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11 Chapter-2 PDF
11 Chapter-2 PDF
Conceptual Literature
For the researchers to fully understand the study, writings from books, electronic
Employment and employees are often mentioned, and most employed adults know
what it means. Yet, there is a very specific definition of employment and it’s a good idea for
based on contract where work is paid for, where one party, which may be a
employer and the other is the employee. Employability is the capability to move
into and within labor markets and to realize potential through sustainable and
accessible employment for the individual employ ability depend on: the knowledge
and skills they possess and their attitudes; the way personal attributes are presented
in the labor market; the environmental and social context within which work is
each occupation in the period 2030. This is the sum of future needs that will arise
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due to a) the need to replace existing workforce and b) the need to cover new jobs
because the economy is growing which, if demand for worker is shrinking may be
substantial (due to the replacement workers) even if the total numbers in this
variety of settings and its definition alone is the subject of a number of papers. One
personal attributes that make graduates more likely to gain employment and be
successful in their chosen occupation, which benefits themselves, the workforce, the
being able to bring research and critical-thinking skills to bear. All of this should
the promotion of employability in the workplace and among young people, the
unemployed and other potentially disadvantaged groups in the labor market remains
2003, which emphasizes three overarching objectives; full employment; quality and
higher education and as benefit of university degree programs of career and work.
Its focus is on the preparation of universities on their graduates for the working life
have a significant effect on doing a job is the quality characteristics. Nilsson (2010)
pointed out that individual graduates’ perceived the usefulness of the study
notion and the subject of debate in terms of what it is, how it is measured, how it is
developed and who is responsible for it. Employability has been defined as an
individual’s long term capacity to build a career and prosper in labor market. It
retain work. Employability is not just about getting and keeping a job.
Van Emmirik and Hetty (2012) pointed out that motivation factors for
seeking employment can be both intrinsic, such as achieving a personal status goal
and extrinsic, such as attaining resources. For the purpose of the present study,
Dictionary, 2011) plays a role in the transition from school to work. Individual’s
objectives in job attainment, being employable may be important to some and trivial
is his or her family’s tradition to do so, it would be important for that individual to
seek internships or seminars in the field of law, promoting their employability in the
specific field. For someone who viewed their job attainment in less concrete way,
such as being satisfied with a career in law or in career in business, a specific goal
Origins of Employability
authors for many years. Current interests have been driven by the changing nature
and the supposed end of “careers” and lifetime job security. This of course are
sometimes not applied but only to minority of the workers. The greater uncertainty
among employers as to the levels and types of jobs they may have in the future, and
the need to build new relationships with employees. It is also, ideally, about the
quality of such work employment. People may be able to obtain work but it may be
below their level of skill, or in low paid, undesirable or unsustainable jobs, and so
forth. It is also about capacity and capability of gaining and maintaining productive
Employment
The Philippine employment rate in July 2017 was estimated at 94.4 percent.
In July 2016, the employment rate was 94.6 percent. Regions with lowest
employment rates were Ilocos Region (91.8%), National Capital Region (NCR)
(92.1%), and Central Luzon (92.9%). The labor force participation rate (LFPR) in
July 2017 was estimated at 60.6 percent given the population 15 years old and over
of 70.1 million compared to July 2016 which was 63.2 percent. The labor force
population consists of the employed and the unemployed 15 years old and over.
Workers were grouped into three broad sectors, namely, agriculture, industry and
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services sector. Workers in the services sector comprised the largest proportion of
the population who are employed. These workers made up 55.6 percent of the total
employed in July 2017. Among them, those engaged in the wholesale and retail
trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles accounted for the largest percentage
(33.9%) of workers in the services sector. In July 2016, workers in the services
sector accounted for 55.0 percent of the total employed, with those engaged in the
wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles making up the
On the other hand, workers in the agriculture sector comprised the second
largest group making up 25.2 percent of the total employed in July 2017, while
workers in the industry sector made up the smallest group registering 19.2 percent
of the total employed. In July 2016, workers in agriculture accounted for 27.2
percent of the total employed; while workers in the industry sector, 17.8 percent.
The July 2017 survey results also showed the industry sector, construction workers
accounting for 50.1 percent and 45.3 percent of the workers in these subsectors,
remained the largest group making up 26.8 percent of the total employed in July
2017. In July 2016, such workers made up 26.9 percent of the total employed in that
period. Managers comprised the second largest occupation group (15.3%), followed
by service and sales workers (14.5%), and skilled agricultural, forestry, and fishery
Employed persons fall into any of these categories: (1) wage and salary
workers, (2) self-employed workers without any paid employee, (3) employers in
own family-operated farm or business, and (4) unpaid family workers. Wage and
salary workers are those who work for private households, private establishments,
in own family-operated farm or business. In July 2017, the wage and salary workers
made up 63.6 percent of the total employed, with those working in private
establishments continuing to account for the largest share. They made up 49.7
percent of the total employed in July 2017 and 47.9 percent in July 2016. The second
largest class of workers were the self-employed making up 27.7 percent of the total
employed in July 2017 while it was 27.6 percent in July 2016. Unpaid family
workers accounted for 5.2 percent of the total employed in July 2017 and 7.7 percent
workers. Full-time workers refer to those who worked for 40 hours or more during
the reference week, while those who worked for less than 40 hours were considered
part-time workers. Of the total employed persons in July 2017, 68.0 percent were
July 2016, full-time workers comprised 67.5 percent while part-time workers, 32.0
percent. In July 2017, workers worked 42.2 hours per week, on average, compared
with 42.6 in July 2016. By definition, employed persons who express the desire to
have additional hours of work in their present job, or to have additional job, or to
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have a new job with longer working hours are considered underemployed. In July
the total employed, was estimated at 16.3 percent. In July 2016, the
Underemployed persons who work for less than 40 hours in a week are called
visibly underemployed persons. They accounted for 51.6 percent of the total
underemployed in July 2017 and 54.9 percent in July 2016. By comparison, the
underemployed persons who worked for 40 hours or more in a week made up 47.4
percent. By sector, 46.8 percent of the underemployed worked in the services sector,
while 33.1 percent were in the agriculture sector. Those in the industry sector
accounted for 20.1 percent. The unemployment rate in July 2017 was estimated at
5.6 percent. The unemployment rate in July 2016 was 5.4 percent. Among the
regions, Ilocos Region (8.2%), NCR (7.9%) and Central Luzon (7.1%) were the
regions with the highest unemployment rates. Among the unemployed persons in
July 2017, 64.0 percent were males. Of the total unemployed, the age group 15 to
24 years comprised 49.3 percent, while the age group 25 to 34, 29.7 percent. By
14.5 percent were college undergraduates, and 33.1 percent have completed junior
high school.
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Tracer Studies
order to determine their life path or movement. It also enables the evaluation of the
examines and evaluates the current and future career and employment opportunities
of employment, income levels, and biographical data can be revealed through tracer
tracer study is sometimes referred to as a graduate or alumni survey since its target
group is former students. Note that graduate surveys are popular for “analysis of the
job search mode, lead time and employment conditions, where the knowledge
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acquired in schools are used at work, in promotion and job satisfaction. It is intended
Harald Schomburg and his colleagues at the Centre for Higher Education and Work,
tracer surveys, constructing effective tracer study questionnaires and their statistical
analysis. They have conducted survey projects such as the CHEERS (Career after
between higher education and graduate employment in Europe. They have done
similar research in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Schomburg (2003) states that
graduate tracer provide structural data on employment and career, the character of
work and related competencies, and information on the professional orientation and
The main objectives of the tracer study were to: investigate the transition
process from higher education to; shed light on the course of employment and work
over a five year period after graduation; analyze the relationships between higher
education and work in abroad perspective which includes the fulfillment of personal
goal such as job satisfaction and objective measurement like job position, income,
job security and the type of work; find out what factor are important for professional
success of graduates taking into account personal factor gender, work motivation,
acquired qualifications during course of study and labor market conditions; evaluate
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on the basis of the experience and views of graduates, central aspects of the
University, including resources, facilities and curriculum and get feedback for their
graduates, and themes and kinds of courses, including extent, cost, location, reasons
for participation, proposals for University courses ( Zembere and Chinyama, 1996).
Related Studies
The following are related studies used as the guide in the conceptualization
The study of Causay & Maralit (2009) sought to determine the employability of
the extent to which communication skills, problem solving skills, critical thinking
skills were applied to their present job with respect to the respondent’s current
the skills are applied to present job with respect to the respondent job. The study
contained information about the graduate’s position, place of work, job description,
while at work.
Martin and McCabe (2006) evaluates the challenges and issues raised at
institutional, programme and module level arising from the development and
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focus on employability skills. Whilst there is a great deal of research on these issues
at undergraduate level, this case study extends the debates into the postgraduate
arena. The case study highlights the distinctive implications for industry, student
support systems and programme managers and tutors and examines the character of
demand for these courses (from largely international students) as well as outlining
lessons learned from engaging in the development process. Moreover, Martin and
McCabe’s study about reflecting the curriculum development process research with
students assess employability skills issues for postgraduate programs in the tourism
and hospitality subject areas. The research incorporated a range of data was gathered
objectives and components, and the relationship between selected profile variables
to their employability. Descriptive method was used to describe the profile of the
predominantly single and young females. Granted with PC Operations NCII, their
areas of interest were mainly on PC Operations and multimedia. Majority had more
P9, 000.00 to P11, 000.00, in jobs relevant to their IT education, skills and
objectives, components and processes were attained, implying that the University
Another study made by Labaria (2016) aimed to evaluate and assess the job
used descriptive statistics such as frequency counts, percentages; means were used
to analyze the data that was gathered through the use of modified CHED Tracer
graduates and 35 secondary graduates served as population in this study from 2007
to 2011. Results revealed that majority of graduates were employed. The level of
Campus were described as high. Respondents are satisfied that their job is
challenging and inspires them to do their best and have chance to grow
professionally in their present job were described as Very High. Similarly, they are
satisfied as to happiness in teaching day in and out of their school and a feeling of
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belongingness at present work that it would be hard to them to leave. It means that
education graduates have great opportunity and good chance in professional world
that both government and private agencies can accommodate them. Despites of the
University Quezon Campus, the college of education must still conduct through
The study of Tica (2005), on the other hand, was designed to determine the
in the job, job relevance to the course and job hunting time. The study also
and validated for purpose. Responses were obtained from 324 Bachelor of
Technology graduates who were the respondent of the study. The study was
anchored from Super Congruence Theory (1993) that in expressing a preference for
an occupation, individuals put into occupational terminology the kind of people they
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are. Furthermore, this point of view indicates that the students seek to implement
Another study to Abas (2016) Our country (Philippines), just like the rest of
globalization. The influence of technology will go beyond new equipment and faster
communications, as work and skills will be redefined and reorganized. The current
age has created opportunities along with challenges and complexities that affect two
of our country’s sectors: education and employment. In line with this period of
globalization, the higher education has been concerned with the development of the
whole person as well as knowledge, attributes, and skills which any educated person
should expect to have by the time of graduation. It further aims to inspire and enable
determine the employment aspects and assess the extent of the contributory factors
of the course that helped the graduates to be developed; extent of the course on the
overall college life experience and the extent of life satisfaction of the graduates of
Academic Years 2010-2013. The respondents were the seventy (70) graduates of all
the batches mentioned. The total enumeration was considered in this study,
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however, there were only forty-seven (47) or 67.14 % who responded among the
The variables included in the profile of respondents were sex, age, civil status, first
choice course, source of finances and personal monthly income. This study was
concerned with the extent of the contributory factors of the course that helped the
graduates to be developed; the extent of the course on the overall college life
experience; and the extent of life satisfaction among BS Psychology graduates. This
research study utilized the descriptive method of research. The data-gathering tool
was the Graduate Tracer Study (GTS) Questionnaire adapted from the Commission
concluded that majority of the respondents were female, trainable, young adults,
responsible single, have chosen to pursue BS Psychology as their first choice course,
public and private institutions; with first job title of an HR Assistant or HR Office
right after graduation; got hired in less than two (2) months after graduation as walk-
environment; attribute the job offer to their competent talents, skills and hands-on
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team player; are agreeable that the course has optimistic impact on them; and are
contented with their present life. In order to meet the varying demands in diverse
workplace, they feel the essence of having more human resource-related subjects
training institutions should equip the students and graduates with the capabilities
and readiness to venture into the job market to facilitate their employment. She said
that students must not only be trained on skills needed in their chosen fields but also
on the basic requirements for employability. Sto. Tomas indicated that despite the
numerous graduates of any courses, the vacancies have not been easily filled up due
work experiences are vital and it needs to be looked at how the employer
highly advantageous social capital for HEIs. However, work experiences are not
only will aid employability, although academicians, students, but parents and
universities career guidance team do also make the false assumption that is simply
language proficiency, immigration status, age, and gender, factors which influence
and determine Philippine graduates’ employability in the U.S. labour market. The
sets. The null hypotheses for this thesis were rejected exclusive of age and gender
differences.
related degree), those who were less proficient in English, and those who were
Green Card holders. The factors that were influential in the employability of
Philippine graduates coincided with the labour market demands of the American
employers sampled in this study. The thesis found that the current status of
average this group had resided in the U.S. the longest. Graduates with business-
related degrees continued to lag behind those in other degree fields and experienced
disadvantage, these degree holders were less likely to pursue continuing education
sampling restrictions, the findings cannot be extrapolated beyond the scope of this
research. These results should only be treated as indicative within the context of this
research. However, they provide useful insights for policy-makers, stakeholders and
new employment if required. Felicen and Mejia (2013) opined that employability is
that employability depends on the knowledge, skills, abilities, attitudes and values
(KSAV’s) the individuals possess, the way they utilize their KSAV’s in workplace,
The need for improved employability skills is linked to the success of the
and education of the workforce. Without the required employability skills, the
United States is at risk of losing its economic competitive advantage to the other
countries. The need for improved employability skills was a constant theme
Delorino (2004) supported the study of Santos and disclose that the curriculum has
practicum, on the job training with reference to the minimum number of units as
mandated by commission on higher education. She further stressed out that the
students must be exposed to practicum and on the job training for them to apply
what they have learned in theory to real work. Likewise, she added that there should
be educational enhancement among faculty for them to better educate the students.
Lastly she cited that facilities and communication technology should be upgraded
Office (NSO), 42 percent of the 2.8 million unemployed in 2011 were college
college graduates join the labor force every year. This figure is cited in the Project
Jobs Fit study of the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) in 2009
job vacancies: cyber services; hotels and restaurants; construction; health and
which refers "to job vacancies for which an establishment has encountered
providing quality graduates that could support the growing need for degree holders,
skilled workers, that could meet the high standard of global employers. Llanto's
and Industry (PCCI) chairman for education Eduardo Gueriez-Ong, saying that the
class quality system to prepare the country's manpower pool for global competition.
A recent Time magazine article by Martha C. White titled “The Real Reason
New College Grads Can’t Get Hired” cites a survey by the Workforce Solutions
Group at St. Louis Community College showing that more than 60 percent of
survey also shows that a wide margin of managers say today’s applicants can’t think
White cites another employer survey, this time done by a staffing company
named Adecco, which says that “44 percent of respondents cited soft skills, such as
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communication, critical thinking, creativity, and collaboration, as the area with the
biggest gap.” Only half as many say a lack of technical skills is the pain point.
graduating students for gainful employment in Enugu State. The research work
focused on identifying the employability skills required in Enugu State for gainful
the fact that employee’s education and skills acquired are adequate to meet the
demands of modern day jobs. The study revealed that employers of labour require
Oluyomi and Adedeji (2012) carried out a research on skills mismatch among
University graduates in labor market. The research is based on the premise that
literature have shown that University graduates in Nigeria are poorly prepared for
work and this has great implications on the relevance of university education to the
making, critical thinking, and entrepreneurial skills. Analytical thinking is the most
required skill.
generally outnumbered men in college despite of the half a million number of men
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more than women whose ages range from 20 to 34 years. CHED Chairperson
Patricia Licuanan stated that this may be the effect of how boys and girls differently
grew up. Girls were taught to do chores around the house early while boys were
given more freedom to play, which results in girls to perform better and likely not
to be school drop outs (Licuanan, 2012). This is the reason why there are more girls
than boys in every class, not just in college, but also during primary and secondary
levels. However, Licuanan said that the dropout rate among male students should
be looked into as there may be greater pressure on males to get jobs even before
graduation. The difference between female and male graduates was even greater in
previous years: 56.8 percent female graduates against 43.2 percent male graduates
in 2006 and 61 percent female graduates against 39 percent male graduates in 2001.
Women have been equipping themselves with higher education better than men.
However, the gender disparity has narrowed with the share of women graduates
10,” stated in the NSCB report. The report, titled “Worrisome Trends Toward the
Deteriorationl,” also noted the slow rise in the number of graduates of higher
education courses, especially in critical studies like the sciences, engineering and
education.
In the Philippines, there is a wide gap in the participation rates of men and
careers that are basically extensions of their domestic responsibilities while men
acquire more marketable skills and enjoy more earning power, only aggravates the
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women enrolls in courses such as liberal arts, home economics, nursing and
teaching. Men were more inclined to law, agriculture, engineering and natural
sciences. Women, because of the society's stereotype despite of the fight for
Unlike men, who almost get most of the CEO or managerial positions of many
companies. Since the beginning of our culture and tradition, women are the most
hardworking and as people always say, women are more mature in weighing things
in priority, it became associated with today's situation and can be seen especially
with our education system. Women were more eager to study hard, as there were
more girls in the honors lists, while men were more eager to play, literally. It can
easily notice by the fact that in school, there are more boys 30 athletes than girls,
because the latter were more focused in attaining a straight line-of-nine grades and
bunch of medals to wear as they go up the recognition day stage. But it's not always
a nation. Age and Employment in the Philippine educational system, the level of
grades 1 to 6 has an age bracket of 7 to 12, with the latter as the usual age during
graduation rites. In secondary education, the usual age bracket is 13 to 16. Since
secondary education runs for four years, the latter is the ideal age of graduating high
school students. In higher education, most bachelor degrees are for four years.
Students are usually from 17 to 20 years old, majority are single. Assuming that
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most of the college students were enrolled in a four-year course entering college at
16 years old, they’ll be 20 at by the time of graduation. This age suits the ideal
process or stage of job status improvements and marriages, as people improve their
job status after six to ten years of hard work and settle down for marriage after.
Though this will certainly be removed from the tradition of education as the K+12
answered "I enjoy the work I do" and that "it fits well with the other area of my life".
Association. The survey was steered to 1,240 adults, age from 18 and older as the
participants. The participants are residents of United States and are either employed
putting some expectations to push them to be better and at the same time letting
them know when they do it right. Second is about career growth, learning, and
improvement on how far he has gone. It is examining himself from within talking
about productivity and efficiency. At the same time, this is the stage where he is
given the chance to be molded and to start building his own career path. The
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employee’s commitment to an organization is the one of the factors why they leave
a company.
A study by Chen & Hu (2008) stated that the concept of job hunting is an
it showed that while hunting for a job, graduates witness negative correlation
between their expectation of the nature of work and the demand for occupational
types and the accessibility to a post and monthly income; positive correlation
between salary expectation and real income; negative correlation between mental
preparation for hardship and job satisfaction. They emphasized that the institutions
preparation for vocational hardship so that students can rectify their attitude towards
employment and adjust their employment concept, thus benefiting then in gaining a
Synthesis
The summary of the similarities and differences of the present study to the
The study of Causay and Maralit (2009) was found significant to the present
study since this also focused on the employability skills of the students needed for
employment. The only difference was that the present study determined the
Likewise, Martin and McCabe (2006) on the other hand, highlighted the
distinctive implications for industry and students support system, and examined the
character of demand for these courses from engaging in the development process
which was related to the present study that focused on Psychology graduate’s
demands as employee.
present study that also concerning the respondents profile from the questionnaire
that given to them. However it differs because the main agenda of Billy S. Javier's
graduates of the said place, it also high lightened the assessment of the program,
objectives The study of Labaria (2016) was somehow similar to the present study in
the graduates and they used the CHED Tracer Study survey questionnaire that was
employability of graduates as well. It only differed with the course of the respondent
are Psychology and the other are Technology graduates. This studies also differed
with the variables they used to determine one’s employability. The present used
profile and employability assets while the other one used profile, status of
inspire and enables individuals to develop their capabilities to the highest potential
The study of Gagalang, Francisco and Regalado (2017) was somehow similar
to the present study because it also aimed to determine the employment aspects of
graduate students and the researchers also tackled about the learnt skills of the
graduates that they can use in the workplace. However it differed because the main
concern of this research is the extent of the contributory factors of the course that
helped the graduates to be developed, overall college experience and the extent of
In addition, Sto. Tomas (2013) explained the readiness of the students and
graduates in the job to facilitate their employment especially the basic needs
requirements for employability. Sto. Thomas indicated that despite the numerous
graduates of any courses, the vacancies have not been easily filled up due to the
Likewise, Rae (2007) talked the increasingly seek for work experience
opportunities of the students as part of their degree experience. And also creating a
The study of Absuelo (2014) was somehow similar to the present study, it
both do the research in Philippine colleges and university graduates but Absuelo
employability of the graduates, skills and attitudes while Absuelo examined social
networks, English language proficiency, immigration status. She also tackles the
Philippine graduates ' employability in the U.S labor market which is different in
The study of Delorino (2004) was similar to the present study in terms of
skills and techniques that will help the graduate students to be educated when they
have their job in order to do that Delorino wants the students to exposed in the
practicum for them to apply what they have learned in theory to real work.
upgraded to reinforce quality instructions which are not tackled in our study.
The study of Oluyomi and Adedeji emphasize the skills mismatch of the
expectation in the nature of work and the demand for occupational types.
All the studies had been reviewed bears similarities to the present study but
Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework presents the theories which explain why the
Relational Perspective Learning and Skill, which emphasizes the need to attend to
called capabilities, competencies) are empirically real, that they can be acquired by
how much such attributions arise in relation to the social practices within particular
considered.
undertaken, explored how students/ graduates and employers understand the nature
of ‘employability’ for graduates, what makes one ‘worthy of employment’, and how
this affects their own actions in the arena of recruitment and employment.
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Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 shows the paradigm of the research. The fist box serves as the input
data which includes the profile of the respondents in terms of sex, age, year
graduated, and income; employability of graduates. The second box serves as the
process data which consist of tracer study questionnaire that is provided by the
proponents used to get the data that they needed. And the last box indicates the
output of the study, which is a Career Development Seminar for those graduates of
Conceptual Paradigm
Figure 1
Conceptual model for Employability of Psychology Graduates of Batangas State
University – Lipa Campus
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Definition of Terms
Employability. The term refers to the life- long process where the
being re- evaluated through a process of reflection (Elsie, 2008). In this study,
this study, it refers to the profile of the graduates of the BS Psychology toss know
if they were currently employed or for the researchers to know their current
employment status.
Employment Status. The term refers to the legal status and classification of
(Bernabe, 2004). In this study, it was the status of the respondents such as
academic degree.
to do (Key, 2001). In this study, nature of work referred to the profession of the
Number of jobs taken. Numbers of jobs taken by a person from the day she
or “Follow-up Study” are other terms for it. In this study, it refers to a tool for data
Unemployed. Refers to those who are not currently working or the people
who failed to look for a job, the graduates who were not able to find a job or those
Waiting for the first job. It refers to the time you have been waited to have