4 Stroke Petrol Engine

Objective:
To study the cut model of four stroke petrol engine.
Apparatus:
Cut model of four stroke petrol engine.
Engine:
The word engine derives from Old French engine, from
the Latin ingenui the root of the word ingenious.
An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert one form
of energy into mechanical energy. Heat engines burn a fuel to
create heat which is then used to do work.
Heat Engine:
In thermodynamics, a heat engine is a system that converts
heat or thermal energy and chemical energy to mechanical energy,
which can then be used to do mechanical work.
Types of heat engine:
There are two main types of heat engines:
1) External combustion engine
2) Internal combustion engine
External combustion engine:
 In an external combustion engine, the fuel burns outside
and away from the main bit of the engine where the force and
motion are produced. A steam engine is a good example: there's a
coal fire at one end that heats water to make steam. The steam is
piped into a strong metal cylinder where it moves a tight-fitting
plunger called a piston back and forth. The moving piston powers
whatever the engine is attached to (maybe a factory machine or the
wheels of a locomotive). This is an external combustion engine
because the coal is burning outside and some distance from the
cylinder and piston.
Internal combustion engine:
In an internal combustion engine, the fuel burns inside the
cylinder. In a typical car engine, for example, there are something like
four to six separate cylinders inside which gasoline is constantly
burning with oxygen to release heat energy. The cylinders "fire"
alternately to ensure the engine produces a steady supply of power
that drives the car's wheels.
Internal combustion engine is classified as:
• Petrol engine
• Diesel engine
Petrol engine is further characterized into
• 2 stroke petrol engines
• 4 stroke petrol engines
Here we will discuss about Four Stroke Petrol Engine, its parts and
working.

Parts of Engine:
Cylinder head:
In an internal combustion engine, the cylinder head (often informally
abbreviated to just head) sits above the cylinders on top of
the cylinder block. It closes in the top of the cylinder, forming
the combustion chamber. This joint is sealed by a head gasket. In
most engines, the head also provides space for the passages that
feed air and fuel to the cylinder, and that allow the exhaust to
escape. The head can also be a place to mount the valves, spark
plugs, and fuel injectors.

Cylinder block:
The cylinder block is one of your engine's central components.
It plays a key role in the lubrication; temperature control and stability
of the engine and it has to be of the highest quality so there is no
room for short cuts.

Spark Plug:
A spark plug is an electrical device that fits into the cylinder
head of some internal combustion engines and ignites compressed
aerosol gasoline by means of an electric spark.
Push rings:
Piston rings seal the combustion chamber, transferring heat
to the cylinder wall and controlling oil consumption. A piston ring
seals the combustion chamber through inherent and applied
pressure.

Carburetor:
To burn the fuel in the engine, regular supply of the clean
air (oxygen) is compulsory. The air filter provides a regular supply of
clean air for combustion. It draws air and supplies it to the inlet of the
carburetor. It passes through the venture and mixes with the fuel to
form vapors (atomization).

Fly Wheel:
 A flywheel is a mechanical device specifically designed to
efficiently store rotational energy. Flywheels resist changes in
rotational speed by their moment of inertia. The amount of energy
stored in a flywheel is proportional to the square of its rotational
speed. The way to change a flywheel's stored energy is by increasing
or decreasing its rotational speed by applying a torque aligned with
its axis of symmetry.

Piston:
A piston is a long cylinder that is closed at the top, open at
the bottom, and is attached to a connecting rod through the piston
pin.

Connecting rod:
A connecting rod is a rigid member which connects
a piston to a crank or crankshaft in a reciprocating engine. Together
with the crank, it forms a simple mechanism that converts
reciprocating motion into rotating motion.
Crank Shaft:
The crankshaft, sometimes casually called the crank, is the
part of an engine which changes the up and down motion of
the pistons into rotation. To convert the motion, the crankshaft has
one or more offset shafts. The pistons are connected to the
crankshaft by these shafts. When the piston moves up and down, it
pushes the offset shaft. This in turn rotates the crankshaft.

Working of 4 stroke petrol engines:

Intake Stroke:
During the intake stroke of spark ignition engine, the piston moves
down form top end of the cylinder to the bottom end of cylinder and
simultaneously intake valve opens. Due to the movement of piston
low pressure or vacuum generates inside the cylinder. Due to this
vacuum and the gravity action air fuel mixture enter into the cylinder
through the intake valve. The intake valve remains open until the
piston reach the lower end of the cylinder. After it the intake valve
closes and seals the upper end of the cylinder.
Compression Stroke:
After the piston passes bottom end of the cylinder, it starts moving
up. Both valves are closed and the cylinder is sealed. The piston
moves upward. This movement of piston compresses the air fuel
mixture into a small space between the top of the piston and cylinder
head. The mixture is compressed into 1/8 or less of its original
volume. This compression ratio decides the power of engine. At the
end of compression stroke the piston is at top end of the cycle.
Power Stroke:
At the end of the compression stroke when the piston is at the top
end of the cylinder an electric spark generated by the spark plug. The
heat of the spark ignites the compressed air fuel mixture. The air fuel
mixture then burns rapidly and produces high temperature up
to 33000C. This high temperature causes very high pressure, which
pushes down on the top of the piston. The connecting rod carries this
force to the crankshaft, which turns to move the vehicle. At the end
of power stroke, the piston reaches the bottom end of cylinder.
Exhaust Stroke:
When the piston reaches the bottom end of cylinder on the power
stroke, the exhaust valve opens. At this time due to the burn gases
inside the cylinder, the pressure inside the cylinder is slightly high
from atmospheric pressure. This pressure difference allows burn
gases to escape through the exhaust port and the piston move
through the top end of the cylinder. At the end of exhaust all burn
gases escape and exhaust valve closed. Now again intake valve opens
and this process keep on running until your vehicle remain in starting
position.