Learning Outcomes – Chapter 2

Diode Applications

 Understand the concept of load-line analysis and how it is applied to diode

networks
 Become familiar with the use of equivalent circuits to analyze series, parallel,
and series-parallel diode networks
 Understand the process of rectification to establish a dc level from a sinusoidal
ac input
 Be able to predict the output response of a clipper and clamper diode
configuration
 Become familiar with the analysis of and the range of applications for Zener
diodes

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Outline

 Clampers
 Zener Diodes
 Zener Diode –Protection Device
 Zener Diode Vi & R Calculations
 Voltage Multiplier, Full & Half Wave

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Clamper-I

 Clamper adds a DC level to an AC voltage

 A network constructed from Diode, a resistor & a capacitor that shifts the
waveform to a different dc level without changing the appearance of the applied
signal

 Time constant τ = RC should be sufficiently large enough to store the charge

(doesn’t charge significantly) during the interval diode in nonconducting

 Clamping network have a capacitor connected directly from input to output with
a resistive element & diode in parallel with the output signal

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Clamper-II

 Examine the response of the portion of the input signal that will forward bias the
diode
 During the period that diode is in the ‘on’ state, capacitor will charge up
 During the period that diode is in the ‘off’ state, capacitor holds on to its
established voltage level

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Clamper-III

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Clamper-IV

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Clamper-Example-I

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Clamper-Example-II

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Clamper-Example-III

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Clamper-Example-IV
 Repeat this example using silicon diode VK=0.7V

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Clamper-Example-V
Solution Steps
 1. Start examining from the first negative cycle where diode in the ‘on’ state and
capacitor will be charged
 2. Determine Vc & Vo, when diode is in the ‘on’ state

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Clamper-Example-VI
Solution Steps
 3. Start examining the second +ve cycle where diode in the ‘off’ state and
capacitor will maintain the stored voltage
 4. Determine Vo, when diode is in the ‘off’ state

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Clamper-Example-VII

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Zener Diodes-I

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Zener Diodes-II

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Zener Diodes-III

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Zener Diode - Protection Device-IV

 For the negative region of the applied signal the silicon diode is reverse biased and
presents an open circuit to the series combination of elements
 Full negatively applied signal will appear across the open-circuited diode and the
negative voltage across the system locked in at 0 V, as shown in Fig. below
 The voltage across the system is shown below

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Zener Diode Vi & R Calculations-I

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Zener Diode Vi & R Calculations-II

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Zener Diode Vi & R Calculations-II

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Zener Diode Vi & R Calculations Example-I

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Zener Diode Vi & R Calculations Example-II

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Zener Diode Vi & R Calculations Example-III

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Zener Diode - Fixed Vi & Variable RL Calculations-I

 To determine the minimum load resistance of Fig below that will turn the Zener diode
on, simply calculate the value of RL that will result in a load voltage V L = V Z
 Any load resistance value greater than the R Lmin will ensure that the Zener diode is in
the ‚on‛ state and the diode can be replaced by its VZ source equivalent.

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Zener Diode - Fixed Vi & Variable RL Calculations-II

 Once the diode is in the ‚on‛ state, the voltage across R remains fixed at

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Zener Diode - Fixed Vi & Variable RL Calculations-Example-I

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Zener Diode - Fixed Vi & Variable RL Calculations-Example-II

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Zener Diode - Variable Vi & Fixed RL Calculations

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Zener Diode - Variable Vi & Fixed RL Example

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 Voltage Multiplier- Doubler-I

 The network shown below is a half-wave voltage doubler

 During the positive voltage half cycle across the transformer, secondary diode D1
conducts (and diode D2 is cut off),
 Diode D1 is ideally short during this half cycle, input voltage Charges capacitor
C1 up to the peak rectified voltage (Vm) as shown below in the figure

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 Voltage Multiplier- Doubler-II

 During the negative half-cycle of the secondary voltage, diode D1 is cut off and
diode D2 conducts charging capacitor C2
 Since diode D2 acts as a short during the negative half-cycle (and diode D1 is
open), we can sum the voltages around the outside loop as shown below

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Voltage Multiplier- Full Wave Doubler

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Voltage Tripler & Quadrupler

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Zener Diode – AC Regulator & Square Wave Generator

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 40

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Thank you very much for your

Attention !