Safety PDF

Seminar Kejuruteraan Awam (SEMKA)
Sessi 2015/2016
SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential
31 Oktober 2015 Page 1
5. Safety and Health Officer
SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 2

Objektif & Tujuan
 Memberi kesedaran awal tentang

kepentingan keselamatan dan kesihatan.
 Peruntukan perundangan sedia ada berkaitan

keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerjaan.
 Bahaya dan kesan bahan kimia berbahaya.
 Perkongsiaan pengalaman / kejadian

kemalangan sebenar di tempat kerja

Orang Yang Bekerja
• Bacteria/Virus • Mechanical
• SARS/Aids/Bloodborne • Electrical
Pathogen/Influenza • Ergonomic
• Noise
• Heat
• Pressure
• Sexual harrestment • Height
• Work pressure
• Family • Hazardous chemicals/gaseous/dust
• Drug/alcohol • Odor/Mist/Vapor
SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016
Kemalangan Di Malaysia
© Confidential Page 5
Bilangan Kemalangan Dilaporkan,
2000 - 2011
Source : DOSH, 2012

Bilangan Kemalangan Maut Dilaporkan,
2000 - 2011
Source : DOSH, 2012

3
In Malaysia

Bencana Paling Teruk Di Malaysia
S/N Photo Details
1. Jeti Pengkalan Sultan Abdul

Halim, Pulau Pinang
• Kejadian – 31 Julai 1988

• Kematian – 32 orang
• Kecederaan – 1,674 orang
• Punca – Kesesakan jeti dan
rekabentuk jeti

S/N Photo Details
2. Bright Sparklers, Sungai Buloh,

Selangor
• Kejadian – 7 Mei 1991 /

3.45 petang
• Kecederaan – 103 orang
• Punca – Kecuaian semasa
menjalankan ujian bunga api
berdekatan bahan kimia.

Bencana Paling Teruk
Di Malaysia

Bencana Paling Teruk
Di Malaysia

S/N Photo Details
3. Highland Towers, Hulu Kelang,

Selangor
• Kejadian – 11 Disember 1993

• Punca – Blok 1 runtuh akibat
hujan berterusan selama 10
hari menyebabkan tanah
runtuh.
• MKN 20 dikeluarkan.
• SMART ditubuhkan.

Philosophy And Principles
Legal requirement pertaining to hazardous
chemicals to health in Malaysia:
Factories And Machinery Act 1967
Environmental Quality Act 1974
Petroleum (Safety Measures) Act 1984
Occupational Safety And Health Act 1994

Akta Keselamatan Dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan 1994
(Akta 514)

SKOP
Menurut Akta Keselamatan Dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan
1994 (Akta 514):
Orang Yang Bekerja Adalah:

i) Di semua industri seperti di dalam
JADUAL 1 (FIRST SCHEDULE)
ii) Kecuali :
Kerja di atas kapal; atau
Angkatan tentera

JADUAL PERTAMA
Subseksyen 1(2)
 Pengilangan;  Pengangkutan, Penyimpanan &

Komunikasi;
 Perlombongan &
 Perdagangan Borong & Runcit;
Penguarian;  Hotel & Restoran;
 Pembinaan;  Kewangan, Insuran, Harta Tanah
 Pertanian,Perhutanan & & Perkhidmatan Perniagaan;
 Perkhidmatan Awam & Pihak
Perikanan;
Berkuasa Berkanun;
 Kemudahan;
 Elektrik, Gas, Air &
Perkhidmatan Kebersihan;

Falsafah Dan Prinsip
“Tanggungjawab memastikan keselamatan
dan kesihatan di tempat kerja adalah di bawah
mereka yang mencipta risiko dan mereka
yang bekerja dengan risiko tersebut “
Peraturan Kendiri (Self Regulation)

Khidmat Nasihat (Consultation)
Kerjasama dan penglibatan pekerja

Kewajipan Am Majikan Dan Orang
Yang Bekerja Sendiri
• Menjadi kewajipan am majikan di
bawah peruntukan undang-undang
untuk menjaga kebajikan pekerja
• Kegagalan mematuhinya (non-
compliance) adalah satu kesalahan
jenayah
Bahagian IV
Seksyen 15 (1)

Kewajipan Am Majikan Dan
Orang Yang Bekerja Sendiri
Setakat yang praktik :
• Mengada dan menyenggara loji dan sistem kerja yang selamat

dan tanpa risiko kepada kesihatan;
• Pembuatan perkiraan bagi menjamin keselamatan dan tiada
risiko kepada kesihatan berkaitan dengan penggunaan,
pengendalian, penanganan, penyimpanan dan pengangkutan
loji dan bahan;
• Mengadakan maklumat, arahan, latihan dan penyeliaan;
• Menyenggara tempat dalam keadaan selamat tanpa risiko dan
mengadakan cara masuk ke dalamnya dan keluar darinya
dengan selamat tanpa sebarang risiko;
• Penyenggaraan persekitaran pekerjaan dan menyediakan
kemudahan bagi kebajikan mereka yang sedang bekerja.
Bahagian IV
Sub-Seksyen 15 (2)
Lain-Lain Kewajipan Am Majikan Dan
• Mengadakan Polisi Keselamatan Dan
Kesihatan
(Seksyen 16)
• Kewajipan am majikan dan orang yang

bekerja sendiri terhadap orang lain selain
pekerjanya
(Seksyen 17)

Kewajipan Am Majikan Dan
Bermaksud “Setakat Yang Praktik” berkaitan dengan:

Risiko atau bahaya (hazard)
Pengetahuan dan cara untuk mengubah bahaya
atau risiko
Kos untuk mengubah bahaya atau risiko.
(The severity of the hazard or risk in question).

Denda
Tidak melebihi
RM 50,000
atau
2 Tahun Penjara
atau
keduanya sekali

Kewajipan Am Pekerja
 Memberi perhatian yang munasabah bagi
keselamatan dirinya dan orang lain;
 Bekerjasama dengan majikan;
 Memakai dan menggunakan peranti

keselamatan diri (PPE);
 Mematuhi arahan keselamatan
DENDA
• Tidak melebihi RM 1,000 atau
• 3 bulan penjara atau kedua-duanya sekali

Tidak Mengganggu, Menyalahguna
 Tidak mengganggu atau menyalahguna

apa-apa jua yang diadakan untuk
kepentingan keselamatan dan kesihatan
 Majikan tidak boleh melevi atau

mengenakan caj berkenaan apa jua
yang diadakan untuk keselamatan dan
kesihatan
 Majikan tidak boleh diskriminasi

terhadap pekerja (memecat, mencedera,
mengubah kedudukan)

Pemberitahuan Kemalangan, Kejadian Berbahaya,
Keracunan Pekerjaan Dan Penyakit Pekerjaan
Bahagian VIII
32. Pemberitahuan mengenai kemalangan, kejadian
berbahaya, keracunan pekerjaan dan penyakit
pekerjaan dan siasatan.
(1) Seseorang majikan hendaklah memberitahu
pejabat keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerjaan yang
terdekat mengenai apa-apa kemalangan, kejadian
berbahaya, keracunan pekerjaan atau penyakit
pekerjaan yang terjadi atau mungkin akan terjadi di
tempat kerja.

Definisi
Insiden (Incident)
Suatu kejadian/rangkaian kejadian yang tidak dirancang, di mana
berupaya/berkemungkinan untuk menyebabkan kecederaan atau
mengganggu kesihatan manusia dan/atau menyebabkan
kerosakan harta benda dan/atau alam sekitar.
Kemalangan (Accident)
Suatu kejadian di mana kesudahannya menyebabkan kecederaan
dan/atau mengganggu kesihatan manusia, dan/atau kerosakan
harta benda dan/atau alam sekitar.
Kemalangan Nyaris (Near-Miss)
Suatu kejadian di mana ianya tidak menyebabkan kecederaan
dan/atau mengganggu kesihatan manusia dan/atau menyebabkan
kerosakan harta benda dan/atau alam sekitar.

Perilaku Tidak Selamat Keadaan Tidak Selamat
(Unsafe Act) (Unsafe Condition)

UNSAFE ACT
Perilaku Tidak Selamat

Perilaku Tidak Selamat – Tindakan/perbuatan yang tidak
selamat, yang berupaya untuk menyebabkan kemalangan
dan/atau mengganggu kesihatan:
Menjalankan sesuatu tanpa kebenaran

Gagal mematuhi peraturan
Mengambil jalan mudah/pintas
Mengganggu penghadang keselamatan
Menggunakan peralatan yang rosak/tidak sesuai
Gagal menggunakan peranti keselamatan diri (PPE)
Cara kedudukan badan yang salah – mengangkat, dll
Bergurau senda
Kemalangan Di
Dalam Bilik Air

Ditimpa Objek Berat

Peranti Keselamatan Diri Baru Ker… ????

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 Asal Bole Jer Mamat Nie…. !!!
© Confidential Page 48
Mana aku letak topi
aku nie.. ish..ish..ish...

Akulah CICAKMAN..
Heheheh..!!!!

UNSAFE CONDITION
Keadaan Tidak Selamat

Keadaan Tidak Selamat – Suatu keadaan tidak selamat,
yang tidak berkaitan dengan tindakan/perbuatan manusia,
yang berupaya untuk menyebabkan kemalangan dan/atau
mengganggu kesihatan:
Penghadang keselamatan yang rosak

Peranti keselamatan diri (PPE) yang rosak
Mesin/peralatan yang rosak
Ruang kerja yang sempit/sesak
Tempat kerja yang kotor/tidak tersusun
Sistem pengudaraan yang tidak sempurna
Tempat kerja yang bising / panas
Bahan Kimia - Bahaya Terhadap Kesihatan
Health Hazards of Chemicals
Cara Pendedahan
Bagaimana Bahan Kimia Berbahaya Masuk Ke
Dalam Badan Kita?
1. Menghidu (Inhalation)
2. Penyerapan Melalui Kulit
(Skin Absorption) – Mata
Atau Kulit
3. Tertelan (Ingestion)
4. Cara Lain?

Kesan Terhadap Kesihatan
 Kesan Akut (Acute Effect)

 Kesan Kronik (Chronic/Long Term
Effect)
 Kesan Boleh Balik (Reversible
Effect)
 Kesan Tak Boleh Balik
(Irreversible Effect)

Kemasukan Ke Dalam Mata
Sulfuric acid splash in the eyes….

Terkena Pada Muka
Strong acid splash

Sentuhan Pada Tangan
Dermatitis due to solvent exposure

Kesan Terbakar

Kesan Terbakar – 3rd Degree Burn

Keracunan Bahan Kimia Berbahaya
A house painter affected by chronic lead poisoning. Jaw –phossy (exposure to white phosphorus)
Wasted muscles and wrist drop are tell-tale
symptoms of lead poisoning.

Habuk Silika - Silicosis
Exposure to silica dust

Kesan Kanser - Carcinogen
Tobacco smoke Vinyl chloride monomer

Asbestos, crystalline silica Arsenic

Kesan Mutagen - Mutagenic Effect

Faktor Mempengaruhi Ketoksikan Bahan
Kimia Berbahaya
Bahan Kimia Manusia

• Unur
• Cara pendedahan
• Jantina
• Jenis bahan kimia
• Alahan
• Sifat bahan kimia
• Genetik semulajadi
• Jangkamasa pendedahan • Tahap imunisasi
• Kepekatan pendedahan • Tahap nutrisi
• Kesan pendedahan • Penyakit sedia ada
terhadap manusia

Sample Of Acute
Effects
Contoh Kesan Akut

Sample Of Chronic
Effects
Contoh Kesan Kronik

Radiologi Incident
Bencana Besar
Melibatkan Bahan Kimia
Berbahaya

Bhopal Incident
India, 1984
Reactor No. 4
Chernobyl Power Plant
Russia, 1986
BP Amoco Fire And Explosion,
Texas US, 2005
Malaysia
(April 2006)
Buncefield Fuel
Depot Fire And
Explosion
UK, 2005
Malaysia 13/09/05

Piper Alpha Platform Fire
Date: 06 July 1988
Location: North Sea, UK
Fatalities: 67
Cost: USD 3.5 Billion
Malaysia
(Ogos 2008) Page 95
Spot The Safety Hazard
Mencari Bahaya

Apakah
Kesilapan
Dalam
Gambar Ini?
Page 97
Newspaper Cuttings
Keratan Akhbar

10
Most Expensive Accident In Human History

10 Most Expensive Accident In History
No. 10 (Titanic - USD 150 M)
Titanic – 15 April 1912

1,500 death.
Ship cost USD 7 million
(USD 150 million today’s amount)
No. 9 (Tanker Truck vs Bridge - USD 358 M)

26 August 2004 - car collided with a tanker truck
containing 32,000 liters of fuel on the Wiehltal Bridge in
Germany.
Tanker crashed through the guardrail and fell 90 feet off
the A4 Autobahn resulting in a huge explosion and fire
which destroyed the load-bearing ability of the bridge.
Temporary repairs cost $40 million and the cost to
replace the bridge is estimated at $318 Million.

No. 8 (Metro Link Crash - USD 500 M)
12 September 2008 - 25 people killed when a Metrolink
commuter train crashed head-on into a Union Pacific
freight train in Los Angeles.
It is thought that the Metrolink train may have run
through a red signal while the conductor was busy text
messaging.
Wrongful death lawsuits are expected to cause $500
million in losses for Metrolink.
No. 7 (B2 Bomber Crash - USD 1.4 B)

This B-2 stealth bomber crashed shortly after taking off
from an air base in Guam on 23 February 2008.
Investigators blamed distorted data in the flight control
computers caused by moisture in the system.
This resulted in the aircraft making a sudden nose-up move
which made the B-2 stall and crash.
This was 1 of only 21 ever built and was the most
expensive aviation accident in history. Both pilots were able
to eject to safety.

No. 6 (Exxon Valdez – USD 2.5 B)
Exxon Valdez oil spill was not a large one in relation to the
world's biggest oil spills, but it was a costly one due to the
remote location of Prince William Sound (accessible only by
helicopter and boat).
24 March 1989, 10.8 million gallons of oil was spilled when
the ship's master, Joseph Hazelwood, left the controls and
the ship crashed into a Reef.
The cleanup cost Exxon $2.5 billion.
No. 5 (Piper Alpha Oil Rig – USD 3.4 B)

The world's worst off-shore oil disaster.
6 July 1988 - Technicians removed and checked safety valves
which were essential in preventing dangerous build-up of liquid
gas. There were 100 identical safety valves which were
checked.
Unfortunately, the Technicians made a mistake and forgot to
replace one of them. At 10 pm that same night, a Technician
pressed a start button for the liquid gas pumps and the world's
most expensive oil rig accident was set in motion. Within 2
hours, the 300 foot platform was engulfed in flames. It
eventually collapsed, killing 167 workers and resulting in $3.4
Billion in damages.

No. 4 (Challanger Explosion – USD 5.5 B)
The Space Shuttle Challenger was destroyed 73 seconds after
takeoff due on 28 January 1986 due to a faulty O-ring.
It failed to seal one of the joints, allowing pressurized gas to
reach the outside. This in turn caused the external tank to dump
its payload of liquid hydrogen causing a massive explosion.
The cost of replacing the Space Shuttle was $2 billion in 1986
($4.5 billion in today's dollars). The cost of investigation,
problem correction, and replacement of lost equipment cost
$450 million from 1986-1987 ($1 Billion in today's dollars).
No. 3 (Prestige Oil Spill – USD 12 B)

13 November 2002, the Prestige oil tanker was carrying 77,000 tons
of heavy fuel oil when one of its twelve tanks burst during a storm off
Galicia, Spain.
Fearing that the ship would sink, the Captain called for help from
Spanish rescue workers, expecting them to take the ship into
harbour. However, pressure from local authorities forced the Captain
to steer the ship away from the coast.
The Captain tried to get help from the French and Portuguese
authorities, but they too ordered the ship away from their shores. The
storm eventually took its toll on the ship resulting in the tanker
splitting in half and releasing 20 million gallons oil into the sea.
According to a report by the Pontevedra Economist Board, the total
cleanup cost $12 billion.

No. 2 (Columbia – USD 13 B)
The Space Shuttle Columbia was destroyed during re-entry over
Texas on 1 February 2003 after a hole was punctured in one of the
wings during launch 16 days earlier.
The original cost of the shuttle was $2 Billion in 1978. That comes out
to $6.3 Billion in today's dollars. $500 million was spent on the
investigation, making it the costliest aircraft accident investigation in
history. The search and recovery of debris cost $300 million.
In the end, the total cost of the accident (not including replacement of
the shuttle) came out to $13 Billion according to the American
Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
No. 1 (Chernobyl – USD 200 B)

26 April 1986, the world witnessed the costliest accident in
history. The Chernobyl disaster has been called the biggest
socio-economic catastrophe in peacetime history. 50% of the
area of Ukraine is in some way contaminated. Over 200,000
people had to be evacuated and resettled while 1.7 million
people were directly affected by the disaster. The death toll
attributed to Chernobyl, including people who died from cancer
years later, is estimated at 125,000. The total costs including
cleanup, resettlement, and compensation to victims has been
estimated to be roughly $200 Billion. The cost of a new steel
shelter for the Chernobyl nuclear plant will cost $2 billion alone.
The accident was officially attributed to power plant operators
who violated plant procedures and were ignorant of the safety
requirements needed.

Conclusion
Kesimpulan

• Keselamatan dan kesihatan adalah penting dalam kehidupan
seharian, bukan sahaja di tempat kerja malah di rumah atau di
mana sahaja kita berada.
• Di Malaysia, OSHA 1994 and FMA 1967 digunapakai untuk

menguatkuasakan keselamatan dan kesihatan.
• Majikan dan pekerja bertanggungjawab terhadap keselamatan

dan kesihatan di tempat kerja.
• Perilaku tidak selamat adalah penyumbang terbesar terhadap

kemalangan di tempat kerja.

http://dosh.mohr.gov.my
http://www.doe.gov.my
http://www.niosh.com.my

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Seminar Kejuruteraan Awam (SEMKA)

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 2

 Memberi kesedaran awal tentang

 Peruntukan perundangan sedia ada berkaitan

 Bahaya dan kesan bahan kimia berbahaya.

 Perkongsiaan pengalaman / kejadian

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 3

Source : DOSH, 2012

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 8

Source : DOSH, 2012

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 9

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 10

S/N Photo Details

1. Jeti Pengkalan Sultan Abdul

• Kejadian – 31 Julai 1988

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 11

S/N Photo Details

2. Bright Sparklers, Sungai Buloh,

• Kejadian – 7 Mei 1991 /

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 13

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 14

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 15

3. Highland Towers, Hulu Kelang,

• Kejadian – 11 Disember 1993

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 16

Environmental Quality Act 1974

Petroleum (Safety Measures) Act 1984

Occupational Safety And Health Act 1994

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 18

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 19

Orang Yang Bekerja Adalah:

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 20

 Pengilangan;  Pengangkutan, Penyimpanan &

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 21

Peraturan Kendiri (Self Regulation)

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 22

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 23

• Mengada dan menyenggara loji dan sistem kerja yang selamat

• Kewajipan am majikan dan orang yang

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 25

Bermaksud “Setakat Yang Praktik” berkaitan dengan:

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 26

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 27

 Bekerjasama dengan majikan;

 Memakai dan menggunakan peranti

 Mematuhi arahan keselamatan

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 28

 Tidak mengganggu atau menyalahguna

 Majikan tidak boleh melevi atau

 Majikan tidak boleh diskriminasi

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 29

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 30

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 32

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 33

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 34

Menjalankan sesuatu tanpa kebenaran

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 36

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 40

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 47

SEMKA Sessi 2015/2016 © Confidential Page 49

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Penghadang keselamatan yang rosak