RANPAR 1

RN 3163-30A

Nokia Siemens Networks

Soc Classification level

1 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN3163-30A / AA / 04/2011
 Course Objectives

• Explain how NSN RRM is working, what

is measured, when & where
• Describe the purpose of each RRM
functional entities
• Identify the relations between different
RRM functional entities
• Describe the parameter database
structure
• Describe the main RRM parameters

Soc Classification level

2 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN3163-30A / AA / 04/2011
Course Content

Radio Resource Management Overview

Parameter Configuration
Common Channels & Power Control
Load Control
Admission Control
Packet Scheduling
Handover Control
Resource Manager
HSDPA basics & RRM
HSUPA basics & RRM
HSPA+ features (Overview)

3 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN3163-30A / AA / 04_2011

Module Objectives

At the end of the module you will be able to:

• Describe the purpose of RRM
• List the RRM functional entities
• Describe the purpose of each RRM functional entity

4 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN3163-30A / AA / 04/2011

Radio Resource Management
Radio Resource Management (RRM) is responsible for optimal
utilisation of the air interface resources

Target for RRM is to ensure the RAN offers:

• The planned coverage for each targeted service
• High capacity i.e. low blocking (new calls, handovers)
• The required Quality of Service (QoS)
• Optimize the use of available capacity (priorities)

By continuously monitoring/adjusting how the available resources are used in

accordance with user requests

Link Quality

Cell Capacity RRM Cell Coverage

5 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN3163-30A / AA / 04/2011

RRM Tasks

• RRM must be able to:

• Predict the impact on interference (power) of Overload
Overload Margin
the admitting a new user for UL & DL Load Target
• Perform appropriate actions (e.g. new call

Power
admissions, bitrate increase/decrease etc.) in
accordance with prevailing load conditions
• Provide different quality of service for real
time (RT) and non-real time (NRT) users Time
• Take appropriate corrective action when the Estimated capacity for
different cell load thresholds are exceeded in NRT traffic
order to maintain cell stability (i.e. load Measured load caused
control) by non-controllable load
(RT)

RT services must have higher quality assurance than NRT

6 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN3163-30A / AA / 04/2011

RRM Functional Split
• RRM is made up of a number of closely interdependent functions (i.e.
algorithms)
• These functions can be divided into;

• Cell Based LC
• Load Control (LC) PS
• Admission Control (AC)
RM
AC
• Packet Scheduling (PS)
• Resource Manager (RM) Cell based functions

PC
• Connection Based
• Handover Control (HC) HC
• Power Control (PC)
Connection based functions

7 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN3163-30A / AA / 04/2011

Power Control PC

• WCDMA systems are interference limited; therefore, it is beneficial to reduce

transmission power as far as possible (without violate the required quality).
• Thus, the target of PC is to achieve the min. SIR that is required to offer
sufficient quality of the connection.
• PC works on a per-connection basis.

MS BTS RNC

Power Control
Power Control
Handover Control
Admission Control
Power Control Load Control
Load Control Packet Scheduler

8 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN3163-30A / AA / 04/2011

Load Control functions

• The load control function within RRM can be divided:

• Preventative load control (e.g. congestion)
• Overload control (e.g. dropping of calls in worst case)
• Preventative actions are performed before the cell is overloaded (threshold y)
• Overload actions are performed after cell is overloaded (threshold x)
• RNP parameters define the thresholds for the RRM functionalities
• The thresholds define a stable functionality within a cell & with surrounding cells

Overload Overload Control

threshold x Preventative Load Control
Load Target
threshold y Estimated capacity for
NRT traffic.
Power

Measured load caused by

non-controllable load (RT)

Time
9 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN3163-30A / AA / 04/2011
Load Control LC
Load change info

AC
Load status

NRT load
PS
LC
• LC performs the function of load control in association with Admission Control AC &
Packet Scheduling PS
• Updates load status using measurements & estimations provided by AC & PS
• Continuously feeds cell load information to PS & AC:
• Interference levels
Load differentiation:
• BTS power levels Total load =
• Non-controllable load • Controllable load +
• Semi-controllable load +
• Non-controllable load
10 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN3163-30A / AA / 04/2011
Admission Control AC
Grant
• Checks that admitting a new user will not sacrifice planned
coverage or quality of existing connections
• Determines whether RABs or RRC connections can be Admission
admitted Decision
• Handles RT RABs by estimating the increase in non-controllable load
• In the decision UL interference & DL power measurements by BTS
are used
• Since RAS06 the UL throughput is considered for AC, too Reject
• UL & DL admission conditions must both be fulfilled to admit a new
call or modified existing call
• Provides RLC parameters to PS for NRT users, e.g.
• Bearer class
• Transport Formats
• AC sets quality and power parameters for the radio link, e.g.:
• UL/DL BLER, Eb/No targets, SIR target
• Initial DL transmission power
• AC takes place in the RNC

11 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN3163-30A / AA / 04/2011

Packet Scheduler PS

• Packet Scheduler in RNC schedules

radio resources for both UL & DL R99 power
Overload threshold
NRT RABs
Target threshold
• Scheduling period defined by RNP
parameters
• PS relies on up-to-date information from
AC & LC Total Load

• Capacity allocated on a needs basis controllable load

using „best effort‟ approach non-controllable load
time

• PS allocation times need to be fast to accommodate changing conditions &

accurate (up-to-date load info)
• Capacity requests sent via traffic volume measurement reports (governed by
RNP parameters)
• PS comprises two parts: UE specific & Cell specific
• HSDPA & HSUPA resources are scheduled by the Node B

12 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN3163-30A / AA / 04/2011

Handover Control HC
• HC is responsible for:
• Managing the mobility aspects of an RRC connection as UE move around network
• Maintaining connection quality by ensuring UE is always served by best cell
• saving capacity

• Intra-Frequency Handovers WCDMA F1 WCDMA F1 WCDMA F1

• Softer/Soft Handover
• UE simultaneously connected to multiple
cells from same/different Node Bs
• Mobile Evaluated Handover MEHO
• Hard Handover
• when Inter-RNC SHO is not possible
(Iur not supported or Iur congestion) WCDMA F2 WCDMA F2
• in case of HSDPA WCDMA F1

• Inter-Frequency Handover
• can be Intra-BS, Intra-RNC or Inter-RNC
• Network Evaluated Handover NEHO
GSM GSM
• Inter-RAT Handover
• Handovers between WCDMA and GSM, LTE or WLAN WCDMA
• Network Evaluated Handover NEHO
13 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN3163-30A / AA / 04/2011
Resource Manager RM

• Responsible for managing the logical radio resources of the RNC in co-operation with
AC and PS
• On request for resources, from either AC(RT) or PS(NRT), RM allocates:
• DL Channelisation Code
• UL Scrambling Code

Code Type Uplink Downlink

Scrambling codes User separation Cell separation

Channelisation codes Data & control channels from same UE Users within one cell

• cares about code tree management (to maintain orthogonality);

• Initial code selection – codes concentrated to same branch
• Code de-fragmentation – dynamic reallocation of codes as users enter/leave system
• DL spreading code allocation for HSDPA users can be dynamic from RAS06 on

14 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN3163-30A / AA / 04/2011

HSDPA - general principle 16

Instantaneous EsNo [dB]

14
12
10
8
Channel quality 6
4
(CQI, Ack/Nack, TPC) 2
0
-2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Time [number of TTIs]
16QAM3/4
16QAM2/4
Data
QPSK3/4
QPSK2/4

UE1 QPSK1/4

Data New WBTS functions:

Channel quality • Fast HARQ retransmissions
(CQI, Ack/Nack, TPC) • Fast Adaptive Modulation & Coding
• Fast Packet data scheduling (short TTI)
UE2
Users may be time and/or code multiplexed

• Fast scheduling is done directly in Node-B based on feedback information from UE

and knowledge of current traffic state.
• Hard Handover only
15 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN3163-30A / AA / 04/2011
 HSUPA / Comparing HSUPA to R99 and HSDPA

• HSUPA is 3GPP Rel6 “Enhanced FDD Uplink”

• main characteristics: E-DCH
• Fast WBTS Packet Scheduling
• Fast L1 HARQ algorithms
• Fast Link Adaptation Rel99 Rel5 Rel6
• 2ms or 10ms TTI periods Feature DCH HSDPA HSUPA
• Soft Handover Var. spreading factor Y N Y
• SF down to SF = 2
Fast power control Y N Y
• Peak Rates up to 5.76 Mbps
Adaptive modulation N Y N

WBTS based scheduling N Y Y

Fast L1 HARQ N Y Y

Soft Handover Y N Y

TTI length [ms] 80,40,20,10 2 10,2

16 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN3163-30A / AA / 04/2011

 HSPA+ Improvements
• Improving the DL peak rates, cell throughput & spectrum efficiency:
• 64QAM: Enhanced HSDPA Modulation
• MIMO: Intelligent Multi-Antenna Systems
• DC-HSDPA: Dual-Carrier/Cell Transmission RU20
• Improving the cell throughput & spectrum efficiency:
• DL Flexible RLC
• Continuous Packet Connectivity DL Peak Rates up to: 21/28/42 Mbps
UL Peak Rates up to: 5.8 Mbps
• CS Voice over HSPA

DL Peak Rates up to: 84 Mbps

UL Peak Rates up to: 5.8 Mbps

• HSDPA Improvements: • HSUPA Improvements:

• DC-HSDPA + 64QAM + MIMO • Frequency Domain Equalizer
• General Improvements: • HSUPA Interference Cancellation
• Fast Dormancy Receiver
• Multi-Band Load Balancing MBLB RU30

17 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN3163-30A / AA / 04/2011