MPZ 4230 Final Examination Answers – 2010/2011

1. a)
i) Let X = y − z, Y = z − x, and Z = x − y Then
∂X ∂X ∂X
= 0, = 1, = −1
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂Y ∂Y ∂Y
= −1, = 0, =1
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂Z ∂Z ∂Z
= 1, = −1, =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂u ∂u ∂X ∂u ∂Y ∂u ∂Z ∂u ∂u
= + + = + − − − −(1)
∂x ∂X ∂x ∂Y ∂x ∂Z ∂x ∂Y ∂Z
∂u ∂u ∂X ∂u ∂Y ∂u ∂Z ∂u ∂u
= + + = − − − − −(2)
∂y ∂X ∂y ∂Y ∂y ∂Z ∂y ∂X ∂Z
∂u ∂u ∂X ∂u ∂Y ∂u ∂Z ∂u ∂u
= + + = - + − − − −(3)
∂z ∂X ∂z ∂Y ∂z ∂Z ∂z ∂X ∂Y
ii) by (1),(2) and (3)
∂u ∂u ∂u
+ + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z

b) f ( x, y ) = x 2 − 4 xy + y 3 + 4 y
∂f ∂f
= 2x − 4 y & = −4 x + 3 y 2 + 4
∂x ∂y
At the stationary points
∂f ∂f
= 2 x − 4 y = 0 --(1) & = −4 x + 3 y 2 + 4 = 0 − −(2)
∂x ∂y
Then Equation (1) x = 2 y substitute to equation (2)
−8 y + 3 y 2 + 4 = 0
(3 y − 2)( y − 2) = 0
2
∴y = or y = 2
3
4 2
Then the stationary points are  ,  & (4, 2)
3 3  
∂2 f ∂2 f ∂ f
2
= 2, = −4 & = 6y
∂x 2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2
2
 ∂ 2 f  ∂ 2 f   ∂ 2 f 
∆ =  2  2  −  
 ∂x  ∂y   ∂x∂y 
= 2(6 y ) − (−4) 2 = 12 y − 16
4 2
∆  ,  = 8 − 16 = −8 <0
3 3
 ∂ 2 f (4, 2)
∆ ( 4, 2 ) = 24 − 16 = 8 > 0 & =2>0
∂x 2
4 2
 ,  is a saddle point & (4, 2) is a minimum point.
3 3
c)
i j k
i) curl F = ∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z
x + 2y x+ y 0
= (1 − 2 ) k = − k

curl F ≠ 0
∴ F is not a conservative vector field.

1
ii) Equation of the straight line y = x ⇒ x = 2 y & 2dy = dx
2
(2,1)

∫ F .dr = ∫ ( ( x + 2 y )i + ( x + y) j ) (dxi + dy j )
(0,0)
(2,1)

= ∫
(0,0)
( x + 2 y )dx + ( x + y )dy

∫
= (2 y + 2 y )2dy + (2 y + y )2dy
0
1

∫
= 11 ydy
0
1
 11 y 2  1
=  = 5
 2 0 2
iii) point ( 0,0 ) to (0,1) x = 0 , dx = 0 & y change 0 to 1
(2,1) 1 1
 y2  1
∫
(0,0)
F .dr = ydy ∫
0
= 
 2 0
=
2
point ( 0,1) to (2,1) y = 1 , dy = 0 & x change 0 to 2
(2,1) 2 2
 x2 
∫
(0,0)
F .dr ∫
= ( x + 2)dx
0
=  + 2x = 2 + 4
2 0
=6

(0,1) (2,1)
1 1
∫
(0,0)
F .dr + ∫
(0,1)
F .dr = + 6 = 6
2 2
iii) f is not a conservative vector field.
∴integration depend on joining path
 (2,1) (0,1) (2,1)
1 1
∴ ∫
(0,0)
F .dr ≠ ∫
2 (0,0)
F .dr +
2 (0,1) ∫
F .dr

2) a)
i) Consider the complex function
w = f ( z ) = u ( x, y ) + i v ( x, y )
Then f ( z ) is analytic in a domain D, Then u & v satisfy the Cauchy-
Riemann equation.
∂u ∂v ∂u −∂v
= , and = every where in D
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
∂u ∂u
ii) = 3x 2 − 3 y 2 and = −6 xy
∂x ∂y
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
= 6 x and = −6 x
∂x 2 ∂y 2
∂ 2 u ∂ 2u
+ =0
∂x 2 ∂y 2
iii) f ( z ) = u ( x, y ) + i v ( x , y )
f ( z ) be analytic
∂u ∂v
Then = − − − − (1) &
∂x ∂y
∂u −∂v
= − − − −(2)
∂y ∂x
u = x3 − 3xy 2
∂u
= 3x 2 − 3 y 2
∂x
∂v ∂u
by (1) = = 3x 2 − 3 y 2
∂y ∂x
v= ∫ ( 3x )
− 3 y 2 ∂y
2

= − y + 3x y + f ( x)
3 2

∂v
= 6 xy + f ′( x)
∂x
∂u −∂v
by (2) = = −6 xy + f ′( x) = −6 xy
∂y ∂x
Then f ′( x) = 0
f ( x) = c
∴ v = 3x 2 y − y 3 + c
iv) f ( z) = u + i v
= x3 − 3 xy 2 + i (3x 2 y − y 3 ) + ic
= ( x + iy )3 + ic
= z 3 + ic
 b)
i) If f ( z ) is analytic inside and on a simple close curve C and a is any point
inside C. Then
1 f ( z)
f (a) = ∫
2π i ( z − a )
dz

When C traversed in positive scence (counter clock wise)

1 1 −1
ii) = +
( z − 1)( z − 2) ( z − 2) ( z − 1)
sin(π z 2 ) + cos(π z 2 ) sin(π z 2 ) + cos(π z 2 ) sin(π z 2 ) + cos(π z 2 )
∴ = −
( z − 1)( z − 2) ( z − 2) ( z − 1)
z = 1 & z = 2 are inside the circle
By Cauchy’s integral formula
sin(π z 2 ) + cos(π z 2 )
∫ ( z − 1)( z − 2)
dz = 2π i sin(π .22 ) + cos(π .22 ) − 2π i sin(π .12 ) − cos(π .12 )

= 2π i (0 + 1) − 2π i (0 − 1) = 4π i

3) a)
 920 − 1000 
i). p( x > 920) = p  z >  = p( z > −1.6)
 50 
= p( z < 1.6)
= 0.9452
 x − 1000 
ii) p z >  = 0.1
 50 

x − 1000
= 1.28
50
x = 1064
b)
i) Let x denote the number of DVD players in the sample that fail to meet
specification.
n = 12, p = 0.2
p( x ≤ 1) = p( x = 0) + p( x = 1)
= 12 c0 (0.2)0 (0.8)12 + 12 c1 (0.2)1 (0.8)11
= 0.069 + 0.206
= 0.275
ii). p( x > 1) = 1 − [ p ( x = 0) + p ( x = 1) ]
= 1 −  12 c0 (0.1)0 (0.9)12 + 12 c1 (0.1)1 (0.9)11 
= 0.341
c)
i) p( x > 0) = 1 − p( x = 0)
 e −3 30
=1−
0!
= 1 − 4.9787 × 10 −2
= 0.95021
e −0.6 (0.6)1
ii) p ( x) =
1!
= 0.32929

4) a) plot
b) ∑ y = 19915, ∑ y = 116.13, ∑ x 2
= 39660805,

∑ y = 1366.011, ∑ xy = 231235.1
2

b=
n∑ xy − ∑ x∑ y
a=
∑ y − b∑ x
n∑ x − ( ∑ x )
2
2 n

2312350.5 − 2312729 116.13 + 9135.554

= =
396608050 − 396607225 8
= −0.458729 = 925.1684

y = 925.1684 − 0.458727 x

c) Sy =
∑y 2
−a ∑ x − b∑ xy
x n−2
1366.011 − 107439.8 + 106074
=
8
= 0.063715
Sy
Standard error = x

(∑ )
2
x
∑
x2 −
n
0.063715
=
39660805 − 39660723
= 0.007015
d) H0 : b = 0
Ha : b ≠ 0
β1 0.4587
tcal = = = − 65.4
SE 0.007014
ttab = tn − 2,α = t8,0.005 = 1.86
2

tcal > ttab

∴ H 0 rejected ⇒ β1 ≠ 0
The slope parameter is not zero.
e). 95% confidence interval for β1
= β1 ± 2 S .E
 = −0.4587 ± 2(0.007014)
= ( −0.472728 , − 0.444672)

5). a) Null hypothesis: p ≥ 0.80

Alternative hypothesis: p < 0.80
α = 0.05 & one sample Z test use.
σ = p(1 − p) n
= 0.8 × 0.2 100
= 0.04
x − µ 0.73 − 0.80
z= = = −1.75
σ 0.04
Since we have one tailed test the p value is less than-1.75
p( z < −1.75) = 0.04
Since the p value is less than significance level 0.05,
∴We can not accept the null hypothesis.
b). H a : µ1 ≠ µ 2

H 0 : µ1 = µ2
x − y = 24.13 − 22.88 = 1.25

(nx − 1) S x2 + (n y − 1) S y2  1 1 
S x− y = . + 
nx + n y + 1  nx n y 
 

23(5.64) 2 + 23(6.14) 2  1 1 
= . + 
24 + 24 − 2  24 24 

731.63 + 864.10
= . ( 0.083 )
46
= 2.885
= 1.698
x − y 1.25
tcal = = = 0.736
S x − y 1.698
Degree of freedom = nx + n y − 2 = 24 + 24 − 2 = 46
ttab = t(46,0.05) = ±1.644854
The calculated value for t is less than the table value of t. It is not
significant. We retain null hypothesis.
There was no difference between the two approaches to reducing the
material stress.

6). a) y′ = t + y
initial conditions y (0) = 1, h = 0.1
i) Euler Method
yk +1 = yk + hf (tk , yk )
t0 = 0, y0 = 1
y1 = y0 + hf (t0 , y0 )
= 1 + 0.1(0 + 1)
= 1.1
t1 = 0.1, y1 = 1.1
y2 = y1 + hf ( x1 , y1 )
= 1.1 + 0.1(0.1 + 1.1)
= 1.22
ii). Second Order Runge Kutta method
k1 = hf (t0 , y0 )
= 0.1(0 + 1) = 0.1
k 2 = hf (t0 + h, y0 + k1 )
= 0.1(0 + 0.1 + (1 + 0.1)) = 0.12
1
y1 = y0 + ( k1 + k2 )
2
1
y1 = 1 + ( 0.1 + 0.12 ) = 1.11
2

k1 = hf (t1 , y1 )
= 0.1(0.1 + 1.11) = 0.121
k 2 = hf (t1 + h, y1 + k1 )
= 0.1(0.2 + 1.231) = 0.1431
1
y2 = y1 + ( k1 + k2 )
2
1
y2 = 1.11 + ( 0.121 + 0.1431) = 1.24205
2
iv) Taylor series method
y0 = 1
y′ = t + y y0′ = 1
y ′′ = 1 + y′ y0′′ = 2
y ′′′ = y′′ y0′′′ = 2
y iv = y′′′ y0iv = 2
y v = y iv y0v = 2
Taylor series
h 2 y0′′ h3 y0′′′ h 4 y0iv h5 y0v
y1 = y0 + hy0′ + + + +
2! 3! 4! 5!
(0.1 × 2) (0.1 × 2) (0.14 × 2) (0.15 × 2)
2 3
y1 = 1 + (0.1× 1) + + + +
2! 3! 4! 5!
= 1.110342
 y1 = y (0.1) = 1.110342
y′ = t + y y1 = 1.210342
y ′′ = 1 + y′ y1′ = 1.210342
y ′′′ = y′′ y1′′ = 2.210342
y iv = y′′′ y1iv = 2.210342
y v = y iv y1v = 2.210342

Taylor series
h 2 y1′′ h3 y1′′′ h 4 y1iv h5 y1v
y2 = y1 + hy1′ + + + +
2! 3! 4! 5!
(0.1 × 2.2103) (0.13 × 2.210342) (0.14 × 2.2103) (0.15 × 2.2103)
2
y2 = 1.1103 + (0.1 × 1.2103) + + + +
2! 3! 4! 5!

= 1.242806
dy
b). = x + y − − − − ( A)
dx
Let u = x + y
du dy
=1+
dx dx
dy du
= −1
dx dx
du
by ( A) − 1 = u
dx
du
= u +1
dx
du
∫ u +1
= dx ∫
ln ( u + 1) = x + c
u + 1 = e x +c
u = e x+c − 1
x + y = e x +c − 1
y = e x+c − x − 1
when x = 0 & y = 1
1 = ec − 1
∴ ec = 2
c = ln 2
y = e x eln 2 − x − 1
y = 2e x − x − 1
y (0.1) = 1.1103418
y (0.2) = 1.242805
7). a) consider the second order linear partial differential equation
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
a + b + c =0
∂x 2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2
If
b 2 − 4ac < 0 Elliptic equation
b 2 − 4ac = 0 Parabolic equation
b 2 − 4ac > 0 hyperbolic equation

1
b) h = 1, k =
∂ ∂

8
 u ui , j+1 - ui, j
  =
 t i, j k
 ∂u  ui+1, j - ui, j
  =
 ∂x i, j h
 ∂u   ∂u 
  - 
 ∂ u   ∂x i, j  ∂x i-1, j
2

 2 =
 ∂x  h
ui+1, j - 2ui, j +ui-1, j
=
h2
Given equation is
∂u ∂ 2u
=4 2
∂t ∂x
ui, j+1 - ui, j 4[ui+1, j - 2ui, j +ui-1, j ]
=
k h2
 8k 
ui, j+1 = ui+1, j + ui-1, j  +  1 − 2  ui, j
 h 

1
ui, j+1 = ui+1, j + ui-1, j 
2

Given that u ( 0, t ) = 0 = u ( 8, t )
Then
u0,1 = u0,2 = u0,3 = u0,4 = 0
u8,1 = u8,2 = u8,3 = u8,4 = 0
u(x,0) = 4x - x 2
u(i,0) = 4i - i 2
u0,0 = 0
u1,0 = 4 ( 1) - ( 1) = 3.5
2

u2,0 = 4 ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) = 6
2
 u3,0 = 7.5
u4.0 = 8
u5,0 = 7.5
u6,0 = 6
u7,0 = 3.5
when j = 0 ui,1 = ( ui+1,0 + ui-1,0 )
u1,1 = ( u2,0 + u0,0 ) = 3
u2,1 = ( u3,0 + u1,0 ) = 5.5
u3,1 = ( u4,0 + u2,0 ) = 7
u4,1 = ( u5,0 + u3,0 ) = 7.5
u5,1 = ( u6,0 + u4,0 ) = 7
u6,1 = ( u7,0 + u5,0 ) = 5.5
u7,1 = ( u8,0 + u6,0 ) = 3
when j = 1 ui,2 = ( ui+1,1 + ui-1,1 )
u1,2 = ( u2,1 + u0,1 ) = 2.75
u2,2 = ( u3,1 + u1,1 ) = 5
u3,2 = ( u4,1 + u2,1 ) = 6.5
u4,2 = ( u5,1 + u3,1 ) = 7
u5,2 = ( u6,1 + u4,1 ) = 6.5
u6,2 = ( u7,1 + u5,1 ) = 5
u7,2 = ( u8,1 + u6,1 ) = 2.75

when j = 2 ui,3 = ( ui+1,2 + ui-1,2 )

u1,3 = ( u2,2 + u0,2 ) = 2.5
u2,3 = ( u3,2 + u1,2 ) = 4.625
u3,3 = ( u4,2 + u2,2 ) = 6
u4,3 = ( u5,2 + u3,2 ) = 6.5
u5,3 = ( u6,2 + u4,2 ) = 6
u6,3 = ( u7,2 + u5,2 ) = 4.625
u7,3 = ( u8,2 + u6,2 ) = 2.5
when j = 3 ui,4 = ( ui+1,3 + ui-1,3 )
u1,4 = ( u2,3 + u0,3 ) = 2.3125
 u2,4 = ( u3,3 + u1,3 ) = 4.25
u3,4 = ( u4,3 + u2,3 ) = 5.5625
u4,4 = ( u5,3 + u3,3 ) = 6
u5.4 = ( u6,3 + u4,3 ) = 5.5625
u6,4 = ( u7,3 + u5,3 ) = 4.25
u7,4 = ( u8,3 + u6,3 ) = 2.3125

When j = 4 ui,5 = ( ui+1,4 + ui-1,4 )

u1,5 = ( u2,4 + u0,4 ) = 2.125
u2,5 = ( u3,4 + u1 ,4 ) = 3.9375
u3,5 = ( u4,4 + u2,4 ) = 5.125
u4,5 = ( u5,4 + u3,4 ) = 5.5625
u5,5 = ( u6,4 + u4,4 ) = 5.125
u6,5 = ( u7,4 + u5, 4 ) = 3.9375
u7,5 = ( u8,4 + u6,4 ) = 2.125

i 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
j
0 0 3.5 6 7.5 8 7.5 6 3.5 0
1 0 3 5.5 7 7.5 7 5.5 3 0
2 0 2.75 5 6.5 7 6.5 5 2.75 0
3 0 2.5 4.625 6 6.5 6 4.625 2.5 0
4 0 2.3125 4.25 5.5625 6 5.5625 4.25 2.3125 0
5 0 2.125 3.9375 5.125 5.5625 5.125 3.9375 2.125 0

8). a). VL + VR + VC = V0

di Q
L + + iR = V
dt C
By differentiating w.r.t. t
d 2 i 1 dQ di
L 2
+ +R =0
dt C dt dt
 d 2 i R di i
2
+ + =0
dt L dt LC

d 2i di R 1
+ 2k + ω 2i = 0 − − − ( A ) Where = 2k & ω2 =
dt 2 dt L LC

Let general solution is i = Aeλt

di d 2i
Then = λ Aeλt & = λ 2 Aeλt
dt dt 2

( A) ⇒ λ 2 Aeλt +2k λ Aeλt + ω 2 Aeλt = 0

(
Aeλ t λ 2 +2k λ + ω 2 = 0 )
−2k ± 4k 2 − 4ω 2
λ=
2

λ = −k ± k 2 − ω 2

i) Over damped ( k 2 > ω 2 )

V −k t
i= e sinh α t where α = k 2 − ω 2
Lα

ii). Critically damped ( k 2 = ω 2 )

V − kt
i= e
Lα

iii). Under damped ( k 2 < ω 2 )

λ = −k ± k 2 − ω 2

= −k ± j β where β = k 2 − ω 2 & j = −1

i = Ae( − k + j β )t + Be( − k − j β ) t
When t = 0 ⇒ i = 0
A + B = 0 ⇒ A = −B

i = Ae− kt  e j β t − e − j β t 

e jβ t − e− jβ t
= 2 je− kt sinh β t where = sinh β t
2j

Differentiate w.r.t. t
di
= 2 jA  β e − kt cosh β t − ke − kt sinh β t 
dt
 di V
When t = 0 ⇒ =
dt L
V
2 jβ A =
L
V
A=
2 jβ L

V
Then i=2j e − kt sinh β t
2 jLβ

V − kt
i= e sinh β t
Lβ

b). Apply given data to above result

V = 10, R = 1000, C = 10 × 10−6 & L = 10
1 R
ω2 = = 2k
LC L
1 R 1000
ω= = 100 k= = = 50
10 × 10 × 10 −6 2 L 2 × 10

(k 2 < ω 2 ) ⇒ Under damped

β = k 2 − ω2

= 50 × 50 − 100 × 100

= 50 3i
3
i= e −50 3t
sinh 50 3t
10 × 50 3
VC = V0 − VL − VR

di
=3− L − iR
dt

10 3 −50 t  100 3 −50

=3− e  −50sinh 50 3t + 50 3 cosh 50 3t  − e 3t
sinh 50 3t
500 500

= 3 − e −50t  3 sinh 50 3t + 3cosh 50 3t 

09). a).
i). A subset W of a vector space V is called a subspace of V, if W is itself a
vector space under the vector addition and scalar multiplication defined on
V.
ii) Vector addition
Let w1 ( x1 + 2 y1 , y1 , − x1 + 3 y1 ) & w2 ( x2 + 2 y2 , y2 , − x2 + 3 y2 )

w1 + w2 = [ ( x1 + x2 ) + 2( y1 + y2 ),( y1 + y2 ), −( x1 + x2 ) + 3( y1 + y2 )] ∈V

Scalar multiplication
α w1 = α ( x1 + 2 y1 , y1 , − x1 + 3 y1 )
α w1 = α (α x1 + 2α y1 , α y1 , −α x1 + 3α y1 ) ∈V
∴W is a subspace of V
b)
i). A set of vectors ( (u1 , u2 ,..........., un ) is said to be linearly dependent if there
exist real numbers (α1 ,α 2 ,..........,α n ) not all zero, such that
α1u1 + α 2u2 + .......... + α n un = 0
ii). A set of vectors ( (u1 , u2 ,..........., un ) is said to be linearly independent only
when (α1 ,α 2 ,..........,α n ) all are zero, such that
α1u1 + α 2u2 + .......... + α n un = 0
c).
ii) α (1, 2, 2) + β (1, −2, 2) + γ (1,0,1) = 0

α + β + γ = 0 − − − − (1)

2α − 2β = 0 − − − − ( 2 )

2α + 2β + γ = 0 − − − − ( 3)

by ( 3) − (1) α + β = 0 − − − − ( 4)

by ( 2 ) − ( 4 ) × 2 β =0

α =0
γ =0
These vectors are linearly independent.
ii). Step 1
u1 (1, 2, 2)  1 2 2 
v1 = = = , , 
u1 3 3 3 3

Step 2
 u2 − proj w1 u2
v2 =
u2 − proj w1 u2

u2 − proj w1 u2 = u2 − (u2 .v1 )v1

1
= (1, −2, 2) − (1, 2, 2 )
3
1
= ( 2, −4, 4 )
3
2
v2 = (1, −2, 2 )
3
Step 3
u3 − proj w2 u3
v3 =
u3 − proj w2 u3

u3 − proj w2 u3 = u3 − (u3 .v1 )v1 + u2 − (u3 .v2 )v2

11 2 2 2
= (1,0,1) −  ,  − (1, −2, 2 )
3 3 3 3  3

1
= ( 0, 2, −3)
3
2
v3 = (1, −2, 2 )
3
1   1   0 
d). 1  − 1  =  
1   0   1 
Let α = 1 & β = −1
T (α u + β v) = α T ( u ) + β T ( v )

0 1  1
T   = 1T   + ( −1)T  
1 1  0

 2 1
= 1  + (−1)  
0 0

1
= 
 −1 
  8 − 6 2   1 0 0 8 − λ − 6 2 
     
10) a). A − λ I =  − 6 7 − 4  − λ 0 1 0  =  − 6 7 − λ − 4 
 2 − 4 3  0 0 1  2 − 4 3 − λ 
    
= 8 − λ[(7 − λ )(3 − λ ) − 16] − 6[− 8 + 6(3 − λ )] + 2[24 − 2(7 − λ )]

[ ]
= (8 − λ ) 21 − 10λ + λ2 − 16 − 6[− 8 + 18 − 6λ ] + 2[24 − 14 + 2λ ]

= 40 − 8λ + 8λ2 − 5λ + 10λ2 − λ3 − 60 + 36λ + 20 + 4λ

= − λ3 + 18λ2 − 45λ = 0
Characteristic equation of A is − λ3 + 18λ2 − 45λ = 0
( )
λ λ2 − 18λ + 45 = 0
λ(λ − 3)(λ − 15) = 0
∴ eigen values are λ = 0,3,15

a 
b). Let  b  be a vector corresponding λ = 0
 c 

When λ = 0 AX = λX
 8 −6 2  a  a
    
 −6 7 −4  b  = 0  b 
 2 −4 3  c  c
    

8a − 6b + 2c = 0 
 y = 2x
− 6 a + 7b − 4c = 0  ⇒
z = 2x
2a − 4b + 3c = 0 

a  a  1
     
 b  =  2a  = a  2 
 c   2a   
    2

1
 
Eigen vector of A corresponding λ = 0;  2 
 2
 
When λ = 3 AX=λX
  8 −6 2  a  a
    
 −6 7 −4  b  = 3  b 
 2 −4 3  c  c
    

8a − 6b + 2c = 3a  1
b = a
−6a + 7b − 4c = 3b  2

2a − 4b + 3c = 3c  c = −a

 a 
a    2
  1  1  
b  =  2 a = 2 a 1 
c  −2 
   −a   
 

2
 
Eigen vector of A corresponding to λ = 3 ; 1 
 - 2
 
When λ = 15 AX = λX
 8 −6 2  a  a
    
 −6 7 −4  b  = 15  b 
 2 −4 3  c   
   c
8a − 6b + 2c = 15a  b = −a

−6a + 7b − 4c = 15b  1
c= a
2a − 4b + 3c = 15c  2

 
a  a   2
     
 b  =  − a  = 2 a  −2 
c  1  1
   a  
2 

2
 
Eigen vector of A corresponding to λ = 15 ;  - 2
1
 

1  2   2 
   
Then eigen vectors  2 ,  1 ,  − 2  are lineally independent vectors
 2  − 2  1 
   
∴ A is diagonalizable
 1 2 2 
 
c). Let P =  2 1 − 2 
2 − 2 1 
 
P = −27

 − 3 − 6 − 6
−1 1  
P = − 6 − 3 6 
P  − 6 6 − 3
 

 − 3 − 6 − 6
1  
= − 6 − 3 6 
− 27  
 − 6 6 − 3

1 2 2  8 − 6 2  1 2 2 
− 1   
P AP =  2 1 − 2  − 6 7 − 4  2 1 − 2 
9   
 2 − 2 1  2 − 4 3  2 − 2 1 

0 0 0  1 2 2  0 0 0 
1    
= 6 3 − 6  2 1 − 2  =  0 3 0 
9    
 30 − 30 15  2 − 2 1   0 0 15 

d). S = P −1AP
S2 = P −1AP.S
S2 = P −1AP.P −1AP
S2 = P −1A 2 IP
⇒ S2 = P −1A 2 P
S2 .S = P −1A 2 P.S
S3 = P −1A 2 P.S
S3 = P −1A 3 IP
⇒ S3 = P −1A 3P
S3 .S = P −1A 3 P.S
S4 = P −1A 3P.P −1.A.P
= P −1A 4 IP
 S4 = P −1A 4 P
Therefore can be written
Sn = P −1A n P

(e) Q ( x ) = 8x12 - 12x1 x2 + 4x1 x3 - 8x2 x3 +7x2 2 + 3x3 2

Given quadratic form is Q( x) ,
 2 −4 0   x1 
Q ( x ) = ( x1 ,x2 ,x3 )  −4 0 4   x2 
 0 4 −2   x3 
The new quadratic form is Q(y) ,
1 0 0   y1 
Q(y) = ( y1 , y2 , y3 ) 0 2 0   y2 
0 0 4   y3 

Hence Q(y) = y12 + 2 y2 2 + 4 y32

But given Q(y) = a1 y12 + a2 y2 2 + a3 y12
Considering the coefficient of above two equations, we have,
a1 = 1, a2 = 2, a3 = 4