CHAPTER2

LI
TERATUREREVI
EW

Nagabhus
hanG Re
vankare
tal
.(2018)wor
kedont
heTur
mer
icl
eafoi
l
andobs
erve
dthePe
rfor
manc
eandanal
ysi
sinCIEngi
ne.I
texpl
ainsan
e
xpe
rime
ntals
tudyaboutpe
rfor
manc
eanal
ysi
sofCIe
ngi
nef
uel
ed wi
th
t
urme
ricl
eafoi
lal
ongwi
thmagne
ticf
uele
ner
giz
er.
Tur
mer
icl
eafoi
lwi
thB10
andB20bl
endhas
shownhi
ghe
sti
ndi
cat
edt
her
male
ffi
ci
enc
yasc
ompar
edt
o
ot
herbl
ends
.

Pr
of.R.
D.Raj
opadhyee
tal
.(2017)i
nve
sti
gat
edont
hePe
rfor
manc
e
andEval
uat
ionofTur
mer
icLe
afOi
lasanAl
ter
nat
ivef
uel
,i
nthi
swor
kthe
Tur
mer
icl
eafoi
lus
edass
econdar
yfue
lforbot
hthePe
trolandDi
ese
lengi
nes
,
i
tiss
eent
hatt
heBD 30bl
endi
.e
.30% oi
land70% di
ese
lisgi
vinggood
pe
rfor
manc
ewi
thl
owe
ste
mis
sionsasc
ompar
edt
oot
herbl
endsofBD 20&
BD 50.Si
mil
arwi
thpe
trol
,i
tiss
eent
hatt
hatt
heBP20bl
endi
.e
.20% oi
land
80% pe
troli
sgi
vinggoodpe
rfor
manc
echar
act
eri
st
icsi
nape
trole
ngi
neand
ha
slowe
xhaus
temi
ssi
ons
.

Dr
.Hi
regoudar
Yer
rennagoudar
uetal
.(2017)c
onduc
tedt
hes
tudyon
Commonr
ailt
winc
yli
nde
rdi
ese
lengi
nepe
rfor
manc
eande
mis
sionr
unni
ng
onVe
get
abl
eoi
lsbl
ende
dwi
thEt
hanol
,andher
epor
tedt
hatBi
ofue
lbl
ende
d
wi
thEt
hanols
howsbe
tte
rpe
rfor
manc
einPl
ati
num c
oat
edpi
st
oni
nthes
ens
e
ofbe
tte
rpe
rfor
manc
echar
act
eri
st
icsl
ikeBr
aket
her
male
ffi
ci
enc
y,Br
ake
s
pec
ifi
cEne
rgyc
ons
umpt
iona
ndde
cre
asei
nthee
mis
sionpar
ame
ter
sli
keHC,
CO2,NOX,
Alde
hyde
sisl
owe
rinPl
ati
numc
oat
edpi
st
on.

Anki
tK.Bawas
kare
tal
.(2015)di
scus
sedonVar
iabl
eCompr
ess
ion
Di
ese
lEngi
newi
thTur
mer
icLe
afOi
l-
bas
edBi
odi
ese
lands
tat
edt
hatt
het
rans

1
6
e
ste
rif
iedbi
odi
ese
lisbe
tte
rtous
ethewi
thorwi
thoutbl
endi
ngi
nthedi
ese
l
e
ngi
neasi
twoul
daddanadvant
ageoff
uelf
lexi
bil
it
ywi
thoutmaki
ngc
hange
s
i
nexi
st
ingpar
tsal
ongwi
thas
sur
anc
efore
xte
nde
dengi
nel
if
e.Thee
mis
sions
us
ingt
hebi
odi
ese
lcoul
dbes
ati
sf
act
ori
lyr
educ
ed.

WANG Yan-
yaoe
tal
.(
2012)hass
tudi
edont
heUs
eofal
ter
nat
ivef
uel
madef
rom Was
teVe
get
abl
eOi
lint
hedi
ese
lengi
ne.The
yobs
erve
dthat
al
ter
nat
ive f
uelmade f
rom Was
te Ve
get
abl
e Oi
lcan be us
ed wi
thout
modi
fi
cat
ioni
nthee
ngi
ne.Whe
nfue
lmadef
romWas
teVe
get
abl
eOi
lisus
ed,
t
hef
uelc
ons
umpt
ioni
ncr
eas
es6%~12% c
ompar
edwi
tht
hedi
ese
l.Al
sohe
obs
erve
dthatpowe
rpe
rfor
manc
eofdi
ese
land f
uelmadef
rom Was
te
Ve
get
abl
eOi
lhasnor
emar
kabl
edi
ff
ere
nce
;butt
heCO de
nsi
ty,t
heCO2
de
nsi
tyandt
heHC de
nsi
tyofi
tse
xhaus
tsr
educ
es.That
’swhy;t
hewas
te
e
dibl
eoi
lisapr
omi
si
ngal
ter
nat
ivef
uelf
oedi
ese
l.

Li
angYue
tal
.(2007)us
edJ
atr
ophaCur
casOi
lindi
ese
lengi
neand
obs
erve
dthec
ombus
ti
onc
har
act
eri
st
ics
.Ther
esul
tss
howst
hatt
het
imi
ngof
c
ombus
ti
on advanc
es,t
hemaxi
mum val
ueofhe
atr
ele
aser
atei
ncr
eas
es
&c
ombus
ti
ondur
ati
onpr
olongsatr
ate
dcondi
ti
onf
ort
hec
urc
asoi
l.So
J
atr
ophac
urc
asoi
lpr
ehe
ate
dto150°
Ccoul
dbeus
edasanal
ter
nat
ivef
uelf
or
di
ese
lengi
ne.

S.I
.Me
shr
am e
tal
.(2014)wor
kedove
rthet
urme
ricl
eafbi
odi
ese
land
f
oundt
hatwhe
nthet
urme
ricl
eave
soi
lwasus
ed,
thee
ngi
nepowe
riss
li
ght
ly
de
cre
ase
dforal
lengi
nes
pee
ds.Thel
ossofpowe
roc
cur
redbe
caus
eoft
he
l
owe
rcal
ori
fi
cval
ue.Abr
aket
her
male
ffi
ci
enc
yofe
ngi
newi
tht
urme
ricl
eave
s
oi
lisf
oundt
obes
li
ght
lyl
essasc
ompar
edt
ogas
oli
ne.Thebr
akes
pec
ifi
cfue
l
c
ons
umpt
ionf
orl
owe
rengi
nes
pee
dismor
e.TheCOandHCc
onc
ent
rat
ions
us
ingt
urme
ricl
eave
soi
lwasde
cre
ase
dby13.
7% and16.
94% r
espe
cti
vel
yin

1
7
c
ompar
isont
ogas
oli
ne,whi
let
heNOX c
onc
ent
rat
ionwasi
ncr
eas
edby10
%.

P.
MohamadShame
ere
tal
.(2018)di
scus
sedaboutt
hee
ffe
ctofr
obus
t
i
ndus
tri
ali
zat
ionandr
api
daugme
ntat
ionofanumbe
roff
lee
tsandal
soabout
t
hepr
ope
rti
esofpr
ospe
rousvar
iet
yoft
hebi
odi
ese
lfue
lsde
rive
dfr
om non-
e
dibl
efe
eds
toc
k’swhi
char
ete
rme
dast
hir
dge
ner
ati
onbi
odi
ese
l.The
rehas
be
enahuger
isei
nthef
oss
ilf
uelc
ons
umpt
ion.I
ncr
eas
eingl
obalwar
ming
t
hre
ate
nst
hee
col
ogi
calbal
anc
eoft
hee
art
h.Bi
odi
ese
lfue
lbe
come
sthec
ent
re
ofat
trac
tionamongr
ese
arc
her
ssi
ncei
tisr
ene
wabl
e,bi
ode
gradabl
e,non-
noxi
ous
,ec
o-f
ri
endl
y and s
ust
ainabl
e.I
t was obs
erve
d t
hat t
he
phys
icoc
hemi
calpr
ope
rti
esoft
hebi
odi
ese
ldi
ff
erbas
ed on t
het
ype
sof
f
eeds
toc
k’sandal
sohaveac
ons
ide
rabl
eef
fec
tont
hepot
ent
ialpe
rfor
manc
eof
e
ngi
nea
nddynami
cchar
act
eri
st
icsofe
mis
sionl
eve
l. He
ret
heus
ageof
bi
odi
ese
lcommonl
yle
adst
o ar
educ
tion i
ntoxi
cpol
lut
ant
sli
kec
arbon
monoxi
de,unbur
nthydr
ocar
bon and par
ti
cul
atemat
terwi
th an obvi
ous
i
ncr
eas
einf
uelc
ons
umpt
iona
ndNOX e
mis
sion.

Ami
tKumare
tal
.(2016)e
xpl
aine
daboutt
he,s
car
cit
yoff
oss
ilf
uel
sand
al
sot
hei
ncr
eas
einpopul
ati
onhasf
orc
edt
oexpl
oret
hene
edf
oral
ter
nat
ive
e
ner
gy s
our
cest
hatc
an r
epl
ace pe
trol
eum-
der
ive
dfue
ls.Li
gnoc
ell
ulos
e
bi
omas
s,ar
ene
wabl
ere
sour
ce,c
anbec
onve
rte
dtobi
o-oi
lbyf
astpyr
olys
is
andc
anbec
onve
rte
dtor
ene
wabl
edi
ese
lthr
oughhydr
o-pr
oce
ssi
ng.
Pyr
oli
si
s
me
ansde
compos
it
ionbr
oughtabouthi
ght
empe
rat
ure
.Bi
o-oi
lhasahi
ghe
r
e
ner
gyde
nsi
tyandhe
ati
ngva
luet
hanbi
omas
s,buti
tcannotbeus
edi
npl
ace
of pe
tro-
die
sel as i
tis hi
ghl
y uns
tabl
e, pol
ar, and i
mmi
sci
ble wi
th
hy
droc
arbons
.Sot
heoxyge
ncompoundsi
nbi
ooi
lshoul
dber
emove
d.For
t
hathydr
o-de
oxyge
nat
ion (
HDO)i
nthepr
ese
nceofbot
h ac
atal
ystand
hy
droge
n c
an r
epl
ace hydr
o- de
sul
fur
izat
ion (
the r
emoval of s
ulf
ur

1
8
c
ompoundsf
rom c
rudeoi
l)
.He
reGammaAl
umi
nai
sus
edasabe
nchmar
k
c
atal
ystf
orahydr
ode
sul
phur
izat
ionr
eac
tion.

Pune
etVar
mae
tal
.(2016)e
xpl
aine
daboutt
hei
mpac
tofal
coholi
n
bi
odi
ese
lpr
oduc
tionandi
tspr
ope
rti
es.Duet
othei
ncr
eas
eofpopul
ati
onand
t
heus
ageofpe
trolandal
sot
hei
ncr
eas
einpr
iceofpe
trolt
her
ese
arc
her
sar
e
put
ti
ng t
hei
ref
for
tsi
nfi
ndi
ng al
ter
nat
ivef
uelf
orpe
trol
eum.Fort
hat
Bi
odi
ese
lit
sel
fispr
ovi
ngt
obel
iabl
eandc
ompe
tent
.Iti
sac
ompe
tit
ort
onon-
r
ene
wabl
epe
trol
eum whi
chi
sbe
ingpr
oduc
edf
rom c
ommonl
yac
cus
tome
d
pl
ant
sfori
nst
anc
erapes
eed,s
oybe
an,s
unf
lowe
randpal
met
c.Buti
tbe
come
s
apr
obl
emf
ori
n-avai
labi
li
tyoft
hes
eoi
lsf
orf
oods
.Fort
hatnon-
edi
bler
aw
mat
eri
alsoi
lss
uchasPongami
a,J
atr
opha,Mahua,Mor
ingas
eedoi
let
c.have
be
enus
edt
orai
set
hes
tandar
doft
hes
eoi
lsandbe
ingpr
oduc
edt
ocompl
ete
t
hel
eve
lofpe
trol
eum andbepr
ove
nast
hebe
str
esour
cesf
orbi
odi
ese
l
pr
oduc
tioni
nal
lappr
oac
hesbot
hte
chni
cal
lyande
conomi
cal
ly.Mor
eove
r,
var
iouspr
oduc
tiont
echnol
ogi
esus
edt
opr
oduc
ebi
odi
ese
lwe
real
sor
evi
ewe
d
andc
ompar
isonwasdoneamongt
hemf
orbe
tte
ryi
el
d.Fur
the
r,anat
tempt
ha
sbe
enmadet
oinve
sti
gat
ethee
ffe
ctofhi
ghe
ral
cohol
sonbi
odi
ese
lyi
el
d
andi
tspr
ope
rti
es.

N.
Mani
kandaPr
abue
tal
.(2013)i
nve
sti
gat
edt
heus
eofj
atr
ophas
eed-
ba
sedoi
love
rthe4-
str
okedi
ese
lengi
neandobs
erve
dthepe
rfor
manc
eand
e
mis
sion c
har
act
eri
st
ics
.The c
ompr
ess
ion r
ati
o 18:
1showe
dthe be
tte
r
e
xpe
rime
ntalr
esul
tsf
ordi
ese
laswe
llasbl
endswi
thl
eas
tfue
lcons
umpt
ion
dur
ingt
hebl
endi
ngr
ati
oof20%,whi
let
hee
xhaus
tgast
empe
rat
ure
,whi
chi
s
t
hei
ndi
cat
ionofe
ffe
cti
vene
ssofut
il
iz
ati
onofhe
ate
ner
gy,wast
hemos
twi
th
t
hebl
endswhe
reas
,pur
edi
ese
lgi
vingt
hel
eas
texhaus
tte
mpe
rat
ure
.The
pur
e

1
9
bi
odi
ese
lbe
ingus
eds
howe
dthehi
ghe
ste
xhaus
tgast
empe
rat
ure
,whi
chme
ans
i
texhi
bit
edhi
ghe
stbr
aket
her
male
ffi
ci
enc
y.Butt
hepr
obl
em as
soc
iat
edwi
th
t
hiswast
hat
,thee
ngi
newoul
dbemodi
fi
est
othec
ompr
ess
ionr
ati
oof20or
above
.Thee
mis
sions
showe
dlowe
ramount
sofCO,CO2 and HC whe
n
c
ompar
ed wi
tht
hee
xhaus
tgas
esus
ingpur
edi
ese
l,whi
let
heNOX was
i
nhe
rent
lys
li
ght
lyhi
ghe
rbe
caus
eofhi
ghe
roxyge
ncont
entande
xhaus
tgas
t
empe
rat
ureus
ingbi
odi
ese
l.Conve
rse
ly,i
not
here
xpe
rime
ntat
ion,
thef
uel
wi
th50% bl
ends
howe
dthel
eas
temi
ssi
onsi
nexpe
nset
othepe
rfor
manc
e
c
har
act
eri
st
icsofe
ngi
ne

K.Az
ade
tal
.(2014)i
nve
sti
gat
edwhe
the
riti
sfe
asi
blet
oexpe
rime
nt
ov
eradi
ese
lengi
neus
ingt
hebi
odi
ese
lwi
thandwi
thoutt
rans
-es
ter
if
icat
ion
pr
oce
ss.Fort
hispur
pos
e,t
hemus
tar
doi
lbas
edbi
odi
ese
lwasus
ed.Whe
nthe
c
hemi
calpr
ope
rti
esoft
het
wos
ampl
es,i
.e
.onewi
tht
rans
-es
ter
if
iedbi
odi
ese
l
andot
herwi
thouti
t,we
ret
est
ed,i
twasobs
erve
dthatt
hebi
odi
ese
lwi
thout
t
rans
-es
ter
if
icat
ionpr
oce
sshadhi
ghe
rvi
scos
it
y,de
nsi
tyandmoi
st
urec
ont
ent
and l
owe
rcal
ori
fi
che
atc
ont
entasc
ompar
edt
otheot
her
.Whe
nthe
e
xpe
rime
ntat
ionwasc
arr
iedout
,itwasobs
erve
dthat
,thehe
ati
ngval
ueoft
he
bi
ofue
lgr
adual
lyt
ende
dtor
educ
ewi
thi
ncr
eas
einbi
o-f
uelbl
ends
.Atl
ow
l
oad c
ondi
ti
ons
,the bi
o-f
uel bl
ends had hi
ghe
r br
ake s
pec
ifi
cfue
l
c
ons
umpt
iont
handi
ese
l.But
,ast
hel
oadwasi
ncr
eas
edandt
hebl
endr
ati
o
wasr
ais
edt
o30%,i
twass
eent
hatt
hebr
akes
pec
ifi
cfue
lcons
umpt
ionwas
l
eas
t.Al
so,t
hef
uelwi
thoutt
het
rans
-es
ter
if
icat
ionpr
oce
sss
howe
dhi
ghe
r
br
akes
pec
ifi
cfue
lcons
umpt
iont
hant
heot
herone
.

Ramc
handr
a.Se
tal
.(2013)e
xec
ute
d an e
xpe
rime
ntat
ion ove
rthe
pe
rfor
manc
edi
ese
lengi
nef
uel
edwi
thkar
anj
abi
odi
ese
l.Het
est
eddi
ff
ere
nt
f
uelbl
endsofkar
anj
abi
odi
ese
l,pur
edi
ese
land pur
ekar
anj
abi
odi
ese
l.
Re
sul
tss
howe
dthatt
hebr
akepowe
roft
hee
ngi
nedi
dnotvar
ymuc
hwi
thany
20
oft
hef
uelc
ombi
nat
ionsandwasal
mos
tsamef
oral
lthel
oads
.Howe
ver
,
br
aket
her
male
ffi
ci
enc
ywasi
mpr
ove
dfort
hekar
anj
abi
odi
ese
lfr
om 3t
o8%
al
ongwi
th vol
ume
tri
cef
fi
ci
enc
y,buti
tcaus
edr
educ
tion i
nexhaus
tgas
t
empe
rat
ure
.Itwasal
soobs
erve
dthatt
hebl
endsof40% and60% hadt
he
opt
imumpe
rfor
manc
efort
hegi
venc
ondi
ti
ons
.

RahulKr
ishnaj
iBawanee
tal
.(2015)c
onduc
tedane
xpe
rime
ntalwor
kto
e
val
uat
eope
rat
ing and e
mis
sion c
har
act
eri
st
icsofundioi
lbi
odi
ese
lon
var
iabl
ecompr
ess
ion r
ati
oengi
ne r
un on var
ious bl
ends ofbi
odi
ese
l,
c
ompr
ess
ionr
ati
os.The
yfoundt
hatf
ors
ele
cte
dcompr
ess
ionr
ati
o,br
ake
t
her
male
ffi
ci
enc
yforundioi
landbi
odi
ese
lbl
endswasl
esst
hanasc
ompar
eto
di
ese
l.Exhaus
tgast
empe
rat
urewasl
owe
rfort
hee
nti
rebl
endasc
ompar
eto
di
ese
l,butBSFC washi
ghe
rfoebl
endsandbi
odi
ese
lthandi
ese
l.Athi
ghe
r
c
ompr
ess
ionr
ati
othebi
odi
ese
landi
tsbl
endse
mit
slowe
rpe
rce
ntageofCO2
asc
ompar
edt
odi
ese
l,whe
reasCO e
mis
sionwashi
ghe
r.TheHC e
mis
sion
de
cre
ase
swi
thi
ncr
eas
einc
ompr
ess
ionr
ati
o;TheNOX e
mis
sionf
ore
nti
re
r
angeoff
ueli
shi
ghe
ratl
owc
ompr
ess
ionr
ati
o.Fi
nal
lyt
heypr
ove
dthatt
he
bi
odi
ese
lcoul
dbeus
edasanal
ter
nat
ivef
ueli
nVCR e
ngi
newi
thoutany
e
ngi
nemodi
fi
cat
ions

Swar
upKumarNayake
tal
.(2012)pr
oduc
edt
hebi
odi
ese
lfr
om ne
at
Mahuaoi
lthr
oughe
ste
rif
icat
ionf
oll
owe
dbyt
rans
est
eri
fi
cat
ionandbyus
ing
t
hisbi
odi
ese
lbl
endshee
val
uat
edt
hepe
rfor
manc
eande
mis
sionc
har
act
eri
st
ics
ofdi
ese
lengi
ne.The
yfoundt
hatCO,HC,andNOX e
mis
sionsal
sobr
eak
s
pec
ifi
cfue
lcons
umpt
ionwe
rel
essf
orbi
odi
ese
lasc
ompar
etot
hedi
ese
l.The
br
eakt
her
male
ffi
ci
enc
ywasl
essf
ordi
ese
lasc
ompar
etobl
ends
.TheB2
0had
e
xce
ll
entpe
rfor
manc
ethandi
ese
laswe
llasot
herbl
ends
.

Sur
eshkumare
tal
.(2011)pr
ese
nte
dther
esul
tsofpe
rfor
manc
eand

21
e
mis
sionanal
yse
scar
rie
douti
nanunmodi
fi
eddi
ese
lengi
nef
uel
le
dwi
th
Pongami
api
nnat
ame
thyle
ste
r(PPME)andi
tsbl
endswi
thdi
ese
l.Engi
net
est
s
ha
vebe
enc
onduc
tedt
oge
tthec
ompar
ati
veme
asur
esofbr
akes
pec
ifi
cfue
l
c
ons
umpt
ion (
BSFC)
,br
ake s
pec
ifi
cene
rgy c
ons
umpt
ion (
BSEC) and
e
mis
sionss
uchasCO,CO2,HC,NOX t
oev
aluat
ethebe
havi
ourofPPMEand
di
ese
linvar
yingpr
opor
ti
ons
.BSFC andBSEC f
oral
lthef
uelbl
endsand
di
ese
lte
ste
dde
cre
asewi
thi
ncr
eas
einl
oad.Thi
sisduet
ohi
ghe
rpe
rce
ntage
i
ncr
eas
ein br
akepowe
rwi
thl
oad asc
ompar
edt
oinc
reas
eint
hef
uel
Cons
umpt
ion.Fort
hebl
endsB20andB40
,theBSFCi
slowe
rthanande
qual
t
othatofdi
ese
l,r
espe
cti
vel
y,andt
heBSECi
sle
sst
hant
hatofdi
ese
latal
l
l
oads
.Thi
scoul
dbeduet
othepr
ese
nceofdi
ssol
vedoxyge
nint
hePPMEt
hat
e
nabl
esc
ompl
etec
ombus
ti
one
ngi
nee
mit
smor
eCOf
ordi
ese
lasc
ompar
edt
o
PPMEbl
endsunde
ral
lloadi
ngc
ondi
ti
onsTheCO2 e
mis
sioni
ncr
eas
edwi
th
i
ncr
eas
einl
oadf
oral
lbl
ends
.Thel
owe
rpe
rce
ntageofPPMEbl
endse
mit
s
l
essamountofCO2i
ncompar
isonwi
thdi
ese
l.Bl
endsB40andB60e
mitve
ry
l
owe
mis
sions
.Thi
sisduet
othef
actt
hatbi
odi
ese
linge
ner
ali
sal
owc
arbon
f
uelandhasal
owe
rel
eme
ntalc
arbont
ohydr
oge
nrat
iot
handi
ese
lfue
l.HC
e
mis
sionde
cre
ase
swi
thi
ncr
eas
einl
oadf
ordi
ese
landi
tisal
mos
tni
lforal
l
PPMEbl
endse
xce
ptf
orB20whe
res
omet
rac
esar
ese
enatnol
oadandf
ull
l
oad.TheNOX e
mis
sionf
oral
lthef
uel
ste
ste
dfol
lowe
dani
ncr
eas
ingt
rend
wi
thr
espe
ctt
oload.Ther
eas
onc
oul
dbet
hehi
ghe
rave
ragegast
empe
rat
ure
,
r
esi
denc
eti
meathi
ghe
rloadc
ondi
ti
ons
.

Adai
le
hetal
.(2011)s
tudi
edaboutt
hepe
rfor
manc
e,c
ombus
ti
onand
e
mis
sionc
har
act
eri
st
icsofDIdi
ese
lengi
nef
il
le
dwi
thbi
odi
ese
l.
Thet
est
ing
r
esul
tss
how t
hatwi
thoutany modi
fi
cat
ion t
o di
ese
lengi
ne unde
ral
l
c
ondi
ti
onsdynami
calpe
rfor
manc
eke
ptnor
malandB20andB5bl
endf
uel
s
gi
vess
ati
sf
act
orye
mis
sionsatvar
iabl
eload.Thee
xpe
rime
ntalr
esul
tsc
ompar
e

22
wi
thdi
ese
lshowt
hatbi
odi
ese
lpr
ovi
deds
igni
fi
cantr
educ
tionofCO andHC
buti
ncr
eas
einNOX.Bi
odi
ese
lhas5.
95% i
ncr
eas
esi
nBSFCduet
oit
slowe
r
he
ati
ngval
ue.Howe
verus
ingB20&B5ge
tbe
tte
remi
ssi
ons
.

Madr
ase
tal
.(2011)i
nve
sti
gat
edt
het
rans
est
eri
fi
cat
ionofs
unf
lowe
roi
l
i
nsupe
rcr
it
icalme
thanolands
upe
rcr
it
icale
thanolatvar
ioust
empe
rat
ure
s(200
-
4000C)at200bar
.Forr
eac
tioni
nsupe
rcr
it
icalme
thanolande
thanol
,no
c
atal
ysti
sre
qui
redandne
arl
ycompl
etec
onve
rsi
onc
anac
hie
vei
nve
rys
hor
t
t
ime(
2-4mi
n).Thi
sisbe
caus
esupe
rcr
it
icalme
thanolandoi
lisi
nsi
ngl
ephas
e.
Sy
nthe
sisofbi
o-di
ese
lins
upe
rcr
it
icalme
thanolande
thanolwe
rec
onduc
tedi
n
an8mls
tai
nle
sss
tee
lre
act
orandt
hemol
arr
ati
oist
ake
nas40:
1.I
nit
ial
y
mai
ntai
nedt
hede
sir
edr
eac
tiont
empe
rat
ure(
200-
4000C)andpr
ess
ure(
200
ba
r).
ther
eac
torwasputi
ntof
urnac
eaf
terpr
ede
ter
mine
dre
act
iont
imer
eac
tor
wasque
nche
d.Thant
heme
thanolore
thanolr
emove
dfr
omr
eac
tor
.Ther
esul
t
oft
hisi
nve
sti
gat
ionwasi
nme
thanol
,thec
onve
rsi
oni
ncr
eas
edf
rom 78% t
o
96% wi
thi
ncr
eas
eint
empe
rat
ure
.As
imi
lart
rendwasobs
erve
dforc
onve
rsi
on
i
net
hanolbutt
hec
onve
rsi
onwe
rehi
ghe
r,be
caus
ethes
olubi
li
typar
ame
terof
e
thanoli
slowe
rthant
hatofme
thanolandc
los
ert
ooi
l,t
hec
onve
rsi
onar
e
hi
ghe
rine
thanolc
ompar
edt
oconve
rsi
onobt
aine
dinme
thanol
.

Hane
tal
.(2014)di
scus
sedi
nthi
sst
udyt
hatac
o-s
olve
ntwasadde
dto
r
eac
tionmi
xtur
einor
dert
ode
cre
aset
heope
rat
ingt
empe
rat
ure
,pr
ess
ureand
mol
arr
ati
oofal
coholt
ooi
l.Supe
rcr
it
icalCO2 i
sgoods
olve
ntf
ors
mal
land
mode
rat
eor
gani
cmol
ecul
eandi
tisl
owc
ostandf
aci
lemat
eri
al.The
ref
oreCO2
i
sus
edasac
o-s
olve
ntf
ors
tudy.Thee
xpe
rime
ntwaspe
rfor
medi
n250ml
c
yli
ndr
icalaut
ocl
aveatmaxi
mum pr
ess
ureandt
empe
rat
urewas100MPaand
4500C r
espe
cti
vel
y.I
twasobs
erve
dint
hes
tudyt
hatwi
thopt
imum r
eac
tion
t
empe
rat
ure2800C,mol
arr
ati
o24andCO2 t
ome
thanolr
ati
oof0.
1,a98%
yi
el
dofme
thyle
ste
r(bi
odi
ese
l)wasobs
erve
din10mi
natr
eac
tionpr
ess
ureof
23
14.
3 MPa,whi
ch maket
hes
upe
rcr
it
ica
lme
thod vi
abl
efort
hei
ndus
tri
al
pur
pos
e.i
tisobs
erve
dthats
upe
rcr
it
icalme
thanolwi
thc
o-s
olve
ntpr
oce
ssi
s
s
upe
riort
othec
onve
nti
onals
upe
rcr
it
icalme
thanolme
thod.CO2 i
sbot
hadd
andr
emovef
rom t
hemi
xtur
ewhe
nre
act
ioni
scompl
ete
d.Compar
edt
othe
c
onve
nti
onalpr
oce
sse
sle
sse
ner
gyi
sre
qui
redf
orpr
oce
ssandr
eac
tionpr
ess
ure
i
sre
duc
edwhi
chmakepr
oce
sss
afe
randl
essc
ost
ly.

J
ietal
.(
2010)pe
rfor
mede
xpe
rime
ntsonPowe
rUl
tr
asoni
c(PU)(
19.
7
kHz
),Hydr
odynami
cCavi
tat
ion(
HC)
,andMe
chani
calSt
ir
ring(
MS)
.The
yus
e
s
oybe
anoi
lasve
get
abl
eoi
lmi
xedwi
thKOH f
orpr
oduc
tionofbi
odi
ese
l.I
n
Powe
rUl
tr
asoni
c(PU)me
thodt
her
eac
tionswe
rec
arr
iedouti
nanul
tr
asoni
c
r
eac
tor
.Thet
empe
rat
ureoft
her
eac
tionmi
xtur
ewasc
ont
rol
le
dbyawat
erbat
h.
Ve
get
abl
eoi
l(100g)waspour
edi
ntot
her
eac
toratt
hebe
ginni
ng.Ther
eac
tion
s
tar
tedwhe
naquant
it
ati
veamountofme
thanoll
iquordi
ssol
vedi
nKOH was
pour
edi
ntot
hehe
ate
dre
act
or.

Kus
dianae
tal
.(
2006)de
vel
ope
d ac
atal
yst
-f
reeme
thod f
orbi
odi
ese
l
pr
oduc
tionbye
mpl
oyi
ngs
upe
rcr
it
icalme
thanol
.Thes
upe
rcr
it
icalt
reat
mentat
3500C,43MPaand240swi
thamol
arr
ati
oof42i
nme
thanoli
stheopt
imum
c
ondi
ti
onf
ort
rans
est
eri
fi
cat
ionofr
ape
see
doi
ltobi
o-di
ese
lfue
landi
tisf
ound
t
hatmor
eyi
el
dingf
romme
thyle
ste
ratt
hisopt
imumc
ondi
ti
onandt
her
eac
tion
t
imemuc
hle
sst
hananyot
herpr
oce
ssofbi
o-di
ese
lpr
oduc
tion.The5ml
r
eac
tionve
sse
lmadeofi
ncone
l-625wasus
edi
nthi
ssys
temi
nwhi
chpr
ess
ure
andt
empe
rat
urewe
remoni
tor
edi
nre
alt
imec
ove
ringupt
o200MPaand
5500C r
espe
cti
vel
y.Ther
eac
tion ve
sse
lisc
har
ged wi
th gi
ven amountof
r
ape
see
doi
landl
iqui
dme
thanolwi
thamol
arr
ati
oof1:42t
her
eac
tionve
sse
l
wast
henqui
ckl
yimme
rse
dint
othet
inbat
hpr
ehe
ate
dat3500Cand4000C,
andke
ptf
oras
ett
imei
nte
rvalf
ors
upe
rcr
it
icalt
reat
mentofme
thanol
,fr
om 10
t
o250sandt
henmove
dtowat
erbat
htos
topr
eac
tion.Tr
eat
edoi
lwasal
lowe
d
24
t
ose
ttl
edownf
or30mi
nthant
hre
ephas
eswe
revi
si
ble
.Topphas
econs
ist
ingof
me
thanolwasr
emove
d.Andf
orr
emai
ningphas
euppe
randl
owe
revapor
ate
d
at900Cf
or20mi
ntor
emover
emai
ningme
thanol
.

Yuc
esuh.
Setal
.(2016)wor
kedone
thanolbur
nswi
thl
owe
rfl
ame
t
empe
rat
ureandl
umi
nos
it
yowi
ngt
othede
cre
aseoft
hepe
akt
empe
rat
ure
i
nsi
det
hec
yli
nde
rsot
hatt
hehe
atl
ossandNOxe
mis
sionsar
elowe
red.
Et
hanolha
shi
ghl
ate
nthe
atofvapor
izat
ion.Thel
ate
nthe
atc
ool
sthei
ntake
ai
randhe
ncei
ncr
eas
est
hede
nsi
tyandv
olume
tri
cef
fi
ci
enc
y.Howe
ver
,the
ox
yge
ncont
enti
net
hanolr
educ
est
hehe
ati
ngval
uemor
ethangas
oli
nedoe
s.
I
tise
vide
ntt
hate
thanolc
anbeus
edasaf
ueli
nSIe
ngi
nes
.Gas
oholgai
n
i
mpor
tanc
ewi
thi
nthe
ser
ece
ntye
arsasal
ter
nat
ivef
uelduet
othi
shi
ghoc
tane
numbe
r,e
spe
cial
lywi
the
thanol
,whi
chhasl
owc
arbon.

A.
Lac
kee
tal
.(2012)wor
kedwi
thAl
ter
nat
ive
rene
wabl
efue
lss
uchas
bi
oet
hanol
-gas
oli
nebl
ende
dfue
lsar
ebe
comi
nge
sse
nti
alduet
oinc
reas
ingoi
l
pr
ice
s,e
nvi
ronme
ntalc
onc
ernsandt
hei
rpot
ent
ialt
opr
ese
rvet
heagr
icul
tur
al
ac
tivi
ty.Et
hanol
–gas
oli
nebl
endswhi
chhashi
ghoc
taner
ati
ngc
anbeus
edas
f
ueli
nor
dert
osubs
ti
tut
esomepar
tofgas
oli
nei
nengi
neappl
ic
ati
onsasi
thas
hi
ghe
rhe
atofvapor
izat
ionc
ompar
edt
ogas
oli
ne,whi
chme
anst
hatf
ree
zes
t
heai
ral
lowi
ngmor
emas
stobedr
awni
ntot
hec
yli
nde
randi
ncr
eas
est
he
powe
rout
put
.

Ve
nugopalThangave
letal
.(2016)i
nve
sti
gat
edt
hats
imul
tane
ous
i
nje
cti
onofe
thanolgas
oli
neandn-
but
anolgas
oli
nei
nthei
ntakepor
tofa
f
ours
trokeSIe
ngi
ne.Thet
wos
epar
atei
nje
ctorus
edt
oinj
ectt
hegas
oli
neand
e
thanols
imul
tane
ous
lyi
nsi
ngl
ecyl
inde
rSIe
ngi
ne.Theamountoff
uelof
mas
sde
pendsont
hes
par
kti
ming.Thene
tgas
oli
negi
vest
hehi
ghe
rthe
rmal
e
ffi
ci
enc
yandmi
xingof305e
thanolwi
thgas
oli
negi
vest
hehi
ghe
stt
orque

25
e
ffi
ci
enc
y.Whe
nef
fi
ci
enc
yandt
orquec
anbe
tte
ratt
hemi
xtur
eof
1:1
(50%
e
thanol& 50% gas
oli
ne)be
caus
e off
ast
erc
ombus
ti
on.Due t
ofas
ter
c
ombus
ti
ont
hemi
xtur
eoff
uel
,takepl
acebi
tt
erl
y.Thi
spape
risal
sowor
kon
e
mis
sionandpe
rfor
manc
eofEt
hanolgas
oli
neandn-
but
anolgas
oli
neonSI
e
ngi
ne.Theamountofbut
anoli
ncr
eas
ewi
thi
ncr
eas
eint
orquee
ffi
ci
enc
yand
be
tte
rpe
rfor
manc
ewi
thl
owe
remi
ssi
on.Howe
ver
,mi
xtur
eofgas
oli
neand
e
thanolgi
ves
maxi
mum t
orquee
ffi
ci
enc
y.Thegr
aphr
epr
ese
nte
dthef
uelr
ati
o
vse
mis
sionofNO andHC.I
ngr
aph,e
mis
sionofNO i
sl
owe
rinn-
but
anol
-
gas
oli
ne.Emi
ssi
onofHCi
slowe
rine
thanolandgas
oli
nef
uelmi
xtur
e.

Gol
mohammadKhoob e
t al
.(2016) wor
ked on Opt
imi
zat
ion of
ope
rat
ingf
act
orsandbl
ende
dle
vel
sofdi
ese
l,bi
odi
ese
lande
thanolf
uel
sto
mi
nimi
zee
xhaus
temi
ssi
ons of di
ese
lengi
ne us
ing r
espons
esur
fac
e
me
thodol
ogy.Ai
moft
hispape
rinve
sti
gat
edonope
rat
ingofe
ngi
nes
pee
dand
l
oadaswe
llasdi
ff
ere
ntl
eve
lofbl
endsofe
thanoli
nbi
odi
ese
l.I
tiswor
kon
t
hedi
ese
lengi
ne.Thi
sexpe
rime
nti
swor
kont
hes
tat
is
ti
calt
oolknownas
De
sig
nofExpe
rime
nts(
DoE)bas
edonc
ent
ralc
ompos
it
erot
atabl
ede
sign
(
CCRD)ofr
espons
esur
fac
eme
thodol
ogy(
RSM)
.Sur
fac
eme
thodol
ogyi
s
al
sous
etopr
edi
ctt
heamountoff
uelt
hatt
heamountofCO andHC i
s
r
educ
ingatt
hee
ndofe
xpe
rime
nt.Whe
ntheamountCO2i
sinc
reas
ingatt
he
e
ndoft
hee
xpe
rime
ntbutaddi
ngdi
ese
lfue
lbl
endi
net
hanoli
sre
duc
ingt
he
amountofCO2.Ane
ngi
nel
oadof80% off
ulll
oadbar
,spe
edof2800r
pm
andabl
endof26% bi
odi
ese
l,11% e
thanoland63% di
ese
lwe
ref
oundt
obe
opt
imalva
lue
swi
th ahi
gh de
sir
abi
li
tyof74% f
ort
het
este
ngi
nehavi
ng
0.
013% ofCO,41ppm ofHC,643ppm ofNOX,12% ofs
mokeopac
ityand
7.
3%ofCO2.

Ghol
amHas
sannaj
afie
tal
.(2015)i
nve
sti
gat
ed1.
3SOHC,f
ourc
yli
nde
r
and f
our
-st
rokeand SIgas
oli
nee
ngi
nee
nhanc
ing t
hepe
rfor
manc
eand
26
e
xhaus
temi
ssi
onofSIe
ngi
ne,whi
chwor
kswi
the
thanol
-gas
oli
nemi
xtur
esby
2.
5%,5%,7.
5%,10%,and 15% c
all
ed E2.
5,E5,E10,E15,E12.
5,and
c
ondi
ti
onsatvar
iouss
pee
dsf
ore
acht
estf
ueland45di
ff
ere
ntc
ons
truc
ts.
Opt
imi
zat
ion oft
hei
nde
pende
ntvar
iabl
epe
rfor
med wi
tht
hede
sir
abi
li
ty
appr
oac
hofRSM wi
tht
heai
m ofr
educ
inge
mis
sionsandt
hemaxi
miz
ingt
he
pe
rfor
manc
epar
ame
ter
s.Thee
xpe
rime
ntsde
signe
dbas
edonknownRSM
Us
ing a s
tat
is
ti
cal i
nst
rume
nt as Doe (
des
ign of e
xpe
rime
nts
). The
ac
hie
veme
ntpar
ame
ter
sfordi
ff
ere
ntbi
ofue
lgas
oli
nemi
xtur
ewe
ref
ound
ne
arbygas
oli
ne,and e
ngi
nepowe
rimpr
ove
scl
ear
lyal
ongwi
the
mis
sion
qual
it
ies
,CO andHCi
ssue
swasr
educ
edandal
soCO2 andNOX i
ssue
swas
r
ais
edi
fet
hanolwast
obeadde
dingas
oli
ne.A mi
xtur
eof10% bi
o-e
thanol
and90% ofgas
oli
neandane
ngi
nes
pee
dof3000r
pm t
oopt
imum val
ues
f
ound.

As
hrafEl
fas
akhanye
tal
.(
2015)wor
kedont
hes
par
kigni
ti
one
ngi
ne
wi
the
thanolandc
hec
kthepe
rfor
manc
eande
mis
sionanal
ysi
s.Mai
nobj
ect
ive
i
sre
duc
ingt
hee
mis
sionofCO,NOX,CO2.
Impr
ovi
ngt
het
her
male
ffi
ci
enc
y,
t
orqueandvol
ume
tri
cef
fi
ci
enc
y.Att
hee
ndofe
xpe
rime
nt,i
tsf
indi
mpr
ove
t
het
her
male
ffi
ci
enc
y,t
orqueandvol
ume
tri
cef
fi
ci
enc
y.

Rakhi
Mahe
tae
tal
.(2012)e
xpe
rime
ntal
lyi
nve
sti
gat
edt
hatt
heal
cohol
l
ikee
thanolandbut
anolpr
ope
rti
esc
ompar
ewi
thdi
ese
lande
xpe
rime
ntal
anal
ysi
sofe
thanol
-di
ese
lbl
endorbut
anol
-di
ese
lbl
andus
easf
uel
.Thi
spape
r
i
sshowt
hedi
ff
ere
ntc
har
act
eri
st
icsofbot
het
hanolandbut
anolc
ompar
ewi
th
di
ese
laspe
rASTM s
tandar
ds.Thee
tha
nols
howspr
ope
rti
esl
ikec
alor
if
ic
val
ue,de
nsi
ty,f
las
hpoi
nt,c
etanenumbe
rwi
thpur
edi
ese
l.The
rei
sonl
y
f
las
hpoi
ntr
educ
eduet
oal
coholbl
end.

Al
vydas
Pikunase
tal
.(2015)i
nve
sti
gat
eexpe
rime
ntal
lyandc
ompar
ethe

27
e
ngi
ne pe
rfor
manc
e and pol
lut
ant e
mis
sion of a SI e
ngi
ne us
ing
e
thanol
–gas
oli
nebl
ende
dfue
landpur
egas
oli
ne.Ther
esul
tss
howe
dthat
whe
net
hanoladde
d,t
hehe
ati
ngval
ueoft
hebl
ende
dfue
lde
cre
ase
s,whi
let
he
oc
tanenumbe
roft
hebl
ende
dfue
linc
reas
es.Ther
esul
tsoft
hee
ngi
net
est
i
ndi
cat
edt
hatwhe
net
hanol
–gas
oli
nebl
ende
dfue
lisus
ed,t
hee
ngi
nepowe
r
ands
pec
ifi
cfue
lcons
umpt
ionoft
hee
ngi
nes
li
ght
lyi
ncr
eas
e;CO e
mis
sion
de
cre
ase
sdr
amat
ical
lyr
esul
toft
hel
eani
nge
ffe
ctc
aus
ed byt
hee
thanol
addi
ti
on;HCe
mis
sionde
cre
ase
sins
omee
ngi
newor
kingc
ondi
ti
ons
;andCO2
e
mis
sion i
ncr
eas
es be
caus
e of t
he i
mpr
ove
d c
ombus
ti
on. Us
ing
e
thanol
–gas
oli
nebl
end,COe
mis
sionr
educ
edby10–30%,whi
leCO2e
mis
sion
i
ncr
eas
esby5–10% de
pendi
ngone
ngi
nec
ondi
ti
ons
.Thee
ngi
nepowe
rand
s
pec
ifi
cfue
lcons
umpt
ion i
ncr
eas
e appr
oxi
mat
ely by 5% and 2–3%,
r
espe
cti
vel
y,i
nal
lwor
kingc
ondi
ti
ons
.

J
ite
ndr
akumare
tal
.(2013)wor
kedwhe
regas
oli
nei
stake
nasr
efe
renc
e
whi
chi
sbl
ende
dwi
the
thanol
.Phys
icalpr
ope
rti
esr
ele
vantt
othef
uelwe
re
de
ter
mine
dfort
hef
ourbl
endsofgas
oli
neande
thanol
.A f
ourc
yli
nde
r,f
our
s
troke
, var
ying r
pm, Pe
trol e
ngi
ne c
onne
cte
d t
o e
ddy c
urr
ent t
ype
dy
namome
terwasr
unonbl
endsc
ont
aini
ng5%,
10%,
15%,
20% e
thanoland
pe
rfor
manc
echar
act
eri
st
icswe
ree
val
uat
ed.Wec
anc
onc
ludef
rom t
her
esul
t
t
hatus
ing10% e
thanolbl
endi
smos
tef
fec
tive
,wec
anut
il
iz
eit
,andf
urt
her
us
einSIe
ngi
neswi
thl
it
tl
econs
trai
ntonmat
eri
alus
edt
osus
tai
nli
tt
lei
ncr
eas
e
i
npr
ess
ure
.

Dat
tat
rayBapue
tal
.(2014) wor
kedabouti
nje
cti
ont
imi
ngonwhi
ch
e
thanolbl
endr
unt
heD50/
E30/
B20(
ble
ndB)D50/
E40/
B10(
ble
ndC)
,and
Di
ese
l(D100)
.Thebl
endsar
epr
epar
edt
oge
tmaxi
mum pe
rce
ntageofoxyge
n
c
ont
entbutke
epi
ngi
mpor
tantpr
ope
rti
ess
uchasde
nsi
ty,vi
scos
it
yandCe
tane
i
nde
xwi
thi
nac
cept
abl
eli
mit
s.Expe
rime
ntsc
onduc
tedonamul
tic
yli
nde
r,DI
28
di
ese
lengi
ne,whos
eor
igi
nali
nje
cti
ont
imi
ngwas13°BTDC.Thee
ngi
nedi
d
notr
unonbl
endsB andC att
hisi
nje
cti
ont
imi
ngandi
twasr
equi
redt
o
advanc
eti
mingt
o18°and21°BTDC t
oenabl
etheus
eofbl
endsBandC
Re
spe
cti
vel
yHowe
veradvanc
ingi
nje
cti
ont
imi
ngal
mos
tdoubl
edt
heNO
e
mis
sionsandi
ncr
eas
edpe
akf
ir
ingpr
ess
ure
.Smoker
educ
edr
emar
kabl
yfor
bl
endse
spe
cial
lyatme
dium andhi
ghl
oadsofbot
hspe
edsandal
linj
ect
ion
t
imi
ngs
.Maxi
mum r
educ
tion i
sabout60% t
o 70% athi
ghe
rloadsf
or
r
espe
cti
vehi
gh e
thanolc
ont
entbl
end atal
linj
ect
ion t
imi
ngand s
pee
ds.
Advanc
ingi
nje
cti
ont
imi
ngr
educ
edt
hes
pee
ds.Si
gni
fi
cantr
educ
tioni
nsmoke
obs
erve
dforhi
ghe
thanolc
ont
entbl
ends
;howe
ver
,re
duc
tioni
nsmokedoe
s
noti
ndi
cat
ether
educ
tioni
npar
ti
cul
atemat
teri
nsamepr
opor
ti
on.

Eknat
hR.
Deor
eetal
.(2016)e
xpe
rime
ntal
lyi
nve
sti
gat
edt
ocompr
ess
ion
r
ati
ofore
thanoldi
ese
lbl
end.Ki
rl
oskarmaket
est
edf
orbl
endsofdi
ese
lwi
th
e
thanol
.Te
stsc
onduc
tedf
ort
hre
edi
ff
ere
ntc
ompr
ess
ionr
ati
os.Engi
net
est
s
etupde
vel
ope
dwi
thmovi
ngc
yli
nde
rhe
adf
orvar
iat
ionofc
ompr
ess
ionr
ati
o
t
ope
rfor
minve
sti
gat
ionsus
ingt
hes
ebl
ends
.Thee
ngi
nepe
rfor
manc
est
udi
es
c
onduc
ted wi
thr
ope
-br
eak dynamome
ters
etup.Par
ame
ter
sli
kes
pee
d of
e
ngi
ne,f
uelc
ons
umpt
ionandt
orqueme
asur
edatdi
ff
ere
ntl
oadsf
orpur
e
di
ese
landf
orbl
endsofdi
ese
lwi
the
thanolatdi
ff
ere
ntc
ompr
ess
ionr
ati
o.
Br
eakPowe
r,BSFC,BTEandhe
atbal
anc
eeval
uat
ed.Pape
rre
pre
sent
sthe
t
estr
esul
tsf
orbl
ends5% t
o20% andt
hre
edi
ff
ere
ntc
ompr
ess
ionr
ati
os.The
20% mi
xtur
eofe
thanolbl
endwi
thdi
ese
lhasave
rygoode
ffi
ci
enc
ycompar
ed
wi
thpur
edi
ese
landbl
endofke
ros
ene
.Itobs
erve
dthatt
he20% e
thanol
bl
endi
shavi
nghi
ghe
rvol
ume
tri
cef
fi
ci
enc
ycompar
ewi
thdi
ese
landke
ros
ene
bl
end.Exhaus
tgast
empe
rat
uref
ore
thanolbl
end hasnots
hown any
s
ubs
tant
iali
ncr
eas
ecompar
ewi
thpur
edi
ese
l.He
ncebl
endi
ngofe
thanolat
about20% c
anl
eadt
oabe
tte
rpe
rfor
manc
eofe
ngi
nec
ompar
ewi
thpur
e

29
di
ese
l.

R Se
nthi
lkumare
tal
.(2014)wor
kedont
hatt
hepe
rfor
manc
eand
e
mis
sionbe
havi
oroft
hedi
ese
lengi
neus
inge
thanoldi
ese
lbl
end.Et
hanoli
sa
bi
o-bas
edr
ene
wabl
eand oxyge
nat
edf
uel
,the
rebypr
ovi
dingpot
ent
ialt
o
r
educ
ethePM e
mis
sioni
ndi
ese
lengi
neandt
opr
ovi
der
educ
tioni
nli
fec
ycl
e
ofc
arbondi
e-oxi
de.Themai
nobj
ect
iveoft
hispr
oje
cthast
ost
udyt
he
pe
rfor
manc
e,andt
ocont
rolt
hemi
ssi
onsoft
hedi
ese
lengi
neus
ingbl
ende
d
f
uelbypr
ehe
ati
ngt
hei
nle
tai
r.Thepr
ese
ntwor
kcar
rie
doutus
ings
ingl
e
c
yli
nde
r,f
ours
troke
s,andwat
erc
ool
eddi
ese
lengi
ne.I
nthi
sphas
e,e
xpe
rime
nt
i
nve
sti
gat
ionsar
econduc
tedus
ingf
ives
etsofbl
ende
dfue
lsi
.e10%,15%,20%,
25%,30% Et
hanol–Di
ese
lbl
endhavebe
enpr
epar
edandpr
ehe
ati
ngt
hei
nle
t
ai
rto40ºC,50ºCand60ºC.Thepe
rfor
manc
eande
mis
sionc
har
act
eri
st
ics
s
tudi
edandc
ompar
edwi
tht
hebas
efue
l.TheBr
aket
her
male
ffi
ci
enc
yof
e
thanoldi
ese
lbl
endi
slowe
rwi
thoutpr
ehe
ati
ngc
ondi
ti
on,butat40ºCand
50ºCi
nle
tai
rcondi
ti
on,f
or10% e
thanoldi
ese
lbl
endsgi
vest
hemuc
hbe
tte
r
BTEc
ompar
etot
hene
atdi
ese
lfue
lOne
mis
sionc
har
act
eri
st
icsCO andHC
e
mis
sioni
sinc
reas
ing
.Addi
ti
onofe
thanolwi
lll
eadt
ocompl
etec
ombus
ti
on
s
othatHC andCO e
mis
sions
houl
dre
duc
e,buthe
ret
hei
ntr
oduc
tionof
e
thanoli
ndi
ese
lfue
l,HC e
mis
sioni
ncr
eas
edatvar
iousl
oadc
ondi
ti
on.CO
andHCe
mis
sioni
shi
ghe
rfort
hepr
e-he
ate
dcondi
ti
onc
ompar
etowi
thout
pr
ehe
ati
ngc
ondi
ti
on.TheNOX e
mis
sionswe
rer
educ
ingbe
caus
eitabs
orbs
he
atdur
ingc
ombus
ti
on duet
oit
shi
ghe
rlat
enthe
atofvapor
izat
ions
.i
t
r
educ
est
hepe
akc
ombus
ti
ont
empe
rat
ure
.Whe
nus
inge
thanoldi
ese
lbl
ends
.
Ge
ner
all
y,s
mokeopac
ityi
ncr
eas
edasl
oadi
ncr
eas
es.Wi
thoutpr
ehe
ati
ng
c
ondi
ti
on,pr
oduc
esl
esss
mokec
ompar
ewi
tht
hepr
ehe
ati
ngc
ondi
ti
onsf
or
e
thanoldi
ese
lbl
ends
.

Abde
l-Rahmane
tal
.(
2012)t
est
ed10%,
20%,30% and40% e
thanolof
30
bl
ende
dfue
lsi
navar
iabl
ecompr
ess
ion-r
ati
oengi
neandf
oundt
hatt
he
i
ncr
eas
eofe
thanolc
ont
enti
ncr
eas
edt
heoc
tanenumbe
r,butde
cre
ase
dthe
he
ati
ngval
ue.Unde
rvar
iousc
ompr
ess
ionr
ati
osofe
ngi
ne,t
heopt
imumbl
end
r
atef
oundt
obe10%e
thanolwi
th90%gas
oli
ne.

B.K.Ve
nkannae
tal
.(
2015)e
xpe
rime
ntal
lyi
nve
sti
gat
edont
hepr
ess
ure
e
ffe
cti
smor
eimpor
tantwhi
lewewoul
dwor
kwi
thbi
odi
ese
landdi
ese
lbl
end
us
easf
ueli
nKi
rl
oske
rsi
ngl
ecyl
inde
rdi
ese
lengi
ne.Us
eofr
ow-
hongeoi
l
bl
endwi
thdi
ese
lfue
lindi
ese
lengi
newi
the
nhanc
edi
nje
cti
onope
ningpr
ess
ure
appe
arst
obes
car
e.Thi
sre
sear
chwor
kpr
ese
nte
dsomef
indi
ngsofus
eofr
ow-
hongeoi
lbl
endwi
thdi
ese
lfue
lindi
rec
tinj
ect
iondi
ese
lengi
newi
thi
ncr
eas
ed
i
nje
cti
onope
ningpr
ess
ure
.Nopr
obl
emf
ace
datt
het
imeofs
tar
ti
ngt
hedi
rec
t
i
nje
cti
ondi
ese
lengi
ner
uns
moot
hly.Br
akes
pec
ifi
cfue
lcons
umpt
ionofH20i
s
s
li
ght
lyi
ncr
eas
ingt
hendi
ese
l.The
rei
spe
rfor
manc
e;e
mis
sionandc
ombus
ti
on
pa
rame
terofH20ar
eal
mos
tne
are
rtodi
ese
l.Forge
tti
ngbe
str
esul
twor
kwi
th
H30,i
ncr
eas
epr
ess
uref
rom200t
o225bar
s.

Tal
alYus
af e
t al
.(
2013) di
scus
sedi
n t
heor
eti
cal s
tudy a quas
i-
di
mens
ionalSIe
ngi
nec
ycl
emode
lhasbe
enadapt
edf
ors
par
kigni
ti
one
ngi
nes
r
unni
ngongas
oli
nee
thanolbl
ends
.A mat
hemat
icalmode
lus
ingMat
lab
s
oft
war
ede
vel
ope
d us
ing f
ir
stl
aw oft
her
modynami
csand c
ons
erv
ati
on
e
quat
iont
opr
edi
ctt
heSIe
ngi
nepe
rfor
manc
efordi
ff
ere
ntbl
endr
ati
os.The
mode
lus
edt
oeval
uat
ethee
ngi
nee
mis
sionandt
heme
chani
calandhe
atl
oss
es
i
nthee
ngi
ne.Expe
rime
ntspe
rfor
medwi
tht
hebl
endsc
ont
aini
ng5,10,
15and
20% e
thanol
.Ther
esul
tshow t
hati
ncr
eas
inge
thanol
-gas
oli
nebl
ende
dwi
ll
mar
ginal
lyi
ncr
eas
ethepowe
randt
orqueout
putoft
hee
ngi
ne.Fore
thanol
bl
ends
,itf
oundt
hatt
hebr
akes
pec
ifi
cfue
lcons
umpt
ion(
bsf
c)de
cre
ase
sus
ing
5% and10%e
thanolwhi
let
hebr
aket
her
male
ffi
ci
enc
yandt
hevol
ume
tri
c
e
ffi
ci
enc
ywe
rei
ncr
eas
ed.Exhaus
tgase
mis
sionsme
asur
edandanal
yze
dfor
31
unbur
nedhydr
ocar
bons(
UHC)
,car
bondi
oxi
de(
CO2)
,andc
arbonmonoxi
de
(
CO)
,Oxyge
n(O2)andOxi
deofNi
tr
oge
nNOxate
ngi
nes
pee
dsr
angi
ngf
rom
1000t
o5000r
pm.Thec
onc
ent
rat
ionofCO andUHC e
mis
sionsi
nthe
e
xhaus
tpi
pe f
ound t
o de
cre
ase whe
net
hanolbl
ends i
ntr
oduc
ed.The
c
onc
ent
rat
ionofCO2andNOXf
oundt
oinc
reas
ewhe
net
hanoli
ntr
oduc
ed.

Dr
.Al
okc
houbee
tal
.(2012) i
nve
sti
gat
edt
hatoff
ours
trokepe
trol
e
ngi
ne i
scar
rie
d outt
o anal
yzet
he e
ngi
ne pe
rfor
manc
e and e
mis
sion
c
har
act
eri
st
ics
.Int
hise
ngi
ne,pe
rfor
manc
eande
xhaus
temi
ssi
onde
ter
mine
d
bydi
ff
ere
ntbl
endr
ati
oofe
thanolwi
thgas
oli
ne(
E0,E20,E40,E60,E80,and
E100)f
ort
hebe
stpe
rfor
manc
es.Wi
tht
hes
uit
abl
erat
io,t
hee
mis
sionwi
llbe
l
ess
.TheE60andE40gavet
hebe
str
esul
tforal
lme
asur
edpar
ame
ter
satal
l
e
ngi
nel
oads
..i
nthi
shehaspr
ove
nthatE60gi
vesbe
tte
rre
sul
tsasc
ompar
ed
t
oE0andE20.
2.4Exe
rgyAnal
ysi
s.

32