Unreinforced Masonry Buildings Prof. A. Whittaker, U.

Buffalo
Seismic Risk and

Seismic Performance of the Seismically

Mitigation Technologies
GSMT, New York City
May 30, 2017
OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION AND SEISMIC HAZARD
Isolated Los Caras Bridge Ecuador Location · Seismic Hazard · Site-Specific Ground Motions

LOS CARAS BRIDGE DESCRIPTION AND SEISMIC DESIGN

Dr. Enrique Morales CRITERIA
Seismically Isolated Bridges · Project Description · Structural Systems Selected · Seismically Isolated
Professor and Chair of the Department of Civil Engineering at ESPE Structure Design Criteria
University SEISM IC PERFORM ANCE OF ISOLATED SYSTEM
Marcelo Romo M.S. Relevant Recorded Ground Motions · Seismic Performance of the Isolation System

Professor of ESPE University SEISM IC PERFORM ANCE OF NON-ISOLATED SYSTEM

Seismic Protection System Components · Displacement Control Devices · Seismic Performance of
and Consultant of Ecuador Army Corps of Engineers Displacement Control Components

MONITORING AND MAINTENANCE

Isolation System · Non-Isolation System

SEISMIC PERFORMANCE IN OTHER BRIDGES

ACKNOWLEDGEMNT AND CONCLUSIONS

2016 Mw 7.8 Ecuador Earthquake: Relevance to NYC & US Critical Infrastructure

EERI-NYNE and ASCE Met Section Infrastructure Group Mini-Symposium

Ecuador Seismic Hazard of Ecuador

(Yepes 2016)

(ESPE 2016)
(Source ephotopix)

(Egred 2009)

2016 Mw7.8 Ecuador Earthquake 1

Mini-Symposium and Panel Discussion, NYC, 5/30/17
 Geodynamic Setting of Ecuador, the
Galapagos Islands and the Carnegie
Ridge
Seismically Isolated Bridges in Ecuador
Source Ecuador Army Corps of Engineers (EACE)
The Los Caras Bridge
(GPS: 0°36'33.6"S, 80°24'58.7"W)
152 Triple Friction Pendulum Bearings
Response Spectrum and Code-
Based Design Spectra NEC-2015
Esmeraldas
QUITO
Pedernales
Chone
Manta
Portoviejo
The Ecuador 2016 Muisne Earthquake
Ground motions provided by the Seismology Department, InstitutoGuayaquil
Geofísico, Escuela Politecnica Nacional, Ecuador with details in
their report Singaucho, J., Laurendeau, A., Viracucha, C., Ruiz, M. (2016). “Observaciones del Sismo del 16 de Abril de 2016 de
(Toulkeridis 2013) Magnitud Mw 7.8”
Seismically Isolated Bridges in Ecuador
Source Aguiar R Source El Universo Source Google Earth
El Chiche Bridge San Pedro Bridge
North Bridge 1 Esmeraldas (GPS: 0°58'4.31"N; (GPS: 0°12'40.88"S, 78°22'9.16"W) (GPS: 0°13'10.90"S, 78°25'29.56"W)
79°38'42.34"W)
There are three seismically isolated bridges
4 Simple Friction Pendulum Bearings 8 Simple Friction Pendulum Bearings
(Total 36 Triple Friction Pendulum Bearings)
2016 Mw7.8 Ecuador Earthquake 2
Mini-Symposium and Panel Discussion, NYC, 5/30/17
 Seismic Protection Industry Location of the Seismically Isolated
Los Caras Bridge

Japan Society of Seismic Isolation

Source (EACE)

Project Description Site-Bridge

SAN VICENTE

Chone River Estuary

San Vicente SAN VICENTE San Vicente

Access
Access

Chone River
Estuary
Central Central Section
Section Bahía Access

Bahía BAHIA DE CARAQUEZ

Access
BAHIA DE
CARAQUEZ

Los Caras Bridge

Source (EACE) Source (EACE)

2016 Mw7.8 Ecuador Earthquake 3

Mini-Symposium and Panel Discussion, NYC, 5/30/17
 TYPICAL SECTION OF THE PIER Structural System Selected

Lamp • Base Isolation on Top of Piles and

Slab Under the Bridge Deck
FINISHES
Triple Friction Pendulum (TFP) by
Earthquake Protection Systems
Road of Bicycle 13.20 m Parapet (EPS)
N+11.95
Girder
N+9.288
SUPER
STRUCTURE
N+7.688

SUB
Base isolation
Pier
• Frictional Pile Deep Foundation
STRUCTURE
Footing
N+2.330

N+0.68 Column
Source (EACE)
N+0.00

FOUNDATION Tubular Pile

ASTM A 588

• Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA) for

Testing Piles
Source (EACE)

Structural System Selected

Soil Condition
• Pier Stability Through
Redundant Pile Lines
and Redundant Pier
Frames

• Bridge Deck Continuity: 180 m (4 spans) and 90 m (2 spans)

Source (EACE)
Source (EACE)

2016 Mw7.8 Ecuador Earthquake 4

Mini-Symposium and Panel Discussion, NYC, 5/30/17
 Seismically Isolated Structure Design
Criteria Seismically Isolated Structure –Design
• GLOBAL Criteria
• Seismic System and Structural
Elements Above Isolation System • SEISMIC DESIGN HYPOTHESIS
R=1.0
• Seismic System and Structural
• Seismic Hazard Local Study
Elements Below Isolation System • Seismic Provisions (CEC 2002)
R=1.25 • Peak Rock Acceleration (from
• SUPERSTRUCTURE seismic hazard map and from
• Movement Synchronizers: Local seismic hazard study):
Design ar = 0.40 g; ar = 0.42 g
• Large Displacement Seismic • Peak Ground Acceleration:
Joints: Local Design ag = 0.80 g; ag = 0.84 g
• SUBSTRUCTURE
• Basic Ductility Detailing
• Frictional Pile Deep Foundation

Source (EACE)

Source (EACE)

Isolator Idealization for Design Isolator Geometry and Bearing

Capacities (FPT8836/14-12/10-7)
Target Properties · Ri = Radius of curvature sliding surface i.
· µi = Friction coefficient of sliding surface i.
· hi = Height of sliding interface i.
· di = Displacement capacities of sliding interface i.
MCE
DE

(Constantinou 2011)

· Bearing Capacities Lateral Displacement Capacity = 23.0 inches +/- 0.3 inches.

· Average Vertical Dead Load = 600 kips used for bearing property tests.

· Maximum Vertical D+L Load Capacity = 1200 kips maximum.

· Maximum Vertical D+L+E Load Capacity = 1900 kips maximum.

Source (EACE)
· Maximum vertical load capacities are based on concave plates bearing against 5000
psi concrete.

· Minimum Rotation Capacity = +/- 2 deg. Earthquake Protection Systems (EPS)

2016 Mw7.8 Ecuador Earthquake 5

Mini-Symposium and Panel Discussion, NYC, 5/30/17
 Prototype Bearing Real-Time Dynamic Relevant Recorded Ground Motions
Test Program During the Ecuador 2016 Muisne Earthquake
(Total 152 Bearings) E-W Pedernales Ground Motion (PGA = 1.43 g)
cm/s2
1000

500

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
-500

-1000

-1500 T(sec)

N-S Manta Ground Motion (PGA = 0.53 g)

cm/s2
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
-100 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
-200
-300
Earthquake Protection Systems (EPS) -400
T(sec)

Seismic Performance of the Isolation Seismic Performance of the Isolation

System During the Ecuador 2016 Muisne Earthquake
System
During the Ecuador 2016 Muisne Earthquake cm
Total Displacement(cm) of the TFP
60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Piers
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48

Source (EACE)

2016 Mw7.8 Ecuador Earthquake 6

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 Seismic Protection System Components Seismic Protection System Components
• Seismic Movement Synchronizers –
Shock Absorbers • Large Displacement Seismic Joints and Joint Seals

Source (EACE)

Seismic Performance of Displacement

Seismic Protection System Components Control Components
• Seismic Movement Synchronizers

• Seismic Large Displacement Joints and Joint Seals

Source (EACE)

Source (EACE)

2016 Mw7.8 Ecuador Earthquake 7

Mini-Symposium and Panel Discussion, NYC, 5/30/17
 Monitoring and Maintenance of Isolation Monitoring and Maintenance of Isolation
System Components
• Seismic Movement Synchronizers
• Bolt rust
• Impact traces in neoprene
• Superficial overheating

Bolts

Bolts
Grout Source (EACE)

Source (EACE)

Monitoring and Maintenance of Isolation Seismic Performance of Non-Isolated

Components Accesses
Displacement Control Devices in Non-
• Large Displacement Seismic Joint and Joint Seal Isolated Accesses
• More than 35 cm displacement in any • Longitudinal Neoprene
direction Shock Absorbers
• Vertical displacement

• Steel Bar Vertical

Anchorages

Source (EACE)
Source (EACE)

2016 Mw7.8 Ecuador Earthquake 8

Mini-Symposium and Panel Discussion, NYC, 5/30/17
 Seismic Performance of Non-Isolated
Components
• Transversal Seismic Shear keys
• Neoprene Bearings in San Vicente Access
Acknowledgement
Contributions are gratefully acknowledged:
• Ecuador Army Corps of Engineers.
• ESPE University.
• Buffalo University.
• Earthquake Protection Systems (EPS).
• Professor Michael Constantinou.
• General Pedro Mosquera,
Francisco Beltran.
Seismic Performance in
Other Bridges
• Esmeraldas Bridges (PGA = 0.23 g) /Major displacements (D < 15 cm)
Source (EACE)
Source (EACE)
Conclusions
The Las Caras Bridge at 2 km length is the longest bridge in Ecuador.
It stretches across the Bahia de Caraquez'es bay and was significantly affected by the April
16, 2016 M7.8 earthquake offshore the west coast of northern Ecuador.
It is seismically isolated with a triple FP isolation system designed to have a displacement
capacity of 585 mm.
The bridge remained functional during and after the earthquake and it represented a
significant link in reaching the most affected cities by the earthquake for providing aid.
Records of ground shaking at stations before and after the bridge in the direction of
propagation of the earthquake rupture show peak ground accelerations between 0.5g and
1.4g.
It was evident that was significant variability in the ground shaking from pier (within about 120
m) as the bearing displacement recorded varied from about 100 mm to about 650 mm. This
Jorge Landazuri and was without doubt the largest ever recorded motion of a seismically isolated structure.
2016 Mw7.8 Ecuador Earthquake 9
Mini-Symposium and Panel Discussion, NYC, 5/30/17
 Conclusions
The Mw 7.8 Earthquake in Muisne, Ecuador in 2016 produced large transversal movements
on seismic joints in Los Caras Bridge, up to 32 cm, equivalent to 90% of DE intensity level.

Seismic joints designed for Los Caras Bridge worked as expected.

Vertical movements of seismic joints proved to be important for major earthquakes.

Synchronizers employed in isolated bridges, designed according to a conceptual method

behaved adequately under a major Mw 7.8 earthquake, with ground accelerations similar to a
DE earthquake.

It demonstrated the significance of a proper philosophy for design that ensures a small
enough risk of damage and collapse.

2016 Mw7.8 Ecuador Earthquake 10

Mini-Symposium and Panel Discussion, NYC, 5/30/17