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209
‘30000 S75 x10" xx
a 0900 _ 80000xex 200
Bode ~ 87x10 xe
385
brawl
a
Fig 99
ti)STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
DIRECT AND BENDING STRESSES
= 207
286
1,5 Moment of inertia about X-X axis
825 x10" «22% 80000 _ 69.5 mmm, Ans ae Peanee a
. © * 30000 x x 80000 x 200 = 7 bat
@
Problem 9:% [fins the Problem 9.6, the eoentricity ofthe point load is given as 150 mm, |
“then caleulade the moximurn and minimurm stress in the sexton. J,,= Moment of inertia about Y-¥ axis
Sol. Given at
"The data from Problem 9.6 is sel 2
‘D= 400 mm, d = 200 min . Now the escentric load is equivalent to a central load P, together with a bending momen
ae xe, about ¥¥ anda bending moment Px, about 2X. ELE
P=80000.N,A =90000 xx mm? chy,
Moment ofinertia, 1=3.75x10%x«mmt 41 1]
ecentrivity, — ¢ = 160 mm
P3000
Now ditect seese, 0°" 5ag00
8468 Nim?
‘We know that moment, reas
M2 P xe = 80000 x 150
= 12000000 Nenen
‘Maximum bonding stress is given by, :
Mx yng, 12000000 x (2200) Sanaa
NT” BIB x10 xe Co Yaa = #200 mend
2.037 Nim?
Mexiinum stress =o * 0
“8486 + 2.097 = 2.8658 Nimmt (Compressive). Ans,
‘Minimum sirees %
(3488 ~ 2.097 =~ 1.1882 Nimm® (Tensile). Ans.
‘The stress distribution across tho width is shown in Fig. 8.10.
94, RESULTANT STRESS WHEN A COLUMN OF RECTANGULAR SECTION IS SUB-
JECTED TO A LOAD WHICH IS ECCENTRIC TO BOTH AXES
‘A-column of rectangular section ABCD, subjected to « load which is eccentric to both
axes, is chown in Fig. 9.11.
Let P= Becentte load on extann
coentricity of load about X-X axis
Recantricity of oad about ¥-Y axis
3 = Width of column
Depth of column
Direct stress
= Bending stress due to eccentricity e,
Pxe,
A, = Moment of load sbout ¥-¥ axis
@) The direct stress (o,) Is given by,
LP
a= @
(Gi) The bending stress due to eccentricity e, is given by,
Prey xx
nay Sane “a Ce My=Bxe) i)
Inthe abr quatn eae mS i
‘The bending stress due to eccentricity e, is given by,
og, = Meee
eT
Peexy
T
a4.
In the above equation, y varies from © to + 2
‘equation, y varies from - 5 to + 5
‘Tho resultant stress at any point on the section
Myxe My.y
AU Ty Te
nari th pMEC the coordinatess andy are postive ence the resultant ten wil be
ay pt the pnt A, the coordintes «andy are negative and hence tho rsutant tress
(iif) At the point B, x is ve and y Is -ve and honee resultant stress
B Met Mey
Aree
(iv) At the point D, x is—ve and y is +ve and hence resultant stress
P My Mey
ai
9a)
Problem 98. A sort column of rectangular ertssction 80 mim by 60 mm carries @
load of 1 BN at. point 20 ram rm the longer ae and 35 mms from the shorter ide Determine
‘he mazinum compressive and teil areses fv the section.388 [STRENGTH OF MATERIN'S
pk—————- 60 mm ——al
| Seah ne oo
we Di nf
Point toed, Peso ww +e i
Erol fod aba £2 ax, ;
searete
entity of ad abe EY ax
cea
Momento eed boat # es,
ye we, = 40000 «20 nae
‘cio Nam
Moment of load about ¥-¥ axis,
M,=Pxe, =
‘Moment of inertia about X-X axis,
19000 + 5 = 200000 Nena
1 2 “
5% 8080" » 1440000 mm
Similarly,
(@) The maxizvuma compressive stress will be at point C where 2 and y are positive. The
value of := 40 rom and.
4 2
60 «80° = mt
Be 2560000:
1440000
=8.39+3.125 +8.83 = 19.785 Nimm#. Ans.
Gi) The maximum tensile stress will be at point A whore x
Hence using equation (9.3), we get
Myer
Resultant stress at A= 24
= 889-9.125 - 8.33 =~3.125 Nimm?, Ans.
Problem 9.9. A column ie rectangular in cross-section of 300 mm x 400 mm in dimen:
sions. The column earries an eccentric point load of 360 AN on one diagonal at a distance of
‘quarter diagonal length from a corner. Caloulate the stresses at all four corners. Draw stress
disiribution diagrams for any two adjacent sides. (Bhavnagar University, Feb. 1992)
Sol. Given
‘Width, 100 mn
Depth, d= 400mm
DIRECT ANDO BENOING STRESSES 380
Area, A= bxd =300% 400
12% 108 mat
‘The eccentric load is acting at point E, where
distance EC = one quarter of diagonal AC.
Ne agonal AC fs an? = 0
1
snacan, tama=t
3
we! and ine
sin orerce tac
= 3500 = 125 mm Pig. 81200)
4
4
And 2 BF = OF sin 9=128 x $ = 100 mm
3
26 x 3 = 76 mm
¢,= OF =08 on 8
‘Moment of load about x: axis,
MM, =P x, = 960000 x 10
Moment of load about J-y axis,
«108 mmé
‘The resultant stress at any point in given by equation (9.8) as
PMyxe, Maxey
ana Ne
© Resultant stress at point C
Atpoint C,2 = 1650 mm and y
Resultant stress at C
Resultant stress
PM; *150 M, «200
a ie
360000 , 27000000 = 160 , 36000000 x 200
“Taxi” 9x18 16x10"
23445445 Nimo?
= 12 Naam? (compressive). Ans.300 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
Gi) Resultant stress at point B
Abpoint B,x= 150mm and y«~200mm
x 150 Bf, x(- 200)
Resultantstess at B= G+ E+ BESS
__ 380/000, 27000000 x 150 _ 36000000 x 200
“Taxtot* 9x 10" 10x10"
=3445-45
= 3. Nimm! (compressive). Ans.
Git) Resultans strees at point A
‘At point A, =~ 150mm and y
‘Resultant stress at point A
200 mam
PM, x(- 150)
__ 860900 _ 27000000 150 _ 26000000 = 200,
“Taxiot 9x 10" 16x10"
3-45-45
=-6Ninm (Tensile). Ans.
(iv) Resultant stress at point D
Atpoint D, x =~ 150 mm and
Resultant stress at point D
PM(-350)_-M, x20
ar rr as
= 200 mm
‘560000 _ 27000000 x 150
Txt 9x10"
a2 48045
= 8. N/mm? (compressive), Ans.
16000000 x 200
16x10"
Stress distribution for AB and BC (ie, two adjacent sides)
Fig. 9.12 @) shows the stress distribution along two adjacent sides (ie, AB and BC).
‘At point A, resultant stress is 6 N/m (tensile) whereas at point B, the resultant stress is
3 N/mm? (compressive). Take AB = 6 Nimm# and BF = Nimm*. Join B to F.
For side BC, the resultant strose at B is 3 Nirom® (compressive) whoreas at point C the
rogultant stress is 12 Nimm? (compressive)
‘Take BH = 8 Nimnm* (compressive) and CG = 12 Nimm? (compressive).
DIRECT AND BENDING STRESSES 301
toe
Sie
Df
Fig. 912.6)
Problem 9.10.4 masonry pier of 8m x4 m
eupports a vertical load of 80 RN as shown in
Fig. 9.13.
(a) ind the stresses developed at each cor-
ner of the pier.
(6) What additional load shoutd be placed
1 the contre of the pier, so that there is no tension.
anywhere in the pier section ?
(o) What are the stresses atthe corners with
the additional load in the centre?
Sol. Given :
‘Wideh
Depth,
Arey
Point load,
Eeeentrietty of load about XX axis,
205m
Eoventricity of load about ¥-Y axis,
= Lom
Moment of load about XX axis,
MM, =P xe,= 80 x 0.5 = 40 kNm
Similarly, My = Pxe, = 80x L0= 80 kNm
‘Moment of inertia about X-X axis,
4 “
l= Gy X49" = 9mm302 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
Similarly, = gp x8 xP a 10 mt
(a) Stresses developed at each corner of the pier
“The resultant stress at any pint i given By equation (9.3)
Po Myxe Mey
atcier tial
GAL point, =~ 2.0m and y = ~ 16m, Hence resultant stress at A Gis, 04)
obtained by subtitating these values nthe above equation ().
80, 80(-2.0) | 40x(=1.5)
=p 16 o
= 660-10 6.66
10 kN/m? (Tensile). Ans.
(i Apoint B,x =201m andy =~ 15m, Hence resultant scees a B (i, oi obtained
by ovbotitating these values in equation
80, 8020, 40*(-1.5)
pet
= 665 + 10-666
0 KNint (Compressive). Ans.
20 mand y «1.6 m. Henes resukent stress at C ti, 0,8 glven by,
a0, «20 | 40% 1.5
et
9 4 1016.66
2.28 ANI (Compressive). Ans.
Om andy = 1.5m. Hence resultant stress atD (ce, op)ia given,
80, B0x(-20) , 401.5
is 3
= 6.66-10.46.66
= 2.8 kNim# (Compressive). Ane.
(6) Additional load atthe centre ofthe per 0 that there eno tnsion angtahere inthe
pier sation
[et W'= Additional load (in KN) placed atthe centre for no tension anywhere in the
bier section
‘The above loa is compressive and will caus s compressive sress
Hence resultant stress “a
(Git) At point ©,
(io) At point D,
= As 12m?)
ae fy Aslam)
‘As this load is placed at the centre, it will produce a uniform compressive stress
‘across the section of the pier. But we know that there is tensile stress st point A having
magnitude = 10 kNim®, Hence the compressive stress due to load W should be equal to
tensile stress at 4
w
pro
or W=10x12=120kN. Ans.
(© Stresses at the corners with the additional load at the centre
W320
ae
‘Stress due to additional load = 10kNim? (Compressive)
DIRECT AND BENDING STRESSES 399
‘This stross is uniform across the eross-section of the pier. Hence to find the stresses at
‘the corners with this edditional load, we must add the stress 10 KN/m? in each valu of the
stresses already existing in the corners,
Stress at A,o,=~10+10=0. Ams.
Similarly, 0 = 10+ 10= 20%Nim?, Ans.
3.93 + 10 = $3.38 kNimw*, Ans.
18.88 kNim®. Ans.
and
9.5. RESULTANT STRESS FOR UNSYMMETRICAL COLUMNS WITH ECCENTRIC
LOADING
In case of unsymmetrical columns which are subjected to eocentrie loading, first the
contre of gravity (i.e, C.G.) of the unsymmetrical section is determined, Then the moment of
inertia of the section about the axis passing through the C.G. is caleulated. After that the
distances betwoen the comers ofthe section and its C.G. is obtained, By using the values ofthe
oment of inertia and distances of te coma fom the C.G. ofthe seetion, the stresses cn the
‘comers sre then determined,
Problem 9.11. A short column has a square section 300 mm x 900 mm with a square
Iola of 150 mm 150 mm as shown in Fig. 9.14, It carries an eccentric load of 1800 BN,
located as showin in the figure. Determine the maximum compressive and tensile stress across
the exction,
fet anefe—td em —sfrs a
i
*
80mm
+ ais
Jersmmae-75nmny)
a
Fig. 8.14
Sol. Given
Dimension of column
Dimension of hole
300 min > 300 rem
= 150 mm x 150 min304 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
‘A= 00 » 300 — 150 » 150
‘90000 ~ 22500
67500 ma?
Point load, P = 1800 KN = 1800000 N
‘The point lod ie acting on ¥-Y axis, The given sostion is also symmetrical about
YY axis, But it is unsymmetrical tg X-X axis. Let us first find the position of XX axis, For
thi, find the distance of C.G, from the bottom line AB. Lat is the distance of the C.G. of
tho section from the bottom line AB.
Aust Aaye
(AAR)
Area of outer square = 300 x 300 = $0000 mm®
Distance of C.G. of outer square ftors line AB = 160 mm
‘Area of square hole = 150 x 150 = 22500 mm? = ~ 22500 mm?
(Gve eign due to cut out portion)
‘Area of esction,
‘Then y
Disaes C6 oquere tol om ine AB «100+ 9 405 mm
(90000 x 150 - 22500 x 175
“(0000 = 22500)
119500000 - 3937500
67500
2 The axis XX lies ab a distance 141.66 mum from line AB or at a distance of 800
= 141:66-= 158.54 mam from line CD.
‘The load is unsymmetrical to X-X axis,
Hence eccentricity, ¢ = 158.84 ~ (50 + 30) = 78.38 mm,
‘Moment about XX axis,
M =P xe = 1800000 78.34
4101200 Nina
‘Now let us calculate the moment of inertia of the section about X-X exis.
Let I, = MOL. of outer square ABCD about XX exis.
MOLL of ARCD about an axis parallel to XX and passing through
its C.G, + Area of ABCD (Distance of C.G. of ABCD from XX axis)®
141.66 sm
++ 200 > 300 » (158.24 - 1507
375000000 + 6260004 = 631260004 mm*
MOLL of square hole about XX axis,
O.1 of hole about its C.G. + Area of hale (Distance of C.G. of
hole from Xx
150 150°
2
= 42187600 + 25010001 = 67197601 mmt
150 x 1501175 — 141.60)8
RECT AND BENOING STRESSES 305,
Net moment of inertia of the section about X-X axis is given by
I-L-k,
681260004 ~ 67197501 = 614062508 mmt
Now direct stress is given by,
>, 1800000 :
ay» 10000 «9 65 Na
“his tress ifr aeroae the ection,
Bending sires is given by,
Mo
Ty
co oye MEP
‘The maximum value of from X-K axis is 158.34 mm, This isthe distance of the line CD
G1om ans As load is actng above theX-X axis, hence the bending sess wl be compressive
tn the olge CD. This stesso obtained by aubattingy = 168:94 sm in equation (0
‘Bonding tres a the edge CD duo to moment
14062503 "614062509
86.36 N/mm? (Compressive.
Bonding sires at tho cago AB will be tens, The distance of AB fromm XX 141.66 mm.
Bending. stress at the edge AB due to moment will be cbtained by subtituting y =
= 141.66 in equation @.
Bonding stress a the edge AB due to moment
MoVAL66 | 141012000% 141.6 oy
T ‘614062508
=~ 82.528 Nim?
Recultant stress at the edge CD
0+ %
= 26.66 + 86.66 = 63.82 Nimm? (Compressive). Ans.
‘and resultant stress at the edge AB
= 26.66 ~ 92.529 = 5.869 (Tensile). Ans.
Problem 9.12. A short columr lus rectangular votion 160 mune % 200 mm with @
circular hole of 80 mo diameter as shown in Fig. 9.15. It carries an cecentri load of 100 KN, at
1 point aa shown in the figure. Determine the stresses at tho four corners of the section.
Sol. Given
Width,
Dopth,
Area of rectangular ABCD,
Ay
Dia. of hale,
ra ole y= 08 265 mnt396 [STRENGTH OF MATEUS
‘vRECT AND BENDING STRESSES 207
Fig. 915,
Area of section, A=, ~ A, = 92000~ 5026.5,
© 26973.5 mm?
Eccentric load, P= 100 kN» 100 x 10" N
‘The given section is symmetricel about X-X axis, But it is unsymmetrical to Y-Y axis.
Lot us fiest find the position of Y-¥ axis. For this find the distance of the CG. of the
section from the reference line AD. Lat & is the distance of the C.G. of the section from the
reference line AD,
Ait Ate
Then Be
where A, = Area of rectangle ABCD = $2000 mamat
2," Distance of 2G. of rectangle ARC from reference line AD = 60 mm
A, = Area of hole = ~ 5026.5 mm? (ve sign due to ext out portion)
= Distance of CG. of hole from line AD
32000 « 80 - 5026.5 x 60
($2000 — 5096.6)
2560000 — 202590 _ $9.73 mm.
2089.5
Hence the axis ¥-¥ willie at a distance of 88.73 mm from the line AD or at a distance of
160 ~ 83.73 = 76.27 mm from line BC as shown in Fig. 9.15,
‘The load is unsymmetrical to X-X axis as well as Y-Y axis,
Becentrcity of load about CX axis,
¢, = 50 mm
0mm
Boventricity of load about V-¥ axis,
¢, = 88.73 ~ 60 = 23.73 mm
Moment of excentrie load about X-X axis,
M,=Pxe,
100 x 10" x 50 = 5 x 10° Nm. “o
‘Moment of eccentric load shout ¥-¥ axis,
M,=Pxe,
= 100 x 108 x 28.78
2.878 x 10° Nmm wa
"Now find the moment of inertia of the section about X-X axis and ¥-¥ axis,
Let Inq,= MOL of rectangle ABCD about X-K axis
MOL of rectangle about its C.G. + Area of rectangle
(Distance of C.G. of ABCD from XX axis)?
160 « 200"
+160 x 200 (0)
O.L ofthe hole about XX axis
J «808 201 10" mt
‘The moment of morta ofthe section about X-K is given by
Fug? Day ~ Lag
L066 x 10% 2.01 x 10°
04.59 x 10° mnt i)
Similevty, Ly Lon. —Loy, sav)
whore ,,, = M.O.L. ff ABCD about Y-Y axis
= MOLL of ABCD about its C.G. + A, (Distance of C.G. of ABCD from ¥-¥?
200260 59 5 00 12-8
60810" 448 308
6.08 «10 mnt
tnd Igy MOE. ool abou ie
MOM ele about ts C0, +A, Distance ofits 6. om YF
1 00 95 62.79 08
22.108 6288 108
oad 08
Hence uhatatng hes vale in oat eo, we ast
1, = 68705 «108-484 0108
2.85 0 mntSTRENGTH OF MATERIALS,
DIRECT AND BENDING STRESSES 390
308
‘The resultant stress at any point is obisined from equation (9.3.
My.e My.y
Recultant stress = Eee 2 Se
7 i CX and Y-Y as the
su Ee sg gan ae ne ach
Renan reese
a ty Te
100000, 2.373 x 10° 88.73 _5 10° x 100
“p6973.5° — 09.805x10° “104.56 « 10°
=8.707 + 3.111- 4.781
2.037 Nimm®, Ans.
(Gi) At point B, x =~ 76.27 and y =~ 100 mmm. Hence resultant stress at 8,
pM, x 7620 100)
en Te
de
100000 _2.973x 108 «76.27 _ 5108 x 100
= 360735” 63.865%10° 104.5610"
= 8.707 ~ 2.883 - 4.781
== 3.907 Nimm?. Ans.
(iii) At point C,x =~ 76.27 and y = 100 mm, Hence resultant stress at C,
| M, x10
cen 5
= 8.107 - 2.633 + 4.781
= 5.655 Ninm®. Ans.
(Go) At point D, x= 88.79 and y = 100 mm. Hence resultant stress at D,
(88.73) | Mx 100
1,
dy
07 + 3.111 + 4.781
= 11.599 Ninn? Ans.
‘ANGULAR SECTIONS
, KERNEL OF
9.6, MIDDLE THIRD RULE FOR REC!
SECTION]
it ‘applied on
‘The cament concrete columns are steak in tension, [ence the load must be appl
‘those columns in such a way that there ia no tensile stress anywhere in the section. But when
fan eccentric load is acting on a column, it produces direct stzess ae well ss bending stress. The
‘resultant stress at any point in the section is the algebraic sum of the direct stress and bending
Consider a rectangular section of width
‘and depth ‘d’ as shown in Fig. 9.16. Lat this soc-
tian is subjected to a load which is eccentric to
the axis Y-¥.
Let P= Becentrio load acting on the
column
Eecenticity ofthe load
Ax Area of the section.
‘Then from equation (9.2), we have the
‘minimum stress as
anne
oy 18vo, then stress will be tensile. But fo, , i8 zero (or postive) then there willbe
no tonsile Stress along the width of the column.
Hence for no tensile stress along the width ofthe eslumn,
B84) Ay
Bnew (ant) 0
7 oe os
the greatest eecentrety ofthe load is 2 from the axis Y-Y, Hence i the load is applied at any
compet mesh ng hn wh hdc be apd a ut pode any
Similarly, if the load had boon cccontric with respect to the axie X-X, the condition that
tensile ateaae will not cocus fa when the eccentricity of the load with respect to thie asia XK
areca
sire dh
Ifit is possible that the toad is likely tobe eceentvie about both the axis X-X and Y-Y, the
condition that tensile stress will not occur fs when the load is applied anywhere within the
d
1 the range within which the load may be applied is within the middle
hombus ABCD whose diagonale axe AC
as shown in Fig. 9.16. This figure
b
§ and BD
3
ABCD within which the load may be applied anywhere so a8 not to produce tensile atrees in.
‘any part of tho ontive rectangular section, is called the Core or Kernel of the section. Hence tho
kernel of the section is tho area within which the lino of action ofthe eocentri load P must cut400 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
the cross-section if the stress is not to become tensile in any pact of the entire rectangular
section,
Note, i} I direct stzee (9) 8 equal to bending stress (,) then the tnsit stress willbe nero
Gi) IF tho direct strese (o) ia more than bending stress (o,), then the stress throughout the
‘sexton will be compressive
ii) the nec stress (ois las than bending stress (o), then there will be tensile stress.
(ie) Honce for no tele stress, og 6,
9.1. MIDDLE QUARTER RULE FOR CIRCULAR SECTIONS [i.e., KERNEL OF
SECTION)
Consider a civeular section of diameter ‘as shown
in Fig. 9.17, Let this section is subjected to a load which is +
fovontrie tothe axis YY
Let P= Becentrie load
¢ = Bocentricity of the Joad
A= Ares of the section = Td?
Now direct stress,
vw
Moment, M=Pxe
aahd oat
Bending stress (0, i given by, ie
Mime on May
Ty ° T
Maximum bending streas willbe when
af
fia
Maximum bending stress is givon by,
a
4(02)- Proxy. uPre
my xd
a
[Now minimum stress is given by,
nin ® %9~
_ 4P_32P xe
“dt xa®
For no tonsile stress, 42 0
4P _32P x0
a ad? ad®
20 or
or 1 0.8)
[ORECT AND BENOING STRESSES 401
‘he severe shows thatthe cantly mat ethane ime
htt cca ction ny eof cent ei, an ncn oul
Ths fe not ao of tea thin te a ator ol ner fe
sain circle as shown in Pig. 9.17, then the stress will be compressive throughout the ereular
section
9.8. KERNEL OF HOLLOW CIRCULAR SECTION (OR VALUE OF ECCENTRICITY
FOR HOLLOW CIRCULAR SECTION)
Tot _D, = External diameter, and
D, = Internal dicmetor
P= Eccentric load
‘¢= Becontrieity of the load
A= Area of section
= pe-pA
1 = Moment det ascntscoad P= Pe
= Seton modus
7
ner
Svs =p (
“a
aap, 1P.'- Pe
Now direct stress (o,) i given by
PB
one 0
‘The direct stress is compressive and uniform thioiighout the section.
Bending stress (0) is given by
Mice
73
on Pert
&
a (- f+)
‘Tho bonding struss may be tonsile or comprossivo. Tho resultant stress at any point is
the algebraie sum of direct stress:and bending stress. There will be no tensile stress st any
point if the bending stress is less than or equal to divect stress at that point.402 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
‘Hence for no tonsile stress,
Bending stress = Direct stress
Substituting the values of o, and ©, from equations (i) and (i), we get
M=Pxe)
or {cancelling P to both sides)
o oo)
mtn
fly -BP)
4a_ (D+ DED, ~ DP)
Baad, (DD)
ech weep 0m
BD,
‘The above result shows that the eccentricity ‘e must be loss than or equal 10
(Dg + DA NGD,. It means that the load can be eoventeie, on any side of the centre of the
tite, by!an antount equal to (D,? + D,y{BDp). Tres, if the line of ation of the load is within
St edree of diameter equal to (D,! + D2VAD,), then tho siress willbe compressive throughout
Dee De
Diamoter of kemel = 22+?"
Dy
9.9, KERNEL OF HOLLOW RECTANGULAR SECTION (OR VALUE OF BCCENT-
RICITY FOR HOLLOW RECTANGULAR SECTION)
Refer to Fig. 0.17 (a
Let B= Outer with of rectangular section
DREGT AND BENDING STRESSES 403
Similarly,
For no tensile stress at any section, the value of «is given by equation (9.6)
Z,
2 La
00k oe ge 2m ond 22
a
[= bay
“CDED- ed
a =" BD
DB - ab
eB DB? —ab®
(BD-bad ~ BBD — 6a}
1; means that the load can be eccentric on either side of the geometrical axis by an
(BD? ~bd?) 4g DB
eDED - bd“ BREBD-bA)
Problem 9.13, Draw neat sketohes of hernel of the following cross-sections
@) Rectangular section 200 mam x 800 mm
(Gi) Hollow circular eylinder with external dia =300 mm and thickness = 50 mm
(G80 Square with 400 em? Area, (Ghavnagar University, Feb, 1992)
Sol. Given
[200 mn —
Rectangular Section
100 mm
D=800m ! |
i
(9.8)
and (98(4))
amount equal to along x-axis and y-axis respectively
Value of 2'for no tensile strese along width 1s given by
equation (2.4) a5
200
B_ 200
eG ape £9033 om -
Hence take OA = OC = 93.83 em
"The value of’ for no tonsile stress along the depth is
given by,
D_ 300
es 22 e100
Hence take OD = OB = 100 ema404 ‘STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
‘Now join A toB, Bto ©, CtaD and D (oA. The figure ABCD representa the kernel ofthe
‘given rectangular section ae chown in Fig. 9.18.
i Kernel for Hollow Circular Section
Given
External dia,
Thickness,
Intemal die,
For hollow eylindrieal section, for no tensile
stress, the value of eis given by equation (9.7) as
1 ies Dy
os apy OP +DP
L .
= peppy OP + 200)
1
= yypg (00000 + 40000)
= 130000 54.16 mm
0 54.16
‘Taking 0 ascentre and radius equal to 54.16mm
(or dia, = 2% 54,16 = 108.32 moa) draw a eirelo. This
circle ig the kernel of the hollow circular section of ex
ternal dia, = 300 mim and internal dia = 200 mm, as
shown in Fig, 9.38.
(Git) Kernel for Square Section
Given
‘Area ~ 400 em?
One side of square = V400 = 20 em
For no tansilostross, the value of efor the square
ction is given by equation (9-4) as
Side 20
28 tporD)s g 28i0em
Honce take OA = OC = OB = OD = 883.cn
Join ARCDA 2a shown in Fig. 9.20. Then ABCD is
the kernel of given square section.
Problem 9.14. Draw neot sketch of kernet ofa hollow rectangular section of outer eross-
section 300 ram x 200 mam and inner eross-setion 150 ma x 100 mur.
Sol. Given
Outer rectangular section, B = 800 mm, D = 200 rom.
Inner reetangular soction, b = 150 mm and d= L00 mm,
For no tensile stxess the value of ¢ along x axis and along y-axis are given by equations
(9.8) and (9.8 A) respectively.
i
RECT AND BENDING STRESSES 405
Using equation ©.8), we get
eg (BD be")
** GOED ba)
(600 200% — 150x100) __ 100% «(2400 ~ 150)
2001300 x 300 ~ 150 100) " 12.1009 <(6= 1.5)
2250
Gag <4b67 om
Hence take OA = 06 = 41.67 mm in Fig. 8.21
Using equation (9.8 A), we got
os (DBS — db3)
?” GBIBD = bd) “|
i sto eng
(200 x 800% ~ 100 x 1608) f-— 150 mm ——o}
* 8006900» 200-150 x 100) j T
__ 1006400 - 531.5) oh ok tet
6x dx 106-15 A+ OE BLS
5025 60 5m ? ia] *
“ied a oho ty
Hence take OD = OB = 62.6 mm in
Fig 921 '
Now join A to B, BtoC,CtoDandD -
tA. The figure ABCD represent the kernel of ig. 921
the given hollow rectangular section,
HIGHLIGHTS
‘The axial load produces direct stress (,)
2 Recentrie lad produces dite seas as well as bonding stress ().
2. The maximum and minieeum stress at any polnt ina section which is subjected wo a load which
is oxroniie o ¥-Y axis is givon by,
rect stross + Bending stress
“2le52)
and nig = Ditect trees ~ Bonding streas
For a rectangular section
221-588), ae nsetane ton
(0-83) ane
where P = Beconteic load
As Area of section
= Becenticty
= Width of the section.
I'¢,= op the tansle stress willbe zero across the section.
H.9,> oj, there will be no tensile stross across the section,
Be408 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
16-0, there wl be ene sen cos the pon
The sesltant sc at ny pant when spmeetia ole secon eee 20 8 Ted
wh ect ts Se er gen
PMyes My.
A° hy te
xe
whore P= Recents load
A= Area ofthe section
AM, = Moment of oad about YY axis
,,= Moment of inertia about ¥-¥ axis
Mand [,, = Moment and moment of inertia ebuut XX axis xespectivaly
‘The values of x and y are postive on the same side on whieh Load Is setng.
8. For unsymmetrical sections, subjected to eccentric load. first ofall tho C.G. of she seston is
‘determined. Then moment of inertia of the section about an axis passing through the C20. is
obtained. After that stresses are obtained,
9, For a rectangular section, there will be no ton
ride third of dhe section.
10, For a circular section of diameter‘, there willbe no tensile stress ithe Toad les in a circle of
ie stress ifthe lord is on ether axie within the
2
Aiameter $ with contre O ofthe main eiteular section. This is known a5 "midle quart rule for
reular sections
4, Porno tensile stress, the value of eecenticity ois given by
4
eed For circular aoction
1
5 5p BA+DD For hollow circular section with Dy 38
external dis, and D, a2 interns die,
Baad
shan or rectangular section
One side of squave
2 or aquare section
ap? — dy
For hollow restangular seston with B and D ae outar
‘width and dopsh and b and d as innor width and depth
‘eoxBD~ ba
es et a8)
© GBGRD - bd)
EXERCISE 9
(A) Theoretical Questions
1. What do you moan by direct stress and bonding tress?
2 Prove that an eccentric load causes a direct strat at wel as bending stress
OVRECT ANO BENDING STRESSES 407
4. Prove that for rectangular section subjected to eooentre Toad the maxlnium and mininmamsiresses
are given by
wan B08) st of)
’
Becentee Toad,
‘A-= Area ofthe system,
2b = Width of action,
and e = Brcansiety.
5. How wll you find the maximum and minimum stresses at the base of a symmetrical column,
‘when itis subjected to load which is eccentric to bath axis?
{6 Bind and expression for the mastimum and minimum stresses at the base of an unsymmettical
column which ie subjoctd to an occontvic load
“7. Whot do you moan by the following terms
@ Midate third rule for rectangular sections, and
() Madde quarter rule for circular sections
& Prove that for no tension at the base ofa shor column
(i) of rectangular section, the line of sean ofthe load ahould be within the mide third, and
[ud ofeireular section, the line of action of the load shouldbe within the middle quarter.
1 Draw a neat aketches of Kernel of the fllowing eross-aections
(6) Rectang 200 mm > 200 mms
Gi) Hollow creslareplnder with external dia, = 900 mm, thickness = 50 am
ii) Square with 400 em avea. (Bhavnagar University, Reb. 1962)
(B) Numerical Problems
4A. A rectangular column of width 120 mm and of thickness 100 mam carries 2 point load of 120 KN
at an eceontccity of 10 mm. Determine the maximum and minimum stresses at the base of the
column. (Ans. 15 Nimrct, 5 Nim)
‘% fin tho abovo prabiom, the minimum strac at the base of tho soetion is given as oro then find
‘the eccentriity af the point load of 120 KN aeting on the rectangular section. Alo ealeulate the
corresponding maximum stress on the ston, (Ans. 20 min, 20 Nan]
3, Fin @ 1, the escontricty i given aa 90 mm, then find the maximum and eninimum stress on the
secon. Also plot hese stress along the width ofthe section. (Ans. ~ 8 Ninn, 25 Nan]
4, Ina tension specimen 18 mn ina diamoter the line of pulls parallel to tho als ofthe spectmen
butis displaced from it. Determine the distance ofthe line of pull em the axa, when tho maxi
sum etre is 15% presto than the moan slrees on a setion normal to the axis
Aas 0:25 sna)
5. A.hollow rectangular colamn is having exteroal and internal dimensions as 120 em deep 80 en
‘wide and 80 eat deop % 30 om wide respectively. A vertical laa of 200 KN ie twansmitted in the
‘ertieal plane biseting 120 em side ane stan asentricity of 10 cm frem the geometric avi of the
socton, Caleulato the maximum and minim stresses in the section,
(Ans. 0.61 Némn® and 0.17 Nin]
6. Ashore column of diameter 40 em carries an eccentric load of 80 KN. Find the greatest cecontrcty
‘hich the load can have without producing tension on the crosteestion Tana. 5 em]
17. A short column of external diameter 50 em and internal diameter $0 em carries an ecconticloed
of 100 KN, Find the greatest eccentricity which the load can have witheut predusing tension on
tho eross-setion (Ans. 85 cm]408 ‘STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
SN
‘S.A tollow circular column of 25 em external and 20 cm internal diameter respediely caries an
tial load of 209 KN, I also caries a aed of 100 KN on a bracket whose line of action is 20 em
fhom the axis of the cokum. Determine the maximam snd minimum stress atthe base soction
[Ans, 99 Ninn? Gomp.), 5.18 Nimm# (tension
8, A column section 0 cm enteral diameter and 15 om internal diameter supports an axial lood of
2S MN and an ecvntre load of PN at an eovnteeity of 40 cra, If the compressive and tonsle
Streases ave not to exceed 140 Ninn and 6D Wm? respactivaly, find the magnitude of Toad P
(Ans. 7888 KN]
10. A rectangular pice of 1.5m x 1,01 is aubjoted to a eompressive load of 450 KN as shown fa
Fig, 8.18: Pind tho strosaeson ll four cneners of tho pier.
[hse 0, 045 Ninn? = 018 Ninn, a= 1.08 Nha? op 048 Ninn
4
“Msasstaseasel enats
] gz, ame
Fes set
1 “obm
10m
See
Fig. 0.28
10
Dams and Retaining Walls
10.1. INTRODUCTION
A large quantity of water is required for irrigation and power generation throughout
the year, A dam is constructed to store the water. A retaining wall is constructed to retain the
earth in hilly areas. Tho water stored in a dam, exerts pressure force on tho face ofthe dam in
contact with water. Similarly the earth, retained by a rotaining wall, exerts pressure on the
retaining well In this chapter, we shall study the difforent types of dama, treases across the
soction of a dam, stability of dam and minimum bottom width required for a dam section.
102. TYPES OF DAMS
‘Thore aro many types of dams, but the following types of dams are mare important
1. Rectangular dams
2. Trapezoidal dams having
(@) Water faco vertical, and
() Wator face inclined.
A trapezoidal dam us compared to rectangular dam is economical and easier to con-
struct. Hence these days trapezoidal dais are mostly eonstructod
108, RECTANGULAR DAMS
ig. 10.1 shows a rectangular dam having water on one of ita sides.
Let f= Height of water
Fx Foreo exorted by water on the side of the dam
Weight of dam por metre longth of daz
eight of dus
Width of dam
Weight density of dam,
Consider one metre length of the dam,
‘The forces acting on the dam are
(@ Tao foreo F due to water in contact with the side of tho dam.
‘The force Fis given by
Pe uak
“The dorivailan for Penn be seen in any standard boos of Fluld Mechanicn
409470 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
A
wx thx g
Fig. 10.1
th ce Flin enero ein ot bare he a ase
Wig. 10.1.
‘ii) Phe woight W of the dam. The weight of the dam is given by
W = Weight density of dam x Volume of dain
= ug x (Area of dams} > 1 Le Length of dam = Lm)
=u, xb x Hf
‘The weight W will be acting downwards through the C.G. of the dam as shown in
Fig. 10.2,
‘Those are only two forces acting on the darn. The resultant force may be determined by
the method of paralielogram of forves as shovrn in Fig. 10.1. The force Ps produced to ntereoct
‘hv line of action of the W at, 0. Take OC =F and OB = W to some scale. Complete the rectangle
OBDC. Ten the diagonal OD will represent the resultant £ to the same seale
Resultant R= (Pw goa)
‘And the angle mace by the resultant with vertical is given by
BDF
tano= 22 -F 2
02 on Ww ao)
103.1. The Horizontal Distanee between the Line of Action of W and the Point
through which the Resultant Cuts the Base. In Fig. 10.1 the diagonal OD represents the
OAS AND RETANENG WALLS an
yecultant of F and W. Lat the diagonal OD is extand so that it euts the base ofthe dam at point
IY Also extend the line OB so that it cuts the base at polat N. Then the distance MN is the
horizontal distance betweon the line of action of W and the point through the resultant cuts
the base
tat <= Distance ma
‘The distance xis obtained frm similar triangles OBD and ONM as given below
yu _BD
ie ON ~ OB
A
o- Tyre ce Distanea On = 9,2 and OB =)
FA
sabah -.003)
‘The distance x can also be calculated by taking moments of al foes (here the forces F
nd W) about the point M,
A
xt
Problem 10.1.4 masonry dam of rectangular
section, 20 m high and 10 m wide, hae water upto a ee
Height of 18m on ite one side. Find
(@ Pressure force due to tater om one metre |
length ofthe dam, i
(G9 Position of entre of peste, and 8
(ii) The point ot which the resultant euts the 3
bose. eLetter ,
Tabethe weight dons of masonry = 19624Nin#, |
and of water = 981 bNi .
Sol. Given z
Height of dam, He 2m : WA
Wid of dam, prim eke
Heght ofwater, —h=16m Pe 102
Weight density of masonry,
og = 19.68 ein = 19620 Nimo
For water,
w= 9.81 kien = 981 x 1000 Nim#
(8 Pressure force due to water on one metre length of dam
Lat F = Pressure foree due to water
Then Fe wait
a1 cite cared
(et a
o
gsi esioo terre! «SHON, As
81 km? = 9.81 » 1000 Nim®)412 ‘STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
Gi) Position of contre of pressure
‘The point, at which the foree F is acting, is known as centre of pressure, Tho foree Fis
16
*
scting horizontally at a beght of % (5.28 =5:89m) above the base.
Position of eentee of prossure from base
=533m. Ans.
iii) The point at which the resultant cuts the base
Let = Horizontal distance between the line of action of W and the point through,
‘hich the resultant cuts the base
W= Weight of dam per motre length of dam
= Weight density of masonry x (rea of dsm) x 1
2 wy x x Hx 1 = 19520 % 10 x 20 x 1 = 9924000 N
Using equation (10:3),
Fok 1255680, 16
en Ex d= Soapog 9 7 hm Ans.
Problem 10.2. A masonry dam of rectangular erosssection 10 m high and 6 m wide has
water upto the top on its one side, Ifthe weight density of masonry is 21.582 RNia®, Find.
(i Pressure force due to water per metre length of the dam
Gi) Resultant force and the point at which it eute the base of the dam.
Sol. Given eee
Height ofdam, = 10m et
Width of dam,
Height of wator,
Weight density of mason
(oProtur foes dust war given by £ le
emai = 901 »s00n toxin? L
= 490500 N. Ans. | |
i Repltant fess iven by extn (10) deh
R ae We i) Fig. 108
where W= Weight of masonry dain
eight density of masonry x Area of dain » 1
sp X 8X Hx 1 = 21582 x (10 x 5) x T= 1079100 N.
‘Substituting the values of F and W in equation (i, we get
R= {4905007 + 1079100"
1185048 N= 1.185 MN. Ans.
‘The point at which the resultant cuts the base
Lot « = Horizontal distance between the line of action of W and the point through which
the resultant eats the base.
‘OAMS AND RETANENG WALLS ata
Using equation (10.8),
490500. 10
jemi ee ESL m. Ans,
10.4. STRESSES ACROSS THE SECTION OF A RECTANGULAR DAM
ig. 10.4 shows a rectangular dam of height H and width 2.
The dam is having water upto a dapth of h. The forces acting on dam are
(The force F dus to wator at a height <—
or aor te bart ted
GG) The weight W of the dam at the C.G,
of the dam.
_The resultant force R iseutting the base
ofthe dam atthe point M as shown in Fig. 10.4
Tat Th horn titans between i
then ot soton af andthe i.
poi cop mich the ol Pt ow\.
Sat) cuts th bao ar ai aoe
tance MN in Fig. 10.4). This dis- 8 le
{anes a given by equation (0: ee
Paar Fig. 104
a
‘The distance between A and the point Mf, where the resultant R cuts the base
Distance AM = AN + NM
Cs Distance AN = Half the width of damn)
‘The resultant R meets the base ofthe dam at pofnt
1M, This resultant force R acting at Mf may be resolved
into vertical and horizontal components. Tho vertical com-
ponent will be equal to W whereas the horizontal compo-
rent will be qual to Pas chown in Fig, 10.4 (a). The ver.
tical component W acting at point Mon the base of the
‘dam is an eccentric load asit is not acting at the middle of
the base. The point Nin Fig. 10 for a rectangular dam is
the midlle point of the base.
But an eccentric loud produces dict strove and :
bending stress as mentioned in chaptar 9, ot SY
oveneiciey of the vera! component Ws
qual itn NF which sal tot hice tire
feb
Fe 10400)
‘Fan alco bo obtainod by taking moments of al forces (ie, fore F and W) about the point Bf
F 10 490500 19
W'S * jorgi00 “3 “SE
0
Pe D aWax ofa erence ren
Goat, 6 Diener Dine HD 08)
vaat-atved=2 aos
‘uo tothe cooentrcty, there wil bo a moment onthe base of the daa This motent wi
‘cause some bending stresses at the base section of the dam.
‘Now the moment on the base section
Wx Becontecity ait
We eo
Moment, MWe j
Mo
Weknow that "> w |
where M'= Moment i
T= Moment of inertia ‘
int Gee Fig. 10.8) aoe EEE
"a ae isan
” Fig, 105
w
9, Bonding stress ala distance y from the contre of wavy of the bas soci
°F Distance beeweon the C.G. of tho base section and extreme edge of the ahve which
2
is equal tos & inthis case)
Substituting the values in equation (, we get
we. Oe
way Ee
be
: oatWie gat
‘The bonding stress across base at point B (sve Fig. 10.4)
=
[And the bonding stress across base at point A
eWe
‘But the direct stress on the base section dite to direct loa is given by
Weightofdom WoW
90> “Area of base %
‘Total stress aoress the base at B
Ww
+= 5
‘and total strese across the base at A,
Onin = 9p + Bending stress al point A
W We
oe
na
(10.6)
NS AND PETARING WALLS po
se 2
W (1-82) .fs00
ite og eur i as ht oh it A the st i se
1 en ind hain cd mina ses le
oie fc
See Ae ies tr Pon 303
een ion 080 NP
thee satel
Nal, want N
‘And distance, 1.708 m,
‘From equation (10.4), we know
Becentriity, stance =
2108 m (= 1.706 md)
Maximum stress at the base ofthe dam (1.0, Cad
Tang enuncion 10.8), we have
aca H (24 Se) = 2800 (1, $2.18)
oat 10 0)
sooo G+ 1.0036)
F fpt060.64 Nin? = 0.794 Nimo? (compressive). Ans.
Minimum etre a the base ofthe damn (Le oy.)
Using equation 00°, we get
“Ww
nie *
= 892400 (1 - 1.0286)
‘= 0.00926 Nimm® (Tensile). Ans.
Problem 104. For the Problee 102, find the masimum and minimum stress intensities
at the base ofthe da
SS The data given for Problem 1022s
{orm Ded rand wy = 21582 Nin?
Cateletd values ate
= 450800 NW
Brom equation 104, Ws no
Bessey,
Manin stress atthe base of the dam (ey Cg)
Usung equation (10°, wo have
© (1.8) 1079100/, , 6x15
me (0) EE)
606885.84 N/m* (compressive). Ans.
‘Minimum stress at the base of the dam (he Sq)
Taing equation 10), fe have
H(i Be) my Saas
‘ sO)
35600 21.812) =~ 176249.84 Nit
175245 N/m? (tensile). Ans.
079100 N, =
51m.
215820 (1 + 1.812)STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
eo oan wo enw is ex
ieee omer ier Suef Dian 108 tesa fon AO aoe
ce wnt SOD) (82) ar ae
From the above equation distance AN can be calculated
() The distance AN can also be calculated by using the relation given below
at sabe pt
4 AN Tee)
‘Now let_x*= Horizontal distance between the line of action of weight of dam and the
point where the resultant cuts the base
= Distance MN and itis given by equation (10.8)
120.8)
ca
Bt W
ee d= Distanco botweon A and the point M where the resultant cuts the base
x (st, distance AM)
ator =AN NM 10)
os
‘The distances AN and NM can be calculated and hence the distance “twill be known,
Fy. 108
Let H = Height of dam Now the eccentricity, ¢ = d— half the base width of the dam
6
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