Pathophysiology

Modifiable risk factors:

Reduced myocardial - Lifestyle
Non-modifiable risk factors: contractility
- Age - Smoking
Increased cardiac - Excessive alcohol
- Gender workload
- Valvular heart consumption
Decreased diastolic - Obesity
disease filling - hypertension
Obstruction of left
atrial emptying

Increased left atrial pressure

Blood dams back into the Decreased stroke volume

pulmonary capillary bed

Decreased tissue perfusion

Pressure of blood into the
pulmonary capillary bed increases

Fluid shift into the intraalveolar space Increased cellular hypoxia Decreased blood flow
and interalveolar space to the kidney

Pulmonary edema
RAAS stimulation

Signs and symptoms:

- Dyspnea Vasoconstriction and reabsorption
- Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea of sodium and water
- Orthopnea
- Rales/crackles
- Moist cough
- Blood tinged frothy sputum
- Dizziness Increased blood volume
- Fatigue Increased systemic BP
- Weakness
-