IJSTE - International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering | Volume 2 | Issue 11 | May 2016

ISSN (online): 2349-784X

Comparative Study on Lateral Load Resisting

System in Tall Building
Divya C. Bhuta Umang Pareekh
PG Student Assistant Professor
Department of Structural Engineering Department of Structural Engineering
L.J. Institute of Engineering & Technology, Ahmedabad L.J. Institute of Engineering & Technology, Ahmedabad

Abstract
In this enchanting world of structure design, building with new innovative ideas most of the time it is with the sky touching height.
As these structures are extended vertically they are going to with stand the lateral loads in an enormous intensity. In this paper an
investigation has been carried out over a 40 storey RCC structural space frame using different lateral load resisting system used in
tall buildings. These structural systems used in the study are “shear wall”, “outrigger” and “dia-grid”. Analysis has been carried
out using different method of analysis for static earthquake forces, dynamic earthquake forces (response spectrum analysis and
time history analysis performed under the guidelines of IS: 1893-2002 and IS: 800-2000 respectively) and static wind forces. This
will help to understand the behaviour of the mentioned lateral load resisting systems under dynamic load effect. The basic
modelling technique and assumption are made by using ETABS 15.2.0 and other consideration are made according to the Indian
Standard. A comparison of the top storey displacement, storey drift of the frame and the time period of the whole structure is done
for different configuration of lateral load resisting systems. At the completion of the study the conclusion will be arrived and stated
regarding to the effect of seismic load application.
Keywords: Tall buildings, Structural system, Dynamic analysis, ETABS, Outrigger, Dia-grid
________________________________________________________________________________________________________

I. INTRODUCTION

In today’s world tall buildings are becoming more and more slender, which leads to possibility of more sway comparing to older
tall buildings. Which have made engineers to think very seriously about the effect of lateral load which will effect through its
height and also an improvement needed in the use of frame structural system. The selection and arrangement of the structural
system will efficiently resist more gravity and horizontal load. Selection of structural system depends on the planning, material,
external architectural treatment, nature and magnitude of horizontal loading and the height of the building.
Selecting an appropriate structural system after studying many interactive design with other buildings to carry out any tall
building project successfully. Once its selected is geometry has to be properly selected as lateral shear force, overturning moments
induced due to the lateral load which significantly influence the structural design of tall building. When primary structural are
located at perimeter, then system’s efficiency can be maximized.
The few structural systems used for the Tall Buildings are:
1) Shear wall system
2) Outrigger system
3) Dia-grid system

Shear Wall System

RC buildings often have vertical plates like RC wall called shear wall in addition to slabs, beams and columns. Shear wall generally
starts at foundation level and are continued throughout the building height. Shear walls are like vertically oriented wide beams that
carry earth quake loads downward to the foundation. Most RC buildings with shear wall also have columns. Since shear wall carry
large horizontal earth quake forces the overturning effect on them are large.

Outrigger System
Outrigger beams between the shear wall and exterior column is often provided to achieve sufficient lateral stiffness of the structure.
Outrigger beams connected to the shear wall and external columns are relatively more complicated and the performance of such
coupled wall systems depends primarily on adequate stiffness and strength of outrigger beams. Therefore, overall rigidity is
imperative in tall buildings in order to control lateral deflection and inter-storey drift.

Dia-Grid
Dia-grid structure is a particular form of space truss. It consists of perimeter grid made up of a series of triangulated truss system.
Dia-grid system reduce the number of structural element required on the facade of the buildings. The dia-grid members can carry
gravity loads as well as lateral forces due to triangulated configuration. Dia-grid structures are more effective in minimizing shear

All rights reserved by www.ijste.org 320

 Comparative Study on Lateral Load Resisting System in Tall Building
(IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 11 / 058)

deformation because they carry lateral shear by axial action of dia-grid member. It provides alternate load path in the event of a
structural failure and also reduce weight of the super structure can translate into a reduced load on foundation.

II. OBJECTIVES

To analyse the lateral load resisting system and comparing several systems in tall buildings.
Comparing the behaviour of structures for static and dynamic earthquake analysis for different lateral load resisting system i.e
shear wall, outrigger and dia-grid, and by comparing different parameters such as 1.) Lateral displacement 2.)Base shear 3.)Story
drift 4.)Modal Time Period.

III. ANALYSIS

Analysis of structure is done using ETABS 15.2.0. The models were prepared in the ETAB S. Software by using different structural
system with different positing of shear wall viz. at centre of side of periphery and at corner of periphery, different location of
outrigger and dia-grid. Models to be generated wit above structural system are as under.
M-Sh.1 Shear wall with center as lift core & at peripheral corners
M-Sh.2 Shear wall at center of side of periphery
M-Or. 3-15 Shear wall at central core coupled with outriggers @11 stry interval
M-Or. 4-10 Shear wall at central core coupled with outriggers @10 stry interval
M-Br. 5 Shear wall at central core with bracing at periphery

Fig. 1: Models with different structural system

IV. PROBLEM FORMULATION

For the analysis purpose, the model of RC building of G+40 storeys and 34mx34m plan area has been selected.

Model Data
Description 40 - Storey Material
Thickness of lift core 550 mm M40
Thickness of shear wall 300 mm M40
Depth of Outriggers 2 storey N.A.
No of Outriggers 3 and 4 N.A.
Intervals of Outriggers 10 storey and 15 storey N.A.
Outrigger Section ISNB350H Fe345
Bracing Section ISNB350H Fe345
Type of Bracing X N.A.

All rights reserved by www.ijste.org 321

 Comparative Study on Lateral Load Resisting System in Tall Building
(IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 11 / 058)

Frame Property
Description Multi - storey frame
Type of structure Multi – Storey rigid joint 3D frame
Seismic Zone IV
Number of storey 50m
Floor height 4m
Building height 167.5 m
Infill wall (CC Block) 0.25 m load bearing wall and 0.15 m partition wall
Parapet wall 0.2 m
Imposed Load 2.0 kN/m
Floor Finish Load 1.25 kN/m
Imposed live load on basement 6 kN/m
Material M-50 , M-40 , Fe500
Specific weight of concrete 25.0 kN/m3
Specific weight of infill 20.0 kN/m3
Type of soil II
Response Spectrum As per IS:1893 - 2002
Time History Kobe region, Japan 1995-01-16

V. ASSUMPTION MADE FOR MODELLING

Base Shear
The base shear is obtained for the lateral force of earth quake, response spectra and time history component in X & Y direction.
As the building is symmetrical in both in plane direction.

Top Storey Displacement

The upper most node of the structural frame on the right side of the frame in plane frame xz-section and yz-section, the top storey
displacement has been considered for each of the lateral X directional force due to earth quake, response spectra and time history
forces.
The geometry for all of the model frames is considered same. The column sizes reduce accordingly throughout the building
height at regular intervals of storey number. As shown in the geometry there are three different column sizes in plan. The all
members of outrigger truss and dia-grid are restricted to withstand the axial forces only; no moments or torsion action is allowed
to transfer thought these members hence they are given a pin joints at the both ends of the members. The bottom of ground floor
columns is connected with ground and are given fixed joint restrain as it is assumed to be rigidly connected with the ground.
Table – 1
Assumption for column and beam size
Beam
Column
Storey G+40
Plinth 300X600 G+40
1 to 10 450X950 1 to 10 1200X1200 1000X1000 900X900

11 to 20 375X950 11 to 20 1050X1050 850X850 750X750

21 to 31 375X900 21 to 31 900X900 700X700 600X600

31 to 40 350X650 31 to 40 750X750 550X500 450X450

VI. ANALYSIS METHOD AND PARAMETERS

Equilateral Force Method

This method is performed as per IS: 1893 – 2002 with help of software. The mass source is defined to consider seismic weight of
building frame as dead load and particular amount of live load i.e. Dead Load + 0.25 (Live Load).
Fundamental time period is taken as
Tn = 0.09*h / √D
Tn = Natural time period
h = height of building frame
D = Width of frame
Z = 0.24

All rights reserved by www.ijste.org 322

 Comparative Study on Lateral Load Resisting System in Tall Building
(IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 11 / 058)

Tn=2.51
R = 4%
I = 1.0

Response Spectrum Method

This method is applied along the code specifications of IS: 1893 – 2002 with considering the modal combination method of Square
Root of Sum of Square Method.
Function Damping ratio = 0.05
Z = 0.24
Initial Scale Factor (I.S.F.)
= I/2 * g/R = (1/2 *9.81 /4) = 1.22
Final Scale Factor (F.S.F.)
= I.S.F. * (VB / V̅B)

Time History Method

In this method transient time history of Kobe Region is taken to perform time history analysis. Initial condition of process is
considered as unstressed state at time t = 0 sec.
Modal Damping ratio = 0.05
Number of output steps = 1200
Output step size = 0.02 sec
Initial Scale Factor (I.S.A. = Z/2 * g/R
= 0.24/2 9.81* /4 = 0.2943
Final Scale Factor (F.S.F.)
= (I.S.F.) * (VB / V̅B)

VII. RESULTS

Results for G+40 storey is calculated for a for a given parameter i.e. Base Shear, Lateral displacement, Storey Drift, Modal Time
Period.

Base Shear
Table – 2
Base Shear in X (kN)
Method of analysis M-Sh.1 M-Sh.2 M-Or. 3-15 M-Or. 4-10 M-Br. 5
Seismic analysis 10122.18 10078.20 9963.19 9966.12 9829.88
Response spectrum 10122.18 10078.20 9963.19 9966.12 9838.41
Time history 10121.96 10077.99 9963.19 9966.12 9829.88

Table – 3
Base Shear in Y (kN)
Method of analysis M-Sh.1 M-Sh.2 M-Or. 3-15 M-Or. 4-10 M-Br. 5
Seismic analysis 10122.18 10078.20 9963.19 10059.00 10248.82
Response spectrum 10122.18 10077.99 9963.19 10059.00 10248.82
Time history 10122.42 10078.20 9963.70 10059.00 10248.82

Top Storey Displacement

Table – 4
Top Storey displacement in X (m)
Method of analysis M-Sh.1 M-Sh.2 M-Or. 3-15 M-Or. 4-10 M-Br. 5
Seismic analysis 0.189 0.166 0.135 0.139 0.134
Response spectrum 0.098 0.087 0.075 0.076 0.073
Time history 0.083 0.081 0.084 0.084 0.083

All rights reserved by www.ijste.org 323

 Comparative Study on Lateral Load Resisting System in Tall Building
(IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 11 / 058)

Fig. 2: Top storey displacement in X

Table – 5
Top Storey displacement in Y (m)
Method of analysis M-Sh.1 M-Sh.2 M-Or. 3-15 M-Or. 4-10 M-Br. 5

Seismic analysis 0.195 0.171 0.138 0.143 0.141

Response spectrum 0.104 0.090 0.078 0.080 0.079

Time history 0.095 0.085 0.085 0.088 0.088

Fig. 3: Top storey displacement in Y

%reduction in top storey displacement of outrigger, dia-grid with respect to M-Sh.2 in X Direction
M-Or4.8 M-Or4.10 M-Br.5
Seismic analysis 28.28 % 26.10 % 28.74 %
Response spectrum 23.19 % 22.06 % 25.37 %
Time history 3.85 % 3.25 % 2.04 %

%reduction in top storey displacement of outrigger, dia-grid with respect to M-Sh.2 in Y Direction
M-Or4.8 M-Or4.10 M-Br.5
Seismic analysis 29.25 % 26.69 % 27.63 %
Response spectrum 24.90 % 22.88 % 23.55 %
Time history 10.30 % 7.07 % 6.86 %

All rights reserved by www.ijste.org 324

 Comparative Study on Lateral Load Resisting System in Tall Building
(IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 11 / 058)

Modal Time Period

Table – 6
Modal time period
M-Sh.1 M-Sh.2 M-Or. 3-15 M-Or. 4-10 M-Br. 5
4.254 3.971 3.64 3.693 3.617

Storey Drift

Fig. 4: Storey Drift in EQ X and EQ Y direction

Fig. 5: Storey Drift in Wind X and Wind Y direction

All rights reserved by www.ijste.org 325

 Comparative Study on Lateral Load Resisting System in Tall Building
(IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 11 / 058)

Fig. 6: Storey Drift in RS X and RS Y direction

Fig. 7: Storey Drift in TH X and TH Y direction

All rights reserved by www.ijste.org 326

 Comparative Study on Lateral Load Resisting System in Tall Building
(IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 11 / 058)

VIII. CONCLUSION

 The % difference of lateral displacement is more in seismic co-efficient method and lesser in response spectrum method.
 While using dia-grid system, model shows the minimum displacement in comparison to other models in time history analysis.
 Overall drift reduces in outrigger system compared to other system.
 Fluctuation in drift is observed where the outrigger are connected to the core.

REFERENCES
[1] P. Jayachandran, Ph.D, M.Asce, “Design of tall buildings preliminary design and optimization” National Workshop On High Rise And Tall Buildings,
University Of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India, May 2009, Keynote Lecture.
[2] Bis (2000) Is 456: 2000, “Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice (Fourth Revision)”, Bureau of Indian Standards Ics 91.100.30.
[3] IS 1893: 2002 “Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures” Part 1 General Provisions and Buildings (Fifth Revision) Ics 91.120.25
criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design Of Structures
[4] Kyoung-Sun Moon1, Jerome J. Connor and John E. Fernandez, “Dia-grid Structural Systems for Tall Buildings: Characteristics and Methodology for
Preliminary Design”, Wiley Inter Science Doi:10.1002/Tal.311
[5] IS: 875(Part-I, II, III)-1987, “Code of Practice for Design Loads (other than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures”, Bureau of Indian Standard, New
Delhi.
[6] Pankaj Agrawal and Manish Shirkhande, “Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures”, PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi.

All rights reserved by www.ijste.org 327