Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 11 (2015) 361 – 367

*OREDO&KDOOHQJHV3ROLF\)UDPHZRUN 6XVWDLQDEOH'HYHORSPHQWIRU0LQLQJRI
0LQHUDODQG)RVVLO(QHUJ\5HVRXUFHV*&3)

$5HYLHZRQ6RODU3RZHUHG$LU&RQGLWLRQLQJ6\VWHP
5DYL*XJXORWKXD1DJD6DUDGD6RPDQFKLD+LPD%LQGX%DQRWKEDQG.LVKDQ
%DQRWKXD
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, JNTUH College of Engineering, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana State,
India,500085
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vasavi College of Engineering, Ibrahimbagh, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, 500031

$EVWUDFW

7KH WZHQW\ ILUVW FHQWXU\ LV UDSLGO\ EHFRPLQJ WKH SHUIHFW HQHUJ\ VWRUP PRGHUQ VRFLHW\ LV IDFHG ZLWK
YRODWLOHHQHUJ\SULFHVDQGJURZLQJHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQFHUQVDVZHOODVHQHUJ\VXSSO\DQGVHFXULW\LVVXHV
2QHRIWKHJUHDWHVWFKDOOHQJHVIDFLQJPDQNLQGLQWKHWZHQW\ILUVWFHQWXU\LVHQHUJ\)RVVLOIXHOVVXFKDV
FRDO SHWUROHXP DQG QDWXUDO JDV KDYH EHHQ WKH PDLQ HQHUJ\ UHVRXUFHV IRU HYHU\WKLQJ YLWDO IRU KXPDQ
VRFLHW\7KHEXUQLQJRIIRVVLOIXHOVKDVFDXVHGDQGLVFDXVLQJGDPDJHWRWKHHQYLURQPHQWRIHDUWK%\
WKHGHPDQGIRUHQHUJ\FRXOGGRXEOHRUHYHQWULSOHDVWKHJOREDOSRSXODWLRQJURZVDQGGHYHORSLQJ
FRXQWULHVH[SDQGWKHLUHFRQRPLHV7KLVKDVDOUHDG\UDLVHGFRQFHUQVRYHUSRWHQWLDOVXSSO\GLIILFXOWLHV
GHSOHWLRQRIHQHUJ\UHVRXUFHVDQGH[SHGLWLQJHQYLURQPHQWDOLPSDFWVOLNHR]RQHOD\HUGHSOHWLRQJOREDO
ZDUPLQJ DQG FOLPDWH FKDQJH HWF 7KH PRVW DEXQGDQW HQHUJ\ UHVRXUFH DYDLODEOH WR KXPDQ VRFLHW\ LV
VRODU HQHUJ\ 7KH XWLOL]DWLRQ RI VRODU HQHUJ\ LV DV ROG DV KXPDQ KLVWRU\ $PRQJ YDULRXV W\SHV RI
UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ UHVRXUFHV VRODU HQHUJ\ LV WKH OHDVW XWLOL]HG $LU FRQGLWLRQLQJ LV HVVHQWLDO IRU
PDLQWDLQLQJWKHUPDOFRPIRUWLQLQGRRUHQYLURQPHQWVSDUWLFXODUO\IRUKRWDQGKXPLGFOLPDWHV7RGD\
DLUFRQGLWLRQLQJFRPSULVLQJFRROLQJDQGGHKXPLGLILFDWLRQKDVEHFRPHDQHFHVVLW\LQFRPPHUFLDODQG
UHVLGHQWLDO EXLOGLQJV DQG LQGXVWULDO SURFHVVHV 'XULQJ WKH VXPPHU WKH GHPDQG IRU HOHFWULFLW\ JUHDWO\
LQFUHDVHVEHFDXVHRIWKHH[WHQVLYHXVHRIDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHPV7KLVLVDVRXUFHRIPDMRUSUREOHPV
LQ WKH FRXQWU\¶V HOHFWULFLW\ VXSSO\ DQG FRQWULEXWHV WR DQ LQFUHDVH RI &2 HPLVVLRQV FDXVLQJ WKH
HQYLURQPHQWDOSROOXWLRQDQGJOREDOZDUPLQJ2QWKHRWKHUKDQGYDSRXUFRPSUHVVLRQDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJ
V\VWHPVKDYHLPSDFWVRQVWUDWRVSKHULFR]RQHGHSOHWLRQEHFDXVHRIWKHFKORURIOXRURFDUERQV&)&DQG
WKH K\GUR IOXRURFDUERQ +&)& UHIULJHUDQWV 7KH XVH RI VRODU HQHUJ\ WR GULYH FRROLQJ F\FOHV LV
DWWUDFWLYHVLQFHWKHFRROLQJORDGLVURXJKO\LQSKDVHZLWKVRODUHQHUJ\DYDLODELOLW\7RFRROZLWKVRODU
WKHUPDOHQHUJ\RQHVROXWLRQLVWRXVHDQDEVRUSWLRQFKLOOLHUXVLQJZDWHUDQGOLWKLXPEURPLGHVROXWLRQ
6RODU DLU FRQGLWLRQLQJ V\VWHPV KHOS WR PLQLPL]H IRVVLO IXHO HQHUJ\ XVH $PRQJ WKH HYROYLQJ HQHUJ\
HIILFLHQW DLU FRQGLWLRQLQJ WHFKQRORJLHV DUH OLTXLG GHVLFFDQW DLU FRQGLWLRQLQJ /'$& V\VWHPV ZKLFK
KDYHVKRZHGSURPLVLQJSHUIRUPDQFHGXULQJWKHSDVWGHFDGHVDQGDUHEHOLHYHGWREHDVWURQJFRPSHWLWRU
ZLWK WKH ZLGHO\ XVHG FRQYHQWLRQDO DLU FRQGLWLRQLQJ V\VWHPV &$& 'HVLFFDQW HYDSRUDWLRQ FRROLQJ
WHFKQRORJ\LVHQYLURQPHQWDOIULHQGO\DQGFDQEHXVHGWRFRQGLWLRQWKHLQGRRUHQYLURQPHQWRIEXLOGLQJV
8QOLNHFRQYHQWLRQDODLUFRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHPVWKHGHVLFFDQWDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHPVFDQEHGULYHQE\
ORZJUDGHKHDWVRXUFHVVXFKDVVRODUHQHUJ\DQGLQGXVWULDOZDVWHKHDW,QWKLVVWXG\DIRFXVLVPDGHRQ
UHGXFWLRQLQ$LU&RQGLWLRQLQJFDSDFLW\IXHOVDYLQJVDQGHPLVVLRQUHGXFWLRQVDWWDLQDEOHWKURXJKWKHXVH
RIVRODUHQHUJ\

© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU%9
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the Global Challenges, Policy Framework &
‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU%9
Sustainable Development for Mining of Mineral and Fossil Energy Resources.
3 L G LELOLW I L L LWW I WK *O E O &K OO 3 OL ) N 6 W L EO
1878-5220 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the Global Challenges, Policy Framework &
Sustainable Development for Mining of Mineral and Fossil Energy Resources.
doi:10.1016/j.proeps.2015.06.073
362 Ravi Gugulothu et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 11 (2015) 361 – 367

Keywords:6RODU(QHUJ\'HVLFFDQW$LU&RQGLWLRQLQJ6\VWHP+XPLGLILFDWLRQDQG'HKXPLGLILFDWLRQ&RQYHQWLRQDO$LU
&RQGLWLRQLQJ

 ,QWURGXFWLRQ

$V D NLQG RI UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ VRODU HQHUJ\ LV SDLG PRUH DQG PRUH DWWHQWLRQ LQ WKH ZRUOG 6RODU
V\VWHPFDQEHFODVVLILHGLQWRWZRFDWHJRULHVWKRVHDUHWKHUPDOV\VWHPVZKLFKFRQYHUWVRODUHQHUJ\WR
WKHUPDO HQHUJ\ DQG SKRWRYROWDLF V\VWHPV ZKLFK FRQYHUW VRODU HQHUJ\ WR HOHFWULFDO HQHUJ\ +RZHYHU
PRUH VRODU UDGLDWLRQ ZKLFK IDOOLQJ RQ SKRWRYROWDLF FHOOV LV QRW FRQYHUWHG WR HOHFWULFLW\ EXW HLWKHU
UHIOHFWHG RU FRQYHUWHG WR WKHUPDO HQHUJ\ 7KLV PHWKRG OHDGV WR D GURS RI HOHFWULFLW\ FRQYHUVLRQ
HIILFLHQF\GXHWRDQLQFUHDVHLQWKHSKRWRYROWDLFFHOOVZRUNLQJWHPSHUDWXUH
,QWKHSDVWFHQWXU\VFLHQWLILFFRPPXQLW\KDVGHYRWHGPXFKHIIRUWWRSURFXUHHQHUJ\VXVWDLQDELOLW\RI
KRXVLQJLQWZRPDLQGLUHFWLRQVWKRVHDUHUHGXFLQJH[WHUQDOHQHUJ\VXSSO\DQGXVLQJUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\
IRU WKH UHPDLQLQJ ,Q ERWK ZD\V VRODU UHVRXUFHV DUH JDLQLQJ SRSXODULW\ EHFDXVH WKH\ LQFUHDVH HQHUJ\
LQGHSHQGHQFHDQGVXVWDLQDELOLW\DWWKHVDPHWLPHRIIHULQJQHDUO\]HURLPSDFWWRWKHHQYLURQPHQW
7KH PRGHUQ FRPIRUW OLYLQJ FRQGLWLRQV DUH DFKLHYHG DW WKH FRVW RI YDVW HQHUJ\ UHVRXUFHV *OREDO
ZDUPLQJ DQG R]RQH GHSOHWLRQ DQG WKH HVFDODWLQJ FRVWV RI IRVVLO IXHOV RYHU WKH ODVW IHZ \HDUV WR WKH
GHVLJQDQGFRQWURORIEXLOGLQJHQHUJ\V\VWHPV6RODUHQHUJ\LVDEXQGDQWDQGFOHDQLWLVPHDQLQJIXOWR
VXEVWLWXWHVRODUHQHUJ\IRUFRQYHQWLRQDOHQHUJ\6RODUHQHUJ\WKHUHIRUHKDVDQLPSRUWDQWUROHWRSOD\LQ
WKHEXLOGLQJHQHUJ\V\VWHPV
7KH LQFUHDVLQJ VFDUFLW\ DQG FRVW RI IRVVLOIXHOVDQG LQFHQWLYHVWRUHGXFHJUHHQKRXVH JDVHPLVVLRQV
KDYHOHGWRDJURZLQJLQWHUHVWLQVRODUHQHUJ\6RODUHQHUJ\LVZLGHO\DIIRUGDEOHDQGKDVWKHFDSDELOLW\
WRPHHWKRXVHKROGGHPDQGRYHUWKH\HDU8QIRUWXQDWHO\LWVLQWHUPLWWHQF\DQGYDULDELOLW\ZLWKZHDWKHU
FRQGLWLRQVWLPHDQGVHDVRQVOHDGWRDPLVPDWFKEHWZHHQKHDWLQJGHPDQGDQGVRODUHQHUJ\DYDLODELOLW\
$LU FRQGLWLRQLQJ V\VWHPV DUH LQVWDOOHG LQ EXLOGLQJV WR SURYLGH WKH RFFXSDQWV ZLWK KHDOWK\ DQG
SURGXFWLYHHQYLURQPHQWV&RQVLGHUDEOHDPRXQWRIHQHUJ\LVFRQVXPHGLQWKHRSHUDWLRQRIWKHZLGHO\
XVHG HQHUJ\ LQHIILFLHQW FRQYHQWLRQDO DLU FRQGLWLRQLQJ V\VWHPV ZKLFK OHDGV WR VHYHUDO HQYLURQPHQWDO
SUREOHPV WKDW DUH UHODWHG WR HQHUJ\ SURGXFWLRQ VXFK DV DLU SROOXWLRQ JOREDO ZDUPLQJ DQG DFLG
SUHFLSLWDWLRQ
)URP UHFHQW VWXGLHV WKRVH EXLOGLQJV DUH UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH FRQVXPSWLRQ RI DURXQG  RI WKH
SULPDU\HQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQDQGWKHHPLVVLRQRIQHDUO\RIWKHJUHHQKRXVHJDVHVLQWKHZRUOG
$Q DLU FRQGLWLRQLQJ V\VWHP FRQVLVWV RI FRPSRQHQWV DQG HTXLSPHQW DUUDQJHG LQ VHTXHQWLDO RUGHU WR
KHDW RU FRRO KXPLGLI\ RU GHKXPLGLI\ FOHDQ DQG SXULI\ DWWHQXDWH REMHFWLRQDEOH HTXLSPHQW QRLVH
WUDQVSRUW WKH FRQGLWLRQHG RXWGRRU DLU DQG UHFLUFXODWH DLU WR WKH FRQGLWLRQHG VSDFH DQG FRQWURO DQG
PDLQWDLQDQLQGRRURUHQFORVHGHQYLURQPHQWDWRSWLPXPHQHUJ\XVH
0RVWRIWKHDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHPVSHUIRUPWKHIROORZLQJIXQFWLRQV
D 3URYLGHWKHFRROLQJDQGKHDWLQJHQHUJ\UHTXLUHG
E &RQGLWLRQWKHVXSSO\DLUKHDWRUFRROKXPLGLI\RUGHKXPLGLI\FOHDQDQGSXULI\DQGDWWHQXDWH
DQ\REMHFWLRQDEOHQRLVHSURGXFHGE\WKHVHV\VWHPV
F 'LVWULEXWHWKHFRQGLWLRQHGDLUFRQWDLQLQJVXIILFLHQWRXWGRRUDLUWRWKHFRQGLWLRQHGVSDFH
G &RQWURO DQG PDLQWDLQ WKH LQGRRU HQYLURQPHQWDO SDUDPHWHUV VXFK DV WHPSHUDWXUH KXPLGLW\
FOHDQOLQHVV DLU PRYHPHQW VRXQG OHYHO DQG SUHVVXUH GLIIHUHQWLDO EHWZHHQ WKH FRQGLWLRQHG
VSDFHDQGVXUURXQGLQJZLWKLQSUHGHWHUPLQHGOLPLWV




1.1. Applications of air conditioning system

D ,QVWLWXWLRQDOEXLOGLQJVVXFKDVVFKRROVFROOHJHVXQLYHUVLWLHVOLEUDULHVKRVSLWDOVDQGQXUVLQJ
KRPHVPXVHXPVLQGRRUVWDGLXPVFLQHPDWKHDWUHVHWF
E &RPPHUFLDOEXLOGLQJVVXFKDVRIILFHVVWRUHVDQGVKRSSLQJFHQWUHVVXSHUPDUNHWVGHSDUWPHQW
VWRUHVUHVWDXUDQWVDQGRWKHUV
 Ravi Gugulothu et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 11 (2015) 361 – 367 363

F 5HVLGHQWLDO EXLOGLQJV LQFOXGLQJ KRWHOV PRWHOV VLQJOH IDPLO\ DQG PXOWLIDPLO\ ORZ ULVH
EXLOGLQJVRIWKUHHRUIHZHUVWRULHVDERYHJUDGH
G 0DQXIDFWXULQJEXLOGLQJVZKLFKPDQXIDFWXUHDQGVWRUHSURGXFWVIRUH[DPSOHVPHGLFLQHV
H 7KHWUDQVSRUWDWLRQVHFWRUVOLNH$XWRPRELOHVDLUFUDIWUDLOURDGFDUVEXVHVDQGFUXLVLQJVKLSV
HWF
$LU FRQGLWLRQLQJ V\VWHPV DUH PDLQO\ IRU WKH RFFXSDQW¶V KHDOWK DQG FRPIRUW 7KH\ DUH RIWHQ FDOOHG
FRPIRUWDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHPV

1.2. Principle of air conditioning system

)LJXUHVKRZVWKHZLQGRZPRXQWHGDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHP7KHFDELQHWLVGLYLGHGLQWRLQGRRUDQG
RXWGRRUFRPSDUWPHQWVZKLFKDUHVHSDUDWHGE\LQVXODWHGZDOOWRUHGXFHWKHKHDWWUDQVIHU7KH';FRLO
DQG LQGRRU IDQ DUH LQ WKH LQGRRU FRPSDUWPHQW 7KH RXWGRRU FRPSDUWPHQW FRQWDLQV WKH FRPSUHVVRUV
FRQGHQVHUVRXWGRRUIDQFDSLOODU\WXEHDQGIDQPRWRU7KHIDQPRWRURIWHQKDVDGRXEOHHQGHGVKDIW
ZKLFKGULYHVERWKIDQVDWDWLPH


)LJ:LQGRZPRXQWHGDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJ

5HWXUQ DLU IURP WKH FRQGLWLRQHG VSDFH IORZV WKURXJK D FRDUVH DLU ILOWHU DQG LV FRROHG DQG
GHKXPLGLILHG LQ D '; FRLO DQG WKHQ HQWHUV WKH LQOHW RI WKH LQGRRU IDQ ,Q D URRP DLU FRQGLWLRQHU WKH
LQGRRUIDQLVDIRUZDUGFXUYHGFHQWULIXJDOIDQ7KHFRQGLWLRQHGDLULVSUHVVXULVHGLQWKHLPSHOOHUDQG
IRUFHGWKURXJKWKHDLUSDVVDJHWKDWOHDGVWRWKHVXSSO\JULOOH7KHFRQGLWLRQHGDLULVWKHQVXSSOLHGWRWKH
FRQGLWLRQHGVSDFHWRRIIVHWWKHVSDFHFRROLQJORDG
2XWGRRUDLULVH[WUDFWHGE\WKHSURSHOOHUIDQDQGIRUFHGWKURXJKWKHFRQGHQVLQJFRLOVLQZKLFKKRW
JDVHRXVUHIULJHUDQWLVFRQGHQVHGWROLTXLGUHIULJHUDQW'XULQJFRQGHQVDWLRQFRQGHQVLQJKHDWLVUHOHDVHG
WRWKHRXWVLGHWKURXJKWKHFRROLQJDLU$SRUWLRQRIRXWGRRUYHQWLODWLRQDLULVH[WUDFWHGE\WKHLQGRRUIDQ
DQGPL[HGZLWKWKHUHWXUQDLU7KHRSHQLQJRIWKHRXWGRRUYHQWLODWLRQDLULQWDNHLVDGMXVWDEOH
6FLHQWLVWV DQG HQJLQHHUV DUH WU\LQJ WR GHYHORS PRUH HIILFLHQW DLU FRQGLWLRQLQJ V\VWHPV WKDW DUH
FDSDEOH RI DFKLHYLQJ JRRG LQGRRU DLU TXDOLW\ ZLWK ORZ HQHUJ\ FRQVXPSWLRQ UDWHV DQG DLU SROOXWLRQ
HPLVVLRQV$PRQJWKHHYROYLQJHQHUJ\HIILFLHQWDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJWHFKQRORJLHVDUHOLTXLGGHVLFFDQWDLU
FRQGLWLRQLQJ/'$&V\VWHPVZKLFKKDYHVKRZHGSURPLVLQJSHUIRUPDQFHGXULQJWKHSDVWGHFDGHVDQG
DUH EHOLHYHG WR EH D VWURQJ FRPSHWLWRU ZLWK WKH ZLGHO\ XVHG FRQYHQWLRQDO DLU FRQGLWLRQLQJ V\VWHPV
&$&
7KHDLUKDQGOLQJLQDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHPVZDVPRLVWEHFDXVHRIWKHGHKXPLGLILFDWLRQSURFHVVLQ
VXPPHU VR EDFWHULD ZHUH HDVLO\ SURSDJDWHG DQG GHYHORSHG ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH DLU KXPLGLW\ LQ PRLVW
FHQWUDODLUFRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHPVLVVHOGRPFRQWUROOHG7KLVFDXVHVSHRSOHWRIHHOXQFRPIRUWDEOHLQVXFK
DLUFRQGLWLRQLQJURRPV6RODUHQHUJ\GULYHQOLTXLGGHVLFFDQWFRROLQJDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHPV/'&6
FDQ LPSURYH LQGRRU DLU TXDOLW\ DQG UHGXFH HOHFWULFDO HQHUJ\ FRQVXPSWLRQ DQG KDYH EHHQ UHJDUGHG
KLJKO\E\UHVHDUFKHUVDQGHQJLQHHUVLQUHFHQW\HDUV
7KHGHVLFFDQWEDVHGDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHPFRPHVWREHRQHRIWKHSURVSHFWLYHDOWHUQDWLYHVIRUWKH
WUDGLWLRQDOYDSRXUFRPSUHVVLRQDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHPV

1.3. Literature review

364 Ravi Gugulothu et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 11 (2015) 361 – 367

$KPHG + $EGHO 6DODP DQG &DUH\ - 6LPRQVRQ  SURSRVHG D PHPEUDQH OLTXLG GHVLFFDQW DLU
FRQGLWLRQLQJ 0/'$& V\VWHP PRGHOOHG XVLQJ WKH 7516<6 EXLOGLQJ HQHUJ\ VLPXODWLRQ VRIWZDUH
7KH IRXU DLU FRQGLWLRQLQJ V\VWHPV LQYHVWLJDWHG LQ WKLV VWXG\ DUH HYDOXDWHG IURP WHFKQLFDO
HQYLURQPHQWDODQGHFRQRPLFSRLQWVRIYLHZV7KH\IRXQGWKDWWKHHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQRIWKHV\VWHPV
ZLWK DQ (59 LQFUHDVHV DV WKH H[KDXVW DLUIORZ GHFUHDVHV (QHUJ\ FRQVXPSWLRQV RI WKH &$&(59
LQFUHDVHVE\DQG0/'$&(59LQFUHDVHVE\ZKHQ5H[KDXVWGHFUHDVHVIURPWR:KHQ0
/'$&V\VWHPLVXVHG&2HPLVVLRQVGHFUHDVHE\FRPSDUHGWR&$&V\VWHPDQG&2UHGXFWLRQ
JRHVWRZKHQ(59XVHGDW5H[KDXVWHTXDOWRXQLW\LQWKH0/'$&V\VWHP,WZDVIRXQGWKDWWKH
HOHFWULFDOWKHUPDODQGWRWDO&23VRIWKH0/'$&V\VWHPDUHDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\,QWKHLU
VLPXODWLRQ UHVXOWV WKH 0/'$& V\VWHP LV D SURPLVLQJ V\VWHP IURP WHFKQLFDO HQYLURQPHQWDO DQG
HFRQRPLFSRLQW RIYLHZV0RUHHQHUJ\ VDYLQJV FDQ EH DFKLHYHG WKURXJKWKH LQWHJUDWLRQ RIDQHQHUJ\
UHFRYHU\YHQWLODWRUDVRODUWKHUPDOV\VWHPRUDKHDWSXPSZLWKWKHSURSRVHG0/'$&V\VWHP
%DOJKRXWKL 0 HW DO  GLG FRPSXWHU PRGHO DQG VLPXODWLRQV XVLQJ WKH 7516<6 DQG ((6
SURJUDPVZLWKPHWHRURORJLFDOGDWD7KHV\VWHPRSWLPL]HGIRUDW\SLFDOEXLOGLQJRIPDUHDFRQVLVWV
RIDZDWHUOLWKLXPEURPLGHDEVRUSWLRQFKLOOHURIDFDSDFLW\RIN:DPIODWSODWHFROOHFWRUDUHD
WLOWHG  IURP WKH KRUL]RQWDO DQG  O KRW ZDWHU VWRUDJH WDQN 7KH VLPXODWLRQ UHVXOWV VKRZ WKDW
DEVRUSWLRQVRODUDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHPVDUHVXLWDEOHXQGHU7XQLVLDQFRQGLWLRQV
(OVKHUELQL$/DQG0DKHVKZDUL*3WKH\IRXQGWKDWWKHWKHRUHWLFDOLQFUHDVHLQWKHFRHIILFLHQW
RI SHUIRUPDQFH &23 GXH WR VKDGLQJ LV ZLWKLQ  WKLV VPDOO LPSURYHPHQW LQ LGHDO HIILFLHQF\
GHFUHDVHV DW KLJKHU DPELHQW WHPSHUDWXUHV ZKHQ HQKDQFHPHQWV WR HIILFLHQF\ DUH PRUH QHHGHG 7KH
DFWXDO HIILFLHQF\ LPSURYHPHQW GXH WR VKDGLQJ LV QRW H[SHFWHG WR H[FHHG  DQG WKH GDLO\ HQHUJ\
VDYLQJVZLOOEHORZHU
*XR - DQG 6KHQ + *  VWXGLHG D OXPSHG PHWKRG FRPELQHG ZLWK G\QDPLF PRGHO DQG
LQYHVWLJDWHG WKH SHUIRUPDQFH DQG VRODU IUDFWLRQ RI D VRODU HMHFWRU UHIULJHUDWLRQ V\VWHP 6(56 XVLQJ
5D7KH\IRXQGWKDWGXULQJWKHRIILFHZRUNLQJWLPHLHDPWRSPWKHDYHUDJH&23
DQG WKH DYHUDJH VRODU IUDFWLRQ RI WKH V\VWHP ZHUH  DQG  ZKHQ WKH RSHUDWLQJ FRQGLWLRQV DUH
JHQHUDWRU WHPSHUDWXUH LV & DQG HYDSRUDWRU WHPSHUDWXUH LV & DQG FRQGHQVHU WHPSHUDWXUH YDU\LQJ
ZLWKDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUH7KLVV\VWHPFDQVDYHXSWRRIHOHFWULFDOHQHUJ\ZKHQFRPSDUHGZLWK
WUDGLWLRQDOFRPSUHVVRUEDVHGDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJ
+D 4 3 DQG 9DNLORURD\D 9  VWXGLHG WKH SHUIRUPDQFH HQKDQFHPHQW DQG HQHUJ\ HIILFLHQF\
LPSURYHPHQW RI D QHZ K\EULG VRODU DVVLVWHG DLU FRQGLWLRQLQJ V\VWHP $ VLQJOH VWDJH YDSRXU
FRPSUHVVLRQ VRODU DLU FRQGLWLRQHU FRQVLVWV RI VL[ PDMRU FRPSRQHQWV D FRPSUHVVRU D FRQGHQVHU DQ
H[SDQVLRQ GHYLFH DQ HYDSRUDWRU D VRODU YDFXXP FROOHFWRU DQG D VRODU VWRUDJH WDQN ,Q WKLV QHZ
FRQILJXUDWLRQ D E\SDVV OLQH LV LPSOHPHQWHG LQ WKH GLVFKDUJH OLQH DIWHU WKH FRPSUHVVRU WR FRQWURO WKH
UHIULJHUDQW PDVV IORZ UDWH YLD D WZR ZD\ YDOYH ZKLOH D YDULDEOH VSHHG GULYH LV FRQQHFWHG WR WKH DLU
FRROHG FRQGHQVHU WR DGMXVW WKH FRQGHQVHU IDQ DLU IORZ UDWH )URP WKH VLPXODWLRQ WKH\ IRXQG WKDW WKH
HQWKDOS\RIUHIULJHUDQWHQWHULQJWKHH[SDQVLRQYDOYHZLWKDQGZLWKRXWWKHQHZFRQILJXUDWLRQLVUHGXFHG
E\  'HVLJQHG DW VWHDG\ VWDWH FRQGLWLRQV WKH FRPSUHVVRU SRZHU FRQVXPSWLRQ IRU WKH V\VWHP
ZLWKRXW FRQWURO DQG WKH GHYHORSHG V\VWHP DUH N: DQG N: DQG HQHUJ\ VDYLQJV LV  7KH
DYHUDJHSRZHUFRQVXPSWLRQE\XVLQJWKHGHYHORSHGV\VWHPLVOHVVWKDQWKDWRIWKHXQFRQWUROOHG
V\VWHP 7KH DYHUDJH HQHUJ\ VDYLQJ SRWHQWLDO IRU WKH SURSRVHG DSSURDFK IRU WKH FRPSUHVVRU DQG
FRQGHQVHUIDQLVDQG%RWKRIFRPSUHVVRUDQGFRQGHQVHUUHGXFWLRQFDQUHVXOWXOWLPDWHO\LQ
DQ LQFUHDVH RI &23 7KH DYHUDJH VXSSO\ WHPSHUDWXUH RI WKH GHYHORSHG V\VWHP LV GHFUHDVHG IURP
&WR&7KHDYHUDJHHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQRIWKHQHZO\GHYHORSHGV\VWHPXQGHUFRQWURODQG
WKHRULJLQDORQHLQVXPPHUPRQWKSRZHUFRQVXPSWLRQLVOHVVWKDQWKHSRZHUXVDJHRIWKHXQFRQWUROOHG
SODQW )RU WKH FORVHG ORRS V\VWHP XQGHU FRQWURO KDYH  WR  HOHFWULFLW\ FRQVXPHG E\ WKH
FRPSUHVVRU FDQ EH VDYHG XVLQJ WKH SURSRVHG V\VWHP XQGHU PXOWLYDULDEOH FRQWURO DV FRPSDUHG WR WKH
V\VWHP ZLWKRXW FRQWURO 7KH\ FRQFOXGHG WKDW WKLV QHZ GHVLJQ LV SURPLVLQJ IRU LPSURYLQJ WKH V\VWHP
SHUIRUPDQFHZKLOHIXOILOOLQJWKHFRROLQJGHPDQGVDVZHOODVDFKLHYLQJKLJKHQHUJ\HIILFLHQF\
,EUDKLP,(O6KDUNDZ\HWDOWKHRUHWLFDOO\LQYHVWLJDWLRQRQWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIVRODUSRZHUHG
VLOLFDJHOZDWHUEDVHGDGVRUSWLRQFRROLQJV\VWHPZRUNLQJXQGHU0LGGOH(DVWUHJLRQFOLPDWHFRQGLWLRQV
7ZREHGVLOLFDJHOZDWHUW\SHDGVRUSWLRQFKLOOHUKDVEHHQXVHG7KH\IRXQGWKDWWKHPD[LPXPF\FOLF
DYHUDJHFRROLQJFDSDFLW\RIWKHV\VWHPZRUNLQJXQGHU&DLURDQG-HGGDKFOLPDWHFRQGLWLRQVUHDFKHVWR
 N: DQG  N: XQGHU $VZDQ FOLPDWH FRQGLWLRQV &RROLQJ FDSDFLW\ RI WKH V\VWHP ZLWKRXW KRW
ZDWHUEXIIHUVWRUDJHUHDFKHVLWVPD[LPXPDWQRRQDQGIRUWKHV\VWHPZLWKKRWZDWHUEXIIHUVWRUDJHWKH
PD[LPXPFRROLQJFDSDFLW\YDOXHLVN:WKDWLVDFKLHYHGDWDWLPHLQWHUYDORIDQGKRXUV
7KHV\VWHPZLWKKRWZDWHUEXIIHUVWRUDJHKDVOHVVIOXFWXDWLQJFRROLQJHQHUJ\SURGXFWLRQFRPSDUHGWR
WKDWRIWKHV\VWHPZLWKRXWKRWZDWHUEXIIHUVWRUDJH
 Ravi Gugulothu et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 11 (2015) 361 – 367 365

/XFDV 0 HW DO  LQVWDOOHG D +\GURVRODU URRI SURWRW\SH RQ D ODERUDWRU\ URRI DW 6SDLQ 7KLV
EXLOGLQJZDVDLUFRQGLWLRQHGZLWKDZDWHUFRQGHQVHGFKLOOHUZRUNLQJZLWKWKHVRODUURRIDVDFRQGHQVHU
7KHWRWDOYROXPHRFFXSLHGE\WKHIRXUFHOOVRIWKHSURWRW\SHLVURXJKO\P P PLQVL]H'XULQJ
WKHVXPPHUWKHV\VWHPZDVPRQLWRUHGWRREWDLQSHUIRUPDQFHGDWDLQDUHDOLQVWDOODWLRQDQGXQGHU
UHDOFRQGLWLRQV7KH\FUHDWHG&)'PRGHODQGDQDO\VHG)URPWKHLUQXPHULFDOUHVXOWVDQGH[SHULPHQWDO
UHVXOWVWKH\FRQILUPHGWKDWWKHDLUPDVVIORZLVLQGXFHGWKURXJKWKHFKDQQHOGXHWRQDWXUDODQGIRUFHG
FRQYHFWLRQ 1DWXUDO FRQYHFWLRQ LV SURGXFHG E\ WKH VRODU UDGLDWLRQ KHDWLQJ WKH SODWHV DQG IRUFHG
FRQYHFWLRQ LV GXH WR WKH ZLQG VXFWLRQ HIIHFW DW WKH RXWSXW RI WKH FKDQQHO 7KHUHIRUH WKH WZR PDLQ
PHWHRURORJLFDOIDFWRUVWKDWLQIOXHQFHWKHV\VWHPSHUIRUPDQFHDUHVRODUUDGLDWLRQDQGZLQGYHORFLW\
0D4HWDOVWXGLHGSHUIRUPDQFHRIK\EULGDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHPVDQGWKH\REVHUYHGWKDW
WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI K\EULGH DLU FRQGLWLRQLQJ V\VWHP LV  KLJKHU WKDQ FRQYHQWLRQDO YDSRXU
FRPSUHVVLRQUHIULJHUDWLRQV\VWHPDWDODWHQWORDGRIDQGWKHLPSURYHPHQWFDQEHDFKLHYHGE\
DWDODWHQWORDGRI
0LQ7XHWDOSHUIRUPHGFRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQWZRQRYHOFRQILJXUDWLRQVRIOLTXLGGHVLFFDQWDLU
FRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHPGULYHQE\ORZJUDGHWKHUPDOHQHUJLHV
0RQFHI %DOJKRXWKL HW DO  VWXGLHG ZLWK WKH 7516<6 SURJUDP VLPXODWLRQ VWXG\ RI VRODU
SRZHUHG DEVRUSWLRQ FRROLQJ WHFKQRORJ\ XQGHU 7XQLVLDQ FRQGLWLRQV $ QXPEHU RI VLPXODWLRQV ZHUH
FDUULHG RXW LQ RUGHU WR RSWLPL]H WKH YDULRXV IDFWRUV DIIHFWLQJ WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH V\VWHP 7KHLU
VLPXODWLRQUHVXOWVVKRZWKDWDEVRUSWLRQVRODUDLUFRQGLWLRQVVRODUDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHPVDUHVXLWDEOH
IRU7XQLVLDQ¶VFRQGLWLRQV
6XNDPRQJNRO < HW DO  WKH\ FRQGXFWHG DQ H[SHULPHQWDO WHVW WR LQYHVWLJDWH YDOLGLW\ RI D
GHYHORSHGVLPXODWLRQPRGHOLQSUHGLFWLQJWKHG\QDPLFSHUIRUPDQFHRIDFRQGHQVHUKHDWUHFRYHU\ZLWK
DK\EULG397DLUKHDWLQJFROOHFWRU7KHWKHUPDOHQHUJ\JHQHUDWHGE\WKHV\VWHPFDQSURGXFHZDUPGU\
DLUDVKLJKDV&DQGUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\RIGDLO\HOHFWULFLW\FDQEHREWDLQHGIURPWKH397
FROOHFWRULQWKHV\VWHP7KHXVHRIDK\EULG397DLUKHDWHULQFRUSRUDWHGZLWKWKHKHDWUHFRYHUHGIURP
WKH FRQGHQVHU WR UHJHQHUDWH WKH GHVLFFDQW IRU GHKXPLGLILFDWLRQ DQG VDYH WKH HQHUJ\ XVH RI WKH DLU
FRQGLWLRQLQJ V\VWHP E\  7KH\ FRQFOXGHG WKDW WKH H[SHULPHQWDO YDOLGDWLRQ UHVXOWV WKDW WKH
GHYHORSHGVLPXODWLRQPRGHOLVDEOHWRSUHGLFWZLWKLQDFFHSWDEOHOLPLWVRIDFFXUDF\WKHSHUIRUPDQFHRID
FRQGHQVHUKHDWUHFRYHU\ZLWKDK\EULG397DLUKHDWHUWRUHJHQHUDWHGHVLFFDQWIRUUHGXFLQJHQHUJ\XVH
RIDQDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJURRP
7KRVDSRQ.DWHMDQHNDUQDQG.XPDU 6VLPXODWLRQSURFHGXUHLVXVHGWRSUHGLFWWKHRSHUDWLQJ
DQGSHUIRUPDQFHSDUDPHWHUVRIWKHV\VWHPLQWKHIRUPRIGDLO\SURILOHV7KH\IRXQGWKDWWKHV\VWHPLV
UHGXFHGWKHDYHUDJHUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\RIDLULVGHFUHDVHGE\7KHUHJHQHUDWLQJDLUFRPLQJRXWRI
WKHVRODU&5LVZDUPHUDQGGULHUWKDQWKHHQWHULQJDPELHQWDLU7KH\VWXGLHGWKHV\VWHPSHUIRUPDQFH
ZLWKWKHYHQWLODWLRQDLUIORZUDWHZDVYDULHGDQGWKH\IRXQGWKDWWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVDWWKHYHQWLODWLRQUDWH
RI   DQG  &)0 LV GHFUHDVHG E\   DQG  ZKHQ FRPSDUHG ZLWK WKH EDVH  &)0
%HFDXVH WKH OHVV FRQWDFW WLPH EHWZHHQ WKH DLU DQG WKH GHVLFFDQW LQVLGH WKH GHKXPLGLILHU 2Q D GDLO\
DYHUDJHWKHUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\RIWKHGHOLYHUHGDLUDWWKHYHQWLODWLRQUDWHRIDQG&)0LV
DQG7KLVLVGXHWRWKHOHVVPRLVWXUHUHPRYDOHIIHFWLYHQHVVDWKLJKHU
YHQWLODWLRQUDWHV$WWKHYHQWLODWLRQUDWHRIDQG&)0WKHPRLVWXUHUHPRYDOUDWHLVLQFUHDVHG
E\DQGZKHUHDVWKHHYDSRUDWLRQUDWHLVLQFUHDVHGE\DQG
7LQJ\DRFKHQHWDOGHVLJQHGDVRODUDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHPZKLFKLVLQGHSHQGHQWRQGHVLJQ
GU\EXOEDQGZHWEXOEWHPSHUDWXUHV7KLVGHVLJQFRLQFLGHQWGU\EXOEDQGZHWEXOEWHPSHUDWXUHVPRUH
WKDQ&KLJKHUDVFRPSDUHGWRWKHQHZO\JHQHUDWHGGHVLJQGU\EXOEDQGZHWEXOEWHPSHUDWXUH)URP
WKLVQHZPHWKRGWKH\FDQZKHQWKHSHDNFRROLQJORDGRFFXUV+9$&HQJLQHHUVFDQDYRLGFDOFXODWLQJ
KRXUV FRROLQJ ORDGV RQ RQH GHVLJQ GD\ LQ HDFK PRQWK RI WKH \HDU 7KLV QHZ PHWKRG DQG GHVLJQ
ZHDWKHU GDWD DOORZ WR GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH SHDN FRROLQJ ORDG IRU D URRP RU EXLOGLQJ LQ DQ\ RULHQWDWLRQ
GLUHFWO\EXWZLWKDWKHUPDOODJOHVVWKDQKRXU
<RQJJDR<LQDQG;LDRVRQJ=KDQJVWXGLHGRQLQWHUQDOO\KHDWHGDQGDGLDEDWLFUHJHQHUDWRUVLQ
OLTXLG GHVLFFDQW DLU FRQGLWLRQLQJ V\VWHP +HDW DQG PDVV WUDQVIHU PRGHO ZDV XVHG WR DQDO\VH DQG
FRPSDUH WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI LQWHUQDOO\ KHDWHG DQG DGLDEDWLF UHJHQHUDWRUV 7KH\ IRXQG WKDW LQWHUQDOO\
KHDWHG UHJHQHUDWRU LV SURSRVHG WR DFKLHYH EHWWHU UHJHQHUDWLRQ SHUIRUPDQFH ZKHQ FRPSDUHG WR
FRQYHQWLRQDOSDFNHGUHJHQHUDWRU,QWHUQDOO\KHDWHGUHJHQHUDWRUQRWRQO\FRXOGLQFUHDVHWKHUHJHQHUDWH
UDWH EXW DOVR FRXOG H[KLELW KLJKHU HQHUJ\ XWLOL]DWLRQ HIILFLHQF\ ,QWHUQDOO\ KHDWHG UHJHQHUDWRU FDQ
SURYLGH FRPSDUDEOH UHJHQHUDWLRQ HIILFLHQF\ DQG UHJHQHUDWLRQ UDWH DW ORZ GHVLFFDQW IORZ UDWH VR LW
VKRXOGEHDJRRGDOWHUQDWLYHWRDYRLGFDUU\RYHURIGHVLFFDQWGURSOHWV+LJKHUDLUIORZUDWHZRXOGUHVXOW
LQDGHGXFWLRQRIUHJHQHUDWLRQWKHUPDOHIILFLHQF\DOWKRXJKDFKLHYLQJKLJKHUUHJHQHUDWLRQUDWH
366 Ravi Gugulothu et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 11 (2015) 361 – 367

<RQJJDR<LQHWDOH[SHULPHQWDOO\VWXGLHGWKHGHKXPLGLILFDWLRQUDWHRIWKHDLUGHFUHDVHVIURP

JVHFWRJVHFZKHQWKHWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHLQOHWDLUFKDQJHVIURP&WR&)URPWKLV
H[SHULPHQW WKH\ IRXQG WKDW WKH DYHUDJH PDVV WUDQVIHU FRHIILFLHQW RI WKH SDFNLQJ UHJHQHUDWRU LV
JPVHF:KHQWKHGHVLFFDQWVROXWLRQPDVVFRQFHQWUDWLRQLVDQGKHDWLQJWHPSHUDWXUHLV&
WKHPD[LPXPPDVVWUDQVIHUFRHIILFLHQWLVJPVHF,QWKLVH[SHULPHQWWKHKXPLGLW\RIWKHLQOHWDLU
LVYDULHGIURPJNJWRJNJDQGLWVWHPSHUDWXUHLV&7KHGHVLFFDQWVROXWLRQWHPSHUDWXUHV
DUHLQWKHUDQJHIURP&WR&7KHVROXWLRQRXWOHWWHPSHUDWXUHVUDQJHEHWZHHQ&WR&DQG
WKH DLU RXWOHW WHPSHUDWXUHV UDQJH EHWZHHQ & WR & 7KH\ IRXQG WKDW WKH GHKXPLGLILFDWLRQ UDWH
LQFUHDVHVREYLRXVO\ZLWKLQFUHDVLQJKXPLGLW\RIWKHLQOHWDLU
7KHFRHIILFLHQWRISHUIRUPDQFH&23RIWKHDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHPVYDULHVIURPWR

 &RQFOXVLRQV

)URPWKHOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZLWLVREVHUYHGWKDWWKHHQHUJ\DQGZDWHUDUHWKHEDVLFQHFHVVLW\IRUDOORI
XV WR OHDG D QRUPDO OLIH RQ WKLV EHDXWLIXO HDUWK 6RODU HQHUJ\ WHFKQRORJLHV DQG LWV XVDJH DUH YHU\
LPSRUWDQWDQGXVHIXOIRUWKHGHYHORSLQJDQGXQGHUGHYHORSHGFRXQWULHVWRVXVWDLQWKHLUHQHUJ\QHHGV
7KH PDLQ PRWLYDWLRQ IRU VRODU FRROLQJ V\VWHPV LV WKH VXEVWLWXWLRQ RI HOHFWULFLW\ DV WKH SUHPLXP
HQHUJ\VRXUFHVIRUDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHPVE\DUHQHZDEOHKHDWVRXUFHLHORZJUDGHKHDWIURPVRODU
FROOHFWRUV
6RODUFRROLQJLVDJRRGH[DPSOHRIDGGUHVVLQJFOLPDWHFKDQJHV/RQJWHUPGDWDVKRXOGEHXVHGWR
SURYHWKHIHDVLELOLW\RIDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHPV

$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV

)RUHPRVW , DP WKDQNIXO WR 3URIHVVRU $9 6LWD 5DPD 5DMX -17 8QLYHUVLW\ IRU KLV YDOXDEOH
VXJJHVWLRQ RI UHDGLQJ QXPHURXV UHVHDUFK SXEOLFDWLRQV LQ WKH DUHD RI VRODU GLVWLOODWLRQ DQG WR ZULWH
UHYLHZ SDSHUV , DP WKDQNIXO WR 3URIHVVRU .9LMD\D .XPDU 5HGG\ DQG 3URIHVVRU % 6XGKHHU 3UHP
.XPDU-178QLYHUVLW\DQGP\SDUHQWVIRUWKHLUHQFRXUDJHPHQWLQSUHSDULQJWKLVUHVHDUFKSDSHU

5HIHUHQFHV

 $KPHG+$EGHO6DODPDQG&DUH\-6LPRQVRQ³$QQXDOHYDOXDWLRQRIHQHUJ\HQYLURQPHQWDODQGHFRQRPLFSHUIRUPDQFHV
RIDPHPEUDQHOLTXLGGHVLFFDQWDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHPZLWKZLWKRXW(59´$SSOLHG(QHUJ\SS
 $O $OLOL $ +ZDQJ < 5DGHUPDFKHU 5 DQG .XER , ³$ KLJK HIILFLHQF\ VRODU DLU FRQGLWLRQHU XVLQJ FRQFHQWUDWLQJ
SKRWRYROWDLFWKHUPDOFROOHFWRUV´$SSOLHG(QHUJ\SS
 $OH[DQGHU $ 5DWWQHU $QDQGD .ULVKQD 1DJDYDUDSX 6ULQLYDV *DULPHOOD DQG 7KRPDV ) )XOOHU ³0RGHOLQJ RI D IODW SODWH
PHPEUDQH GLVWLOODWLRQ V\VWHP IRU OLTXLG GHVLFFDQW UHJHQHUDWLRQ LQ DLU FRQGLWLRQLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQV´ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI
+HDWDQG0DVV7UDQVIHUSS
 $OL $O $OLOL <XQKR +ZDQJ DQG 5HLQKDUG 5DGHUPDFKHU ³5HYLHZ RI VRODU WKHUPDO DLU FRQGLWLRQLQJ WHFKQRORJLHV´
,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI5HIULJHUDWLRQSS
 %DOJKRXWKL 0 &KDKEDQL0 + DQG *XL]DQL $ ³)HDVLELOLW\RIVRODU DEVRUSWLRQ DLU FRQGLWLRQLQJLQ7XQLVLD´%XLOGLQJDQG
(QYLURQPHQWSS
 %HQRLW0LFKHO1DWKDOLH0D]HWDQG3LHUUH1HYHX³([SHULPHQWDO,QYHVWLJDWLRQRIDQ,QQRYDWLYH7KHUPRFKHPLFDO3URFHVV
2SHUDWLQJZLWKDK\GUDWH6DOWDQG0RLVWDLUIRUWKHUPDOVWRUDJHRIVRODUHQHUJ\*OREDO3HUIRUPDQFH´$SSOLHG(QHUJ\

 &KXD.-&KRX6.<DQJ:0DQG<DQ-³$FKLHYLQJEHWWHUHQHUJ\HIILFLHQWDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJ$UHYLHZRIWHFKQRORJLHV
DQGVWUDWHJLHV´$SSOLHG(QHUJ\SS
 'DQ1FKHODWHEH1NZHWWDDQG0HUY\Q6P\WK³7KHSRWHQWLDODSSOLFDWLRQVDQGDGYDQWDJHVRISRZHULQJVRODUDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJ
V\VWHPVXVLQJFRQFHQWUDWRUDXJPHQWHGVRODUFROOHFWRUV´$SSOLHG(QHUJ\SS
 (OVKHUELQL $ / DQG 0DKHVKZDUL * 3 ³,PSDFW RI VKDGLQJ DLU FRROHG FRQGHQVHUV RQ WKH HIILFLHQF\ RI DLU FRQGLWLRQLQJ
V\VWHPV´(QHUJ\DQG%XLOGLQJVSS
 *XL\LQ )DQJ +DLQDQ +X DQG ;X /LX ³([SHULPHQWDO ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ RQ WKH SKRWRYROWDLF WKHUPDO VRODU KHDW SXPS DLU
FRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHPRQZDWHUKHDWLQJPRGH´([SHULPHQWDO7KHUPDODQG)OXLG6FLHQFH
 *XR-DQG6KHQ+*³0RGHOLQJVRODUGULYHQHMHFWRUUHIULJHUDWLRQV\VWHPRIIHULQJDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJIRURIILFHEXLOGLQJV´
(QHUJ\DQG%XLOGLQJVSS
 +D 4 3 DQG 9DNLORURD\D 9  ³0RGHOOLQJ DQG RSWLPDO FRQWURO RI DQ HQHUJ\ HIILFLHQW K\EULG VRODU DLU FRQGLWLRQLQJ
V\VWHP´$XWRPDWLRQLQ&RQVWUXFWLRQ
 +HOP0.HLO&+LHEOHU60HKOLQJ+DQG6FKZHLJOHU&³6RODUKHDWLQJDQGFRROLQJV\VWHPZLWKDEVRUSWLRQFKLOOHUDQG
ORZ WHPSHUDWXUH ODWHQW KHDW VWRUDJH (QHUJHWLF SHUIRUPDQFH DQG RSHUDWLRQDO H[SHULHQFH´  ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI
5HIULJHUDWLRQ
 +HQQLQJ + 0 (USHQEHFN 7 +LQGHQEXUJ & DQG 6DQWDPDULD , 6 ³7KH SRWHQWLDO RI VRODU HQHUJ\ XVH LQ GHVLFFDQW FRROLQJ
F\FOHV´,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI5HIULJHUDWLRQSS
 ,EUDKLP,(O6KDUNDZ\+RVVDP$EGHO0HJXLGDQG%LG\XW%DUDQ6DKD³3RWHQWLDODSSOLFDWLRQRIVRODUSRZHUHGDGVRUSWLRQ
 Ravi Gugulothu et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 11 (2015) 361 – 367 367

FRROLQJV\VWHPVLQWKH0LGGOH(DVW´$SSOLHG(QHUJ\SS
 /XFDV00DUWLQH]36DQFKH]$9LHGPD$DQG=DPRUD%³,PSURYHG+\GURVRODU5RRIIRU%XLOGLQJVDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJ´
(QHUJ\DQG%XLOGLQJVSS
 0D4:DQJ5='DL<-DQG=KDL;4³3HUIRUPDQFHDQDO\VLVRQDK\EULGDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHPRIDJUHHQEXLOGLQJ´
(QHUJ\DQG%XLOGLQJVSS
 0LQ 7X &KHQJ 4LQ 5HQ *XDQJ )D 7DQJ DQG =KHQ 6KHQJ =KDR ³3HUIRUPDQFH FRPSDULVRQ EHWZHHQ WZR QRYHO
FRQILJXUDWLRQVRIOLTXLGGHVLFFDQWDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHP´%XLOGLQJDQG(QYLURQPHQWSS
 0RQFHI%DOJKRXWKL0RKDQPHG+DFKHPL&KDKEDQLDQG$PHQDOODK*XL]DQL³6RODU3RZHUHGDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJDVDVROXWLRQ
WRUHGXFHHQYLURQPHQWDOSROOXWLRQLQ7XQLVLD´'HVDOLQDWLRQSS
 5DNHVK .XPDU DQG 0DUF $ 5RVHQ ³$ FULWLFDO UHYLHZ RI SKRWRYROWDLF WKHUPDO VRODU FROOHFWRUV IRU DLU KHDWLQJ´ $SSOLHG
(QHUJ\SS
 5RGULJXH]+LGDOJR0&5RGULJXH]$XPHQWH3,]TXLHUGR0LOODQ0/HFXRQD1HXPDQQ$DQG6DOJDGR0DQJXDO³(QHUJ\
DQGFDUERQHPLVVLRQVDYLQJVLQ6SDQLVKKRXVLQJDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJXVLQJVRODUGULYHQDEVRUSWLRQV\VWHP´$SSOLHG7KHUPDO
(QJLQHHULQJ
 5RQQHQ/HYLQVRQ+HQJ3DQ*HRUJH%DQ:HLVV3DEOR5RVDGR5LFFDUGR3DROLQLDQG+DVKHP$NEDUL³3RWHQWLDOEHQHILWV
RI VRODU UHIOHFWLYH FDU VKHOOV &RROHU FDELQV IXHO VDYLQJV DQG HPLVVLRQ UHGXFWLRQV´ $SSOLHG (QHUJ\  SS 

 6KDQ.:DQJ³+DQGERRNRI$LU&RQGLWLRQLQJDQG5HIULJHUDWLRQ´6HFRQG(GLWLRQ0F*UDZ+LOO3XEOLFDWLRQ
 6XNDPRQJNRO<&KXQJSDLEXOSDWDQD6/LPPHHFKRNFKDL%DQG6ULSDGXQJWKDP³&RQGHQVHUKHDWUHFRYHU\ZLWKD397DLU
KHDWLQJFROOHFWRUWRUHJHQHUDWHGHVLFFDQWIRUUHGXFLQJHQHUJ\XVHRIDQDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJURRP´(QHUJ\DQG%XLOGLQJV
SS
 7KRVDSRQ .DWHMDQHNDUQ DQG .XPDU 6 ³3HUIRUPDQFH RI D VRODU UHJHQHUDWHG OLTXLG GHVLFFDQW YHQWLODWLRQ SUH FRQGLWLRQLQJ
V\VWHP´(QHUJ\DQG%XLOGLQJVSS
 7LQJ\DR &KHQ <RXPLQJ &KHQ DQG )UDQFLV : + <LN ³5DWLRQDO VHOHFWLRQ RI QHDU H[WUHPH FRLQFLGHQW ZHDWKHU GDWD ZLWK
VRODULUUDGLDWLRQIRUULVNEDVHGDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJGHVLJQ´(QHUJ\DQG%XLOGLQJVSS
 9DKLG9DNLORURD\D%LMDQ6DPDOLDQG.DPEL]3LVKJKDGDP³,QYHVWLJDWLRQRI(QHUJ\HIILFLHQWVWUDWHJ\IRUGLUHFWH[SDQVLRQ
DLUFRROHGDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHPV´$SSOLHG7KHUPDO(QJLQHHULQJSS
 :DQJ6.DQG/DYDQ=³$LU&RQGLWLRQLQJDQG5HIULJHUDWLRQ´0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ+DQGERRN&5&3UHVV//&
 <RQJJDR<LQDQG;LDRVRQJ=KDQJ³&RPSDUDWLYHVWXG\RQLQWHUQDOO\KHDWHGDQGDGLDEDWLFUHJHQHUDWRUVLQOLTXLGGHVLFFDQW
DLUFRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHP´%XLOGLQJDQG(QYLURQPHQWSS
 <RQJJDR <LQ ;LDRVRQJ =KDQJ DQG =KHQTLDQ &KHQ ³([SHULPHQWDO VWXG\ RQ GHKXPLGLILHU DQG UHJHQHUDWRU RI OLTXLG
GHVLFFDQWFRROLQJDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJV\VWHP´%XLOGLQJDQG(QYLURQPHQWSS
 =KDL;4:DQJ5='DL<-:X-<;X<;DQG0D4³6RODULQWHJUDWHGHQHUJ\V\VWHPIRUDJUHHQEXLOGLQJ´(QHUJ\
DQG%XLOGLQJV