ) (0.792) 1) 82 \(avee) 22g ye <—V 4tel 142.38. Ww Nee onli = 2093 HY bys) +—* a Ze vo (Feo) Ck: M- 10Nonreacting Ideal Gas 12 Mixtures and Psychrometrics 12.1 A closed, rigid tank having a volume of 0.1 m° contains 0.7 kg of Nz and 1.1 kg of CO» at 27°C, Determine (a) the composition in terms of mass fractions. (Ans. No: 0.389; CO»: 0.611) (b) the composition in terms of mole fractions. (Ans. ynz = Yoon = 0.5) (c) the partial pressure of each component, in bar. (Ans. py2 = Pco2= 6.2355 bar) (d) the mixture pressure, in bar. (Ans. 12.471 bar) (©) the heat transfer, in kJ, required to bring the mixture to 127°C. (Ans, 129.8 kJ) (O) the entropy change of the mixture for the process of part (e), in KI/K. (Ans. 0.3729 KI/K) Scheme ti. # Gwen Date! J — VO. m? Te 27% Te 12% Ansumphiens! (1) System 13 Stationary. (2) Myhue behaves as an seal can, and back tomponent of mit tures ache as an seal ges. Eack component? occupis the entive Velume a4 the Mivtuye temperature. Analy srs: (a) mes = mi/m (mg dy, = 27 = 0-389 oe) sc (Jeo, = bho ng Obs) 2740] aeProblem 12.1 (ont dJ Ue) nit mi => ny,= 0.7 - 0.0258 mol ite ato! Neos ll 2 0.0zsdkwo/ ‘44.01 Thus, Yus* Yoo, © RC = 2025 20.5 «—_lb) n 0.080 ©) Pee nceT/V 5 My,* Moog and Vie Veo + Pees Ro, * (ozs kno!) (8-814 £Nm /trg-k) (300k rtm?) (10% EA] m*/ bar = 6-23S5 bar te) @) p= Part Peo, 2 2(G:2358)= 12.47/ bar 4) ©) The energy bebnce 1s Q-fs ou QA = ny [Uy lr)- By ltl +ne, Lhe lt) -% (7) Using data Prom Tables A- 23,27, Qx o.ors £ma/)] 814-6229] ES bye) + (0.028) [l2, of6- 6989] =i29@ ST «——___—(e) DNS] Ne bBy, tne, hScop USE Eg 12-86 and yalees of 3° from Tables A-23,27. ds: (o.02s) noi] 200, 071-191, 662- 8-314 ba Pe, JE + lo.ozs) nol [ tes, ees -28, US - $314 ht Pip Ve Loy] era Tea Te, 2 2% Penk n/V ROT B00 Thus, bS2(0.029[5.9972] + (o.02s8.9/¢2] =O, 3729 2U/K cy ke12.2 A mixture having a molar analysis of 66% Nz, 17% CO>, and 17% water vapor enters a turbine at 1000 K, 8 bar with a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s and expands isentropically to a pressure of 1 bar. Ignoring kinetic and potential energy effects, determine for steady- state operation. (a) the temperature at the exit, in K. (Ans. 618 K) (b) the power developed by the turbine, in kW. (Ans. 950.3 kW) Fehematie 4 Gwen Data! ther 1 k Tewock 4,7, T ae Pr the 1 Zz 1bar me els Frstbor z > = Assumptions; (I) Turbine operedes at steady state and is isentropic. (2) APE + ALES. (3) Midure Sellews Da/tons mode/ and Composit iin ts Constant, Analysis} Since expansian_ts (séntropie, 5,28 q, S573, = Va eS net Yeo See8y ont Vago (34°8 )ice (By-3); teevaluated with Eg l2.36, (Ber BiYz = ye TSP) 328 -@ M/A] Fe-F, = Yup L353) -E UA] Y,, [Ese - FT) EUR] + Yateo [SpegTed ~ Big) - BRA] = Thats, Yu Bugle) + Yoon Seay) + Yq wualTe) © ys BT + Yeo, Seah) + Yee Siig (TH) + BLenyA = (oua)(228.0 57) 40.17) (26% 315) +0, lesz S91) + Belt LYy = 21% 687 LT /Lna] +k From Tabhs h-29,25, 27, Ty tan be determined by an iterative procedure. The result is Te = 61K (a) (6) The mass eee balance 44 3 teady Stole yelds Wey= m(h,~ Aa)e a z lie Ch,-Aye) (2-3Problem i2.t (tont'd) M = Ye Muat YeopMeont Yueo Miro = (066) (ZS.01) #(0,17X 4-401) +(0.17)( 18.02) = 29.0.3 Xs my) /Lmoj (mix) h date ts tahee Crom Tables h-23,aS,27. Wey = adgls [Loge (sorz9-1¢i0e)+0,11(42769- 23/86) + és 29084: bwie 017 (3s¢¢2- 21057) | Ynol Wey Wey = 9s0.3¢W 12.3. A mixture consisting of 2.8 kg of Nz and 3.2 kg of O2 is compressed from 1 bar, 300 K to 2 bar, 600 K. During the process, there is heat transfer from the mixture to the surroundings, which are at 27°C. The work done on the mixture is determined to be 2300 KJ. Can this value be correct? (Ans. yes) a = pttber Fe Zbar Tare — Tie Boon | Te = Geel, = imine dinke Surroundings Iesumptions i UW) System Consists of mizturs and immediate surroundings. (2) There 18 to Change o€ State of tra lnme dite Surroundiigs. (3) The mixture and each Component of the mixture behaves a8 an ‘deal gos. Analysis! The approach taken has the objective of determining S, the entropy Pteductien, from a de Lerminction of the yeguired Q and’ &8 por the system with the pied data, AS# A/T, +e. LDProblem 12.3 (lonz‘d!) The energy badnce for the miyture iss Q-we QU Q= AU + w= ny lat, Jen, (Wo, Ww We -eecokl; Atty, Ove bY, arefound in Tables Ae23,24, Q= (ws Saui\(12814- b229) hE + B2 (12940-6242) - 2e00 fT 26.01 Lm! 3% =~ 995,98 £7 Thus, using Eg. lu) TH ny (Ay, Mo (AB, - F/T , wh SE, BLE = 28 [eir.oee- IMeve- e314 be z] 8tel + az [e2e.sde- 208.213 - 8-3/4 m2] - [ ee? Be Boe FL 4610+ 1 SBI4 3.38/98 =. BIEEEV/K &— CO Smee © 18 posihve, the protess 18 possibe because Here ove no Violations ot any thermodywamié principles. 12.4 Two cubic feet of gas A initially at 60°F, 15 Ibffin? is allowed to mix adiabatically with 8 f of gas B initially at 60°F, 5 Ibf/in? Applying ideal gas mixture principles, determine (@) the final mixture pressure, in Ibffin. (Ans. 7 Ioffin.?) (b) the entropy change of each gas in Btu/lbmol°R. (Ans. AS, =3.1963 Btu/Ibmol-°R, AS, = 0.4432 Btw/bmol-°R )Problem 124 (Cont'd) Assumption: The qas mixture and the Individee/ gases behave a8 Idea/ gases. The Delton mode/ apples to the mixtere. Analysis: (4) The fina) pressure 1% found wsme the ideal 9a egue Hien, pener/v, Whe nzMtNng and ViVatVg . T2 TH = TR. n= Mpg? Prva + Py Ve RT San Thus =\Pgve . Pals | ET = Yay 2) 1 Pela « Tete | ET = |e) [ts = EIS) + & [s) = 7 Ube/ine —_& 2 70 (e) Fiid ASp and Ady using Eg. onr. = ° = b3, = (ie dT EMaey = haope [be 2)=3,1163 Be T Va Ua Moa} Re = 2 - <~—_—*) MS, See dT +E MY 2 L986 fe te = 0.4982 Bee = Ys ¢ tha} R 12.5 Two kilograms of Nat 450 K, 7 bar are contained in a rigid tank connected by a valve to another rigid tank holding 1 kg of O2 at 300 K, 3 bar. The valve is opened and the gases are allowed to mix, achieving an equilibrium state at 370 K. Determine (a) the volume of each tank, in m*. (Ans. Vy2= 0.3816 m*; Voz = 0.2598 m*) () the final pressure, in bar. (Ans. 4.93 bar) (©) the heat transfer to or from the gases during the process, in kJ. (Ans. -73.0 k3) (@) the entropy change of each gas, in kI/K. (Ans. ASyz = 0.01484 KIIK , ASo2 = 0.37432 KK 12-6Problem 12.5 (Cont'd) e, p A Ou ! ‘ate |] 2tsqsox ® 1 ds Ter sTek j| Tear peeks} | hssumptions! The miktere and the Individue / goses obey the ideal gas laa. The Delton madel applis to the wixhere. Ana lgass @) Apply ideal gas law to Ne and oz chambers, Vie * Muy ag BTae» 2)(Siet (450) 2 0.3816 mt nee") a) Vou * Moy BoxTen . (Te )(300) 5 o.esgem? Pow Cane (b) The fine) pressure i's determited from total Vand toed ne 3 Pe = DET VE We + Von = 0138/4 0.2576 = Onbt/E mE Vv ne Mn Mog Z +h = o1lor~tdnoy 8B.0) 32 P, = (2 oz7) (0.08314 376) ~ 4.93 bar «—(b) 0.6414. @ The eve ergy balance reduces te Q- “fie an. Usiig d. from Tobles k-23, 24, Qe AU = ny, Oe, - TD) + Nox Ld, - Am) oo io ae oe, se? 9868) + 35 (7738- 6z4z) =-732T (oe) (4) The entropy chen < for each ges “3s Asi = m3 tingle ¢ BD - EB he F Reler to Tebles 423,24 for 5° dela (2-7Problem 12-5(tont d) ASy,* 2 sr tte senate tet Reis] = c,01tet AF or * ee.e1 KI tol where Pays? Yar Pe US PERS) 493 * 3.4275 bar @) &Sp, +L [un 42a- aos. 208- 8.814 fa see 0.314328E a se, 3 K ae Where Too Yoke ye 93 = 1,s07e bar 12.6 Hydrogen (Hz) at 77°C, 4 bar enters an insulated chamber at steady state where it mixes with nitrogen (Nz) entering at 277°C, 4 bar. The mixture exits at 3.8 bar with the molar analysis 75% Hz, 25% Nz. Kinetic and potential energy effects can be ignored. Determine (a) the temperature of the exiting mixture, in °C. (Ans. 127.5°C) (b) the rate at which entropy is produced, in kI/K per kmol of mixture exiting, (Ans. 5.7131 ki/kmole-K ) Schemotic ¥ Guen Dora Resumptionss (1) Steady 304 and Qy=e (2) Eack gas aad the miture Moy be nedead asan ideal gos. Deltou's model apphes to the miydeves (8) Kinetic and potentes /ettects i cnoneds Ana My! (2) The nergy belance for the srhedy- oshde process Js On Qf, -Wey th hth aha Wah Thus, Bye thy whe de 2 08h, +025 Bs m3 Velees for i, ond fiz ore Lound wh Tables 23,25 12-8Problem 12.6 léowt’d) hat 0.75 (997/) + o.zs( e064) = 11494, 28 £V/éne/ ha = 6-78 hulta\+o,25hy (Te) = 11494¢,26 Solsig iHeradntly using Tables 4-23,28, Ty 2 4oo.ske—© (by The entropy rate balance 1% ° O-= ef FAH SL Ss HC Thus, Sev = -né, ~ he de = - 0.78 §,-02S8, ns Fs ry Sq = 0.78 Sy (Ty, ors %) + 125 Sy, (Ty , 0.28 Ty) Obtaining values for ee Tables A-23, 2%, => o.78 TPs Seve 0-275] 5y (ta) - Slt )- B de Ra ee +o.28] 8,1) - Byte) Bb | ons st. c41e ~/3S:208S - (814 LAE a) ] + 0.25 [hee sor - 209, ¢4/~ & wit dele 20 2-0) = 8.7381 £T/dno)' 1K (b) 12.7 The temperature of a wall in a dwelling is 16°C. If the air within the room is at 21°C, what is the maximum relative humidity the air can have before condensation occurs on the wall? (Ans. 0.731) Schemates: # Gwen Dere! sample of pur Palis’e) wart \r- mia oT *7 Of ar ~ ap) (ate zie. (ee inderiove weProblem 12-7 (tone) Kesumptious! As Sample of mais¢ air @pproackes the wall, the system undacoes a foo/vic process ot tonetant total pressure Crom afc te 16"C, Rualgsis; As long 2s no Comdensction of worer decurs, there & Ko Change 1h the partia/ Pressure of He water vapor, Py tYyP and Yy *toxstut WE the inthial yapor pressure, py) is less thon Pe us’e), © as Shown on the T-v diagram, the Sample Will Coo/ to lec without condensation. IF the inétia/ vapor ressure is Greater than Ps), @ as shown on ie Tov diagram, Condensedion W'll occur duriie the cooling process and the sample of moist air will be Saturated ef 16°C, The vapor pressure wel then be egue/ to Py Ue’). Thus, Bray = Palle'e) = O08 ber 20.78) +—H,, Py lair) 0.0487 bar 12.8 An auditorium having a volume of 10° ft’ contains air at 80°F, 1 atm, and a humidity ratio of 0.01 Ib of water vapor per Ib of dry air. Determine (a) the relative humidity. (Ans, 0.459) (b) the dew point temperature, in °F. (Ans. 57.3°F) (c) the mass of water vapor contained in the room, in Ib. (Ans. 723.4 Ib) a tee. wer tat : Pa (ter) lot ees | : ) gate, Lave | 7 Be" [wees M/ tae dew paid tem pare tupe 12-10Problem 12.% (ont'd) Assumptions: (/) The Contents eof the volume 1s a Chesed system. (2) The moist air gels as an ‘deal gos mixture, Gia Dalfon's Lous, Auelysis; The relative hune'di'ty 1% Given by Eg. 12,46, pe Bh + Te fmd Py, use 2g. 12.43, 4 eee prt OD wm (Oot) (14-7 Melia) 20-2326 the ine Wtoeze lorol)+ 1622 Thus, Pt 9.2326 = 0.459 — O.$073 Py obtamed From Table h-2e () Ta, = S2.3°F From Table AZ at p+ 02826 Melia” «— &) (Use salen) gas equation te Find my e) mys PyV 2 (orseenradhbele? (10) . 723.4 bg CHT (1g45)(seeR) Cone f ws My/ma => Me = My = 728.4 = 72, 340 Ib, we 0,01 12.9 Moist air at 30°C, 2 bar, and 50% relative humidity enters a heat exchanger operating at steady state with a mass flow rate of 600 kg/h and is cooled at essentially constant pressure to 20°C. Ignoring kinetic and potential energy effects, determine the rate of heat transfer from the moist air stream, in KJ/h. (Ans. ~6055.6 kI/h) Schematic Y Gwen Dore! Tae : $ pprzbe Ma ==! 9, *50% ms G00ds/h d2-/1Problem 12-9 (tont'd) s rons U) Steady state wk Wey And SKE =SPE +O, ] Most air acts as an ideal gas migture fo/fowim Tal fon's mode /. fnelysist The energy rate balance 1's 07 Ay - Wt Tinaha tinyly], Dhaka +iyhe] s ov Guy + ma hated -helt] + 9 Lived bel} To Solve this equation, Severa/ parame vers need to be determined, % are (i) dew pomt temperature to determine if Condense tion Oceurs: 2) W; GB) mays AY Values of halt) ha lt,), hv Cte), and AvlT), (© Py = , Hylae'e) = lo.sedloodees) = 0.00/28 bar 21,2 (ete. 19.9% 4 30°C, thus there Is no londensation, Therefore, Wy 2 Wes @ we. hyo overs] we |_ ewes / ectuies | Me PP 2-0.02023 = 0.00667 Bays Ayay mn = Gens /k = S46.02 %t0/h ita b 00667 @) halts) and he (T) may be 8 tamed from Table hi2z, hy (Te) and hy ly) are x hy (ry See Bg. 12. 47 and Table h-2. @® was Subst de tots indo Bg. Ui); Quy = St, or jlegair- B03.2i]+ 0. ooee7[esss,-25se.5]} 890.02 J-to.o4- due FVA -GOSS.6 ET/) nom —_—_— Cw 72-1212.10 A closed, rigid tank contains moist air in equilibrium at 80°C with liquid water. The respective masses present are 10.4 kg of dry air, 0.88 kg of water vapor, and 0.17 kg of liquid water. If the tank contents are heated to 160°C, determine (@) the final pressure, in bar. (Ans. 5.01 bar) (b) the heat transfer, in kJ. (Ans. 1058.65 kJ) Schematic ¢ Given Data: 2 °, rn Tee . tore | Tht lbo’e Mas lod ds 0% My, 7 0.88 hs : my, = O17 bs Vgleo"e) Assumpticws: U) Closed system. (2) Most air acts as an ideal gas obeying Dalton’ mode Analgs/s! (a It is necessary to determiie the Volume of the tank in order to determine Pe. MW, Vig + muy Vg 2 o.¥8 (3-407) + 0417 e.001024) My, * mw, 088+ 0417 + Besse m/k, > Valite'e)= 0,807 w/e.) s0 Vapor at Bhite% is superheated: Ail gud has been Veporiged: Pe DB = (W0-4/26.97 4 1 oS/it.ct)by (B3/6 49, »,\(4 38%) (2.9983 m3) 107 2Pa/bar (ay = S.0) bar 2 lb) The energy balance Is Q-J0% AU, Qala Ug tmy UT, - [me Ua + my Us + My, Up i = mala lTa) - Wa (7) + my Ug the) My, UglTi) =m Uy (7) Usiics data from Tab/es A-2, 22, Qe lo,4 (Blo, 1¥- 252,19) +h08 (286¢,4) - (a.re)zee2.2) ~ (0,/7)(334, 8) Q= 603.096 026 96,92 -2194, 386 -S6, 926 = (058, CSKT <«— 4) Comments Suice water 1s present as borh a liguia Gnd & Yepor, Steam table Fora should he used} 1-1312.11 Dry air enters a device operating at steady state at 27°C, 2 bar with a volumetric flow rate of 300 m/min. Liquid water is injected, and a moist air stream exits at 15°C, 2 bar, and 91% relative humidity. Determine (a) the mass flow rate at the exit, in kg/min. (b) the temperature, in °C, of the liquid water injected into the air stream. Ignore heat transfer between the device and its surroundings and the kinetic ané potential energy effects. Known: Dry air at a specified temperature, pressure, and volumetric flow rate enters adevice operating at steady state, Liquid water is injected and a moist air stream exits at a known temperature, pressure, and relative humidity. Find: Determine the mass flow rate at the exit and the temperature of the injected liquid water. Schematic and given data: i Dry ait Ti =27°C Py =2 bar (AV); = 300 f 2 Liquid water Tr Analysis: (1) The control volume shown in the accompanying figure is at steady state with ,, =W,, =0 and negligible kinetic and potential energy effects. (2) The liquid enters as saturated liquid. (3) The dry air and moist air streams act as ideal gases. Analysis: At steady state, mass rate balances give rity, = 1, =i, and ri, =ri,.. The mass flow rate at 1 is obtained using the volumetric flow rate and the ideal gas equation of state: The mass flow rate at 2 is Tit, = tgs +7 =m, (140s) O) To find «3, p,3 = PsP (Ts) = (0.91)(0.01705 bar) = 0.01552 bar, and so 12-1412.12 At steady state, air at 42°C, 1 atm, 30% relative humidity is mixed adiabatically with a second air stream entering at 1 atm. The mass flow rates of the two streams are the same. A single mixed stream exits at 29°C, 1 atm, 40% relative humidity with a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s. For the second entering stream, determine (a) the relative humidity. (b) the temperature, in °C. (©) solve (a) and (b) using the Psychrometric chart Neglect kinetic and potential energy effects. (Ans. 0.40) (Ans. 16°C) (Ans, same as (a) and (b)) Sekemati $ Gwen Data! Tea) yey yeas Ty2 29% o% ate S byt 40% ats eee wr ty mst 26/8 aye? Vee” Pat hth, © late Assumptions! (1) Contre/ volume t& ar steady cee with go Wey to mass balance at steady stak, aur ma, +thag = Mas a iy, thy, = thys = W Ma, +l Maz 2 Wy May stream i Ms matmy =a litw) bh? % Pals) 2 es 3 (0.08268) = 0.024% bar Pry® 74 Ts) = 0.4(0.04008) = 0. 0/603 bar ye ouure | 208+ = 0 0156 Ely) 102 44 Lerses-o. Flay Wye ose), 0.01603 = oo! ZW) O1Bes- 0.0/603. 4s@) Mayt Mga Z = 9 ¥02 Mee) | has 1 = Ott Bocas Tuy hop = Heise Wr hye = Ws rrag Wi mas o (O01) 4802) = (6,0/56, fost) Mar Maya, W9GOU -OGEE = 0.004 det) Aslad Pre= Yom = (0.00#S)iLo/sz5) = 0.00727 har Ooze Hey OCs 12~—16Problem 12.12 (¢oar'd) (od 0.2 Pe = Qeores W) Pg lTe) Py re) : Use an energy vate balance to determine Te it ovder to determme Pelta) > ae he “he tL thay ha, tev, hv, | + Drakes tive buy | - Tiraghag ta hg] © = tira, \ha, #44; hg,\ + tha Ua, te hg) ~ mag Lhagt Wale.) Using Tables b-2 , 22 | ; hae * Webge + Vea Veen tabs) ~ Pray (este he) Thag- ma; F 1.4802 (802.24 0,01 (a8 $4.5) - 0.9¢46(8/8.2740,0/ 56 (3577 €¢)) 19802-09946 hagtwehg, = 300-3 £T/ Acta) Solving tHeratire ly) Te 16° |} =<——— &) From Eq.W) Q, = 9.0072 = Odo «+————(e) O.el8ly C3) & 4% |) w $i IeSe2 isa oI : straight lie Adio ta He miting thames be, Oe OC gore Ti-T, * Ty-Te eG 12-1712.13 Liquid water at 100°F and a mass flow rate of 10,000 Ib/h enters a cooling tower operating at steady state. Cooled water exits the tower at 80°F. Atmospheric air enters at 70°F, 1 atm, 40% relative humidity. Moist air exits at 85°F, 1 atm, 90% relative humidity. No makeup water is provided. (@) the mass flow rate of the entering atmospheric air, in Ib/h. (Ans. 9162 Ib/h) (b) the rate at which water evaporates, in Ib/h. (Ans. 158.4 Ib/h) (©) the mass flow rate of the exiting liquid stream, in Ib/h. (Ans. 9842 Ib/h) Ignore kinetic and potential energy effects. Schematic ¢ Ewen Data Tye tstr, Pye ladm, by 270% anos phere suid at Tat 00°F Ta 70% 2 tb/h Py le be - 4, id at Tes 8,2 40% J Le ad Aesumptionst (D Contre! yolume ts at steady She. Qe = Wey 0, (2) For streams 2 and +) h = helt) daalysiss tt steady she, the Mass balauces aves tha, = Mag tthe and ry, the © Mig tig, Thus, tap © mig tty, ~ Miyg = Mat tha lW)-W) (Ld Me ta, thy, = walle) (ry Late ef evaporation = My,- My, =r (w,-w,) (8) Py, =O PylT) + (A )lo.B682) = 01/4528 Ibe/ii Pry 29s Pla) § (01905907) # 083703 Ihedm® = 0,622 Py, /, = 0622 (0/4528) = 0.0067 thy 14696 -0, 14529 thea) Wg 20.622 [Pag = 0.622(0537028) = 0.0236 Ibi) 14.696 - OS87O3 bea) ME stendy state, the energy balence (si O= Ger~ we + [nha ha, tein hy] tighe -Ltiashegt my bys] = nig he (2-19Problem 12-/8 (tont'd) Introducing gl), O= tha (ha, rhg,l tm, hele) - ma lhgatirg hg.) — The er (Ws Wg )) he (TH) Solving for tha, tha = ma helts) ~he lt) Ohayhag) + hg, Mahgs Lo, us) hg lt) = 10,000 [44.04 - 68.08] 0.24 (70- $8) + 0,006 2 (1092) - 0.0236 [I098.55) -(0,0062- 0.0286 48.04 = 9106 lbs h Insertnig Vales into Eg lz), (a) ray ema (14w,) = ieee accel ee —_— (b) From &3. (9), Tate of avaporation = nrg Gru.) = Ylob (0.0236 - 0.0062) = [SB Fle 4 <— @) W From 2g i) Tag BAe bmg LW, Wy) © 10,000 -1 Se 48 9942 (bg OO) i 12-19Reacting Mixtures 13 and Combustion 13.1 Determine the balanced reaction equation for complete combustion of octane (CsHis) with (a) the theoretical amount of oxygen (Ans. CgHig + 12.5 02 > 8 CO; + 9 H,0) (b) the theoretical amount of air. (Ans. CgHjg + 12.5 [02 + 3.76 Nz] 38 CO, + 9 HzO +47 Nz) (©) 50% excess air. (Ans. CgHig + 18.75 [02 + 3.76 Nz] > 8 CO2 + 9 HO + 6.25 O; +70.5 Nz) Assumption: in parts thdand (el, Np is inert, and 3-76 moks of Ny Gccompany eack moje of O, i” air, Analyastt (a) Fer Complete Combustion of CgHig with the thesvetica) ameunt of Ov, Cetig t XO, > @ Cor +e HO c: Hi les 2, 29 O: ams teev wr dx [ele)edl/rei2s h Cgtig +1218 O, —» Flor t WHO ta) (hr) Complete Combustion wth theoretical air, Ce Aig + 12SJo, +3-760,1 + & Cort VHro+ 47Nz Gy (2) Complete tombustion wi'th 50% sucess aw, Ce Hig + (.S)U2S) [oat 3.76 Na] x Coe +B ror Yo, + 76S We Ci eam Hi Ise 2B, B49 1 US)\(resl2) 2 Za + Qe 2N em ve ozs Sh Coty + 18, 781004 B.-26N2 1 Bont Phot 6:250,4 70,5 Ny yeas 13-)13.2 Butane (C,Hjo) bums with air. If the air-fuel ratio on a mass basis is 12, determine (@) the air-fuel ratio on a molar basis. (Ans. 24.07 kmol air/kmol fuel) (b) the percent excess or percent deficiency of air, whichever is appropriate. (Ans. 22.2% deficiency) Assumption: 8.76 moles of Np accompany each mole of Oz ththe air, Ne ts inert. Ana lyase sayReferrimg te Bg. 18-2, aE = (Mesa AF = PSs.tefetuilems 1) 12 tei) Mar 2-97 hear [Rugs > Fe Gul 4.67 Suclici) Gy Eww) (fuer) Cb) For tomplete combustion wi'th theoretice/ ain, C4 Mp +X (OrtB-7ENa) = RCo, HV HO +3. 704Ne Ci 428 Hitos 2s, es Di ans 2p + =P d= (WS2e Os AF ay, = (es L470) 2 30.94 £uel Gin) 1 Bro} (Cael) Yr deficient ain = 20.94: 24.07 = 0,222 222.27, 30,94 =-——() 13.3 A fuel mixture having a molar analysis of 60% CHs, 30% CzHe, 10% No is supplied to a furnace where it bums completely with 120% of theoretical air. Determine the air-fuel ratio on a (a) molar basis. (Ans. 12.852 kmol air/kmol fuel) (b) mass basis. (Ans. 17.361 kg aitfkg fuel) Assuptpriens! 3.76 moles of Nz per mole of Or)n avr. Ne tert Anelysis{ Base on a mele of Lue/, (0.6 bdly $013 lly FON sn )t 0 (Ort 8.76Ne)—* Boyt YHor eo No (3-2Problem 13-3 ltent'd) Balane me: G1 640.6 ep hale Hi 24t¢u@e ze op vez OO. ams Alurzytes sea zuzgs GY WI 120% theoretize/ air, ke Luayees\(a.7e)/ = 12,82 Zmol(air) ¢ (0) Mo | (fase 1) (b) Fikd M cue WM pues = 0.6 (16-04) $0.3 (30,07) + 0,128.01) = 21.446 7\ = 1236/8 lair) 44h on) tb) 7 Tr (tMar\. This, AF = hr 2") re¥se|: 13.4 Coal with a mass analysis of 80% carbon, 3% sulfur, 17% noncombustible ash bums completely with 120% of theoretical air. Determine the amount of SO, produced, in kg per kg of coal. (Ans, 0.0602 kg SOzikg fuel) kssumptionsi()3-76 moks of Ny per mole Op twain, Neils inert a The ash is noncombustible, Rualysig; On the basis of 10mb: ef Coal, moles of C ands are! ngs £2 26-66/Kuy [Joo ts Coa! 1t.o) Pee B= O:O94 knes/ 100 & toa! S206 Combus tron with theoretical ain yields, (6.6616 + O109FS Ash) + ob (0, +3,76 Nz) —> Bboy +050, 43,76 RK Net Anh ec: es G.G6l; Siz 0.094; OF X= G7ES te (6.6626 40,0944 Ash) 42) (6.755)(0243-76 Nz) — KCOn + BSA, + 0, +112) (G.755N2) + Aoh Mowerer, the anounk of Soe oes Hor charge , This, the mass ef S0r Produced és, Ase, ~ (0:09 tbtctYree = c,0602 ‘lsen) (3-3 Mon13.5 Ethane (C;He) bums completely with air. If the air-fuel ratio on a mass basis is 18, determine (a) the percent excess or percent deficiency of air, whichever is appropriate. (Ans. 12.12% excess) (b) the dew point temperature of the combustion products when cooled at 1 atm. (Ans. 54°C) Assumptions; There are 3.76 moles of He for every moje of Or hh the air. Ne ts snert, Products of Combustion are modehd as an ‘deal gas miyipuren Bone lp sus: (0) Using Eg 13-2, (AP) = £4. tus (AF) = $0.07 (18) = 18,68 Kat lair] MM aie 28.97 Emel (Fuel) The reaction for tomplete Combustion 13, CH, + (2e8\ (On +876 Me) —o ok Cort B Heo ¥(3.92)(8-72)Ny, S5767 san +02 Ci 2 moe; Wi Ga2A, p23} O1 2(892)=443+72¥ rs 0.42 Sy Colts + 3.92 (Op+B.76 Mp) > 2 CO, +BH,O +14,74Nz TOL OL The. reaction with theoretical air js, Cot, + B.5(On73.76Nz)—* 20Oz +BHLO +/3,/GN, OFF Jag, BBS (4076)/1 = 66-06 Smo) (ain £mo! (fuel) % Eecess Air = | AF = AP e| = [jsstentese | 0, 2122 122% OF kee 16-66 ~—@) Ch) Moles of Products N= 2+34+/474¢+0,42 = 20, 16 Low Eu (Gael) Py 2/3. \ (ovses bar) = 0.050% bar CEA ) Dew pent temperature 1s T at p= Pe, ee Fe =| 73-413.6 Octane (Css) is burned with air. The molar analysis of the products on a dry basis is 9.19% CO, 0.24% CO, 7.48% O2, and 83.09% Nz. Determine the percent excess air used. (Ans. 49.9%) Assumptiny} 3:76 Mees Ny foreach mole Oz tu Gir. Ne te ert. Analysis: Based on )00 moles of dry products Oe Cg lig +b LO, FB TENe) — G19 COR+ 0.24 COz +14 FO, + FROG NG HCHO Cl Fa tug tor wae ss7y $18 (UI79) =o 2e Os fO.btl OL the 24,19) $0.24 +2 8) tobi FP bz 2z.090 AF = (22,096) (4.76)/1.179 89.2) For complete tombustiin wi'th theoretical air, _Catig HS (O2+B/76Nz) ™ BCL +9 HO + 47M AF) > Uasd H20)/ho = SHS S % egeeas ain = KE - AP yy = 84-284 S52 01499 = 44.9 FE) thes sus eee 13.7 Ahydrocarbon fuel mixture represented by C,H, bums with air, giving products with a dry molar analysis of 11% COz, 0.5% CO, 2% CH, 1.5% Hz, 6% Oz, and 79% No. Determine the percent of theoretical air used. (Ans. 105%) Aasumption: 3.76 meles Nu for eack Mele Ov hair, Nz is inert hnaly sit! Based on ioomoles of dey products, the reaction is: Cx ty + ACOL+ETG My) WNLOzHOSCO+ TEM +H SHE 6 On +19Nz Cl Ys lltoSte xe IBS +bHd Hi ys @+ B+ 2b = ys u+7b Ot 2a = 22z+oO.S tiz+h @ 2a BhSHh Net 3760279 = ae2ziell — b»7,S22 => 4s 26.044 WIth theopetica) art Coy eHog.ggg t Xld2 44:76 Ne) Ader tho 43-266 Ne 1 B58 Bj Hs 26, 0d¢ 22 we 2/5022; Ol 2k = 2U8S)+/3.022 |? of = 2e.00/ % Heo, air = AFuny 2 (theta! . 05> 105% FE Meo (aero) — (5% everos ain) 13-513.8 Gaseous methane (CH,) at 77°F, | atm enters a furnace operating at steady state and bums completely with 150% of theoretical air entering at 77°F, 1 atm. The products exit at 640°F, I atm. Determine the rate of heat transfer between the furnace and its surroundings, in Btu per Ibmol of fuel. Ignore kinetic and potential energy effects. (Ans. -281,171 Btu/lbmol fuel) Schematic _¢ Given Date tie : Products © & Com bus How 11°F, Lahm 150% Theo —+-4 3 7 edeF, labn #06, 17°F, lab ® Assumptions 1) 3:76 mobs We per meh Op 1h air. Ne I's ert, 2) Cetretuslume af steady stot, Wey £0, BEE=APE*O. (3) ldio/ qas mede/ applicable to Fluid at states 1 and 3. Rualy ees Theoretical air: CHy = 2 (Ort 8. 76Nr) 7 Coat ZHyOtASZN, Gmplete Combustion, 150% theoretical air: Chet nS (WM OLts ION) = CO, +2 Or 1 Op + 1L2ENe . ° Enevay Rate Relance gives: 0 Qy~ ehp-he 4 4 Su P Le + . ne . = . Qu a Unegt nee tH ho tiee hy dy” Chey,),7 8 he tlew hin), a a Lo Unig ha he #4h, oe Qu « [he +h (ted) ~hern),,,* 2p hy +h lice) -h (Alas Peng 2 I +7 tree) Flea, y ze ie Tlues)-htss7] - Wey 3UG%, -nee Khe With date from te b/es A-238, 248, 258, ATE, BOE Bey a]-169, 300448026 ctor]: tb ietote vette text] Ferg +[7850,4-8725.11 % 1h 2¢[7695-3724, §]- [-3z,216) B16 8S2S-19E7/ LF 42S + $4731 432,210 By 2 281,17) BY / ne} (fuel) ————~ Sev Rene nee 13-6Bg Propane gas (C3Hs) at 25°C, 1 atm enters a furnace operating at steady state and bums with 20% excess air entering at 25°C, 1 atm, Of the carbon entering with the fuel, 94% (molar basis) appears in the products as CO, and the rest appears as CO. Heat transfer from the reactor occurs at arate of 1.4 x 10° KI per kmol of fuel. Determine the temperature of the combustion products, in K. Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. Use IT: Interactive Thermodynamics. (Ans. 891 K) 1/ Problem Supplement: 13.9 * For complete combustion of C3H8 with the theoretical amopunt of air C3H8 +5 * (02 +3.76 N2) ===> 3. CO2 + 4H20 + 18.8 N2 Combustion with 20% excess air, with 94% ot the entering carbon goes to CO2 and the rest goes to CO is described by CSHB + 6 (02 + 3.76 N2) 22.58 N2 2.82 CO2 + 0.18 CO + 4H20 + 1.09 02 + At steady state, the energy balance reduces to */ 0 = Qdot / ndotf + hfuel + 6 * (hO2_in + 3.76 * HN2_in) - (2.82 * hCO2 + 0.18 *hCO +4 *hH20 + 1.09 * hO2_out + 22.56 * hN2_out) 1 Known quantities Qdot = -1.4E6 // kJ/kmol of fuel dott = 1 Tiel = 25 + 273.15 IK Ta =25 +273.15/K TP) hCO= h_T('CO",Tp) hH20 = h_T("H20",Tp) O2_out =h_T('02",Tp) fN2_out = h_T(*N2", Bi 7 Results Tp 891.4 tee co. 244 hco2 .659E5 bH20 203E5 BN2_in 0 N2_out 1.79564 hO2_in 0 hO2out —1.896E4 fuel -1.039E5, 7 13-713.10 A closed, rigid vessel initially contains a gaseous mixture of 1 kmol of octane (CsHis) and 300% of theoretical air at 25°C, | atm. If the mixture burns completely, determine the heat transfer from the vessel, in kJ, and the final pressure, in atm, for a final temperature of 1000 K. (Ans, -2,098,250 KJ, 3.42 atm) Schematic J Gwen Data! ha Cedig [= Products | 200% Their 1] 4 I Tes lock | ast, lam | ! md oo initial at sumptions! 3-76 moles Ne pey Mole Op im airs Nz is iiert, (2) de! Gas mode / applicable to initial aud biia/ mixtures. 3) W2O Bualy sis: Combustion equation for 300% theo, air is, Cg Hig + BCID S)MOgF RIN, > ¥ CO, tOHeOFZSOzt IFN The energy balance. Yeduens to Q= Up-Ug=(Upiay) Uinstic?) 6b Qe Cig + Iie t2sMot 141Dy,),- Ue yt 82S Hoyt ttn); For the Ideal gas, =h-2T Substituting Gov U and tollectmg KT tevms, : Qt (Cheogt Thies #EE Hott! iy.” hey, tS, + Atha), ~B% Uear,~174.5T) : Defoieh = hi tbh and Rye for Or aud Nae Using dete from Table A-23, 24,25, 27 and 89, Qe [898,520 + 42,269- 9,364 eg,+ I-24, 820435, 842-9, 904] tzs[B1,389- 868Z], + I41[30,129- Foe Glu, ~ (208,450) ‘ ied = 83/4C(ie8) W200) — 74.5298) ] Wiel 4) B~2,099,251 £5 a Using the s'dea/ gas eguation for a tonstnt Yolume process, BV=n, 27, BV neh Fe (fry( Te), 183 ( E2P)n 3,42) BeGoulb)= Fh. ( ge)? 94 7 Pe ® Bel P = 3421) = 3.42) tot a— 13°F13.11 Methane gas (CH,) at 25°C, 1 atm and a volumetric flow rate of 27 m°/h enters a furnace operating at steady state. The methane burns completely with 140% of theoretical air, entering at 127°C, 1 atm, Products of combustion exit at 427°C, 1 atm. Determine (a) the volumetric flow rate of the air, in m*/h. (b) the rate of heat transfer from the furnace, in kI/h Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. Known: CH, at 25°C, | atm and a volumetric flow rate of 27 m’/h enters a furnace and bums completely with 140% of theoretical air entering at 127°C, 1 atm. Products of combustion exit at 427°C, | atm. Find: Determine (a) the volumetric flow rate of the air and (b) the rate of heat transfer from the furnace. Schematic and given data: CHy 25°C, 1 atm (AV), =27 mh $3 ti Products at ! 427°C, | atm 140% theor air i 127°C, 1 atm Assumptions: (1) The control volume shown in the accompanying figure operates at steady state with W,, =0 and negligible kinetic and potential energy effects. (2) 3.76 moles of No accompany each mole of Oz in the air. Nz is inert. (3) The ideal gas model is applicable to the combustion air and the products of combustion. Analysis: Complete combustion of CH, with 140% of theoretical air is described by CH, +2.8(O, +3.76N, —> CO, +2H,0+0.8 0, +10.528N, (1) (@) The molar flow rate of the fuel is (AV), _ (AV), _ (27m*/h) (1.01325x 10° N/m?) 21,104 RmOM(CHa) RQ 3314 N™_ (98k) h pa kmol-K From Eq. (1), (2.8 x 4.76) kmol of air are required for each kmol of fuel. Thus, the molar flow rate of the air is Figg = (2.84.76) (1.104) = 14.714 KML iD) And so (avy, = _ (14.717) (8314) (400) =8505™ a 1.01325 x 10° 13-9(b) An energy rate balance reduces to give oO = Lo Wor Fas +[2.8hp, +10.528hy, ]-[hco, + 2hy,o +0.8hg, +10.528hy, }, Ten, Hor if + Ah c it + (700) -(298)].,, + 21h} +F(700) -(298)], + 0.8[5(700) 298), 10.528 4700) - (298)],, ~ Gi}),, ~2.8[4 (400) -(298)],, -10.528/f (400) - (298), Inserting data from Tables A-23, 24, 25, 27, 30 a. =[-393,520+27,125~9,364]+ 2 [-241,920+ 24,088 -9,904] + 0.8[21,184 -8,682]+ . 10.528 [20,604 —1 1,640] - (~74,850)—2.8 [11,711 -8,682] = -660,287 kJ/kmol (CH4) Thus Qcy = (1-104) (-660,287) =~728,957 kin 13-1013.12. Liquid octane (CsHie) at 77°F, | atm enters an insulated reactor operating at steady state and bus completely with 400% of theoretical air entering at 77°F, 1 atm, Determine the adiabatic flame temperature, in °R. Use IT: Interactive Thermodynamics. (Ans, 17319 R) 1] Problem Supplement: 13.12 I” The balanced reaction equation for C8H18 buring completely with 400% theoretical air is obtained as follows. First, for theoretical air CBH18 + ath * (02 + 3.76 N2) ===> 8 CO2 +9H20 + ath* 3.76 N2 7 ath =8 + 9/2 1! Now, for 400% theoretical air a=4*ath /* Results: ath = 12.5 and a = 50 C8H18 + 50 * (02 + 8.76 N2) ===> 8CO2+9H20+ 37.502 + 188N2 At steady state, the energy balance reduces to hR = hfuel + 50 * (hO2_in + 3.76 * hN2_in) hP = 8" hCO2 +9 *hH20 + 97.5” hO2_out + 188 * hN2_out bP =hR 11 Known quantities Ta=77 + 459.67 1°R 11 Obtain other data hfuel = -107530 // Data from Table A-30E h_T('02",Ta) >in = h_T("N2",Ta) hCO2 = h_T(’CO2",Tp) T(CH20",Tp) f* Results Tp 1731 —_—— hCo2 -1.557E5 hH20 -9.348E4 hN2_in 6.845E-13 hN2_out 8695 hO2_in 7.82E-43, hO2_out 9196 7 13-7113.13. Propane gas (C3Hs) at 77°F, 1 atm enters an insulated reactor operating at steady state and burns completely with oxygen (Oz) entering at 77°F, 1 atm. If the combustion products exit at 2540°F, determine the percent excess oxygen used. Neglect kinetic and potential energy effects. (Ans. 687%) Schemati # Gwen wares stalleas) b CALE SE Sf : eee tebe Products, Ty = 2S40°F 79°75 bye 7 sy Msumphens: US Contre! volume opiretss at steady stote; Qep + Wey #0. (2) Lomplel. Lombus ton occurs, (3) Preclucts rhe deleel as an /deal cas. doraliy sis; Complete Combustion with ezeess alr is, CyHg + SKO, 3C0,+4H,0 + §(x-1)OQ xe | Sor theoretice/ amount of Op The enerqy balance at Shady suk 1s hp=he ow [3 eos Ahaot £08) Foy] = Thegteegl? fsx Ged], Note Het h rhe tbh, hy so for Ox, and da Grom Tahks A- -24E, ASE, B1E, and A- zoe ave applied. 3UKG +h (aces) Tilsen), +4 (hp Rsese) -hiss7),, + SGD (Reco Tica) o.¢ ( Teed At) +sxto) Sowing Gor kt Y= CBE enya ~ BU5 #% eed “hl (sell, - aL g + (mec) Ak (sof) reflow Hi, eT hk (30ce) - Fissnlo, = (- 44, 6¢0)~ 3(-169,300%34807- 4org)- 4(-104, 0404283874 25¢)15(28919- 3725) 6 (2397/8 -3725) X= 287 %o uss O2 = [linen - ‘Je G87 = 689% <— & (3-12Chemical And 14 Phase Equilibrium 14.1 An equilibrium mixture at 1 atm has a molar analysis of 86.53% CO, 8.98% CO, and 4.49% Oz. Determine logioK for COz * CO +4 O2. (Ans. -1.658) Assumption: Ideal gas principles apply Analysis! Ea. (4.32 Gov the present Case takes the Berm: 1 ve iehel Ke (4es)( Yosh [4] : . Pre (Yeor with Pe Pry Ye. k= (o.099)(o, 0449)" log, k #~ 1.658 *— 0. 8653 Comment! Usnig the taleuaed Value for loggk ) Table 4-82 indieads that the temperature of the egurhibriieme Miifure ts near 24/0 K (4-114.2 One Ibmol of CO; dissociates to form an equi ium mixture of CO2, CO, and Oat 4710°F. Determine the equilibrium composition if the pressure is, (@) Latm, (Ans. 0.6568 COs, 0.3432 CO, 0.1716 02) (b) 10 atm. (Ans. 0.82 CO, 0.18 CO, 0.09 O2) Use IT: Interactive Thermodynamics. 11 Problem Supplement: 14.2 Applying the conservation of mass principle co2 c > (1-x) CO2+yCO+202 Ax) 4y or y=Xx O: 2=2(1-x)+y of z=x/2 Thus COZ ===> (1 -x) CO2 +x CO+x202 Now, the composition can be expressed as ” ior the reaction CO2 <: 1 Equation 14.35 takes the form K = ((nCO * n02N1/2)) / NCO2)* (p/ pref) / n)(1+1/2-1) 1/ Using data from Table A-32 at 5170°R K=02 1° Using the SOLVE button, obtain the solution for Then, change p to 10 and solve again. The results are p=tatm nCO 0.3432 nC020.6568 n02 0.1716 x 0.9432 p=10atm ACO 0.1803 nC020.8197 n02 0.09014 x 0.1803 ” l4e214.3 One kmol of H20 dissociates to form an equilibrium mixture of HO, Hz, and Op. Determine the equilibrium composition for a pressure of 1 atm if the temperature is 3000 K. Repeat for a pressure of 10 atm. Known: One kmol of HzO dissociates to form an equilibrium mixture of H2O, Hz, and O2 at 3000 K. Find: Determine the equilibrium composition if (a) p = 1 atm, (b) p = 10 atm. Assumption: ‘The equilibrium mixture is modeled as an ideal gas mixture. Analysis: Applying the conservation of mass principle. 1H,0 > (1- x) H,0+y Hp +zO, H: 2=2(1-x)+2y>yax O: 1=(1-x) +2¢=9 2532/2 Thus 1,0 - (1 - x) H,0 +x Hy +x/2 0, Where | - x is the amount of HO, in kmol, present in the mixture. The amount of mixture is n = (l-x) tx 422= 2422. At equilibrium H,0 = Hy +% Oz. Accordingly, Eq. 14.35 takes the form GIBRP {geen U=x) [@+x7. Colts 7 From Table A-32 at 3000 K, logioK = -1.343 giving K = 0.04539. Thus Eq. (1) gives i oanos=(2\(35] 2) ° (a) p=1atm. Eq, (2) becomes a ooor0s= (*)[ = Jasco =e The equilibrium mixture is then {0.852 HzO, 0.148 H», 0.074 O2} (b) p= 10 atm. Eq. (2) becomes 0.000206 = (I = Jascoons i=x )\ 24x The equilibrium mixture is then {0.9284 HzO, 0.0716 Hp, 0.0358 Oo} 14-314.4 Determine the temperature, in K, at which 1 kmol of CO> dissociates to form an equilibrium mixture of CO2, CO, and O; containing 0.9 kmol of CO> at a pressure of 2 atm. (Ans. 2490 K) hssumption: Equi briam miyture Moded as an ideal ges. Analysis} The veaction I$ i 1 C0, 0.9 Lo, +h0o +B OZ. Ci le OGe ae Spade Oi] OL LaLeHOI+7B =7 BOOS Thus, 1€0,— 0:9 60, +0./004 0,050, The amount of miylure Is nz O.4t01+ 0.052 1.05 bol Ab equi l'briu a 00,2 CO+k OL. BG. 14.35 tates Hefrm! [o. Mies Fl Fee | [o-97 [ T.OS With P/Preg 22, Ka cB yee ieee hos lnterpolatoig th Table K-32, Tx a490K *——T 14.5 One kmol of CO and 1 kmol of O2 react to form an equilibrium mixture at 3000 K consisting of CO2, CO, and O2 in which 0.807 kmol of CO; is present. Determine the pressure, in atm, (Ans. 5.014 atm) LE gull'brivin misture modeled as ideal cas. Aualy sia! The reactisn t's; 1COr+ 102 70.807 Copth COBO, C1 le O€oTtA a> <5 0193 O! 32 20.801) +0.193 +268 =e O.596S Thus, 1COt 102 0.307 Coz + ON FBC OF OSIOS O, The amount of micture Is Nz 0801+ 0.1984 0,S965 2h S76Sbm) At egurLbriiine, Cz COL On. Eg lt 35 becomes pee B98 lo. s4q6s]"* [ F/Pree 1% Lo-go7] 15965 From Table 82 at 2000k, loys, K=~ OF 8S =PKz 0.32734, Thus, Kz O.327384= (e198 ystbaee ”(F/ Aap) Ye Wrrek z 5, 0;¢ =? P2=S:014 hye ~<———P 14-4